Biochemistry spotters

Q1.

1. α- amanitin.
2. Tightly binds to RNA polymerase II of eukaryotes and
inhibits it.
3. Transcription is inhibited.

Q2.

1. Starvation ketosis.
2. Due to starvation there is high glucagon which causes
increased gluconeogenesis, decrease availability of
oxaloacetate in krebs cycle. More lipolysis and acetyl coa
synthesis which gets diverted to ketone body synthesis.
Ketone bodies excreted in urine. Hence, Rothera’s test is
positive.
3. Acetone, Acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate.
Q.1

1. Obstructive jaundice.
2. Dubin johnson syndrome and rotor syndrome.
3. Obstructive jaundice → less fat aborption and fat soluble
vitamin absorption due to less bile→ vitamin k deficiency → no
gamma carboxylation of clotting factors 2 7 9 and 10 →
increased prothrombin time.

Q2.

1. A = glucose.
2. Na+ - glucose symport (secondary active transport) and
facilitated diffusion.
Q1.

1. A = proinsulin, B= insulin and C= c-peptide

2. A chain has 21AA and B chain has 30AA.

Q2.

1. Urea cycle. Occurs in liver mitochondria and cytoplasm of

hepatocytes.
2. 1 = Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase-1.
5 = Arginase
3. Regulatory enzyme is CPS-1 which is activated by NAG.
Q1.

1. Hyperuricemia / gouty arthritis.

2. Xanthine oxidase.

Q2.

1. Hypothyroidism.
2. Iodine deficiency and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
Q1.

1. Meningitis.
2. CSF findings :
Clear in appearance
Pressure normal or mildly elevated.
WBC = 5-300 lymphocytes predominant.
Protein= elevated.
Glucose and chloride = normal.

Q2.

1. Diabetic ketoacidosis.
2. Anion gap = Cations - Anions
= (158+3.5) - (98+14)
= 149.5 mEq/L
3. Normal range = 8 - 18 mEq/L (avg = 12 mEq/L).
Q1.

1. Hepatocellular jaundice.
2. Viral hepatitis and liver cirrhosis.
3. If both conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin is present
in sample then in van den bergh reaction purple color is
produced initially which is intensified upon adding methyl
alcohol. This is called biphasic reaction.

Q2.

1. Insulin secretion by beta cells of pancreas.

2. ATP blocks ATP sensitive K+ channels →accumulation of
K+ → increase in membrane potential → activation of
voltage sensitive Ca2+ channels → influx of Ca2+ which
causes release of insulin.
3. GLUT-2.
Q1.

1. Positive (violet color ring) or negative depending upon

given sample.
2. Acetone, Acetoacetate and beta hydroxybutyrate.
3. HMG CoA synthase.

Q2.

1. Metabolic acidosis.
2. Bicarbonate buffer.
3. Difference between measured cations and measured
anions.
Q.1

1. Obstructive jaundice.
2. Dubin johnson syndrome and rotor syndrome.
3. Obstructive jaundice → less fat aborption and fat soluble vitamin
absorption due to less bile→ vitamin k deficiency → no gamma
carboxylation of clotting factors 2 7 9 and 10 → increased
prothrombin time.

Q2.

1. Insulin secretion by beta cells of pancreas.

2. ATP blocks ATP sensitive K+ channels →accumulation of K+ →
increase in membrane potential → activation of voltage sensitive
Ca2+ channels → influx of Ca2+ which causes release of insulin.
3. GLUT-2.
Both questions done already.
Q1.

1. Urea cycle.
2. A= CPS-I.
B= Arginase

Q2.

1. Obstructive Jaundice
2. Carcinoma of head of pancreas and gallstones.
Both questions done already.
Q1.

1. Arginine, creatinine and ornithine.

2. Tryptophan.
3. Tyrosine.
4. Glutamate.

Q2.

1. A = preproinsulin
B = proinsulin
C = insulin
D = c-peptide
Q1.

1. E1 = 5α - reductase
E2 = Aromatase

Q2. Diabetic Nephropathy?

Q1.

1. Diabetes Mellitus (type 1 IDDM).

2. Insulin.

Q2.

1. Hypothyroidism.
2. TSH is secreted by pituitary gland. It acts on thyroid
gland and causes increased proliferation of thyroid
follicles and thyroid hormone synthesis.
Q1.

1. Goitre due to hypothyroidism.

2. Iodine deficiency.

Q2.

