The Night-Walkers of Uganda

The night-walkers of Uganda
Level 1 l Elementary
1 Key Words
Fill the gaps using these words from the text.

aid agency pregnant capture hut warden
shelter slave bush rebel patrol
1. A is a small simple house with only one or two rooms.
2. A is a place where people are protected from bad weather or from danger.
3. A is someone who opposes their government and tries to remove it using force.
4. A is someone who is responsible for a place and checks that people follow rules.
5. If you a person, you take him or her prisoner.
6. If you a place, you move regularly around it in order to prevent trouble or crime.
7. The is an area in a hot country that is not used for growing food.
8. An is an organization that gives money, food or help to people in need.
9. A is someone who is forced to do what another person tells them to do and has to work for
him or her.
10. If a woman is , she is going to have a baby.
2 Find the information
Look in the text and find this information as quickly as possible:

1. Where is Mary Aciro from?
2. How old is she?
3. What is the LRA?
4. How many children spend the nights in shelters?
5. How many people live in shelters?

Mary Aciro lives near the town of Lacor in northern Uganda. Every day, she collects grass to feed the cattle,
works in the vegetable patch and helps her mother cook dinner over a fire. And then, just before the sun
sets, Mary leaves her family’s tiny hut and walks down a sandy road into Lacor. The adults are going home
for dinner on buses. Mary and hundreds of other children are going the other way. They are wearing dirty
old clothes and flip-flops. Some are carrying sacks or rolled-up blankets. They are going to night shelters
guarded by government troops.
In any other country, a mother wouldn’t let her 14-year-old daughter leave home for the night. Here, the
most important thing is to survive. “We fear the rebels and violent robbers who come at night to disturb us,”
says Mary as she walks.
1
There are many problems in Africa but the war in this region is the worst problem of all. It is Africa’s longest
civil war. Mary and the other children walk to the shelters every night because they don’t want to be captured
by the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA). The LRA is a religious rebel group that uses children as soldiers,
porters and sexual slaves. The rebels attack the villagers at night. They kill adults and take the children
away to camps in the bush.
Mary’s 15-year-old brother, Geoffrey, was captured by the rebels and he was a prisoner for three months.
“They made him carry heavy things. They hit him and didn’t give him any food,” says their mother, Agnes.
Geoffrey escaped when a government helicopter attacked the rebel camp he was in. Mary’s neighbour, a girl
named Florence, was captured too. She spent three years with the rebels: she was forced to have sex and
became pregnant.
In 2002, desperate parents in northern Uganda began sending their children—about 40,000 of them—into
nearby towns at night. Aid agencies built shelters to give them a safe place to go. Mary is going to one of
these places. When she reaches the shelter, it is full of children of all ages. The shelter is made up of
concrete buildings and large white tents.
Lillian Apiyo, 14, is already inside. “I come here for protection,” she says. The children look sad when they
reach the shelter, but soon they become happier. Some children begin dancing. At other shelters, they sing
songs. The children are not given anything to eat. The shelters are already very busy, and if food were given
to the children, they would be even busier.
Adult wardens patrol with torches. They stop fights occasionally and check on children who look frightened
or unhappy. “When I am here, I feel I am somebody. When I am at home, I’m always upset,” says Gabriel
Oloya, 15, who is responsible for the four younger brothers who walk with him to the shelter. “My parents
are dead, killed by the rebels,” he says. Childhood is short in rural Africa, but it is even shorter in this society.
The children are alone and they need love. Many of them live with their extended family because their
parents were killed by the rebels.
In the shelter the wardens keep boys and girls apart, but outside its gates young couples are alone in the
semi-darkness. This sort of thing worries Mary’s mother. “We can’t follow our children up to the shelter,”
Agnes says. “Sometimes a girl says she has gone there, but she has gone to a boyfriend, and she becomes
pregnant and leaves school.” But other things worry her more. The tribes of northern Uganda were once
farmers. They lived in small villages and had cattle and fields of maize. But 19 years of war have destroyed
everything. Almost all the population of the north, 1.5 million people, now lives in crowded temporary
shelters near the towns. As the war goes on, the situation gets worse.
There is little hope of returning to a normal life. This is a culture with few written records. When their
parents are gone, the children’s link with their villages will be lost. Who will tell the children the boundaries of
farmland or the distance to the nearest stream? “For me, the worst thing that may happen here is a situation
where there is no war, but everybody stays in the camps,” says Father Carlos Rodriguez Soto, a Roman
Catholic priest who has spent 18 years in Uganda.
The wardens wake up the children before the sun rises. The children pray and wash. Some children roll
their blankets, others call their younger brothers and sisters. They leave the shelter and walk to the road. At
9 a.m. the sun will be very hot, but now it is gentle. It is a good time to walk home.
2
3 Comprehension check
Match the beginnings and the endings to make complete sentences.

1. In northern Uganda 40,000 children
2. The rebels attack villages at night and
3. Aid agencies have built shelters to
4. In the shelters wardens walk around to
5. There are few written records, so older people
6. After 19 years of war, it will
a. provide safe places for children.

b. pass information on to children.
c. leave their home every night.
d. keep order and help children who are scared or sad.
e. capture children to use them as slaves.
f. be very difficult to return to a normal life.
4 Vocabulary 1 Collocations
Match the words in the left-hand column with those in the right-hand column to make phrases from the text.
1. feed a. dirty old clothes
2. look b. pregnant
3. wear c. home / school
4. carry d. shelters
5. leave e. the cattle
6. build f. sacks
7. become g. dinner
8. cook h. sad
5 Vocabulary 2 Prepositions
Complete these sentences based on the text using an appropriate preposition. Check your answers in the text.
1. Mary lives northern Uganda. 6. The rebels take the children to the
2. Mary’s mother cooks dinner a fire. camps in the bush.
3. Adults go home dinner on buses. 7. The shelter is full children and
4. The shelters are guarded teenagers.
government troops. 8. Wardens patrol torches.
5. The rebels attack the villagers night.
3
6 Vocabulary 3 Verbs related to wars
Use these verbs to complete these sentences based on the text. Check your answers in the text.
escaped killed destroyed captured attacked
1. Geoffrey was by the rebels.
2. He after three months.
3. A government helicopter the camp.
4. Gabriel’s parents were by the rebels.
5. Almost 20 years of war have almost everything in northern Uganda.
4
No strawberries and cream for fruit pickers
1 Pre-reading 1
Look at the title. What do you think the article is about?

