Full Name: Class Code: TEST PAPER ADVANCED READING C1 - May 19, 2022 Notes: Materials and dictionaries of all kinds are NOT allowed. ‘Students write their answers on the answer sheet. SECTION 1 VOCABULARY (2 points) Choose the lettered word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences. (1 point) ‘Smoking is a major cause of cancer and other Student 1D: _ afflictions B. accessories strokes D. obstructions /omen are now barred foam and armored units ‘A. boulder B. esteem infantry D. replica 3. Criminal gangs are terrorjzing the city with ampuche) ‘A. brainwash impunity spectators D. flavors 4, These groups collected clothing, schoolbooks, and medical supplies for the flood victims. ‘A. profound B. obscure C. diligent © destitute 5. Her father said he would buy her a car if her grades improved, which gave her a powerful to study more, A. distraction B. component KPrinenive proposition 6. Parents should encourage creativity in their chftdre and never it, since itis an important part 9f intellectual growth. L suppress B. regulate C. pursue D. trigger 7. Although I was at first about her qualifications for the job, she quickly established herself as the most important member of our team. A. intriguing (B seen C. disturbing D. prospective 8. His book the benefits of vegetarianism sold thousands of copies. ‘A. repelling B._induci . savoring 3 extolling T She was & real Ee parate wien vin eps Foor ‘A. stoke B. blow i wal D. mishap 10, They were imprisoned and _ of their basi deprived B. derived C. depraved D. derided ose the lettered word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined part in each of the {following sentences. (1 point) 11. The building is an exact replica of the original Globe theater. A. demonstration CC. image D. picture 12. Her childhood was 5 squalid slums east ofthe city. A. small B. nearby . large fax dirty 13. The catalogue is full of ingenious ideas for transforming your house into a dred home. A. big B. crazy CF creative D. basic (o one wants to relinquish power once they hav (asiveve Be rum C. uke up D. rseto fevelopers are scouring the country for possible sites for these new superstores. A. developing searching , leaving D. introducing 16, It was sheer insanity (Orie through the mousing iba thunderstorm A. creativity B, bravery stupidity D. madness 17. Authorities reopened a dormant investigation of the company. A. detailed B. large inactive D. complete 18, Every new drug has to pass a series of rigorous safety-ehecks before itis put on sale. pared B. constant ic D. random 16,-Sile somehow manages to keep laughing in the face of adversity. . ‘A. ambition isfortune . chance D. negativity 20, She was a mischievous litle girl who was always playing tricks on people. A. clever B, lovely C. sweet naughty Page 2 0f7 Final — Advanced Reading Cl ~ May 2022 ‘Second-Degree Program ~ SD.ARMay 2022 Scanned with CamScannerSECTION 2 READING COMPRE PASSAGE 1 (2.5 points) JON (8 points) PIAGET'S THEORY (7) Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory stems fiom the assumption that childhood development can be examined as a series of distnet stages representing child's RUM ability to perceive the world around him or her, He proposed that as a child progresses fiom one developmental stage to the next, his or her way of thinking chang (2) Piaget conceived four stages of childhood development and described the level of awareness of the external world children exhibit at each stage. At bint, children are in the first stage of development ~ the sensorimotor stage exercising their reflexes by grasping objects with their hands, following movements with their eyes, and sucking on objects in their mouths. Until about the age of two, children remain in the sensorimotor stage, progressing through substages until {JY have developed the ability to accomplish objectives by planning steps toward a geal, Between the ages af two and seven, children progress through he preoperational staze, where they lean to tise symbols as representations of physical things. In this stage, children’s understanding of the world is based on egocentrism, limited to their own perception and Lunable to consider others” points of view. In the following stage ~ the concrete operational stage - children begin {0 apply consistent logic to the world around them, solving problems by considering more than one aspect of a problem at time, identifying and organizing objects with shared characteristics, and chscovering that other people's perspectives differ from theirs. This stage lasts until children are about ‘twelve years old. At approximately this age, children progress to the final stage of development, the formal operational steze, which lasts through adulthood. Children in this stage begin to think like adults, acquiring the skilis to refine their social interactions and to understand abstract ideas like love and moral values. According to Piaget’s theory, this stage represents a person’s way of thinking at its most sophisticated. (3) A child’s progress through these stages is determined by a process of learning that Piaget described in two basic steps: assimilation, the incorporation of new information into existing thought pattems — notions bout how the world operates; and accommodation, the alteration of present cognitive structures to conmmodate the new information. Piaget reasoned that a biological drive motivates children to make sense of their environments and then develop ideas about how the world operates. In early childhood, children are constantly