1. Respiratory alkalosis.
reason= plasma carbonic acid is decreased which is
due to decreased CO2 which may be caused due to
excess CO2 exhalation via lungs as in hyperventilation.
2. Difference between measured cations and anions.
Q1.

1. A= Glycogen phosphorylase
B = Phosphoglucomutase
C= Glucose-6- phosphatase

Q2.

1. Bone resorption leading to increase serum free calcium.

2. Increased calcium reabsorption and Phosphate excretion.
3. Activation of vitamin-D by 1-α-hydroxylase.
4. Absorption of Ca from intestine indirectly by activation of
vitamin D.
Q1.

1. Renal Glycosuria.
2. 180mg/dL.

Q2.

1. Osteomalacia
2. Vitamin-D.
Q1.

1. Obstructive jaundice
2. Cholesterol

Q2.

1. Diabetes mellitus
2. Normal fasting sugar = 70-110 mg/dL.
Q1. dheral tal repeat .

Q2.

1. Hepatocellular jaundice
2. AST = aspartate transaminase
ALT = Alanine aminotransferase
ALP = Alkaline phosphatase
Q1.

1. Juvenile onset diabetes mellitus.

2. Glycated hemoglobin that is chemically linked to sugar.

Q2.

1. A = Pyruvate carboxylase
B = Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
C= Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
D= Glucose-6-phosphate
2. 4 substates are propionate,lactate,glycerol and glucogenic
amino acids (alanine,glycine etc.).
3. Insulin,glucagon and corticosteroids.
Q1. Glucose aborption

Q2.

1. Prehepatic jaundice (unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia).

2. Hemolytic disease of newborn, G6PD deficiency, blood
transfusion reactions and thalassemia.
Q1.

1. A = Fumarate
B= Aspartate
2. Oxaloacetate is converted to aspartate by transamination
by AST.

Q2.

1. Benedict’s test.
2. Padne afai file bata.
Q1.

1. Lactose intolerance.
2. Lactase enzyme.

Q2. Hyperthyroidism
Q1.

1. Renal Failure .
2. GFR is define as the amount of filtrate produced by kidney
per unit time. (180ml/min).

Q2.

1. Lactose intolerance.
2. Glucose and Galactose.
Q1.

1. Nephrotic syndrome.

Q2.

1. A chain of insulin.
2. B chain of insulin.
3. Insulin.
4. c -peptide.
Q1. Garne afai.

Q2.

1. Metabolic alkalosis.
2. 20:1 (bicarbonate : carbonic acid).
Q1.

1. Calcitonin action on :
A= bone formation (inhibits osteoclast).
B= prevents calcium absorption.
C= Calcium and phosphate excretion.
2. PTH action on:
D = bone resorption.
E= indirectly increases calcium absorption via vitamin d.
F= Ca absorption PO4 excretion and activation of vitamin
D by 1-α-hydroxylation.

Q2.

1.Diabetic Ketoacidosis (metabolic acidosis).

Q1.

1. Alkaptonuria.
2. Homogentisate oxidase.

Q2.

1. Glucuronic acid pathway.

2. Essential pentosuria is a condition in which there is
excess excretion of l-xylose. Deficient enzyme is Xylitol
dehydrogenase.
3. Because humans lack A which is gluconolactone
oxidase.
Q1.

1. Juvenile onset diabetes mellitus.

2. Acetone, acetoacetate and beta hydroxybutyrate.

Q2.

1. Hepatocellular jaundice
2. Viral hepatitis and liver cirrhosis.
Q1.

1. Lactase (beta glucosidase).

2. Managed by restricting diet rich in lactose and giving
yogurt containing lactobacillus.

Q2.

1. Obstructive jaundice.
2. Pancreatic cancer and gallstones.
Q1.

1. Liver hepatocytes (mitochondria and cytoplasm).

2. Because enzyme Arginase is found only in liver.

Q2.

1. Phenylketonuria.
2. Phenylalanine hydroxylase.
Q1.
A=?
B= Steroid hormone.
C= cytoplasmic receptor.
D= hormone-receptor complex

Q2.

1. Hypothyroidism
2. Cauliflower and cabbage.
Q1.

1. Benedict’s Test.
2. Color change depending on the glucose concentration.
0.5 % = green
1% = yellow
1.5% = orange
>2% = brick red

Q2.

1. Enzymes = gamma glutamyltransferase, AST, ALP, ALT

2. Non enzyme = Serum albumin, Prothrombin time,
urobilinogen