Gas Loop

Gas Loop

Discuss the typical components of the gas loop using the prepared
schematic diagram.

Figure ---- Schematic Diagram of Gas Loop

Combustion Analysis

Provide introductory statement. Use the complete data of the

selected fuel, to include ash, sediments and others. Present the results in
terms of weight and mass.

Sample computation
Ultimate Analysis
Carbon ( C ) 64%
Hydrogen ( H ) 4%

Nitrogen ( N ) 1.4%

0
 Sulfur ( S ) 1.2%

Oxygen ( O ) 6.8%

Ash, sediments

Computing the required O2:

Briefly discuss the procedure in computing the required oxygen.

For Carbon (C):

32
x 0.64=1.71
12
For Hydrogen (H):
32
x 0.04=0.32
4
For Sulfur (S):
32
x 0.012=0.012
32

kg O 2 kg O 2
1.71 + 0.32 + 0.012 = 2.042 – 0.068 = 1.974
kg coal kg coal

Computing the Product of Combustion:

Briefly discuss the procedure in computing the product of

combustion. Include in the computation the gravimetric and
volumetric analysis of the flue gas

For Carbon (C):

44
x 0.64=2.35
12
For Hydrogen (H):

1
 18
x 0.04=0.36
2
For Sulfur (S):
64
x 0.012=0.024
32

kg O 2
2.35 + 0.36 + 0.024 + 0.08 = 2.814
kg coal

Prepare a table showing the summary of computed values

Combustion Analysis
Corresponding Required Product of
Reaction O2 Combustion
(include values in (include values in
terms of volume and terms of volume and
mass) mass)
C ~ C + O2 → CO2 1.71 2.35
H ~ 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O 0.32 0.36
N ~ Inert Gas Inert Gas 0.08
S~ S2 + 2O2 → 2SO2 0.012 0.024
O~ --------------- -0.068 --------------------
TOTAL 1.974 2.814

Computation for Air-Fuel Ratio and Gas-Fuel Ratio:

For Air-Fuel Ratio:

0.768
Maf = 1.974 + 1.974 ( 0.232 )

kg of air
Maf = 13.07 kg of fuel

2
For Gas-Fuel Ratio:
0.768
Mfg = 2.814 + 1.974 ( 0.232 )

kg of flue gas
Mfg = 15.85 kg of fuel

Briefly discuss the procedure in computing the concentration of

various products of combustion here. Compare the results with the
existing emission standard (e.g. particulate matter, sulfur dioxide).
( excess air should be included)

Results shall be used as basis in determining whether there is a

need to provide an air pollution control facility or not ( compare results
with standard; source).

Air Preheater

Discuss the importance of air pre-heater and its function. Also

include the type/ kind of air preheater.

Briefly describe each of the type/kind of air preheater focusing on

its major feature / components.
Types:
Tubular Type
Regenerative Air pre-heater
Rotating-plate regenerative air pre-heater

Selected Air Pre-heater

Briefly discuss type /kind of air preheater to be provided for the system

3
Air Pollution Control Facility and Management

Briefly discuss the type of pollutant that the plant would generate.
Cite the result of computation (flue gas concentration) and use it as basis
whether to provide control facility or employ appropriate management
measures to lessen it.

If pollution control facility is needed, discuss different type of

control facility and select which is more effective and economical.
Examples of control facility or measures are (include efficiency ; draft
/head):
Electrostatic (Plate) Precipitator
Wet electrostatic precipitator
Baghouses
Use of low sulfur fuel
Burner configuration/method of burning

Stack
Briefly discuss the function of stack. Cite importance of a properly
designed stack (economics , allow dispersion of pollutants)

Calculating Stack Height

Introductory statement:

Summary of operating conditions

Maximum continuous rate 1215 t/h of steam
Superheated steam pressure 17.2 MPa
Superheated steam temperature 541 °C
Reheated steam temperature 541 °C

4
 Fuel bituminous coal

Tb = 353.33°C + 37.78°C
Tb = 391.11°C
Where:
Tb = saturation boiler temperature,
Mfg = mass flue gas,
Mf = mass of fuel,
dfg = density of flue gas,
Qfg = volume flow rate of flue gas.

kg of flue gas
Mfg = 15.85 kg of fuel
kg of fuel
Mf = 136.47 sec
Compute individually for plants that have multiple generating
units (example if 3 units)

Mf = 136.47 / 3
kg of fuel
Mf = 45.49 sec
kg
dfg = 0.55 3
m
kg of flue gas kg of fuel
15.85 x 45.49
M fg kg of fuel sec
Qfg = P = kg
fg
0.55 3
m

Qfg = 1,310.93 m3/s

Use the recommended excess air

5
 Typical Ranges of Excess Air Requirements for Various
Fuels and Methods of Firing
Fuel Excess air, % by
weight
Pulverized Coal 15 – 20
Fluidized bed Combustion 15 – 20
Spreader stoker 25–35
Water-cooled vibrating grate 25–35
stoker
Chain and traveling grate stoker 25–35

