2.

TENSES

A. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Simple present tense digunakan untuk :
1. Menyatakan kejadian yang merupakan kebiasaan (habitual action).
Example: She often drinks a glass of milk in the morning.
2. Menyatakan kejadian yang merupakan kebenaran umum (general truth).
Example: The sun sets in the west.
3. Menyatakan kejadian saat ini yang menggunakan stative verbs.
Example: They want to eat an apple.
     Stative Verbs (kata kerja yang tidak dapat ditambah -ing):
Types Verbs
1. Verbs of sense/panca indera see, know, feel, taste, sound, smell, hear,
appear, exist
2. Verbs of belief/kepercayaan atau trust, believe
keyakinan
3. Verbs of perception/sudut pandang dan hope, expect, wish, understand
harapan
4. Verbs of preference/kecenderungan suka like, want, prefer, need
5. Verbs of ownership/kepemilikan own, have
6. Verbs of emotion/perasaan love, hate

Form:

S + V1 + (s/es) + O/C
S + to be (is,am,are) + adjective/noun/adverb

Kata kunci
Adv. of time           : today, every day, once, twice, three times, etc.noun
Adv. of frequency  : generally, every, always, often, usually, sometimes,
etc.

B. PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE

Present Continous Tense digunakan untuk:
1. Menyatakan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung saat ini.
2. Menyatakan kejadian yang akan berlangsung.
Form:

S + bekunci
Kata ( is,am,are)
: + V-ing + O/C
Now - right now - at present - at this time
at this moment - currently - listen! - be careful!
Hear! - look! - hurry up! - watch out!
for the tome being

Example:
a.Look!. They are watching at us right now.
b. Chacha is crying in her room at this time.
C. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Present Perfect Tense digunakan untuk:
1. Menyatakan kejadian yang dimulai dimasa lampau dan masih terjadi sampai
sekarang.
2. Menyatakan kejadian yang terjadi dimasa lampau, tetapi masih ada hubungannya
sampai sekarang (hasilnya terlihat/terasa sampai sekarang).

Form:

S + have /has + V3 + O/C

S + have /has+been _+adjectivr/noun/number

Kata kunci: 
 Already - just - yet
 Lately - recently
 Several (days,weeks,etc)

Example  
1. Martha has already mopped the floor.
2. He has just called me by phone.
3. They have already been here for a half hour.

D. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Present perfect continous tense digunakan untuk:
Menyatakan suaru kejadian yang telah berlangsung beberapa lama dan terus menerus
serta berlangsung sampai sekarang.
Form:
S + have/has +been + V-ing+O/C

Kata kunci : 
-for five years - since yesterday - all these (morning, days, months)
-Already - just - yet
-Lately - recently - several (days ,weeks , etc )
Example:
 It has been raining since yesterday.
 Jono and Supri have been playing football for an hour.

E. SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Simple past tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang terjadi di masa lampau dan
berhenti di masa itu. 

Form:
S + V2+ O/C
S + did+not+V1+ O/C
S + was/were (not) + adjective/noun/number

Kata kunci
   Adverb of time: yesterday, two days ago, last month, just now, etc.

Example:
 Samuel went to Australia two years ago.
 We spent our holiday in Bogor last year.
F. PAST CONTINOUS TENSE
Past continous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sedang berlangsung
pada waktu tertentu si masa lampau.

Form:

S + be (was/were) + V-ing
Past continuous + when + past tense (utamakan simple past )
Past continuous + when + past tense ( utamakan past continuous _

Kata kunci
Adverb of time: 
 at.....o'clock yesterday
 at this moment (time) yesterday
 the whole day yesterday

Example:
 It was raining last night.
 They were going for fishing at this time yesterday.
 Rizki was driving on Main Street when his car broke down.

G. PAST PERFECT TENSE

Past perfect tense digunakan untuk:
1. Menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sudah selesai terjadi dimasa lampau.
2. Menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sudah selesai terjadi sebelum kejadian lain dimasa
lampau.
Form:

S+had+V3+O/C
S + had + been + adjective/ noun/number

-S + had + V before S + V
3 2

-After S + had + V , S + V
3 2

-S + had + V when S + V (boleh terbalik)

3 2

-By the time + S.past

-By the beginning of
-Bisa diikuti oleh: already, just

Example:
 Fatin had already swept the floor before her mother came home.
 After Jono had locked the door, he went to bed.

H. PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSE
Past perfect continous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sudah
berlangsung beberapa lama tetapi masih terus berlangsung ketika kejadian lain terjadi di
masa lampau.

Form:
S + had + been + V-ing + O/C

Penggunaan:
-Before + S + V , S + had been + V-ing for....
2

-When + S + V , S + had + been + V-ing for....

2

-By the time + S.past

-By the beginning of
Catatan: harus diikuti oleh for

Example:
 Bunga had been crying for half an hour when I came.
 Karina washed the pipettes after she had been completting the experiment.

Pola khusus dengan when dan while.

1. Penggunaan when
 When + S + Verb S + was/were + V.ing
2,

 When + S + Verb S + Verb

2, 2

 When + S + Verb S + had + Verb

2, 3.

2. Penggunaan while
 While + S + was/were + Verb - ing S + Verb
. , 2

 While + V.ing, S + Verb 2