a. The fact that strawberry pickers are not allowed to eat when working.
b. The fact that strawberry pickers are not paid a lot of money for the work they do.
Now read the first two paragraphs and see if you were right.
2 Pre-reading 2 Key Words
See if you can guess the meaning of these words from the text by matching them with the definitions.
to clap to cheer a yellow card a contract
leisure facilities a migrant to afford
1. is a piece of paper that two or more people sign to show that they agree to do
something (usually concerning work).
2. is to shout loudly to show that you are happy about something or somebody.
3. is someone who moves to another country to work or live.
4. is to hit your hands together, many times, to show that you think something is good.
5. is to have enough money to buy something.
6. (used in football) is a sign or warning that you have done something wrong.
7. are things you can use to help you enjoy your free time.
Now read the text quickly to check the words.
1
Val Salisbury lives in a country village in England. She loves the countryside, but just near her house there
is a big strawberry farm. So now the fields are covered with very big pieces of plastic, called polytunnels,
where the strawberries grow. And people have to work in the polytunnels, too. These workers come to
England from eastern Europe every summer, to pick the strawberries for British supermarkets.
2
Mrs Salisbury was very angry about all the plastic, and she was also angry that the workers were badly
paid. She wanted to show the farm company (S&A Davies, Europe’s largest strawberry grower) how she
felt. So one day she walked into one of the polytunnels, and started pulling the strawberry plants out of the
ground. The east Europeans understood why she was angry, and they clapped and cheered.
3
“I felt so much better after my protest,” said Mrs Salisbury last weekend. “We don’t need these strawberries
and these polytunnels in Herefordshire”.
5
4
Every year, at the beginning of summer, at least 5,000 people from eastern Europe arrive in south-west
England to pick fruit. This year, two villages, with more than 1,700 people in each, have been built there.
Each one has about 400 caravans, football pitches, internet cafes and even saunas. Most local people
welcome the fruit-pickers, but some are afraid that the fruit company is making too much money out of them.
Last weekend, a reporter interviewed 50 people working in the tunnels, and many were as angry as Mrs
Salisbury. The workers who could speak English said that their conditions were terrible. They thought the
company was making too much money from their stay.
5
“In Lithuania I earn 200 pounds a month,” said a policeman from Vilnius. “I thought I could earn more here.
It looks like I am not going to. It cost more than I thought to get here; it costs more to live.”
6
“None of us like strawberry picking,” said a Ukrainian student. “Today I have earned 23 pounds. But I must
pay 35 pounds a week to live in a box with three other people. Perhaps I earn 150 pounds in a week, but
when I have paid for food, accommodation, tax, everything, maybe I have 70 pounds for a six days. It’s not
good”.
7
“The money is bad,” said a waiter from the Czech Republic. “We waited days to have work … It is like a
prison. I have been given a yellow card already. One more and I am sent home.”
8
The contracts S&A Davies gives the east Europeans make life hard for the workers. They have to pay
£26.25 a week to live four or five in one room. They must pay £3 a week for toilets and waste collection,
£2.25 for electricity, and £2.75 for leisure facilities, including a TV set, football pitch and disco. It costs them
£30 to see a doctor or a translator.
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The contracts say that the pickers can lose their jobs if they eat a single strawberry, stop work, or go to the
toilet at the side of the field, or smoke indoors. If they want to have a visitor, they must ask permission two
days in advance. “I have never been anywhere like this,” said a Ukrainian housewife.
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The company said they promised to pay pickers £5.05 an hour when there was work, and extra money if
they picked a lot of strawberries. But they said that they could not promise full-time work for everyone at the
start of the strawberry season. “When 3,500 people arrive, it’s hard to give everyone work at the same time.
And when it was raining, two weeks ago, we only charged £10 for accommodation,” said Graham Neal, a
manager with S&A Davies.
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The strange but sad thing is that the east Europeans cannot even afford to buy the fruit they pick. “Yes, we
like strawberries but we cannot pay for them,” said a Ukrainian who was buying cheap white bread and
margarine in the local supermarket. “The next time you eat one, just think of us in the tunnels.”
6
3 Reading for Information
Match the numbers (they are all in paragraphs 4-8):

£35 £70 5,000 £150 £200 4
1. How many foreign workers come to the strawberry farms every year?
2. How much does the policeman earn at home?
3. How much does the student earn each week?
4. How much rent does she pay?
5. How many people share her room?
6. How much does it cost to visit the doctor?
4 Vocabulary 1 Collocation
Match these word pairs from the article:
1 white a cafe
2 full-time b village
3 football c Europe
4 country d work
5 internet e paid
6 strawberry f bread
7 eastern g Republic
8 badly h money
9 Czech i pitch
10 extra j farm
Now read quickly to check.
5 Vocabulary 2 Word building
Find words in the text that match the description on the left. (The first has been done for you.)
1 somebody who grows (fruit or vegetables) is called - a grower

2 somebody who manages (a company) is called -
3 somebody who picks (fruit or vegetables) is called -
4 somebody who works is called -
7
Now do the same with these words from the text. (The names for these people are not in the text):
5 Somebody who buys things is called - a buyer