bombarded with new information, and they use that information to develop expectations about their environments. However, because of their limited experience, children often find that the new information they have received conflicts with some of their existing ideas about the world, When a child discovers this kind of conflict, he or she experiences what Piaget considered an upset in equilibrium, which lasts until the new information can be absorbed, returning a sense of balance to the child’s view of the world. For example, if a child learns that a eat is a small, four-legged animal, he or she nia’. assume that all small, four-le cats. an assumption that would be challenged. however, a child pointed oat an animal he or she considered to be a cat and then learned that it was actually 3 puppy. In tts example. the ebild would need to adjust his or her idea of what a eat is, and in so doing, he br she would be accommodating the new knowledge. changing an existing thoueht pattern into to return to equilibrium. 4) Piaget has remsined an influential figure an the field of developmental psychology for decades, In fact many of the central ideas in his cognitive development theory had been proposed as early as Although there has been some criticism of his work - some psychologists have questioned whether ‘children actually go through stages as Piaget conceptualized them, and others have added that some people never attain the final stage, the formal operational stage — Piaget's theories still remain relevant and persitasive in modem developmental psychology 1 he cord BAER nie passave 1s closest n meaning to A. developing B. surprising 2. Inpparagraph 2, the author explains Piaget’y stages of childhood development by |A. narrating stories about children in different developmental stages B. explaining how he first realized that children think differently than adults CC. comparing the behaviors of adults with the behaviors of childres D. describing the behavioral characteristics and approximate ages of e C. understanding D. knowing Page Sot? Final - Advanced Re ‘Second-Degree Program ~ SDARMay 2022 Scanned with CamScanner C1 May m22 hb a3. The word {SM in the passage refers to A. children B. substages C. objectives D. steps 4, According to paragraph 2, what can be inferred about a child's method of problem solving before the concrete operational stage? ‘A. Itis based on rational conclusions. B. Itis not based on the child's experiences. CC. It focused on others’ perspectives. D. Itis based on a narrow view of the problem ‘According to paragraph 2, the formal operational stage ‘A. occurs between the ages of seven and twelve B. can be seen in female children before male children C. isa person's most advanced way of thinking D. isa period of egocentrism and limited perspective 6. According to paragraph 2, the developmental stage when ‘A. the sensorimotor stage B. the preoperational stage 7. Why does the author mention [JSEBBIS in paragraph 4? |A. To emphasize the length of time Piaget's theory has persisted B. To admit that Piaget’s theory is outdated C. To explain why some people disagree with Piaget's theory D. To indicate that Piaget's theory had little impact 8. According to paragraph 4, some psychologists have criticized Piaget's theory 'A. because they are not certain that children develop in the stages he identified B. because it has remained unchanged for more than eighty years C. because children are not born into the sensorimotor stage D. because it is based on old-fashioned ideas 9. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. ‘Piaget's cognitive development theory suggests that childhood development progresses through distinct stages. a child's reflexes are most important is . the concrete operational stage D. the formal operational stage ‘A. During childhood, children take in huge amounts of information because they are starting without any preconceived notions about the world. B. In the concrete operational stage, children first discover that other people do not have the same perspectives they do, and they develop the ability to consider others’ points of view. C. The characteristics behaviors of the four stages begin with babies” reflexes in the sensorimotor stage and develop into sophisticated interactions in the formal operational stage. D. Some critics of Piaget’s theory suggest that some people never actually reach the fourth stage of development described in the cognitive development theory. E. Children learn new things through a learning process that involves assimilating and accommodating information about the world around them, F. Although some people have doubted that children develop in stages like Piaget proposed, his cognitive development theory continues to be a central idea in psychology. PASSAGE 2 (2.5 points) RESEARCH USING TWINS To biomedical researchers all over the world, twins offer a precious opportunity to untangle the influence of genes and the environment - of nature and nurture, Because identical wwins come from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, they share virtually the same genetic code. Any differences between them -one twin having younger looking skin, for example - must be due to environmental factors such as less time spent in the sun. Alternatively, by comparing the experiences of entical twins with those of fraternal twins, who come from separate eggs and share on average half their DNA, researchers can quantify the extent to which our genes Final — Advanced Reading C1 - May 2022 Page 40f7 ‘Second: