The Anti-Transcendentalism of "Moby-Dick"

Authorls: Michael J. Hoffman

Source: The Georgia Review, Spring 1969, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Spring 1969). PP. 3-16

Published by: Georgia Review

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 The Anti-Transcendentalism
of Moby-Dick
For Alex Riasanovsky

By MiCHAEL J. HorpMAN

ET me suggest that Moby-Dick is an almost

totally ironic novel,
perhaps a parody. Bear with me. Though anti-Transcendental, it is
written in the Transcendental
style. A
symbolic novel, its
major
symbol' symbolizes absolutely nothing. Its heroic central figure is a
character on the epic scale, whose
who surround him; but he is blinded
strength overwhelms all the men
ideas of
by his own vision, mouths the
an author whom Melville
thought "a man." Theand
ultimately a parody of the Transcendentalist "great humbug,"
is
white
whale whose image
Captain Ahab pursues around the world is nothing
but a whale-an occasion for the
projection of symbolism but not a
symbol. In any larger context the Pequod's quest means nothing and
the fate of its crew little. Whatever
meaning the novel has lies in the
paradigm presented to us by Ahab's quest and failure-that all attempts
to force
meaning upon the world are futile, are indeed more than
futile: they are destructive. The world exists.
more nor less than what it is. Nature has no
Physical reality is nothing
value; it wills nothing;
its relation to man is one of coexistence.
By 185o, Transcendentalism was a long-established Romantic orienta-
tion and Emerson its American
spokesman. As with all nineteenth-
century cultural stages Transcendentalism attempted to solve the dif-
ficulties inherent in earlier Romantic 'solutions.' So, too, does Melville
try to expose the problems he felt Emerson had failed not only to
solve, but even to take into accountparticularly the limitations of
individual freedom. For Emerson the universe is a book that can be
read by any individual: "Undoubtedly we have no questions to ask
which are unanswerable" (Nature). A spiritual reality underlies the
world and unites both man and the vegetable in an occult
"Nature always wears the colors of the spirit" (Ibid.). Since the
relationship.
individua's origins are spirirual he may feel free to extend his
spiritualiry outward, limited, for Emerson, only by the size of the

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 THE GEORGIA REVI EW
spirituality of the
universe. "Build therefore your own world. As
fast
you conform your life to the pure idea in your mind, that
as
will unfold its
great proportions" (lbid.). "The great man makes the
great thing" ("The American Scholar"). He knows no master but
his own will.
If the
"great man" has no ordinary limitations, then he must
with him a new bring
morality. Emerson tells us in Self-Reliamce that "nothing
is at last sacred but the
integrity of your own mind." And further:
No law can be sacred to me
but that of my nature. Good
are but names
readily transferable to that and bad
what is after
or this; the only right is
my constitution; the only wrong what is against it.
It is just a short jump to "What I must do is all that concerns
not what the people think"; and from me,
fist at the sun, and
Ernerson to Ahab shaking his
For Melville the
asking, "Who's over me?"
themselves into one.
problems of freedom and of good and evil resolve
Suppose, he seems to ask in Moby-Dick, the
man is not a
good man? What then? Melville creates within his great
own
context the
greatest of all possible "great men," Captain Ahab. That
such a magnificent figure-symbolic of a whole Romantic orientation-
can indeed fail is Melville's
dentalism. judgment of the inadequacies of Transcen-
Ironically, when he wrote Moby-Dick Melville had not read Emerson.
He had merely attended one of his
lectures (s February 1849),
he was of course familiar with
his ideas. That Melville was
though
by Emerson's presentation is made clear in his impressed
Evert Duyckinck. On 24 correspondence with
since I have
February he wrote, "I have heard Emerson
been here. Say what
later
they will, he's a great man." A week
(3 March) he responded at more length:
Nay, I do not oscillate in Emerson's rainbow, but prefer rather
to
hang myself in mine own halter than swing in any other man's
swing. Yet I think Emerson is more than a brilliant fellow. Be his
stuff begged, borrowed, or stolen, or of his own domestic
manufacture
he is an uncommon man. Swear he is a
humbug.
humbug-then is he no common
.I had only glanced at a book of his once in Putnam's
store-that was all I knew of him, tillI heard him lecture..
there is a something about every man elevated above
. Now, .