6 Somebody who has a farm is called -
7 Somebody who is in prison is called -
8 Somebody who smokes is called -
9 Somebody who cleans is called -
10 Somebody who drinks is called -
6 Discussion
Do you think Mrs. Salisbury was right to pull up the strawberry plants? Why / why not?
8
Modern pirates
1 Key vocabulary
Fill the gaps using these key words from the text.
pirate armed cabin safe (n) grenade
navy cargo crew target chaos
1. A is a small bomb that someone throws or fires from a gun.
2. The people who work on a ship are called the ship’s .
3. If someone is , they are carrying a weapon, usually a gun.
4. is a situation where everything is confused and in a mess.
5. The things that a ship carries are called its .
6. A is a strong metal box with a lock used to store valuable things and money.
7. A is someone who attacks ships while they are sailing in order to steal things from them.
8. The is the part of a country’s armed forces that fights at sea.
9. A is a private room on a ship.
10. A is something that someone plans to attack.

1. Where do most modern-day pirate attacks happen?
2. How many pirate attacks have happened since 1992?
3. How many people have died in these attacks?
4. When was the ‘golden age’ of the pirates?
5. What percentage of world trade goes by sea?
6. How much did the pirates steal from Captain Newton’s ship?
Return of the Pirates

A large container ship was sailing across the South China Sea on its way to New Zealand. It was evening
and Captain Peter Newton was in his cabin. As the ship passed the Indonesian island of Bintan, nine armed
men came into Captain Newton’s cabin. They held a knife against his neck and tied his hands with rope.
The gang leader told him to open the ship’s safe. The pirates took the $20,000 they found in the safe and
used a rope to leave the ship.
There are many Hollywood films about pirates but now real-life pirates are very active again. During the last
ten years attacks by modern pirates have increased by 168%. Since the attack on Captain Newton’s ship
in 1992, there have been 3,583 attacks by pirates around the world, and 340 people have died in these
attacks. Last November, a cruise liner called Seabourn Spirit was attacked off the coast of Somalia. The
pirates who attacked the ship used grenades.
9
Modern pirates
The 17th century was the golden age of the pirates. European countries colonised the Caribbean and pirates
such as Edward ‘Blackbeard’ Teach and ‘Calico’ Jack Rackham attacked trading ships. During the 18th and
19th centuries, the navies of the great powers controlled the seas and attacks by pirates were rare. But now
pirate attacks are on the increase again. There are two main reasons. Firstly, shipping companies are trying
to save money so they do not spend much money on security. Secondly, there is no international law to
control pirates.
Most modern-day pirate attacks happen in the South China Sea. More than a third of last year’s 266
reported pirate attacks happened there. The seas around lawless countries are particularly dangerous. The
Indian Ocean coast of Somalia has had a lot of pirate attacks.
Modern pirates use inside information, satellite phones and tracking technology to plan attacks on ships with
valuable cargo. They attack the ships using ropes and special hooks. It is very difficult to climb onto a
moving ship and some experts believe that many pirates have had military training. Captain Newton says
that pirate attacks are increasing because there is almost no danger for the pirates.
‘Our ships don’t have armed guards and nobody is going to come after you because you are in international
waters,’ he says. ‘As soon as pirates are on your ship, there is nothing you can do if they are armed and you
are not.’ The pirates feel safe because many shipping companies do not report pirate attacks. They think
it is cheaper to lose $20,000 in cash than to pay much more money for insurance. In October 2002, there
was a suicide attack on a French oil tanker in Yemen. After that the cost of insurance increased by 300% for
ships entering Yemeni waters.
Navy vessels sometimes keep pirates away but they do not often arrest them in international waters. The
US navy recently arrested some pirates who attacked a Thai fishing vessel off the coast of Somalia, but had
to free the men because neither the Thai government nor any other government wanted to put them on trial.
Shipping companies are trying to save money and now there are only 20–24 crew members on modern
container ships. Usually, just two crew members sail the ship at night. Sometimes only five or six people are
up and working on a ship which is the size of two football pitches. This means that the risk of a pirate attack
is very great.
There has been an increase in pirate attacks in oceans with a lot of warships. There were no attacks in Iraqi
waters in 2004, but last year there were 10 attacks on oil tankers and cargo vessels near Basra. Ships are
easy targets for terrorists. Attacks in a key area like the Suez Canal could cause chaos. About 90% of world
trade goes by sea. ‘Piracy isn’t fantasy,’ says Andrew Linington of the ship officers’ union in London. ‘It is
happening every week. It is an advertisement to terrorists that it is easy to attack ships.’
Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences.

1. There is almost no danger for the pirates because …
2. Shipping companies do not report pirate attacks because …
3. Some experts believe many pirates have had military training because …
4. The South China Sea is dangerous for ships because …
5. Shipping companies do not spend much money on security because …
6. Navy ships often do not arrest pirates because …
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Modern pirates
a. it is very difficult to climb onto a moving ship.
b. they are trying to save money.
c. they are in international waters.
d. ships do not have armed guards.
e. more than one third of pirate attacks last year happened there.
f. they do not want to pay more money for insurance.
4 Sequence of events
These sentences tell the story of what happened to Captain Newton’s ship (paragraph 1). Put them in the
correct order. Check your answers in the text.
a. They tied his hands with rope.
b. Captain Newton was in his cabin.
c. They used a rope to leave the ship.
d. They told him to open the safe.
e. They held a knife against his neck.
f. They took the money from the safe.
g. Nine armed pirates came into the cabin.
5 Vocabulary – ships
Find the words in the text that are used with these words:
1. navy 5. cargo
2. container 6. war
3. fishing 7. trading
4. oil 8. cruise
6. Vocabulary – prepositions
Fill the gaps using prepositions.
1. sail the South China Sea 5. attacks ships
2. to increase 300% 6 to put someone trial
3. pirate attacks are the increase 7. 90% of world trade goes sea
4. spend money security 8. the coast of Somalia
11
No going back to Mugabe
1 Before you read 1 Key words
Fill the gaps using these words from the headline and the text.
asylum seekers militia threaten appeal
vouchers slum refugee status deport
1. A is a very poor area in or around a city.

