ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

Tutorial Sheet - I (Water Treatment) (THEORETICAL)

1. State chemical reactions, which remove bicarbonate hardness and justify your answer.

2. Discuss which of the following substances will increase, decrease

or have no effect on the hardness of water: Ca (OH) 2, Mg(HCO3)2, MgSO4, Ca(HCO3)2,
CaSO4, CaCl2, KCl, NH4Cl, NH4OH, (NH4)2CO3, Na2SO4, BaCO3, NaCl, NaOH, Na2CO3,
Na3PO4, NaAlO2, Na2[Na4(PO3)6].

3. Can alkalinity of water be due to presence of OH-, CO32- and HCO3- simultaneously?
Explain. Prove that if P>1/2M, CO32- = 2(M-P).

4. Ca(HCO3)2 causes scale formation in low pressure boilers and not in high pressure
boilers. Why?

5. Is it necessary to pass water through cation exchanger and then through anion
exchanger? What will happen if the process is reversed?

6. What may be the consequences of using water containing MgCl 2, CaCO3 and SiO2 in
boilers? Also give remedial measure for the same.

7. Justify the statement that “Phosphate Conditioning is pH dependent”. Why is calgon

conditioning better than phosphate conditioning?

8. Why is hot lime -soda process better than cold process? Why is sodium aluminate
added in cold process?

9. What do you understand by disinfection? Which among the following is a better

disinfectant and why?
(i) Bleaching powder (ii) free chlorine (iii) chloramines. Explain with equations.

10. Why is it essential to maintain the pH of water around 7 for effective chlorination?
Give the different forms of chlorine at different pH.

11. Explain Break point chlorination with the help of chlorine dosage graph.
 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
Tutorial Sheet -II (Water Treatment) (NUMERICALS)

1. 50 ml of standard hard water containing 1 mg pure CaCO 3 per ml consumed 20 ml of

EDTA. 50 ml of water sample consumed 25 ml of the same EDTA solution, using EBT
as indicator. Calculate the total hardness of the water sample.

2. 100 ml of a sample of water required 15 ml of 0.01 M EDTA for titration using EBT as
indicator. In another experiment, the same sample was boiled to remove the hardness.
100 ml of this sample water required 8 ml of 0.01 M EDTA solution for titration.
Calculate (i) total hardness (ii) permanent hardness

3. 0.4 g of CaCO3 was dissolved in HCl and diluted to 400 ml. 25 ml of this solution
required 20 ml EDTA solution for titration. 25 ml of hard water sample required 12.5 ml
of EDTA solution for titration. After boiling 25 ml of this required 10 ml of solution for
titration. Calculate total, permanent and temporary hardness of the water sample.

4. Calculate the hardness of a water sample, whose 10 ml required 20 ml EDTA. 20ml of

CaCl2 solution, whose strength is equivalent to 1.5 g of CaCO3 per litre , required 30 ml
of EDTA solution .

5. A water sample is not alkaline to phenolphthalein. However, 100 ml of the sample

water on titration with N/ 50 HCl required 16.9 ml to obtain he end point, using methyl
orange as indicator. What are the types and amount of alkalinity present in the water
sample?

6. 200ml of a sample required 20 ml of N/ 50 HCl using methyl orange as indicator.

Another 200ml of the same water sample required 8 ml of N/ 50 HCl using
phenolphthalein as indicator. Express alkalinity in terms of mg of CaCO3 per litre.

7. A water sample, using FeSO4.7H2O as a coagulant at the rate of 278 ppm gave the
following analysis: Ca2+ =240 ppm ; Mg2+ =96 ppm CO2 = 44 ppm HCO3- = 732
ppm. Calculate the amount of lime and soda required soften 250,000 litres of water

8. A zeolite softener was completely exhausted and was regenerated by passing 100 litres
of NaCl solution, containing 120 g/L of NaCl. How many litres of a sample of water of
hardness 500 ppm can be softened by this softener?

9. 10,000 litres of hard water was softened by zeolite process. The zeolite required a total
amount of 8 litres of NaCl solution containing 150 g/L of NaCl for regeneration.
Calculate the hardness of water.