which 15, for the most part, instinctualy perceptible. This

mediocrity,
1I see in Mr.
Emerson. And, frankly, for the sake of the argument, let us call himm
a fool;-then had I rather be a fool than a wise
man.-I love all men who

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 Moby-Dick
dive.Any fish can swim near the surface, but it takes a great whale
to go down stairs five miles or more; & if he dont attain the bottom,
why, all the lead in Galena can't fashion the plumet that will. I'm
not talking of Mr. Emerson now-but of the whole corps of
divers that have been diving & coming up again with bloodshot thought-
since the world began. eyes
I could
readily see in Emerson,
flaw. It was, the insinuation, that notwithstanding
his merit, a
gaping
had he lived in those days when
the world was made, he
might have offered some valuable suggestions.
These men are all cracked right across the brow. And never will the
pullers-down be able to cope with the builders-up.
In the opening sentence of the lerter Melville
he might be a follower of the rejects the notion that
Transcendentalist camp. And yet, though
he does not
approve of what Emerson has to say, he nonetheless finds
him "an uncommon man." Melville
admires the figure Emerson cuts,
not the words he utters.
Emerson will take a chance; he is not
another pallid member of the intellectual elite. If just
there is something
of the "fool" in Emerson, he is also
"more than a brilliant fellow."
Melville's feelings about the Concord lecturer are as ambivalent as
those of Ishmael for his
But it is Melville's
captain.
imagery that is really striking. If Emerson is one
of those men who dive, then he must be like "a great whale," for it
takes an overwhelming creature to
he anticipating
plumb the mysterious depths. Was
Moby Dick? But there is also "a gaping flaw'" in
Emerson that Melville will not let his other
qualities obscure. Emerson
gave Melville an impression of high presumptuousnes, a feeling that
had he been around when the world was created he could have
God some good advice-perhaps even taken Hlis given
place.
this impression is inconsistent with the ideas in Emerson, who
Nothing in
felt that each man contained
always
divinity because all physical and animal
reality emanated from divine spirit. Men like Emerson "are all cracked
nght across the brow." And who in Moby-Dick is cracked across the
brow but Captain Ahab, with a jagged scar
his forehead down the side of his body? Once
running from the side of
again, a prefiguring
image. Obviously much of Melville's response to Emerson is in Ahab.
Melville identifies with the "pullers-down," for "builders-up" like
Emerson alwaystry to project-the dangerous results-their own values
onto the universe. The skeptical irony of the "pullers-down" is the
only possible stance for Melville. The tension in Moby-Dick is between
such a "puller-down," Ishmael, and Ahab, the "builder-up." Ishmael is

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 THE G EORGIA REV!1EW

"puller-down" because he is a skeptic, because he attempts to see the

universe as
clearly as possible without projecting his own values upon
it. Ahab is a
"builder-up,"
like Emerson, in that he comes to his
per-
ception of the world with his mind
already made and so he "builds
up" the real world into something that reflects hisup,own
ideas as to what it means and preconceived
contains. He is, of course, Emerson
carried to the extreme-and the
to another kind of
irony of his building-up is that it leads
pulling
to the bottom of the sea.
down: the pulling down of the
Pequod
Before he put Moby-Dick
Wrote two
through its American
famous letters to Hawthorne. He does notpublication
Melville
mention Emerson
by name, but he discusses the problems of Transcendentalism at some
length. In the first letrter (16 April 1851) he describes how, by
words into
symbols, turning
we
impose categories on the world.
We incline think that the Problem of the Universe is
to
Freemason's mighty secret, so terrible to all children. It like the
turns out,
at last, to consist in a triangle, a mallet, and an
We incline to think that God cannot apron,-nothing more!
that He would like a little more explain His own secrets, and
information upon certain
Himself. We mortals astonish Him as much as He points
us. But it is this
Being of the matter; there lies the knot with which we choke our-
selves. As soon as you
say Me, a God, a Nature, so soon you jump
off from your stool and
hang from the beam. Yes, that word is the
hangman. Take God out of the dictionary, and you would have Him
in the street.

Intellectuality, the imposition of mental constructs upon the universe,

is a form of suicide. The "word is the
hangman"; by this is self-
any area of the world we limit our ability to see-and categorizing
destruction. As Ishmael tells us of Queequeg's native island: "lt is not
down in any map; true
places never are." The only important measure
of value is the accuracy with which the individual sees the world.
Value lies in the confrontation, not in either the
perceiver or the
object, and the attempt to find value in the world or to see physical
entities as symbols or retainers of meaning is a
great mistake, a deadly
mistake. When Melville tells Hawthorne that the Masonic mallet,
triangle, and apron are nothing more than what they are, he is
exhorting him to resist the temptation to develop a new category of
symbols. Avoid giving things names at all, if possible, and if not, then
avoid lertingg names bestow finality or 'significance' on the
object.