2. If someone says that they will do something very bad to you if you don’t do what they say,
they you.
3. are people who are in danger in their own country

and move to another country and ask for the right to stay there in safety.
4. If the government allows these people to stay in the country, they have
.
5. A is a group of ordinary people trained to fight in an emergency.
6. If you against a court decision, you formally ask the court to change it.
7. When a government forces someone to leave the country, they them.
8. are pieces of paper, instead of money, that let people buy what they need.
2 Before you read 2 Scanning
Does Thomas now have permission to stay in Britain?

Read the article quickly to check.
No going back to Mugabe by Alison Benjamin 1

1
Three years ago, Thomas came to Britain from Zimbabwe. He was afraid for his life, because when he left
Robert Mugabe’s youth militia, the Green Bombers, they threatened to kill him.
2
Now, he is living happily with his new partner, Tanya, in a village in East Anglia. But it has been a long, hard
journey surviving as an unwanted visitor in Britain. And it is not over yet.
3
After he was refused permission to stay in 2004, Thomas slept on friends’ floors and in an empty factor in
Manchester. One night, five white youths attacked and injured him badly. But he wouldn’t go to the police.
“I was terrified that they would send me back to Zimbabwe.”
4
Frightened by the attack, he went to Glasgow to stay with friends, but an old illness forced him to go to
hospital. He was afraid to give his real name, so he didn’t attend his check-up, went back to Manchester and
slept in the bus station. The next day, he went to Refugee Action – the charity that had helped him with his
asylum case. They couldn’t put him in a homeless hostel in Manchester because he didn’t have government
support, so they sent him to one in Liverpool. “It was a huge room full of drug addicts,” says Thomas. “Five
12
o’clock, they gave me dinner, and six o’clock you had to be in bed. I was scared of the other residents. They
made racist jokes. I couldn’t sleep all night. The next morning I took the first bus back to Manchester.” He
spent his second night in the bus station before another friend let him stay.
5
At this time, the law decided that Zimbabweans would be in danger if they were sent home, so Thomas
asked for asylum again. His claim was rejected, but his case worker at Refugee Action appealed.
6
He won the appeal, and returned to Manchester expecting to move into a hostel and have government food
vouchers. He didn’t want to depend on friends and charity. But nothing changed for another two months.
At last, three days before Christmas, he was given a room in a National Asylum Support Service [Nass]
hostel. But it was horrible. “My bedroom floor was covered in water, the kitchen ceiling leaked, there was
mould growing everywhere.” And the first food vouchers didn’t arrive until Christmas Eve, when the only
supermarkets that accepted them were closed. “I spent Christmas Day ill with hunger,” he says.
7
But in the new year, life improved. Thomas was moved to a better Nass hostel, and then he heard that his
sister, who he hadn’t seen since he escaped from Zimbabwe, was living nearby! “I couldn’t believe it,” he
says. “She left the same night as me, after the Green Bombers beat me up in front of my family. None of us
had heard from her.”
8
He remembered Sonia as a big woman. Now 43, also a failed asylum seeker, she was tiny. “We hated each
other when I was growing up,” Thomas laughs. “But now I just wanted to be with her. She is the only family
I have here.”
9
He has one brother still in Zimbabwe; another died last year. Another brother and two other sisters are in
South Africa, where his mother now lives, too. Mugabe’s soldiers destroyed her house in Zimbabwe when
they were ‘clearing’ the slums.
10
Thomas met Tanya through a friend of Sonia’s. He now lives with her and looks after her four young children
while she is at work. “It’s the happiest I have ever been,” he smiles, holding Tanya’s hand. They plan to
marry when Thomas has his refugee status. “I don’t want anyone to think we are only getting married so I
can stay,” he insists. “She’s been there for me, more than anyone else in my life. She took me in when I had
nothing.”
11
Thomas wants to support his new family, but asylum seekers are not allowed to work. The Home Office
has told him nothing about his case for five months, and this makes him nervous. In April, the government
obtained permission to send failed asylum seekers back to Zimbabwe, so it could deport up to 7,000 people.
12
What will he do if the Home Office does deport failed asylum seekers to Zimbabwe? Thomas says: “It’s
harder now. I have a family here, but I’ll have to go underground again. No way am I going back.” And
Tanya? Without hesitation, she replies: “I’ll go wherever he is.”
3 Reading for detail

1. Name all the places in Britain where Thomas has stayed.
2. What places in Manchester has he stayed in?
3. Why didn’t he go to the Police, or go back to hospital?
4. How many brothers and sisters did he have?
5. Why did his mother leave Zimbabwe?
13
4 Vocabulary development 1
All these adjectives from the text are about fear. Put them in order, with the strongest first.
afraid frightened terrified nervous scared
5 Vocabulary development 2 Past tenses
Look in the text for the irregular past tenses of these verbs and complete the table.
VERB PAST SIMPLE

come came
leave
be
sleep
won’t
go
can’t
send
give
have
make
take
spend
let
will
win
hear
beat
meet
become
6 Discussion
Do you feel sorry for Thomas?

Do you think countries should stop refugees from living in them?
14
Marriage Indonesian-style
1 Key Words
Fill in the gaps in the sentences with the words below.

bride bridegroom wedding cousin cleric common
divorce (n) conflict (n) widower arranged marriage
1. A is a man whose wife has died.
2. A is a ceremony in which two people get married.
3. is a general word for priest.
4. An is a marriage where parents choose a husband or wife for their children.
5. A child of your uncle or aunt is your .