Underfeed stoker 25–40

Fuel oil 3–15
Natural gas 3–15
Coke oven gas 3–15
Blast furnace gas 15–30
Wood/bark 20–25
Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) 40–60
Municipal solid waste (MSW) 80–100
Source: Babcock & Wilcox, a McDermott company

Qfg = 1,310.93 x (excess air)

Qfg = ------- m3/s

Determine/calculate the draft every 30m of stack:

From PPE by Morse (pp.494);

D30 = k (da - dg) – 0.007578 da

√ V5
Qg

Where:
D = available draft per 30 m. of chimney

6
 = cm. of water
k = 2.7 for brick of chimney and 2.4 for steel stack

da = density of air kg/m3

dg = density of flue gas kg/m3

V = gas velocity in the chimney m/s

Qg = gas flow in m3/s

D1 = 0.004 V2 dg
Chimney Draft
Hchimney = x 30
D30

Computation for Height of Stack: (sample only)

For velocity
@ 6.1 m/s; (from PPE by Morse)

√
kg kg kg 6.15
D30 = 2.4 (1.2 3 – 0.55 3 ) – 0.007578 (1.2 3
¿
m m m 1,573.12

D30 = 1.54 m

From PPE by (Morse, pp.496)

2
0.004 ( 6.1 ) ( 0.55 ) +2
Hstack = x 30
1.54

Hstack = 40.56 m

Computation for Stack Diameter:

ID = 1.3
√ Qg
V

ID = 1.3
√ 1,573.12
6.1
= 20.88 m

7
 Repeat the procedure / calculate by assuming other values within
the range. Option is to have it in excel format for faster calculation.
Present the result in table form (sample shown below).

Computed Stack height and diameter at different velocity

(sample)

Velocity Height of chimney Inside diameter Product

V H ID H x ID
6.1 m/s 40.56 m 20.88 856.08 m2
11 m/s 46.25 m 15.55 719.19 m2

15.24 m/s 55.88 m 13.21 738.17 m2

The lowest value of the product is the ideal stack dimension

Fans and Blower

Introductory statement, which could include purpose of the

equipment and the need to provided one.

The design of fans and blowers would depend on the combustion

technology or type of the power plant.

For boilers with built-in burners, fan capacity need not be

computed. Just mention the type or capacity of the fan for supply air if
available in the specification.

Induced Draft Fan

8
 Types of induced draft fan are as follows:
Centrifugal Fan
Axial-Flow Fan
Briefly discuss the advantage and disadvantage of different type of
fan. Type of fan to be used should be justified.

Induced Draft Fan Computation

Figure ----shows the variations of air and the flue gas densities
with flue gas temperature.

(Source: PPD Morse, 1953)

Figure ----- Variations of Air and Flue Gas Densities with Flue Gas
Temperatures

Sample computation :
kg gas
M g =15.85
kg fuel
kg fuel
M f =136.47
sec

For three (3) stack

9
 Mf = 136.47 / 3
kg of fuel
Mf = 45.49 sec
m
V fg =11 (From stack design chosen for velocity of flue gas)
s
Pb=17.2 Mpa (Super heated steam pressure from our boiler selection)
kg
d g=0.55 3
m
m' g
Q g= ,
dg
But m ' g=(m¿ ¿ g)(m¿¿ f )¿ ¿ where;
Q g=¿Volume flow rate of flue gas
mg=¿Mass flow rate of the gas
d g=¿Density of the flue gas
t fg =¿Flue gas temperature
t b sat =¿ Saturation boiler temperature
@ t fg =t b sat +100 ° F
t fg =t b sat +37.78 ° C
Pb=17.2 Mpa ; t b sat =353.33 ° C (using steam table)
From figure 4.4, it shows that with a flue gas temperature of
391.11°C, the density of flue gas is 0.55 kg/m3
t fg =353.33+37.78
t fg =¿ 391.11 °C
kg
d g=0.55 3
m
m ' g=(m¿ ¿ g)(m¿¿ f )¿ ¿
¿ ( 15.85 ) (45.49)
kg gas
¿ 721.02
s
721.02
Q g=
0.55

10
 3
m
Q g=1,310.93
s
Q g=1310.93 ( 1.2 )
3
m
Q g=1573 .12
s
For volume flow rate, CFM

( ) x 160mins
3 3
m 3.28 ft
¿ 1573.12 x
s 1m
¿ 3,330,925.12 CFM

For total head, H T

H T =h s+ hv
Velocity head, h v
2
V
h v=
2g
2
(11)
h v=
2 (9.81)
h v =6.17 m

6.17 ( 1.2 ) (100)

hv=
1000
h v =0.74 cm water

Static head, h s (typical values from PPD Morse pp. 477)

Boiler = 2.73 ( from chosen equipment)
Super heater = 2.73,
Economizer = 2.54,
Air heater = 3.81,
Dust collector = 6.48 (from selected air pollution control facility)
Note:
 specify or use typical values of chosen dust collector or air
pollution control facility;

11
  values would differ depending on the type of equipment used;
and
 use other data if available

h s=( 2.73+2.73+ 2.54+3.81+6.48+2 ) x 1.2

h s=24.35 cm of water
Therefore;
H T =h s+ hv
H T =24.35+0.74
H T =25.09 ≃ 26 cm water

Select fan that is available in the market. Parameters to be used

in selecting should be volumetric flow rate and draft. Include picture of
the selected fan and no. of units to be used.

