Hello and welcome dear friends to the third lecture of Grammar 3 taught

by Mr. Firas Shbeeb.

Last lecture, we talked about the categories of verb. We said that verbs
could be either extensive or intensive.
- Intensive Verb: is a verb which is followed by a subject
complement, such as "John became a teacher". The verb "became"
is an intensive verb.
- Extensive verb: is a verb which is NOT followed by subject
complement, as in "John ate the apple".
Moreover, verbs can be transitive (they take an object) or intransitive
(they do not take an object). If the verb is followed by one object, it is
called (mono-transitive). If the verb is followed by two objects, it is
called (ditransitive). If the verb is followed by an object complement,
it is called (complex transitive).
Moreover, some verbs can have more than one meaning. With some
meanings, the verb can be dynamic and in this case, the continuous
tense can be used. With some other meanings, the verb is stative and
the continuous is not possible at all.
In this lecture, we will talk about two things:
1. Types of sentence structure
2. Element realization types
Let us move to the meat of this lecture…
The teacher's speech:
Good morning everyone. Today's lecture will be about sentence structure.
Open your books on page 16.
Section 2.10
Types of sentence structure
This section includes a brief summary of all the types of structures that
we have talked about so far. These structures can be represented in terms
of the following diagram:
This diagram represents some basic elements of sentence structure in the
English language. These elements can be used to represent the
grammatical analysis of the following examples:
In the first example [1], 'she' is a subject, 'is' is a verb, 'in London' is an
adverbial of place, and 'now, is an adverbial of time.
In the second example [2] 'she' is a subject, 'is' is a verb, 'a student' is a
complement, 'in London' is an adverbial of place, and 'now' is an
adverbial of time.
In the third example, [3] 'John' is the subject, 'heard' is the verb, 'the
explosion' is an object, 'from his office' is an adverbial of place, and
'when he was locking the door' is an adverbial of time.
In the fourth example [4], 'universities' is the subject, 'gradually' is an
adverb of process, 'became' is a verb, 'famous' is a complement, 'in
Europe' is an adverbial of place, and 'during the middle ages' is an
adverbial of time.
In example five [5], 'they' is a subject, 'ate' is a verb, 'the meat' is an
object, 'hungrily' is an adverb, 'in their hut' is an adverbial of place, and
'that night' is an adverbial of time.
In example six [6] 'he' is a subject, 'offered' is a verb, 'her' is an indirect
object, 'some chocolates' is a direct abject, ''politely' is an adverb of
process, 'outside the hall' is an adverbial of place, and 'before the concert'
is an adverbial of time.
In example seven [7], 'they' is a subject, 'elected' is a verb, 'him' is a direct
object, 'chairman' is an object complement, 'without argument' is an
adverbial, 'in Washington' is an adverbial of place, and 'this morning' is
an adverbial of time.
Finally, in example eight [8], 'the train' is a subject, 'had arrived' is a verb,
'quietly' is an adverb, 'at the station' is an adverbial of place, and 'before
we noticed it' is an adverbial of time.
Let us read the second section…
Section 2.11 end of page 16:
Element realization types
Sentence elements can be realized by linguistic structures of very
different form. The verb element is always a verb phrase. This may,
as in all the examples used so far, be 'finite' (showing tense, mood,
aspect, and voice) or non-finite' (not showing tense or mood but still
capable of indicating aspect and voice).
Verbs are realized by verb phrases. Of course, the verb phrase is a verb
which has a verb as its head. The meaning here is that there must be a
verb in the English sentence. There is no sentence without a verb.
Therefore, a verb phrase is headed by a verb which must be used in the
verb phrase.
There are two types of verbs: 'finite' verbs and 'non-finite' verbs. As we
can see in the above lines from the book, finite verbs show tense, mood,
aspect, and voice. The word tense means the tense system in English: the
past and the present. The word mood means the different moods of the
English verb such as the indicative mood (the normal sentence 'he lives in
London'), the imperative mood (used in giving orders such as, go away),
or the subjunctive. The term aspect refers to the perfect aspect and the
progressive or continuous aspect (he has written a letter/ he is writing a
letter). The last item is "voice", which refers to the active / passive
difference. In other word, finite verbs can be used in the active and
passive voice (The book was written by John).
For example, in the following sentence, the verb is a finite verb:
John lives in London.
The verb has tense. It is in the present simple tense. As we will see below,
non-finite verbs can't have tense.
Now, on page 17, there are the following examples. Read them silently
and consider the three types of non-finite verb phrase functioning as the
V element in the italicized non-finite clauses:
1. Mary wanted [to be (V) a student (C) at that university (A)] (Od)
2. [Carefully (A) searching (V) the room (Od)] (A), John found a ring.
3. [Made (V) the chairman (C) every year (A)] (A), he was very busy.
In the first example, the subject is "Mary", the main verb is "wanted", and
the clause "to be a student at that university" is the object of the verb
"wanted". This verb phrase contains a non-finite verb (to be), the
complement of this verb (the subject complement) is 'a student', and 'at
that university' is an adverbial of place. The whole clause (to be (V) a
student (C) at that university) is a non-finite clause because it contains a
non-finite verb 'to be').
In the second example, the clause "carefully searching the room" is a
nonfinite clause because it contains a non-finite verb (searching).