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 Moby-Dick
For have
names
norhing do with
"Being"; categories are antithetic
to
o
proces, and the life process is
ultimately the only reality.
AMoby-Dick is a paradigm of the above point of view. While it is
certainly about the search for an albino whale, it is more certainly about
the ineredible dangers of
mythmaking. The whale symbolizes nothing.
He is there, an occasion for others to
as much in the chapter entitled
create
myths. Melville rells us
enns have busied themselves with "Moby Dick." Two generations of

symbolizes They should have been worrying

about what the whale
concerned with the creator of
meanings, Captain Ahab, for it is he (nor Melville) who has created
the meaning' of the white whale. He
fashions the of
to
give substance, fom, and value to his own myth life,Moby Dick
aided in his efforts by other unhappy and he is
mariners who in rurn
own
meanings on to the animal. His entire crew project their
vision, until they are begins to share his
nothing more than instruments of
their
When they agree to
impose Ahab's arbitrary categories on thecaptain. world
they give up their own free will--whatever that may be-and
in massive suicide.
a
Narcissus sees his reflection in the join him
trying to merge with it. In the first chapter Ishmael pool and drowns
tells us that the
meaning of Narcissus is "the key to it all." And he further admits that
going out to sea and committing himself to the
"substitute for pistol and ball." watery world is his
Moby-Dick, then, may be a study of the mortido or death
human will suicide. Ahab convinces his crew of
to wish, the
his delusion and
they follow him, like lemmings, to the bottom of
the ocean. To
their lives
and deaths
meaning give
White Execationer, they make Moby Dick their Great
allowing him transcendent significance and epic
power. Who, after all, would want to die in
But what, then, is the Great White quest of an albino mouse?
Whale? A huge creature, no
more, no less. All else is chimera
and self-delusion-the
Ahab and his crew to see inability of
things
tion of Remorseless Providence or
as
they are. Is
Moby Dick the incarma-
Evil; is he Ahab's soul, an alter
ego that must be found and destroyed? Al such
chimera, borne in the minds of critics who have questions
are likewise

to see Melville and his book

refused continuously
Dick" Melville warns us at
as
they really are. In the chapter "Moby
manufactured
length
that the whale of that name is
symbol, manufactured by ignorant sailors and a mad
captain. The chapter begins soon in time after Ahab on the quarter
deck has enlisted the aid of the crew in his search. Ishmael admits that

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8 THE G E ORGIA RE VIEW

"awild, mystical, sympathetical feeling was in me; Ahab's quenchless

feud seemed mine." He admits to sharing his captain's vision. Then he
begins to recount the growth of the Moby Dick legend.
Moby Dick has been widely known among whalemen, although
mainly through rumor; few sailors have actually seen him in the flesh.
There have, however, been a number of recent incidents in the
sperm
whale fishery "marked by various and not unfrequent instances of
great ferocty, cunning, and malice in the monster attacked." Ishmael
cmphasizes the superstitiousness of sailors and stresses that in their work
whalemen come across "whatever is appallingly astonishing in the sea."
No wonder, then, that ever gathering volume from the mere transit
over the widest watery spaces, the outblown rumors of the White
Whale did in the end incorporate with themselves all manner of morbid
hints, and half-formed foetal suggestions
of supernatural agencies,
which eventually invested Moby Dick with new terrors unborrowed
from anything that visibly appears.

Coupled with Moby Dick's "supernatural" aspect is the general

range of myths surrounding sperm whales. Ishmael tells us that even
great naturalists like Cuvier have believed these fantastic legends.
Sailors who fish for righr whales feel that "to chase and point lance
at such an apparition as the Sperm Whale was not for mortal man."
When these myths are married to the prodigiousness of Moby Dick
the following is the result:
One of the wild suggestions referred to, as at last coming
to be
linked with the White Whale in the minds of the superstitiously in-
clined, was the unearthly conceit that Moby Dick was ubiquítous;
that he had actually been encountered in opposite latirudes at one
and the same instant of time.

