UJJAIN ENGINEERING COLLEGE, UJJAIN

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Lab Manual
“Computer Networks”
Submitted to:- Submitted by:-
Mrs.Rekha Singh Aastha Mahajan
0701CS211001
 INDEX
S. No. List of Experiments Date of Date of Sign
Experiment submission
1 Study and practically implement the cross-
wired cable and straight through cable
using crimping tool.
2 Study of different types of Network
Equipment’s.
3 Study of College Network. .
4 Study & Verification of standard Network
topologies i.e. Star, Tree, Bus etc. (Tool
used: Cisco Packet Tracer)
5 LAN installation and Configuration in
Windows 7 or later version. Procedure.
6 Implement & configure various types of
routing algorithm using packet tracer.
Distance Vector Routing protocol.
7 Implement & configure various types of
routing algorithm using packet tracer. Link
state Routing protocol.
8 Study and Configure DHCP protocol by
creating the pool.
9 Study and Configure of Application Layer
Protocols: DNS, HTTP, HTTPS, FTP and
Telnet.
 Experiment-1
Aim: Study and practically implement the cross-wired cable and straight through cable
using crimping tool.
Apparatus: RJ-45 Cables, twisted pair and crimping tool.
Procedure:
 Start by stripping off about 2 inches of the plastic jacket off the end of the cable.
Be very careful at this point, as to not nick or cut into the wires, which are inside.
Doing so could alter the characteristics of your cable, or even worse render is
useless. Check the wires, one more time for nicks or cuts. If there are any, just
whack the whole end off, and start over.
 Spread the wires apart, but be sure to hold onto the base of the jacket with your
other hand. You do not want the wires to become untwisted down inside the
jacket. Category 5 cable must only have 1/2 of an inch of 'untwisted' wire at the
end; otherwise it will be 'out of spec'. At this point, you obviously have ALOT
more than 1/2 of an inch of un-twisted wire.
 You have 2 end jacks, which must be installed on your cable. If you are using a
pre-made cable, with one of the ends whacked off, you only have one end to
install - the crossed over end. Below are two diagrams, which show how you
need to arrange the cables for each type of cable end. Decide at this point which
end you are making and examine the associated picture below.

Signature of Faculty
 Experiment-2

Aim: Study of different types of Network Equipments

Repeater, Hub, Switch, Bridge, Router, Gateway
Apparatus (Software): No software or hardware needed.
Procedure: Following should be done to understand this practical.
Repeater: Functioning at Physical Layer. A repeater is an electronic device that
receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power, or onto the
other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances. Repeater have
two ports, so cannot be use to connect for more than two devices
Hub: An Ethernet hub, active hub, network hub, repeater hub, hub or concentrator is a
device for connecting multiple twisted pair or fiber optic Ethernet devices together and
making them act as a single network segment. Hubs work at the physical layer (layer 1)
of the OSI model. The device is a form of multiport repeater. Repeater hubs also
participate in collision detection, forwarding a jam signal to all ports if it detects a
collision.
Switch: A network switch or switching hub is a computer networking device that
connects network segments. The term commonly refers to a network bridge that
processes and routes data at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Switches that
additionally process data at the network layer (layer 3 and above) are often referred to as
Layer 3 switches or multilayer switches.
Bridge: A network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer
(Layer 2) of the OSI model. In Ethernet networks, the term bridge formally means a
device that behaves according to the IEEE 802.1 D standards. A bridge and switch are
very much alike; a switch being a bridge with numerous ports. Switch or Layer 2 switch
is often used interchangeably with bridge. Bridges can analyse incoming data packets to
determine if the bridge is able to send the given packet to another segment of the
network.
Router: A router is an electronic device that interconnects two or more computer
networks, and selectively interchanges packets of data between them. Each data packet
contains address information that a router can use to determine if the source and
destination are on the same network, or if the data packet must be transferred from one
network to another.
Routers are used in a large collection of interconnected networks; the routers exchange
information about target system addresses, so that each router can build up a table
showing the preferred paths between any two systems on the interconnected networks.
Gateway: In a communications network, a network node equipped for interfacing with
another network that uses different protocols.
 A gateway may contain devices such as protocol translators, impedance matching
devices, rate converters, fault isolators, or signal translators as necessary to
provide system interoperability. It also requires the establishment of mutually
acceptable administrative procedures between both networks.
 A protocol translation/mapping gateway interconnects networks with different
network protocol technologies by performing the required protocol conversions.