Degree Program ~ SD-ARMay 2022 WE Scanned with CamScanneraffect our lives. Identical twins are more similar to each other with respect to an ailment than fraternal twins are, then vulnerability to the disease must be rooted at least in part in heredity These two lines of research - studying, the differences between identical twins to pinpoint the influence of environment, and comparing identical twins with fraternal ones to measure the role of inheritance - have been crucial to understanding the mterplay of nature and nurture in det. 1g our personalities, behavior, and vulnerability to disease The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875, when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach (and coined the phrase ‘nature and nurture’). But twin studies took » surprising twist in the 1980s, with the arrival of studies into identical twins who had been separated at birth and reunited as adults. Over two decades 137 sets of twins eventually visited Thomas Bouchard’s lab in what became known as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, Numerous tests were carried out on the twins, and they were each asked more than 15,000 questions. Bouchard and his colleagues used this mountain of data to identify how far twins were affected by their genetic ‘makeup. The key to their approach was a statistical concept called heritability. in broad terms, the heritability of a trait measures the extent to which differences among members of a population can be explained by differences in their genetics. And wherever Bouchard and other scientists looked, it seemed, they found the invisible hand of genetic influence helping to shape our lives. Lately, however, twin studies have helped lead scientists to a radical new conclusion: that nature and nurture are not the only elemental forces at work. According to a recent field called epigenetics, there is a third factor also in play, one that in some cases serves as a bridge between the environment and our genes, and in others ‘operates on its own to shape who we are. Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions tied to neither nature nor nurture but representing what researchers have called a ‘third component’, These reactions influence how our genetic code is expressed: how each gene is strengthened or weakened, even turned on or off, to build our bones, brains\and all the other parts of our bodies. \F you think of our DNA as an immense piano keyboard and our genes as the keys - each key symbolizing a sament of DNA responsible for a particular note. or trait, and all the keys combining to make us who we are - then epigenetic processes determine when and how each key can be struck, changing the tune being played ‘One way the study of epigeneties is revolutio ‘our understanding of biology is by revealing a mechanism by which th> environment directly impacts on genes. Studies of animals, for example, have shown that when 41 at experiences stress during pregnancy. it can cause epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead to behavioral problems as the rodent grows up. Other epizenetic processes appear to occur randomly, while others are hhorthal, such as those that guide embryonic cells as they become heart, brain, or liver cells. for example. Geneticiss Dan Reed has worked with many twins over the years and thought deeply about shat tin studies have teuyht ‘b's very clear when you look at twins that much of what they share is hardwired.’ she Saye. Many things shout them are absolutely the came and unalterable, Bs know them, that other things about them arc diff in my view" ent Epigenetics is the o1 n of a lot of those differences, Reed credits Thomas Bouchard's work for today's surge in twin studies, ‘He was the trailblazer; she says. ‘We forget that 50 years ago things like heart disease were thought to be caused entirely by lifestyle. Schizophrenia 5 thought to be due to poor mothering Twin studies have allowed us to be more reflective about what peopte are actually born with and what's caused by experience. Having said that, Reed adds, the latest work in epigenetics promises to take our understanding even further "What I like to say is that nature writes some things and some things in pen, she says "1 in pen you can't change. That's DNA. But things written in peneil you can. That's epigenetics. Now that we've actually able to look st the DNA and see where the pencil writings are, it's sort of a whole new world.” Questions 10-13: Do she following starements usree with the information given in Passage 2° On your answer sheet, write TRUE ithe statement ageces with the information B ifthe statement contradicts the information NOTGIVEN sf there isso information on this Tannl ~ Advanced Reading C1 Muy 2022 Page S067 ‘Second: Degnee Program ~ SD.ARMay 2022 nla Scanned with CamScanner hn.i Low may be genetic causes for the differences in how young the skin of identical twins looks. . Twins are at greater risk of developing certain illnesses than non-twins. 