And if this sense of ubiquity is coupled with the seeming inde-

structibility that Moby Dick has displayed in his many encounters
with whaling vessels
it cannot be much matter of surprise that some whalemen should go
still further in their superstitions; declaring Moby Dick not only
ubiquitous, but immortal (for immortality is but ubiquity in time) ...

In the eyes of superstitious sailors Moby Dick has become a god,

capable of ubiquity and a in
immortality. Ishmael gives us lesson
how myths and gods are created; the orher half of the lesson shows

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 Moby-Dick 9

us how an individual can respond to such a myth and use it as a

projection of his disturbed mind.
Captain Ahab had on his previous voyage lost a limb to Moby Dick,
who "reaped away Ahab's leg, as a mower a blade of grass in the field.
No rurbaned Turk, no hired Venetian or Malay, could have smote
him with more I have italicized "seeming" as the key
seeming malice."
word in the Ahab the whale 'seems" malicious. But
quoration. To Moby
Dick is no more malicious than he is god-like. His reaping of Ahab's
leg is an animal's dumb, instinctive response to danger. In order to
give himself significance Ahab must imagine malice on the part of
the whale. He feels chosen
as
the victim of fate, and his only response
to this-given his nature-is to rebel outwardly and strike back at the
universe, which he sees incarmate in Moby Dick.
The White Whale swam before him as the
monomaniac incarnation
of all those malicious agencies which some deep men feel eating in
them, till they are left living on with half a heart and half a lung
all evil, to crazy Ahab, were visibly personified, and made
practically assailable in Moby Dick.
Ahab's monomania demands that Moby Dick be more than a whale.
He is "intent on an audacious, immitigable, and supernatural revenge."
For him the White Whale "might have seemed the gliding great demon
of the seas of life." And the success with which Ahab is able to get the
crew to share his projections of value onto a mute albino whale is
stated by Ishmael in the last lines of the chapter:
For one, I gave myself up to the abandonment of the time and the
place; but while yet all a-rush to encounter the whale, could see
naught in that brute but the deadliest ill.
Ishmael, ike the rest of the crew, comes to see the whale as Ahab
wishes.
In the most famous lines of his 16 April leter to Hawthorme Melville
$ays:
There is the grand truth about Nathaniel Hawthome. He says
NO! in thunder; but the Devil himself cannot make him say yes
For all men who say yes, lie; and all men who say nowhy they are
in the hapPY condition of judicious, unincumbered travellers in Europe;
they cross the frontiers into Eternity with nothing but a carpet-bag-
that is to say, the Ego. Whereas those yes-gentry, they travel with
heaps of baggage, and, damn them! they will never get through the

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10 THE G EORG1AREVIE W

Custom House. What's the reason, Mr. Hawthome, that in the last
so? I could
stagesot metaphysics a fellow always falls to suering
rip an hour.

Here he once again expresses his felings about the "pullers-down

and the "builders-up," calling them now the "yes-gentry" and those
who say no." Melville still stands not on the side of those who would

project value onto the world or would tell how things are or should
be made, but with the skeptic who takes an ironic stance and carries
nothing with him but his ego or sense of self. For he has now taken
an even stronger post-Transcendental position. The individual must
order to
bring nothing to contront the world but his unfettered self. In
or the travel
"get through" does. But ifHouse,
the Custom universe, one tomust
light. aslshnmacl you come, does Ahab, impose
as a
vision, the customs inspector will never let you through.
Melville says it more gently here than in his novel. There the yes
or projector of value, Ahab, not only fails to make it past the
sayer
customs house, but he leads an entire crew into the
metaphoncal
doors of etemity. Ahab expresses figuratively the ideas stated in Mel-
ville's letters, and it is through his example that Melville most effec-
tively discredits Transcendentalism and Emerson.
Emerson postulated a universe whose ultimate reality was a spirit-
divine spirit, oversoul-from which all of nature-animal and vegetable-
derives. 1Therefore. all natural creations are equally endowed with

divinity. It each person is potentially divine, then the godlike in the

individual man can be explored, exploited, and developed with no
limitation other than the size of the universe, which is infinite. There
is no definable limitation or sanction on the will of an individual
who develops his potential divinity. Now one thing the "great man"
has is charisma. This quality was not only recognized by Emerson
and Whitman, it was positively encouraged. Other men follow the
"great man" because he is the model for their own quest for greatness
or, at least, meaning. They are potentially he. This is fine if he is a good
no sanctions, the man of infinite
man as well as a great one. But with
will can do whatever he wants.
Ahab is almost the embodiment of Emerson's "great man," feeling
hatred
limited by nothing, privileged to do anything. His boundless
for the whale and his sense of emancipation from conventional morality
cause him to stand in the manner of the Transcendental hero.
apart