Signature of Faculty
 Experiment-3
Aim: Study of College Network.
Computer network is defined as the collection of large number of computers which are
interconnected with each other through some physical medium and internetworking
devices like twisted pair cable, switch, and router etc. for exchanging of information and
sharing of resources.
Our internet service provider is BSNL. 100 Mbps leased line is provided by this service
provider. This 100 Mbps lease line is connected to an internet switch. The ISP provides
pool of ten public IP addresses, which are allocated to various computers according to
the need, like one is allocated to the Director’s office; one is for Exam control office and
so on. One of the sub links is connected to the Proxy Server which is used as the internet
resource for whole college. Other than Proxy Server, the server like IBM (configuration
of this is server is given separately) is also available in our college for preventing data
from sudden disaster. Another link is connected to the Web Server (for College website)
The main connection is carried forward by the proxy server through a switch. The one
port of this switch is connected to the RIS and DHCP is configured in RIS. This port of
the switch connects the host of first floor labs in star and tree topology and the third port
is connected to the PCs of second floor labs. From the switch of first floor and second
floor Wi-Fi devices are also connected which provide the wireless services.
The fourth port is connected to third floor which splits connection on that floor and also
in library. These two floors 3rd and 2nd floors having backup on FTP server according to
their need, they can access files which they need.
The main line from the A block is also extended to the B-Block and C-Block. In this
manner large numbers of computers are interconnected.

Internetworking Devices:-
Switches: A network switch is a device that forwards and filters OSI layer 2
datagrams (chunk of data communication) between ports (connected cables) based on
the MAC addresses in the packets. This is distinct from a hub in that it only forwards
the frames to the ports involved in the communication rather than all ports connected. A
switch breaks the collision domain but represents itself a broadcast domain. Switches
make forwarding decisions of frames on the basis of MAC addresses. A switch normally
has numerous ports, facilitating a star topology for devices, and cascading additional
switches. Some switches are capable of routing based on Layer 3 addressing or
additional logical levels; these are called multi-layer switches. The term switch is used
loosely in marketing to encompass devices including routers and bridges, as well as
devices that may distribute traffic on load or by application content (e.g., a Web URL
identifier).
Specification of Switch
D-Link DES-1016D (16 port Switch).
D-Link DES-1024D (24 port Switch).
KVM Switch (4 port, Manufacturer D-Link)
Routers: A router is a networking device that forwards packets between networks
using information in protocol headers and forwarding tables to determine the best next
router for each packet. Routers work at the Network Layer (layer 3) of the OSI model
and the Internet Layer of TCP/IP.
Category 5 & 6 cable: It is a twisted pair high signal integrity cable type often
referred to as Cat5 or Cat-5. Most cables are unshielded, relying on the twisted pair
design for noise rejection, and some are shielded. Category 5 has been superseded by
the Category 5e specification structured cabling for computer networks such as
Ethernet, and is also used to carry many other signals such as basic voice services,
token ring, and ATM (at up to 155 Mbit/s, over short distances).
Topology used in LAN:-
Star Topology: All computers/devices connect to a central device called hub or switch.
Each device requires a single cable point-to-point connection between the device and
hub. It is widely implemented in most organisations. Hub is the single point of failure.

Technical Details
Result: Hence we have learned about the network topology of our college which is a
star configuration.