'Carefully 'is an adverbial, searching' is a verb, 'the room' is an object, and
the whole clause is an adverbial. John is a subject, 'found' is a verb, 'a
ring' is an object (a direct object).
In the third example, the clause "made the chairman every year" is a non-
finite clause because it contains a non-finite verb (made) which is a past
participle. Within this clause, 'made' is a non-finite verb, 'the chairman' is
an object complement, and 'every year' is an adverbial. The whole clause
is an adverbial. "He" is a subject, 'was' is a verb and the phrase 'very busy'
is a subject complement.
Whether finite or non-finite, the verb phrase can consist of one word,
as in most illustrative sentences so far, or of more than one word, in
which case the phrase consists of a 'head verb' preceded by one or
more 'auxiliary verbs' as with the verb phrases in the following (the
first three finite, the fourth non-finite):
1. He had given the girl an apple.
2. He may be growing happier.
3. He had been challenged rudely, and having been challenged he
was angry.
These lines mean that a verb within the verb phrase can be one word only
(a head verb) or it can be used with some other words like auxiliaries, as
in the above examples.
In the first example, the head verb 'given' is used with the auxiliary 'had'
(past perfect).
In the second example, the head verb "growing" is used with the
auxiliaries (may) and (be).
In the third example, the head verb "challenged" is used with the
auxiliaries (had) and (been) to form the past perfect passive. In the second
part of the third sentence, the verb "having been challenged" contains the
verb 'challenged' and the two auxiliaries (having) and (been).
The subject of a sentence may be a 'clause' as in:
That she answered the question correctly pleased him.
but it is usually a 'noun phrase', at its simplest a pronoun such as
'they' or a proper noun such as John.
These lines mean that we can have a whole clause as a subject, as we can
see in the above example.
In the above example, "that she answered the question correctly" is the
subject of the sentence. It is the subject of the verb 'pleased'. Moreover,
'him' is the direct object.
In addition, a subject is usually a noun phrase (cat, dog, school), a
pronoun (they, he, she) or even a proper noun like 'Ahmad' or 'John'.
However, a noun phrase may be a long and complex structure having a
noun as head, preceded by other words such as an article, an adjective,
or another noun, and followed by a prepositional phrase or by a relative
clause; it is very usual to find all these items present in a noun phrase:
The new gas stove in the kitchen which I bought last month has a
very efficient oven.
In this example, the underlined words form a complex noun phrase, and
this very long noun phrase is the subject of the sentence. This noun
phrase contains: an article (the), the noun (gas), the head noun 'stove',
the prepositional phrase 'in the kitchen' the relative clause 'which I bought
last month'. All these elements modify the head noun 'stove'. The verb of
this complex noun phrase is "has".
Subject complements, direct objects, and object complements may be
realized by the same range of structures as subjects.
In other words, these three elements can be realized by noun phrases, as
we can see in the following examples:
He was the chairman; (subject complement)
She saw the chairman; (direct object)
They made him the chairman. (object complement)
But subject and object complements have the additional possibility of
being realized by adjective phrases, as in:
She made him happy / very much happier
In this example, the object complement is an adjective. Of course, this is
an important difference between subjects and object complement because
subjects can't be realized by adjectives.
By contrast, indirect objects have fewer possibilities than subjects, and
their realizations are chiefly noun phrases, as in
He had given the girl an apple.
Indirect objects are different from direct objects and subjects because
they cannot be realized by that-clauses. In other words, that-clauses
(clauses that begin with 'that') can't be used as indirect object.
Finally, adverbials can be realized by different types of elements:
(a) by adverb phrases, having an adverb as head;
John very carefully searched the room
In this example, the adverb is realized by the adverb phrase "very
carefully".
(b) by noun phrases;
They make him the chairman every year
In this example, the noun phrase "every year' is used as an adverbial.
(c) by prepositional phrases that is structures consisting of a noun
phrase dominated by a preposition;
She studied at a large university
The adverbial here is the prepositional phrase "at a large university". This
is an adverb of place.
(d) by clauses, finite or non-finite:
He grew happier when his friend arrived
Seeing the large crowd, John stopped his car.
In the first example, the clause "when his friend arrived" is used as an
adverbial. It is an adverbial of time because it shows the time of the
action. It answers the question "When did he grow happier?".
In the second example, the adverbial is the non-finite clause "Seeing the
large crowd", and it is also an adverbial of time. It shows when John
stopped his car (when he saw the large crowd).
Ok, I think it is enough for today. See you next week… fare thee well…
MCQs:
1. That she answered the question correctly pleased him. The
underlined words function as--1---
A, subject B, object C, Cs
2. Seeing the large crowd, John stopped his car. The underlined
words function as--2---
A, Adverbial of time B, nonfinite C, both A&B
3. He may be growing happier. The head verb is-3--
A, be growing B, may be growing C, growing
4. The new gas stove in the kitchen which I bought last month has a
very efficient oven. The head noun of the subject is--4--
A, gas B, stove C, oven

A1
c2
c3
b4
 5. They make him the chairman every year. The underlined words
function as--5--
A, adverbial of time B, adverbial of place C, none

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