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 Moby-Dick
That inscrutable
thing is chiefly what I
agent, or be the white whale principal, hate; and be the white whale
I will wreak that hate
him. Talk not to me of upon
blasphemy, man; l'd strike the sun if it insulted
me...
Who's over me? Truth hath no confines.
Ahab's charisma is apparent in the
very way the crew follows him
many times in dangerous situations with a veneration
worship and cosmic fear. A single word or gesture from bordering
on
their captain
tuns them away from
any thought of dissatisfaction or glimmer
of
mutiny.
But Ahab is not a "good" man. He has shut himself off from
the most
basic Romantic
virtue-empathy. Even when his instincts lead him
toward affection for and identification with another character-as in
several confrontations with Starbuck and
Pip near the end-he de-
liberately sriffens himself against his feelings. He tries to be all mind,
all calculation. On I June Melville wrote to
Hawthorne, "I stand
for the heart. To the dogs with the head!" Melville is on the
side
of heart and emotion, and this statement to Hawthorne underlines the
same attitude in the book. All of Ahab's
passion
is connected to his
monomania; it is urterly dimensional and it has nothing to do with
compassion. He orders from the carpenter an ideal man with "no
heart at all, bras forehead, and about a quarter of an acre of fine
brains.
Ahab is a figure of genuine magnificence, but in his delusions as to
how a malign universe embodied in Moby Dick has done him in, he
uses his unchecked will to lead an entire crew to its death. In the
nature of human relationships lesser men will follow a greater if he
can supply their unconscious with the proper image. Emerson was
right here. But Melville sees beyond Emerson, who did not take with
sufficient seriousness the possibility that spirit could be anything other
than "good." Evil, to Emerson, though it existed, was more than counter-
balanced cosmically by a prevailing tendency to goodness in the col-
lective actions of the world. He thus gave the impression to his con-
temporaries and to following generations that evil was of no great
consequence in human events. By making Ahab the symbol of Transcen
dental magnificence, but by giving him the one flaw he felt that
Emerson had not foreseen, Melville dramatizes this fallacy of the
Transcendental position. Ironically, he accepts Emerson's prime image,
bur he rejects the value Emerson placed upon it.

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 12 THE GEORGIA REVIEW

Melville's nay-sayer is Ishmael, who comes to the whaling ports in a

state of
depression, on the of suicide, with no sense of value
deep verge
to project upon the world. Indeed, his sense of identity is so stunted
men like
at this point that he must gain it from contacts with stronger
and Ahab. Ishmael's stance is a peculiar blend of alienation
Queequeg
and empathy. Because he lacks a strong sense of self (the prime sin
for Emerson) Ishmael can understand the positions of all the charac-
ters in Moby-Dick but become permanently infected by none. To
realize that man's greatest weakness is his need for illusion
intuitively
and realize
to as well that any projection of meaning onto the world
tradi-
will result in illusion must finally mean a withdrawal from the
of confrontation between one's
tional affairs of men to a kind personal
individual naked self and the world as naked object. Ishmael is
the new
detachment will become
post-Transcendental man, whose ultimate ironic
for the new "hero" of the "realist" novel.
a commonplace pose

Even the concepts of fate and free will that Ishmael proposes
are

These notions, stated in "The

consistent with Melville's total position.
to avoid a fixed abstract stance.
Matmaker" chapter, are an attempt
govern human
events.
Neither fate nor free will as philosophical poles
Nor can one compromise position
a by blending the two according
fomula and coming up with a set of regulations for running
to some
will still need
and the woof of free
a life. The warp of necessity
sword" of chance to complete the
"Queequeg's impulsive, indifferent events." An unknown
"has the last featuring blow at
pattern. Chance ever to describe or
factor in the of
play makes
reality it impossible
to take a position that is really
not
control it. This is Melville's atrempt
is sufficient to account for the way things
a position. No metaphysic
are ultimately
are; to this stage
of Romanticism all metaphysical systems
Ishmael adds the final irony of chance, and
illusory. This is why Ishmael's survival
Melville then exemplifies this position by having
series of coincidences. Witness:
depend on an incredible that a coffin
he is going to die and he requests
Queequeg decides decides to live; a sailor falls
from the
he then
be built for him-it is; him-both sink to the
life buoy is thrown in after
mast and the original
a replacement
coffin is then caulked and used as
bottom; Queequeg's Fedallah is dragged
second day of the chase
for the life buoy; on the
Ahab becomes harpooneer; the lead
from Ahab's boat and killed;
Fedallah's place and everyone
moves
up a notch;
oarsman is put into
he is on the Pequod rather
than
Starbuck's crew
because Ishmael is in