6. A woman who is getting married is the .
7. A man who is getting married is the .
8. Fighting between different groups of people is called a .
9. is a legal way of ending a marriage.
10. If something is it happens very often.

1. How old is Yanti?
2. What is her job?
3. What does Tri do?
4. Where is Yanti from?
5. Where does Tini work?
6. How old was Tini when her parents told her to get married?
Indonesian parents still pick children’s marriage partners

by John Aglionby in Bumi Agung
Tri Cayono, aged 24, is a farmer. Yanti, aged 22, is a cook. They both live in Indonesia. Recently they got
married. The wedding was rather strange. Tri, the bridegroom, and Yanti, the bride, met for the first time at
the wedding. They had never seen each other before. Instead of being happy, they were nervous and rather
quiet. When they met they shook hands and smiled nervously. They did not kiss each other or hold hands.
The photographer asked them to kiss each other for the wedding photograph but they did not want to.
This is an example of the tradition of arranged marriage that continues to exist in many parts of Indonesia.
Tri and Yanti had never met before the wedding and they knew almost nothing about each other. “Er, what
does he like to do in his spare time?’ Yanti asked her cousin the day before the wedding.
15
Two months ago Tri told his friends and family that he wanted to marry a girl from central Java. “I think girls
from central Java are cool and more fun,” he said. But Tri didn’t know any girls from central Java. However,
this wasn’t a problem for him. A friend of Tri’s, Fajar, said he had a cousin called Mursiyati who would
be a good wife for him. Tri accepted the offer immediately. Mursiyati’s parents forced her to accept Tri’s
offer – Mursiyati’s father was pleased that Tri had some land – and she agreed to marry Tri. A month later
Mursiyati met someone she liked and she married her new boyfriend instead. But Tri still wanted to marry a
woman from central Java and Fajar had to find one for him.
So in June the family suggested Yanti, a cousin. “When I heard her voice, saw her photo and learnt she
was a cook, I knew that she was the woman for me,” said Tri. Yanti said she was “happy and excited” about
marrying Tri, but her father, Saulusmin, was unhappy. “They haven’t even met - how can they get married?’
he said. But he did want to argue with his wife, Gina. “She will be angry with me if I say no to the marriage. It
will not be pleasant,” Saulusmin said.
It is impossible to know how many Indonesians are married in arranged marriages. Saman, the cleric who
married Yanti and Tri, said situations like this, where the couple have never met, do not happen very often.
“But there are many where the children have to do what their parents tell them,” he said. Tini, who now
works as a maid in Jakarta, ran away from home when she was 15 after her parents told her to marry a
28-year-old man. She thinks about a third of all the marriages in her district take place without the full agree-
ment of the bride and bridegroom.
World Vision, an international aid agency, says that arranged marriages are “still common” and experts say
the tradition will probably continue. “It’s the tradition and it’s hard to fight against traditions,” one expert said.
“Parents don’t like modern ways, especially when they see that divorce rates are going up. Daughters who
listen to their parents get support. The ones that don’t listen have a much harder life.”
Natural disasters and conflicts in Indonesia also help the tradition to continue. In situations where women
have died, it is traditional for their younger sisters to look after their children, and this usually means they
have to marry the widower. Money is an important factor. After the tsunami many people had financial prob-
lems so a lot of people wanted to marry off their children to make their own lives easier.
Back at the wedding, Yanti told everyone she was happy. “If I don’t have to go to work again - it’s his job to
provide for me - and if I can have a couple of children, then I’ll be happy,” she said. “And I’ll probably be able
to come back and visit central Java once a year.”
3 Comprehension check 1
Put these sentences in the correct order to retell the story.

a. Unfortunately, he didn’t know any girls from central Java.
b. Unfortunately, Mursiyati married another man.
c. Finally, Tri and Yanti got married.
d. Tri wanted to marry a girl from central Java.
e. However, his friend Fajar said he had a cousin called Mursiyati who would be a good wife.
f. Luckily Fajar found another wife for Tri.
16
4 Comprehension Check 2
1. Tri wanted to marry a girl from central Java because
2. Tri and Yanti were nervous because
3. Yanti will be happy if
4. Yanti’s father was unhappy about the marriage because
5. When women die
6. Experts believe
a. she doesn’t have to go to work and she can have a couple of children.
b. their younger sisters usually look after their children.
c. they had not met each other before.
d. the tradition of arranged marriages will probably continue.
e. he thinks they are cool and more fun.
f. his daughter hadn’t met her future husband.
5 Vocabulary Opposites
Find the opposites of these adjectives in the text:
1. relaxed 5. unpleasant
2. noisy 6. traditional
3. rare 7. easier
4. unhappy 8. possible
6 Vocabulary Women and men
Complete the table.
1. man woman 5. son
2. bridegroom 6. boyfriend
3. husband 7. cousin
4. uncle 8. brother
17
Ceausescu’s child spies
1 Key Vocabulary
gradually dictator recruit (verb) spy blackmail (verb)
complex archive sporty informer secret police
1. If you are , you enjoy playing different sports.

2. An is a large collection of old documents.
3. A is someone who uses force to take power and control a country.
4. If something happens , it happens slowly and in small stages or amounts.
5. An is someone who gives information secretly to the police.
6. The is a police force that works secretly to protect the government.
7. If you someone, you ask them to join an organisation.
8. A is someone whose job is to find out secret information.
9. If you someone, you say that you will tell people secrets about them if they do not give you
money or do what you ask them to do.
10. is the opposite of simple.
2 Find the Information
Look in the text and find this information as quickly as possible.

