After Studying “Water Chemistry” Students should be able to answer the following

questions.

1. Write the ions responsible for the temporary hard and permanent hardness of
water.
2. Explain why hard water does not form lathers with soaps.
3. Explain EDTA method for the determination of hardness of water.
4. Explain the temporary and permanent hardness of water.
5. Differentiate between carbonate and non-carbonate hardness.
6. Explain the temporary and permanent hardness of water. How temporary hardness
is removed by boiling?
7. Give chemical reactions involved during boiling of hard water.
8. A water sample contains 204 mg of CaSO 4 per litre. Calculate the hardness in terms
of CaCO3 equivalents.
9. A sample of water was found to contain the following:

Ca (HCO3)2 = 134.0 ppm, Mg (HCO3)2 = 83.0 ppm, MgCl2 = 84.0 ppm, CaSO4 = 124.0 ppm,
CaCl2 = 94.0 ppm and NaCl = 50.0 ppm. Calculate the temporary and permanent
hardness in degree Clark.

10. A water sample has the following analysis:

Mg (HCO3)2 = 85.0 mg/litre; Ca (HCO3)2 = 130 mg/litre; CaSO4, = 120 mg/litre; MgCl2 =
80 mg/litre; CaCl2 = 90.0 mg/litre; KCl = 45 mg/litre. Calculate the temporary and
permanent hardness in degree Clark.
11. Calculate the temporary and total hardness of a sample of water containing: Mg
(HCO3)2 = 7.3 mg/l, Ca (HCO3)2 = 16.2 mg/l, MgCl2 = 0.5 mg/l, CaSO4 = 13.6 mg/l.
12. A sample of ground water has 150 mg/l of Ca 2+ and 60 mg/l of Mg 2+. Find the total
hardness expressed in mill equivalents per litre and mg/L in terms of CaCO3.
13. Explain with reactions, what are ion-exchange resins? How are they used for
softening of water
14. Explain how the hardness of water can be removed by ion-exchange method?
15. How can cation exchange resin and anion exchange resins be regenerated?
16. Discuss zeolite process. Write its limitation also.
17. Describe the principle and procedure involved in Zeolite process for the treatment of
water.
18. Describe zeolite method for water softening. Also gives it advantages and
disadvantages.
19. What are the advantages of Demineralization process over Zeolite process?
20. Describe Demineralization method for water softening. Give chemical equations
wherever necessary.
21. What do you understand by water softening? Discuss briefly ion-exchange method of
water softening.
22. What are coagulants? Explain their role in the lime-soda process.
23. Describe Lime-Soda process.
24. How is water softened by lime soda process? Give suitable reactions.
25. Explain the principle for the determination of alkalinity of water?
26. Explain how total alkalinity of water can be measured
27. Which indicator is useful for the measurement of the total alkalinity of water?
28. Explain why two indicators are used in combination to determine the total and
individual alkalinity of water.
29. OH- and HCO3- cannot present together in a water sample. Why? Explain with
reaction.
30. Write what observations are needed to conclude that the alkalinity is due to OH - ions
only.
31. Write what observations are needed to conclude that the alkalinity is due to HCO 3-
ions only.
32. Write what observations are needed to conclude that the alkalinity is due to CO 32-
ions only
33. Write what observations are needed to conclude that the alkalinity is due to the
combination of OH- and CO32- ions.
34. Write what observations are needed to conclude that the alkalinity is due to the
combination of HCO3- and CO32- ions.
35. 100 ml of a water sample required 30 ml of N/50 H2SO4 for neutralization to
phenolphthalein end point. After this methyl orange indicator was added to this and
further volume of acid required was 20 ml. Calculate the alkalinity of water in terms
of CaCO3 equivalents. Also mention what ions are responsible for the alkalinity of
water.
36. 100 ml of a water sample required 10 ml of N/50 H2SO4 for neutralization to
phenolphthalein end point. Another 100 ml of the sample also required 10 ml of acid
to obtain methyl-orange end point. Calculate the alkalinity of water in terms of
CaCO3 equivalents. Also mention which ions are responsible for the alkalinity of
water.
37. 500 ml of a water sample required 29 ml of N/50 H2SO4 for neutralization to
phenolphthalein end point. After this methyl orange indicator was added to this and
further volume of acid required was 29 ml. Calculate the alkalinity of water in terms
of CaCO3 equivalents. Also mention what ions are responsible for the alkalinity of
water.
38. 100 ml of a water sample required 12.4 ml of N/10 H2SO4 for neutralization to
phenolphthalein end point. After this methyl orange indicator was added to this and
further volume of acid required was 15.2 ml. Calculate the alkalinity of water in
terms of CaCO3 equivalents. Also mention what ions are responsible for the
alkalinity of water.