Signature of Faculty
 Experiment-4
Aim: Study & Verification of standard Network topologies i.e. Star, Tree, Bus etc.
Apparatus (Software): Packet tracer Software
Procedure: To implement this practical following network topology is required to be
configured using the commands learned in previous practical.
After configuring the given network a packet should be ping from any one machine to
another.
Network topology is the arrangement of the various elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a
computer network.
Essentially, it is the topological structure of a network, and may be depicted physically
or logically.
Physical topology refers to the placement of the network's various components,
including device location and cable installation, while logical topology shows how data
flows within a network, regardless of its physical design. Distances between nodes,
physical interconnections, transmission rates, and/or signal types may differ between
two networks, yet their topologies may be identical.
A good example is a local area network (LAN): Any given node in the LAN has one or
more physical links to other devices in the network; graphically mapping these links
results in a geometric shape that can be used to describe the physical topology of the
network. Conversely, mapping the data flow between the components determines the
logical topology of the network.
There are two basic categories of network topologies:-
Physical topologies: The shape of the cabling layout used to link devices is called the
physical topology of the network. This refers to the layout of cabling, the locations of
nodes, and the interconnections between the nodes and the cabling.
Logical topologies: The physical topology of a network is determined by the
capabilities of the network access devices and media, the level of control or fault
tolerance desired, and the cost associated with cabling or telecommunications circuits.
Logical topologies are often closely associated with Media Access Control methods and
protocols. Logical topologies are able to be dynamically reconfigured by special types
of equipment such as routers and switches.
The study of network topology recognizes eight basic topologies:
 Bus Topology
 Star Topology
 Ring or circular Topology
 Mesh Topology
 Tree Topology
Creating of network topology using Cisco Packet tracer is Very easy. By help of its
inbuilt tools and functionality user can create topology in very easy ways.

Star topology Bus Topology

Tree Topology

Result: Hence we have learned about the different types of topology using Cisco
Packet Tracer 8.0.

Signature of Faculty
 Experiment-5
Aim: LAN installation and Configuration in Windows 7 or later version.
Procedure:
Network interface card (NIC) or an on-the-motherboard network port for each computer.
HP and Compaq computers are network ready with NICs installed. Confirm the
computer has a RJ-45 network port on the back. Network hub (or router). A separate
network hub may not be necessary if your home is already equipped with RJ-45 jacks in
the walls or if your DSL or cable modem provides RJ-45 ports (select models). If you
need a network hub, consult with a network specialist at your local computer store to
determine a hub that meets your needs.
NOTE: A crossover cable can be used to connect two computers without a hub.
However, it only allows two computers to connect and is not expandable. Network
cables for each computer. Disconnect the Internet. If you have a DSL or cable modem,
disconnect it. Disable any firewall software. Firewall software may interfere with
network setup. You can enable the firewall after network setup is complete.
Step 1: Connecting the network hardware and cables to set up a local network. Do the
following to set up the network hardware and connect the networking cables.
 Set up and turn on the power for the network hub or other networking device.
 Connect the computers to the networking device. If a crossover cable is used,
connect the cable to the RJ45 network ports on each computer.

 Connect the computer power cords and turn the computers on.
Step 2: Turning on Network discovery and file sharing in Windows 7. Turn on Network
discovery and file sharing on each computer that you want to access on the network.
 Click Start, and then click Control Panel.
 Under Network and Internet, click Choose Home group and sharing.
 In the Home group settings window, click Change advanced sharing settings.
 Turn on network discovery and file and printer sharing. Review the other settings
and turn them on or off.
Step 3: Sharing drives, folders, and files in a Windows 7 network. To share non-public
folders with other computers on a local network, follow these steps:
 Click Start , and then click Computer.
 Browse to the folder you want to share.
 Right-click the folder, select Share with, and then click Home group (Read),
Home group (Read/Write), or Specific people.
 If you chose Specific people, the File Sharing window displays.
 Click the down arrow and select the account you want to share with, and then
click
 Click an arrow under Permission Level to set the permission level for each
account or group.
 Click Share.
Step 4: Testing a local network in Windows 7. Open the Windows 7 network window
and browse through the shared folders in each computer on the network. If the computer
is able to read and access files from a remote computer, the remote computer is set up
correctly. Browse to every available computer from each computer on the network. If
there are any issues, go back through these steps and verify that the settings are correct.
Result: Hence we have configured a LAN interface in windows 7.

Signature of Faculty
Experiment-06
Aim: Implement & configure various types of routing algorithm using packet tracer.
Distance Vector Routing protocol.
Apparatus (Software): Cisco Packet Tracer
Procedure:-
Establish the network in this format.