1. What was the name of the Romanian dictator?
2. When did he die?
3. How did he die?
4. What was the name of his secret police?
5. What town did his son control?
6. How many child informers were there in this town?
Ceausescu’s police forced children to become spies

by Daniel McLaughlin in Budapest
In the late 1980s the countries of Eastern Europe were gradually becoming more liberal. The Romanian
dictator, Nicolae Ceausescu did not support this process and did not want Romania to become more liberal.
Now documents from the communist period in Romania have shown that Ceausescu’s secret police, known
as the Securitate, recruited thousands of children to spy on schoolfriends, parents and teachers.
18
Ceausescu was shot in December 1989 and communist rule in Romania ended soon after. Now many peo-
ple in Romania are asking why some of the agents who recruited the child spies continued to work for the
security services after Ceausescu died in 1989. “In every Romanian county there were complex networks
of these children, aged between 12 and 14,” said Cazimir Ionescu, a member of the state council which is
studying all the Securitate documents. A Romanian historian, Marius Oprea, found a collection Securitate
documents in the Transylvanian town of Sibiu. Ceausescu’s son Nicu controlled Sibiu for many years.
“In Sibiu in 1989 the Securitate recruited 830 informers; 170 of them were under the age of 18,” Mr Oprea
said. “If this was the same all over Romania, you could say that possibly 15% of the informers in the country
were children.” Historians believe the Securitate had hundreds of thousands of informers by 1989, as Soviet
power began to weaken in Eastern Europe. “What kind of information could these children give, except
information about their family, teachers, and so on?” Mr Oprea asked. “This shows that, by 1989, the
Securitate was controlling its own people.”
The children had to tell Securitate agents about their friends’ and families’ opinions on the Communist party.
They also had to tell them if their friends and families listened to western radio stations, had any contacts
with foreigners or told jokes about Ceausescu.
“In the 1980s it was difficult for the secret police to recruit informers so they had to blackmail people, even
children, with things they had done wrong at school or with things the police knew about them,” Mr Oprea
said. The secret police were particularly interested in intelligent and sporty children because they were in
teams and clubs and had contact with many teachers, other children and their parents.
After 1989 many of those who recruited children got better jobs in the secret police, and some brought their
young spies to work with them when they left school. “This is a tragedy which we must tell the public about
but we must also punish the people responsible for this situation,” said Stejarel Olaru, a historian working
with Mr Oprea at the state institute for studying communist crimes.
Mr Oprea first heard about the child-spy programme soon after 1989, but at that time the ex-communists
who were in power after the fall of Ceausescu were not interested in his story. Mr Oprea remained silent for
15 years. After the elections of 2004, the old politicians lost power and the Securitate archives were opened
up. Romania hopes to join the EU next January and the EU wants Romania to open all the old Securitate
archives so the public can see them.
3 Comprehension Check
Match the beginnings with the endings to make sentences about the text.
1. The Securitate used children
2. Some of the agents who recruited the child spies continued
3. Historians think the Securitate had
4. The child spies had to tell the Securitate

5. In the 1980s it was difficult for the secret police
6. The secret police were interested in intelligent and sporty children because
19
7. The EU wants Romania
8. By 1989 Soviet power was beginning
a. if their friends and families told jokes about Ceausescu.
b. they had contact with many teachers and other children.
c. to spy on their families, friends and teachers.
d. to recruit informers.
e. hundreds of thousands of informers by 1989.
f. to work for the security services after 1989.

g. to weaken in Eastern Europe.
h. to open up all the old Securitate archives.
4 Vocabulary Collocations: Verbs + Nouns
Match the words in the left-hand column with those in the right-hand column to make collocations.
Check your answers in the text.
1. do a. power
2. tell b. a job
3. get c. school
4. leave d. the radio
5. lose e. wrong
6. listen to f. a joke
5 Vocabulary Prepositions
Fill the gaps using prepositions
1. work the security services
2. listen western radio stations

3. opinions something
4. have contact somebody
20
5. tell jokes somebody
6. interested somebody or something
7. responsible something
8. hear something
6 Vocabulary Word Stress
Put these words from the text into two groups according to their stress.
support process secret police agent complex
except recruit blackmail punish about believe
A. 0 o B. o 0
21
Madame la Présidente?
1 Pre-Reading 1
Have you heard of Ségolène Royal?

What do you know about her?
2 Pre-Reading 2 Key Words
the left unemployed male chauvinism a clique