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 Moby-Dick 13
another boat on the sea; the final day of the chase he is
on
to
replacethe oarsman on Ahab's picked
boat; because he has the seat near
the block he is knocked
him he can float free of the overboard; since the chase goes away from
far enough away not to be
battle; when the Pequod sinks he is just
sucked down by the
him he can float free of the
battle;
whirlpool; and to help
when the Pequod sinks he is
because it has been caulked for a life just
along with everything else. There is buoy
has not sunk to the bottom
these incidents. nothing inevitable about any of
They are all a matter of the
random kind of coincidence. Chance
most intricate and
yet
blow" at Ishmael. And this is of course the certainly "has the last featuring
out why point. There is no figuring
things happen. They just do.
But the most seductive
danger of the Transcendental
described best in Melville's 1 June letter to Hawthorne. point
of view is
It is the feeling
that we are at one with the world.
In reading some of Goethe's sayings, so worshipped by his votaries,
came across this, "Live in the al." That is to
say, your separate
identity
and
is but a
wretched one,-good;
but get out of
yourself, spread
expand yourself, and bring yourself the tinglings of life that
to
are felt in the flowers and the woods, that are felt in the planets
Saturn and Venus, and the Fixed Stars. What nonsense! Here 1s a
fellow with a raging toothache.
"My dear boy," Goethe says to
him, you are sorely afflicted with that tooth; but you must tve in
the all, and then you will be happy!'" As with all great genius, there
is an immense deal of
flumnmery in Goethe, and in proportion to my
own contact with him, a monstrous deal of it in me.

The "all" feeling corresponds to the Freudian "oceanic" feeling. The

danger Melville felt in it apart from its sentimentality was that it
deluded one into thinking life was comfortable and without any
dangers. Throughout the book we are warned that to feel too com-
fortable and unwary brings with it the danger of death. At the end
of "The Mast-Head":
There is no life in thee, now, except that rocking life imparted
by a gently roling ship; by her, borrowed from the sea; by the sea,
from the inscrutable tides of God. But while this sleep, this dream is
on ye, move your foot or hand an inch; slip your hold at all; and
your identity comes back in horror. Over Descartian vortices you hover.
And perhaps, at midday, in the fairest weather, with one half-throttled
shriek you drop through that transparent air into the summer sea, no
more to rise for ever. Heed it wel, ye Pantheists!

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 4 THE GEORGIA REVIE W
We can, with no
distortion, translate "pantheist" to mean Transcen-
dentalist. Later on, in "The
his guard by the Try-Works"
Ishmael is lulled into dropping
speeding motion of the ship and
of the fire that melts the blubber. by the brightness
He almost turms the
he stands at the tiller immobilized. ship over, while
After finally recovering, he
us this warming gives
Look not too
long in the face of the fire, O man! Never dream
with hand on the helm! Turn not
thy thy back to the
accept the first hint of the hitching tiller; believe not the compass;
fire, when its redness makes all artificial
things look ghastly.
Feelings of calm should alert men to the dangers of living that lie
around the cormer. But instead, for the
early Romantic visionaries these
"all experiences were meaningful "mystical" moments, meaningful in
themselves and leading to no positive action other than
sitting back and
feeling "the tinglings of life that are felt in the flowers and the woods"
Melville is quite aware of the attractiveness of the "all"
he writes in his second feeling, for
postscript to the 1 June letter:
N.B. This "all" feeling, though, there is truth
some
often have felt it, lying on the grass on a warm summer's day. Your
in. You must
egs seem to send out shoots into the earth. Your hair feels like leaves
upon your head. This is the all feeling. But what plays the mischief
with the truth is that will insist upon the universal
men
application
of a
temporary feling or opinion.
And yet, characteristicaly, Melville is quick to counter the attractive-
ness with a caution.
Calmness is always a mask in Moby-Dick for dark and mysterious
terrors. Melville emphasizes the contrasts at the heart of existence, the
calms ar the heart of storms. On the day before Moby Dick's arival
the sea and air seem quieter than ever before. Now Melville is not
saying thar this is in the design of things, that there is a plan that
makes these contrasts a part of the essential fabric of the world's
structure. To the contrary, there is no design at all. The problem
is that this mystical sense of oneness makes you relax just a bit too
much. For Melville the prime virtue is the ability to perceive the world
as object and to survive in it on the basis of one's clear perceptions.
If one feels so comfortable that he ignores the possibilities of danger
inherent in just living in the world, then he is in trouble. "Pantheists"
beware!

