ÔN TẬP HỌC KÌ 2 TIẾNG ANH

THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

1. The present perfect:

FORM: =) S+have/has+Vpp…

=) S+have/has not + Vpp…

=) Have /Has+S+Vpp…?

SIGNAL WORDS:

Since Up to now, present, this moment

For Until now

Already Until this time

Yet Ever, So far

Just Never

Recently, lately In over, During for+the past, last time

NOTE: - nhấn mạnh vào kết quả của hành động

- Hành động mang tính chất lâu dài.
2. The present perfect continuous:

FORM: =) S+have/has been+V-ing…

=) S+have/has+not+been+V-ing…

=) Have/Has+S+been+V-ing?

SIGNAL WORDS:

Since all+time (day, morning, afternoon)

For how long, the whole week

NOTE: -Nhấn mạnh vào sự liên tục của hành động trong bao lâu
-Hành động mang tính chất tạm thời.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE:
Type 1: FORM: If+S+V(ht); S+will+V

USES: có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại và tương lai

Type 2: FORM: If+S+Ved (to be: were); S+would+V

USES: diễn tả sự việc không xảy ra ở hiện tại

Type 3: FORM: If+S+had Vpiii; S+would have+Vpiii

USES: không xảy ra trong quá khứ

Type 0: If+S+V(ht); S+V(ht)

USES: một sự thật hiển nhiên, thói quen, chân lí

ZERO CONDITIONAL IN REPORTED SPEECH

The tense shift will occur only in instances when the condition is no
longer valid. Otherwise, the tenses remain the same.

Example: Mom: If Dad gets angry, he always reads a newspaper in

the living room and ignores everybody else.

 Mom said that if Dad gets angry, he always reads a newspaper

in the living room and ignores everybody else. (Dad still does
this.)
 Mom said that if Dad got angry, he always read a newspaper in
the living room and ignored everybody else. (Dad doesn’t do this
anymore. Mom just described his past habit.)

FIRST CONDITIONAL IN REPORTED SPEECH

If we need to report a first conditional sentence, the following

changes might take place.

Example: Luke: If we hurry up, we’ll catch the bus.

 Luke said that if we hurry up, we’ll catch the bus. (This
information is still relevant. Luke and his interlocutor still have
time to catch the bus.)
  Luke said that if we hurried up, we’d catch the bus. (These
reported words aren’t relevant anymore. The bus has already
left. Note the tense and modal shift: the present simple
becomes the past simple, and will become would.)

SECOND CONDITIONAL IN REPORTED SPEECH

The above tense and modal shifting rules apply to the second
conditional too. If the condition is still relevant, no changes occur.
However, if it’s outdated, the past simple becomes the past perfect
and would become would + have + past participle.

Example: Sofia: If I had more money, I would buy a new car.

 Sofia said that if she had more money, she would buy a new car.
(Sofia still doesn’t have money, and consequently, she can’t buy
a new car.)
 Sofia said that if she had had more money, she would have
bought a new car. (The speaker remembers Sofia’s words and
wishes from the past. Maybe Sofia doesn’t have any money
issues now.)

THIRD CONDITIONAL IN REPORTED SPEECH

When reporting third conditionals, there is no change in the verb

form:

Example: Tania: If I had seen him, I would have told him about the
accident.

 Tania said that if she had seen him, she would have told him
about the accident.

REPORTED SPEECH WITH TO-INFINITIVE AND GERUNDS:

=) Object+to-infinitive: ask, advise, invite, order, remind, tell, warn.

=) +to-inf: agree, offer, promise, refuse, threaten.

=) +ing form: admit, apologize for, insist on, suggest.

=) S+V+O+PREP+V-ING: -warn…against, congratulate…on, feel like,

worry about.

- Blame… for, forgive…for, thank..for.

-Suspect…of, accuse…of, think…of, dream…of, approve…of.

-Discourage…from, prevent…from, stop…from.