provinces a trade union riots social inequalities
1. is the belief that men are much better than women.
2. People whose political ideas are more socialist that conservative are known as .
3. are very big differences between the rich and the poor.
4. People who can’t find a job are .
5. People who are very angry about their situation sometimes take part in violent protests or .
6. Workers can join an organization called because they want better pay or working conditions.
7. Countries are sometimes divided into different areas or .
8. is a small group of people who seem very unfriendly to others.
Now read the article and see if you were right.
Madame La Présidente?
Could Ségolène Royal become France’s first female head of state, asks Angelique Chrisafis
1
In a sports hall in a small town outside Bordeaux, a crowd of more than 1,000 fans suddenly jumped up,
arms waving, and began stamping and clapping to a popular Italian second world war song: “Bella, ciao!
Bella, ciao! Bella, ciao, ciao, ciao!” At the back of the hall, smiling warmly, appeared ‘La Bella’, Ségolène
Royal.
2
Royal, the 53-year-old mother of four and head of the regional government in Poitou-Charentes, is now very
popular. She is the only MP among the top 50 most-loved personalities in France, with her picture in all
France’s celebrity magazines. They love her personal success story: she was the shy teenage daughter of a
strict Catholic army colonel who punished his children brutally and thought women should stay at home like
his wife; now she is fighting against French male chauvinism.
22
3
Royal doesn’t agree that only men should rule the French left. She has stopped helping the older men who
run the socialist party - “les éléphants”. She now has her own movement, Désirs d’Avenir - “Wishes for the
Future”, and an army of loyal supporters. They believe that she alone can save France from the poverty
and terrible social inequalities of 12 years under President Jacques Chirac.
4
France certainly has problems. Lots of young people are unemployed, and violent crime is increasing.
Last year, teenagers rioted against racism in the poor immigrant suburbs, and many are afraid it will happen
again. Nicolas Sarkozy, the centre-right interior minister who would also like to be president, is openly trying
to attract the far-right with his strict immigration policies.
5
Royal’s huge popular support makes her seem the only possible Socialist president. But the elephants don’t
agree. They say she is inexperienced, and her popularity cannot last. “It is going to be nasty,” admits one
Royal supporter.
6
Like the last Socialist president, François Mitterrand, who she once worked for, Royal is hoping to get
support from the provinces. She visits them, promising to give more power to the regions. In one village,
more than 200 wine-makers who may lose their vines as Europe tries to reduce its wine-lake were very
impressed. The old ladies lined up to kiss her and be photographed with her.
7
“It’s all about the people,” she smiled between meetings in Bordeaux. I asked her what kept her going:
“My need to rise to the challenge of the trust that the people, the country, has given me.”
8
At the exclusive Ecole National d’Administration, where the French ruling class are trained, Royal was in the
same class as the prime minister, Dominique de Villepin. There, too, she met her partner, François Hollande.
Later, she worked in the ministries of education, environment, family and childhood, while he became Socialist
party leader in 2002. They have four children but have never married.
9
For months, people criticized Royal for having no clear policies, and just talking vaguely about family values
and public morals. Now she is explaining her plans to modernise France, but, like Mitterrand, her opinions
seem both right and left. She annoyed the left by suggesting a form of military service for difficult teenagers,
and criticising the Socialists’ popular 35-hour working week. However, she strongly supports trade unions,
and has promised to ban genetically modified food. Unlike the rest of her party, she admires Tony Blair,
but she is against the war in Iraq. “My diplomatic policy would not consist of going and kneeling in front of
George Bush,” she has said.
10
“The Socialist party in France has been a clique of men, cut off from the population.” says MEP Gilles
Savary, part of Royal’s inner circle. Royal is promising to speak for ordinary people in a society where those
in power don’t listen to them. She has also promised, “Power won’t change me.” But many outside the
Segosphere still wonder who Royal really is, and what won’t be changing.
23
3 General comprehension
Match the beginnings to the ends of these sentences about the article.
1. Ségolène Royal… a. …but he is not her husband.
2. There are not enough… b. …are not typically socialist.
3. Madame Royal would like people… c. ...should go into the army.
4. Some members of the socialist party… d. …British and American policy on Iraq.
5. She lives with François Hollande… e. …to be more equal.
6. Some of her policies f. …had an unhappy childhood.
7. She thinks difficult teenagers… g. …don’t want her to be president.
8. She doesn’t agree with… h. …jobs for everyone in France.
4 Vocabulary development 1 Find the word
Find words in the text that mean:
1. very cruelly
2. being very very poor
3. areas on the edge of the town, away from the centre
4. plants that produce grapes, for making wine.
5. not very clearly, without any detail
6. when a plant is developed by changing its genes, or DNA
5 Vocabulary development 2 Political Anagrams
These political words come from the article. Put the letters in order; the first letter is there to help you.
1. NTOMVREENG G
2. TOIILSCAS S
3. NTMSRIEI M
4. SEIOLCPI P
5. CLATIMDOTI D
6. YESCITO S
24
6 Prepositions practice
Each of these groups of phrases needs the same preposition. Can you remember which one?
1. a sports hall; a small town; the socialist party France;
2. a crowd fans; lots young people; at the back the hall; mother
four; an army supporters; a form military service;
3. she is fighting chauvinism; riots racism; she is the war in Iraq.
4. Wishes the future; military service difficult teenagers; to speak ordinary
people; who she once worked ;
Scan the text quickly again to check.

And now, put one of those prepositions in each of these sentences.
5. I hate cigarettes; I am smoking.
6. He lives a little village Italy.
7. I bought these flowers you, your birthday.
8. There is a group students over there, in the middle the square.
25
The colour of crime in South Africa
1 Key words

murderer apartheid regime folk hero revenge
evidence race sin support human rights
1. is the political system that existed in South Africa, in which only white people had political
rights and power.
2. A/An is a system or form of government.
3. A/An is a group of people who are similar because they have the same skin colour or other
physical features.
4. A/An is someone who commits the crime of killing someone.
5. A/An someone who is admired by the people of a region.
6. The of a crime is the facts or physical signs that help to prove it.
7. is something that you do to hurt or punish someone because they have hurt you or
someone else.
8. To an idea is to be in favour of it.
9. A/An is an action that is wrong according to religious laws.
10. are the things that everyone in a society should be morally or legally allowed to have or do.
Look in the text and find out who the following people are as quickly as possible.
1. Louis Van Schoor
2. Heidi Holland
3. Sabrina Van Schoor
The Colour of Crime in South Africa