12. Bouchard advertised in newspapers for twins who had been separated at birth 13. Epigenetic processes are different from both genetic and environmental processes. Questions 14-16: Look at the following statements and the list of researchers below. Match each statement with the correct researcher, A, B or C. You may use any letter more than once. 14. invented a term used to distinguish two factors affecting human | List of Researchers characteristics A. Francis Galt Is.exprested the view that the study of epigenetics will increase our| f° qyancis Galo® knowledge C. Danielle Reed 16. pioneered research into genetics using twins carried out research into twins who had lived apart | Questions 17-20: Complete the summary using the list of words, A-F, below. ENETIC PROCESSES EPIGI In eee (17)____ influence the activity of our genes, for example in creating our internal 7) The study of epigenetic processes is uncovering a way in which our genes can be affected by our (19). One example is that if'a pregnant rat suffers stress, the new-born rat may later show problems in its 20) } A, nurture ©. code E. environment B. organs D. chemicals F. behavior PASSAGE 3 (3 points) You are going 10 read a magazine article in which five people talk about their decision to run their first marathon. For questions 21-30, choose from the five runners (A-E). The runners may be chosen more than once. Which runner 21. decided not to be put off running because of a previous experience? 22. expected the preparation for running the marathon to be worse than it was? 23. found that the training programme seemed to go more quickly? 24. imagined that a previous injury would prevent them from competing? 23, intended to avoid walking as this might lead to a physical problem? 2%. made the decision to run without weighing up the advantages and disadvantages? 27. simply wanted to complete a race however much time it took? 28. thought of the marathon as being a way of celebrating an important event? 29. was in good physical condition prior to starting their marathon preparation? 30. was motivated to run after watching the end of a marathon? A. Susie Gordon Susie enjoyed cycling as part of her daily routine. Then one year she went to support some friends who took part in a marathon, and was inspired. "I found it really moving to see all these people doing this ‘amazing thing," she says. "They had trained for so long and this was their day. T wanted to experience that." She began a six-month training schedule. "The programme is designed to take you from a stending start to being able to run a marathon,” says Susie. "The aim was to get you to have enough fitness and seamina to run a marathon with minimum risk of injury." Susie's healthy lifestyle and fitness were a good basis for the demanding training routine. Week one involved alternating short bursts of sinning with ‘walking. "I was expecting the training to be awful, but it wasn't," says Susie, B_ Ben Harrier Looking back, the reasons | finally decided to take the plunge’ and run a marathon are unclear. It was a snap decision really - I certainly didn't debate the pros and cons for long. There were many fctors that led to my sudden decision. I'd always had some interest in running as a way to stay in shape, but every time I id too much too soon, | injured myself and did not want to continue. When I reached my mid-forties, T Final- Advanced Reading Cl —May 2022 meee ‘Second-Degree Program — SD.AR.May 2022 Scanned with CamScanner484 ~ decided had to get my act together ~ mentally and physically. I started walking, then inserted running intervals of a few hundred metres, then gradually extended the runs and reduced the walks until | was running two or three miles without a rest. | found this healthy and therapeutic, and something I was fairly good at © Vicky Lawrence I started training for my first marathon in May after being inspired by a marathon in my home city Witnessing all those people crossing the finish line made me want to sign up for a similar event. Initially it was just one more thing on my list of things to do". I'd run one and then 'd be finished. I wanted to set a goal for myself and achieve it and didn’t care how long it took. I just wanted to finish. So, I trained for months, running shorter routes during the week, and going on epic jaunts at weekends. Every Saturday ‘was a new personal best in terms of distance achieved. My longest run was twenty miles. I tested out my race day clothes to make sure they were comfortable, and tried pre-race meals of oatmeal, peanut butter and a banana D Jon Carter Having torn a muscle at the beginning of the year, | thought | would never run again. To pick myself up afer that was difficult and to hear people around me talking about the runs they were doing made me more miserable. Out of frustration, I signed up for a half marathon scheduled four months later. Amazingly, 1 ‘managed to complete my first half marathon within the qualifying time. I was motivated. When it came the time to register for the November marathon, my husband said he wanted to do the full marathon. It coincided with our first wedding anniversary and he said that he would run for us. I thought, "Why not?" I would complete a full marathon for us, too. E_ Sally Woods ‘The sixteen weeks before the race seemed to go really slowly at first. Then the weeks flew by. My weekly mileage started climbing and I continued to be injury-free. But the work got harder as the runs got longer and more like real marathon training. I began to tell people that I was planning to run a marathon. ‘Where? They'd ask. ‘In the park.' I'd say. 'Have you ever done one before?’ they'd ask. 'No,' I said, 'so T have no idea what I'm in for, which is just the way | want it’ I prepared myself as best I could. I formulated a nutrition plan. | determined that I was going to run for as long as I could, as I have knee problems when I start running again after a walk. fe END OF TEST «—— Final — Advanced Reading C1 - May 2022 ee Second Degree Program - SD.AR.May 2022 what Scanned with CamScanner