 This topology needs the network segmentation in the above mentioned format.
 Each router has to be given the global knowledge of the routers present in this
topology.

 Once each router is configured with global knowledge to global topology, then
start the simulation and let it run for few seconds so that all routers can send their
distance vector tables to their neighbouring routers.
  Once the simulation settle downs, run the ping test from left most network to the
pc in right most network.

Result: Hence we have learned about the simulation of distance vector routing (RIP) in
Cisco Packet Tracer.

Signature of Faculty

Experiment-07
Aim: Implement & configure various types of routing algorithm using packet tracer.
Link state Routing protocol.
Apparatus (Software): Cisco Packet Tracer
Theory: The Link state Routing protocol belongs to the Intra domain routing protocol
where the routers share their link state table with other routers in the domain using
FLOODING OF LINK STATE TABLE. In Distance vector routing the router sends its
distance vector table to its neighbouring tables only, but in link state the router floods
the domain with its link state table to ensure the transmission to the remote corners of
the domain. This makes each router capable to implementing the shortest path first
algorithm on the knowledge of the topology of the domain.

This topology for link state routing protocol implementation makes the routers to flood
intra domain network with their link state table. Initially the tables will look like.

Upon flooding each router in domain can have its own graph of router upon which it can
apply dijkstra’s shortest path algorithm.
Result: Hence we have discussed about the on paper details of Link State routing
algorithm.

Signature of Faculty
Experiment-08
Aim: Study and Configure DHCP protocol by creating the pool.
Apparatus (Software): Cisco Packet Tracer
Procedure: First establish a simple start topology using a switch and a root router
which will be our DHCP server.

 Configure the router’s interface with its ip address of 192.168.1.1/24

 Enter in its CLI mode configure it as DHCP server.

 Once done, let the simulation run for few seconds and when the simulation settles
down you will see that each PC which was configures for DHCP IP allocation
would have been allocated with a IP address.
Result: Hence we have established a DHCP server using a router as a root node in the
network topology.
 Signature of Faculty

Experiment-09
Aim: Study and Configure of Application Layer Protocols: DNS, HTTP, HTTPS, FTP
and Telnet.
Domain Name System: Domain Name System (DNS) is a critical component of the
global Internet infrastructure. The Domain Name System is a hierarchical distributed
naming system for computers, services or any resource connected to the internet or a
private network. It associates various information with domain name assigned to each of
entities. Most prominently, it translates domain names, which can be easily memorized
by humans, to the numerical IP addresses needed for the purpose of computer services
and devices worldwide. Domain Name System distributes the responsibility of assigning
domain name and mapping those names to IP addresses by designating authorities name
serves for each domain. It also specifies the technical functionality of the database
service which is at its core. It defines the Domain Name System protocol, detailed
specification of structure and data communication exchanges used in Domain Name
System, a part of the Internet Protocol Suite.
FEATURES OF DNS:
 Scalability: No limit to the size of the database (i.e. one server can have
40,000,000 names). No limit to the number of queries (24,000 queries are easily
handled per second). Queries distributed among masters, slaves and caches.
 Reliability: Data is replicated (data from master is copied to multiple slaves &
system can deal with outrage of servers) Clients will typically query local catches.
DNS protocol can use either UDP or TCP.
 Dynamicity: Database can be updated dynamically (add/delete/modification)
Modification of master database triggers replication. Clients can query (master
server, any of the copies at slave servers).
 Loose Coherency: The database is always internally consistent. Cached data
expires according to timeout set by zone administrator.
 Top Level Domain: Some types of top-level domains:
o Organizational: It’s a 3 character code/domain. It indicates the function of
the organization. Examples: .gov, .edu, .org, .com, .net, etc.
 o Geographical: it’s a 2 character code that represents any specific
geographic location like country or region. Examples: .us, .in, etc. used IP
address-to-name mapping. There are more than 200 top-level∙ domains.

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS): It is the secure version of

HTTP, the protocol over which data is sent between your browser and the website that
you are connected to. The 'S' at the end of HTTPS stands for 'Secure'. It means all
communications between your browser and the website are encrypted. HTTPS is often
used to protect highly confidential online transactions like online banking and online
shopping order forms.
Web browsers such as Internet Explorer, Firefox and Chrome also display a padlock
icon in the address bar to visually indicate that a HTTPS connection is in effect.

