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WHAT IS A FRUIT?
A fruit is a ripened ovary or group of ovaries containing the seeds
produced from the process of sexual reproduction. The seeds are
produced from the ovules contained within the ovary tissue. The number
of seeds will vary based on the fruit type or the specific species of plant.
The fruit classification may include adjacent tissue that fuses with the
ovary. This tissue is typically termed a floral tube or hypanthium. The
classification of fruit will fall into three very broad classifications and
will include simple, aggregate, or multiple fruit. Another general
difference that is also used in classifying fruit is whether the mature fruit
is fleshy or dry at maturity.
A simple fruit forms from the ripening of the ovary of a single pistil. The
fruit may contain one to many seeds. Examples of simple fruits include
peanuts, sunflower, grains (corn, barley, rice), acorns, walnuts,
tomatoes, grapes, eggplants, citrus and apples. Aggregate fruits form
from a single flower with several ovaries . Examples of aggregate fruits
include blackberries, raspberries and strawberries. Multiple fruit forms
from a cluster of several flowers. A fruit is produced by each flower and
these fruits merge into a multiple fruit. Pineapple is an example of a
multiple fruit.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Understand the development of fruit and how this differs from a seed.
2. Be able to identify the various types of fruit and the variation in
structure that differs in each type.
3. Be able to use the terminology associated with the various fruit
types.
MATERIALS
You will be provided with the following materials:
• Various types of fruit
• Dissecting microscope and/or a hand lens
• Knife or razor blade
SIMPLE FRUITS
Simple fruits are the most widely found type of fruit. They are formed
from a single ovary. The terms fleshy and dry refers to the condition of
the ovary tissue at maturity. The outer layer (ovary wall) is termed the
pericarp. The number of ovules (potential seed) varies based on the fruit
type and the plant species.
ENDOCARP
MESOCARP
EXOCARP
SEED
ENDOCARP
Figure 1A.Drupe X-section (peach – Prunus persica) shows the outer layer
(exocarp), the fleshy inner layer (mesocarp) and the hard inner layer (endocarp)
which is also referred to as the stone. The seed is found within this
structure.1B. Example of a peach on a tree. 1C. Endocarp of an almond (Prunus
dulcis) with the seed exposed.
The classification of berry is another example of a fleshy fruit (Figure 2).
With a berry, we find that the fruit is formed from a single ovary. The
entire pericarp and ovary tissue is succulent or fleshy, although the outer
layer (pericarp) is sometimes tough. Variation in ovule numbers produce
fruit that are one to many seeded. Examples include grape, tomato,
papaya, pomegranate, banana and avocado.
A B
C D
A B
C D
A B
A B
A B
C D
Figure 8. Example of an achene is the sunflower with the intact fruit (left) and
the seed with a papery testa and the pericarp removed (right) in the above
image.
The caryopsis (or what is more typically called a grain) is a very small,
dry, one-seeded, indehiscent fruit in which the actual seed coat is
completely fused to the ovary wall or pericarp (Figure 9). The outer
pericarp layer or husk is referred to as the bran, while the inner seed
layer is called the germ. The majority of the fruit’s weight is comprised
of the endosperm which is primarily for the storage of carbohydrates.
A B
C D
Figure 9. Examples of a caryopsis: (A) dent corn and (B) sweet corn (Zea
mays), (C) rice (Oryza sativa), and wheat (Triticum aestivum).
A capsule is a simple, dry, dehiscent fruit formed from more than one
carpel (Figure 10). The individual chamber is typically referred to as a
locule which contains the seed. Examples of plants producing this type of
fruit are cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and okra (Abelmoschus
esculentus).
A C
Figure 11. Fruit classified as nuts including a walnut (A) and an acorn (B).
A B
A B
Figure 14. A follicle from a common milkweed (Asclepias spp.) with an intact
fruit (A) and a follicle splitting along the suture line exposing the seed (B).
Schizocarp is another type of fruit that is found in the family Apiaceae
(what used to be called the Umbelliferae). It is a small, dry fruit
composed of two or more sections that break. Several common plants
that produce a Schizocarp are carrots (Daucus carota), dill (Anethum
graveolens) and parsley (Polytaenia nuttallii).
Aggregate Fruits
Figure 16. Examples that are classified as being aggregate fruit. (A) Black-
berries. (B) Strawberry).
MULTIPLE FRUITS
A
B
Figure 17. A pineapple which is an example of a multiple fruit. (A) whole fruit
and (B) an individual ovary.
REFERENCES
Forbes, J.C., and K.D.Watson. 1992. Plants in Agriculture. University Press,
Cambridge.
McMahon, M.J., A.M. Kofranek, and V.E. Rubatzky. 2011. Plant Science:
Growth, Development, and Utilization of Cultivated Plants, Fifth Edition.
Prentice Hall.