Concentration of Exhausted Flue Gas

Briefly discuss the expected pollutants to be emitted by the plant

and the need of addressing it.

Dispersion Model ( derivation of formula used in estimating pollutants at various

distance from the plant):

The Gaussian dispersion equations to calculate the chemical concentration

along the plume centerline at ground level and maximum ground level concentration
(MGLC) were used in the study. The said equations were derived from the general
Gaussian dispersion equation (designated as equation 1) which is given below:

C(x,y,z)= Q exp[-1/2(y/y)2] {exp[-1/2(z-H/z)2] + exp[-1/2(z+H/z)2]}

2yz

12
where:

C= concentration of pollutants at coordinates x,y,z (mg/m3)

Q= emission rate of pollutants (mg/sec)
yz = horizontal (crosswind) and vertical standard deviations of pollutants
concentration along the centerline of the flume (m)
 = mean wind velocity (m/sec)
x = downwind distance along the centerline of the plume (m)
y = horizontal distance from the centerline of the plume (m)
z = vertical distance from the ground level (m)
H = plume height (m)
To estimate the concentration along the plume centerline at ground level, y
and z is both set equal to zero. Thus equation 1 reduces to the following form:
C(x,0,0)= Q exp[-1/2(H/z)2] { equation 2}
yz

Equation 2 is further simplified by setting H=0, which is used in estimating

MGLC (no thermal or momentum flux).
C(0,0,0) = Q { equation 3}
(y z)0 

where Cmax = maximum concentration of chemicals/substance (mg/m3)

(y z)0 = horizontal and vertical deviations at x=0
Solving for emission rate of pollutant (Q) from equation 3 and substituting the
value of Q to equation 2, then the resulting equation is:

C(x,0,0) = C(0,0,0)(yz)0 exp[-1/2(H/z)2] {equation 4}

yz

Equation 4 is then used in estimating the concentration of chemicals (Cx,0,0) at

distance (x) from the source, along the plume center line at ground level. The
equation does not take into account the dispersion of the air contaminants in the
crosswind direction (y-axis). Hence, it can be expected that estimated values will be
higher than the actual concentration.
In using equation 4, it is assumed that stack height (h) is equal to plume
height (H). This assumption would likewise result in higher values, as plume rise is
not considered. Plume rise however, could be not so significant as the temperature

13
 of the flue gas will be much lower after passing a series of treatment. The
temperature of the flue gas is usually lowered to the designed operating temperature
of the equipment.
The assumptions in using Gaussian dispersion equation should also be
considered in the interpretation of data. These assumptions are: (a) wind and
velocity and direction are constant over height and over averaging period; (b) the
emission rate is constant; (c) the plume reflects completely at the ground (i.e., no
deposition); and (c) no diffusion occurs in the direction of the plume travel (La
Grega,1994).

Calculated concentration of pollutants (sample only)

Formula estimating concentration at various distance from the plant;

Q
C=
π (Qz Q y )µ
Where:
C = pollution concentration
Q = emission rate, mg/s
(Q z Q y ) = horizontal and vertical standard deviation
µ = mean wind velocity (data based on Philippine condition)
Q = Qfg (concentration of pollutant; µg/N.cm)

Qfg = use design data ; m3/s

H = ------ m (From Stack Height Design)
TSP = calculated concentration after control facility ;µg/N.cm

Values taken from figure below:

14
 (Q z Q y ) = horizontal and vertical standard deviation; taken from
figure below

Figure ----- Horizontal Dispersion Coefficient

15
 Source: http://www.lenntech.com/
Figure ----- Vertical Dispersion Coefficient
For Maximum ground level concentration (x=0;y=0;z=0)
Q z=6 m
Q y =10 m

471.94
C(000)=
π ( 10 )( 6 ) (2)
mg
= 1.25 3
m
Maximum ground level concentration:

@ x = 0;
−1
[ ]
( )
2
H
2
Qz
C (000 )(Q z Q y )e
(x 00)=
(Qz Q y )
−1
[ ]
( )
2
46.25
2
6
1.25 ( 6 ) (10)e
(x 00)=
( 6 ) (10)
mg
= 1.24 3
m
µg
= 1,240 3
m

Table ----- shows the concentration of flue gas with respect to

distance from source.
Concentration with respect to distance

16
 Distance, µg
3
In meter Qy Qz m

200 22 14 229.25

225 24 15 199.24

230 26 16 169.54

250 28 17 149.55
300 40 20 81.96

The maximum ambient concentration of Total Suspended

Particulates (TSP) is 90 µg/m3. Table ----- shows that the allowable
concentration will be met at 300 m away from the stack.

Gas Loop Summary

Summarized the gas loop components and update and show the
resulting / revise diagram indicating the number and specifications.

17
Figure ---- Proposed Diagram of Gas Loop for---------Unit

18