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 Moby-Dick 15
After realizing that there is no profit in
imposing value on a world
without value one must accept things as they are and retreat from the
field of battle. In the ecstasy of
sperm squeezing Ishmael realizes his
transcendent emotion is only a passing thing.
Would that I couldkeep squeezing that sperm for ever! For now,
since by many prolonged, repeated experiences, I have perceived that
in all cases man must eventually lower, or at least, his conceit of
attainable felicity; not placing it anywhere in the intellect or the
fancy; but in the wife, the heart, the bed, the table, the saddle, the
fire-side, the country
This hope has at least some possibility of attainment, for it is tied to the
physically tangible. The kind of quest undertaken by Ahab has none.
Yet, Ahab's quest is magnificent nonetheless.
Ahab's grandeur derives from his imagination. He creates Moby
Dick, himself, and the fate of an entire crew. The supreme Words
worthian and Emersonian imagination that unites itself in visionary
union with the object is his:
O Nature, and O Soul of man! how far beyond all utterance are your
atom stirs or lives on matter, but
linked analogies! nor the smallest
has its cunning duplicate in mind.

But Melville must reject this, though through Ishmael he is ambivalent

toward Ahab throughout the book.
Perhaps it is the imagination that must ultimately be condemned.
Imagination must lead to illusion, as it does with Ahab. For that matter,
so must art. And yet, it is the use of imagination and will that led the
earliest Romantics out of their sloughs of despond to seek value in
the world. This is the unalteral paradox of the Romantic dilemma.
Imagination redeems, but it also destroys. For someone like Melville
there is no choice left but lowering his gaze. That is why he has
Ishmael conclude years after his experiences in the book that retreat
is the only posibility left for him; and that is why Melville retreated
in the latter half of his own life. Retrear and acceptance, but not
struggle. In Melville's final and most awful irony, Billy Budd goes
to the yardam blessing the name of his executioner.
For Melville the universe is vast and indifferent. The lietle microcosm
he creates and whose king and whose inhabitants we take with such
seriousness for so many pages is swallowed up quietly and quickly
at the end, and nothing is left of the drama we saw enacted.

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 6 THE GEORGIAREV1EW

Norw small fows flew

sullen white *reaming over the
surf beat against its sreep sides, then yet yawning galt,a
al collapsed, and
great shrood of the ea rolled ons rolled five thouSand years
the
ago.
To clain indifference for
the universe s not to
It is just to say that it s hostile.
ay that we shouid expect
other and that we should nor norhing from it one way or the
conduct our bartles
have no usiness against t. For they
the only ones
being fought, they can never be won, ance we are
fighting. And yer, if prushed hard enongh the universe
may, in recoil, destroy, or at leasr
it will swallow us
swallow. But if we wait long enough.
anyway.
Moby-Dick is almost
totally ironic. For what
the mo tlaborate of shows ssthat
"syrmbolic" tales has no real
meaning.
except to tell us that
things in general
have no meanang. thar oar
quesrs have no function etcept as the
saon, that life is at its wort a
most
dangerous forms of dive
that the struggle and its best a sartender, and
magnificence of great men and ofworks of art are only
llussons that cannot
capture reahty becaue each creates a faise one
of its own

Recruitment
What they were really asking me to do
Was to make myselfa sandwich
Not for myelf, but with myelf
A sandwich of sweet and wur flesh
Berween slices of friends and strangers
To be served
Hot or cold
To appetites not mine
But if I am to be conaumed so far fron here
I would rather nourish whar I knew last year (laot yeae) u love
In a snall white quiet place
As far, as far from here
And just as near
WLLAM Savazs