How Does HTTPS Work?

HTTPS pages typically use one of two secure protocols to encrypt communications -
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) or TLS (Transport Layer Security). Both the TLS and SSL
protocols use what is known as an 'asymmetric' Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) system.
An asymmetric system uses two 'keys' to encrypt communications, a 'public' key and a
'private' key. Anything encrypted with the public key can only be decrypted by the
private key and vice-versa.
As the names suggest, the 'private' key should be kept strictly protected and should only
be accessible the owner of the private key. In the case of a website, the private key
remains securely ensconced on the web server. Conversely, the public key is intended to
be distributed to anybody and everybody that needs to be able to decrypt information
that was encrypted with the private key.
What is a HTTPS certificate?
When you request a HTTPS connection to a webpage, the website will initially send its
SSL certificate to your browser. This certificate contains the public key needed to begin
the secure session. Based on this initial exchange, your browser and the website then
initiate the 'SSL handshake'. The SSL handshake involves the generation of shared
secrets to establish a uniquely secure connection between yourself and the website.
When a trusted SSL Digital Certificate is used during a HTTPS connection, users will
see a padlock icon in the browser address bar. When an Extended Validation Certificate
is installed on a web site, the address bar will turn green.
The major benefits of a HTTPS certificate are:- Customer information, like credit card
numbers, is encrypted and cannot be intercepted ∙ Visitors can verify you are a
registered business and that you own the domain ∙ Customers are more likely to trust
and complete purchases from sites that use HTTPS

File Transfer Protocol: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is an application layer

protocol which moves files between local and remote file systems. It runs on the top of
TCP, like HTTP. To transfer a file, 2 TCP connections are used by FTP in parallel:
control connection and data connection.
What is control connection?
For sending control information like user identification, password, commands to change
the remote directory, commands to retrieve and store files, etc., FTP makes use of
control connection. The control connection is initiated on port number 21.
What is data connection?
For sending the actual file, FTP makes use of data connection. A data connection is
initiated on port number 20. FTP sends the control information out-of-band as it uses a
separate control connection. Some protocols send their request and response header
lines and the data in the same TCP connection. For this reason, they are said to send
their control information in-band. HTTP and SMTP are such examples.
FTP Session: When a FTP session is started between a client and a server, the client
initiates a control TCP connection with the server side. The client sends control
information over this. When the server receives this, it initiates a data connection to the
client side. Only one file can be sent over one data connection. But the control
connection remains active throughout the user session. As we know HTTP is stateless
i.e. it does not have to keep track of any user state. But FTP needs to maintain a state
about its user throughout the session.
Data Structures: FTP allows three types of data structures:
 File Structure: In file-structure there is no internal structure and the file is
considered to be a continuous sequence of data bytes.
 Record Structure: In record-structure the file is made up of sequential records.
 Page Structure: In page-structure the file is made up of independent indexed
pages.

TELNET: It stands for Terminal Network. It is a type of protocol that enables one
computer to connect to local computer. It is a used as a standard TCP/IP protocol for
virtual terminal service which is given by ISO. Computer which starts connection
known as the local computer. Computer which is being connected to i.e. which accepts
the connection known as remote computer. When the connection is established between
local and remote computer. During telnet operation whatever that is being performed on
the remote computer will be displayed by local computer. Telnet operates on
client/server principle. Local computer uses telnet client program and the remote
computers uses telnet server program. It is a general-purpose client/server application
program. This program enables the establishment of the connection to the remote system
in such a way that the local system starts to appear as a terminal at the remote system. It
is a standard TCP/IP protocol that is used for virtual terminal service. In simple words,
we can say that the telnet allows the user to log on to a remote computer. After logging
on the user can use the services of the remote computer and then can transfer the results
back to the local computer.
The TELNET was mainly designed at the time when most operating systems operate in
the time-sharing environment. And in this type of environment, a large computer can
support multiple users. Usually, the interaction between the computer and user occurs
via terminal (It is a combination of keyboard, mouse, and monitor). TELNET makes the
use of only one TCP/IP connection.

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