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How the Brain Processes Emotional

Arousal via the Interoception of the
Diaphragm

iScience
23 Pages
Posted: 26 Jul 2022
Publication Status: Review Complete

Ayumu Matani
Hiroshima University - Center for Brain, Mind and KANSEI
Sciences Research

Kazuya Kurauchi
Hiroshima University - Graduate School of Biomedical and
Health Science
More...
Shota Date
Abstract
Hiroshima University - Graduate School of Biomedical and
Health Science
Summary The hypothesis that the brain is a networked
prediction
Toru Maekawa machine for the body’s external and
internal
Hiroshimastates, in which
University predictions
- Center are updated
for Brain, Mind and KANSEI
according
Sciences to perdition errors, states that it generates
Research
emotion using the five senses and interoception
Takashi
(sense of Nakao
the body’s inner state) during visceromotor
Hiroshima Universitywe
- Graduate School
control. Although know that, forofinstance,
Humanities and
Social Sciences
respiration and emotion are correlated, how
respiration
Toru Sunagawa works in this hypothesis remains unclear.
Respiration is produced
Hiroshima University by mechanical
- Graduate diaphragm
School of Biomedical and
movements.
Health ScienceElectrical activity of the diaphragm (EAdi)
is the input signal for the electromechanical
Kentaro Ono control as used for driving of
diaphragmatic
Hiroshima
mechanical University - Center
ventilation for Brain,
devices. Mind andofKANSEI
Attachment a
Sciences
negativeResearch
electrical impedance to EAdi electrodes
dramatically amplifies and attenuates biological-origin
Takafumi Sasaoka
EAdi (called
Hiroshima percutaneous
University - Centerextracellular
for Brain, Mindimpedance
and KANSEI
control: pEIC), generating prediction errors in the
Sciences Research
electromechanical control of the diaphragm. pEIC,
Shigeto
moreover,Yamawaki
never produces any somatic perception that
Hiroshima
would affect University - Center
emotion. for Brain, Mind
We performed and KANSEI
an intuitive
Sciences Research
high-or-low emotional valence judgement task using
images with high-or-low valence and arousal scores
with and without pEIC. Although the task was
imposed on stimulus valence, the reaction time and
hit rate significantly differed between the high and low
arousal conditions without pEIC, with them being
significantly modulated by the pEIC. These
phenomena occurred in both current and previous
trials, which is relevant to short-term arousal
prediction (or generation) and its update in the
hypothesis, respectively. A high-or-low arousal and the
use of pEIC had significant effects on the
electroencephalogram amplitude and that of the EAdi
phase, respectively. Therefore, the brain does predict
emotional arousal via interoception of the diaphragm.

Funding Information: This project was supported by

Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
KAKENHI Grant (18H03500 and 22K18417) and Japan
Science and Technology Agency (JST) COI
(JPMJCE1311

Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no

competing interests.

Ethics Approval Statement: The participants gave

written informed consent after they were given a
detailed explanation of this study. The study was done
in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and
was approved by the Ethical Committee for
Epidemiology of Hiroshima University #E-2158.

Keywords: emotion, valence, arousal, interoception,

respiration, Diaphragm, predictive coding, electrical
intervention

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41 References

1. A D Craig
How do you feel? Interoception: the sense
of the physiological condition of the body
Nature Reviews Neuroscience , volume 3 , p. 655 - 666
Posted: 2002

2. A K Seth
Interoceptive inference, emotion, and the
embodied self
Trends in Cognitive Sciences , volume 17 , p. 565 - 573
Posted: 2013

3. A K Seth , K J Friston
Active interoceptive inference and the
emotional brain
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:
Biological Sciences , volume 371 Posted: 2016

4. L F Barrett , W K Simmons
Interoceptive predictions in the brain
Nature Reviews Neuroscience , volume 16 , p. 419 - 429
Posted: 2015

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