By Rory Carroll
South Africa’s most famous murderer drinks some coffee, sits back in his chair and pauses when he is
asked if it is true that he shot more than 100 black people. “I don’t know,” says Louis Van Schoor. “I’ve never
counted them.” He is sitting at a restaurant terrace in East London, a seaside town in the Eastern Cape. He
enjoys the sunshine as he remembers his days as an apartheid folk hero.
In the 1980s, Van Schoor worked as a security guard. His job was to protect businesses owned by white
people. He shot 101 people and killed 39 of them in a period of three years. Some were burglars; others
26
were people who were walking past. All were black or coloured – people of mixed race. Van Schoor was
convicted of murder but released from jail after 12 years. But he does not regret his actions. “I was doing my
job - I was paid to protect property. I never apologised for what I did.”
He is not the only one. According to black clerics and politicians, whites in general have never said that they
were sorry for what happened during the apartheid regime. Heidi Holland agrees. She is the author of The
Colour of Murder, a book published last month which reveals the cruel actions of Van Schoor and his daughter,
Sabrina, who hired a man to kill her mother. “The story is of a family but it is also the story of a divided country
and of the people of that country trying to find new ways to live with each other,” says Holland.
Judges and the police welcomed the fact that black people were terrified of Van Schoor. They hid any
evidence against him until local journalists and human rights campaigners revealed his actions when
apartheid started coming to an end.
During his 1992 trial, white residents displayed “I Love Louis” stickers to show sympathy for Van Schoor.
He was found guilty of seven murders and two attempted murders. He was released two years ago, thanks
to a sentence reduction for all convicts issued by Nelson Mandela when he was president.
Since he was freed in 2004, Van Schoor, 55, has slimmed down, shaved off his beard and started working
as a cattle farm foreman outside East London. So far, no one has taken revenge on him. Few black people
recognise him, including the bookseller who took his order for The Colour of Murder. When Van Schoor gave
his name, she realised who he was. “She nearly fell off her chair,” he says, smiling.
Van Schoor married four times and he is now engaged once more to a local woman. He says he is “happy
and content”. But he does not approve of the new South Africa. “Everything has changed - people’s attitudes,
the service in shops, it’s not the same.” On the contrary, say black leaders, one thing has stayed the same:
most whites still won’t admit past sins.
Van Schoor’s killings took place during a white government. No one protested as his victims increased.
Many of them were poor children such as Liefie Peters, 13, who was shot while he was hiding in the toilet of
a Wimpy restaurant after breaking in to steal cash. Jacques Durandt, a 33-year-old white former member of
the security forces, defended the killer. “I won’t say he’s a murderer. For him it was a job.”
But there is at least one person who supports racial equality in East London: Van Schoor’s daughter,
Sabrina, 25. While her father was in jail she shocked the white community by dating black men and giving birth
to a mixed-race child. In 2002, she hired a black man to kill her mother because she thought her mother was
a racist. She was convicted of murder and sent to the same prison as her father. She is seen as a martyr by
some black people and is popular among other prisoners at Fort Glamorgan jail. “That girl, she’s not like the
whites outside of here. She’s OK,” says one prisoner.
27
Are these statements True or False?

1. Louis Van Schoor is famous for the number of black people he killed.
2. He was a member of the security forces during the apartheid regime.
3. He regrets killing people while he was doing his job.
4. During the apartheid regime, the police couldn’t find any evidence of his crimes.
5. When the apartheid regime ended, Van Schoor was tried and sent to prison.
6. He was freed before he completed his sentence.
7. He has changed his appearance to forget about his past and start a new life.
8. His daughter is in prison for hiring someone to kill her mother.
4 Vocabulary 1 Synonyms
Match the words or phrases used in the text that have the same meaning.
killer convict
jail released
freed murderer
convicted say you are sorry
apologise found guilty
prisoner prison

5 Vocabulary 2 Crime
Fill in the blanks with words related to crime. The first letter of each word is given.
1. Louis Van Schoor was c of murder.
2. He was found g of seven murders and two attempted murders.
3. During his t , white people showed sympathy for him.
4. He was r from prison before completing his sentence.
5. A s reduction issued by Nelson Mandela benefited all c .
6. He benefited from the sentence reduction and he was f in 2004.

7. While Van Schoor was in j , his daughter Sabrina hired a black man to kill her mother.
8. She was sent to the same p as her father.

9. Sabrina is popular among other p at Fort Glamorgan.
10.Van Schoor wasn’t tried during the apartheid regime because the police hid the e of his crimes.
28
6 Vocabulary 3 Words related to apartheid
Use the words or phrases in the box to complete the sentences based on the text.
races racist white black human rights
racial mixed-race whites blacks regime
1. During the apartheid , people where in power and
people had no rights.
2. and don’t always find it easy to live together in South Africa.
3. campaigners support equality – everyone should have the same rights.

4. Sabrina Van Schoor had a child.
5. She believes that her mother was a .
6. We should all learn to respect people from other .
29
Christmas is coming - all the way from China
1 Key words

cargo goods cracker decorations import
gift container port waste export
1 A is a decorated paper tube that makes a noise when you pull it apart. It contains a small
toy, a paper hat and a joke inside. It’s used traditionally at Christmas in the UK.
2 In countries which celebrate Christmas, people often put up in their house.
3 A is something you use for keeping or storing things, for example a box.
4 A is an area of water on the coast where ships stop.
5 are objects produced for sale.
6 is the useless material you have after you’ve used something.
7 If you something, you send it to another country to sell it.
8 If you something, you buy a product from another country and bring it to your country.
9 A is something you give to someone as a present.
10 are things that are sent by ship, airplane or truck.

1 What is the Emma Maersk 3?
2 Where is it from?
3 Where is it going?
4 What is on the Emma Maersk 3?
5 Are people happy about this?

by John Vidal
Christmas is coming this year on the biggest ship in the world, on its first voyage from China. Mountains of
crackers, toys and games as well as decorations, wrapping paper, food and every imaginable gift are on the
way to Felixstowe, Suffolk, on the Emma Maersk 3.
If anything happens to this 400m-long, 61 metre-high boat then Christmas might have to be cancelled.
It is delivering 3,000 giant containers for Britain. These containers have the largest amount of Christmas
goods ever delivered. Crackers, poker tables, bingo sets, electronic toys and pre-school building blocks will
be delivered in amazing quantities: 1,886,000 Christmas decorations are loaded in one container, 40,000
rechargeable batteries and 22,280kg of Vietnam tea in another. In another are 12,800 MP3 players.
30
There are things to cook with, leather sofas to sit on, and pyjamas to go to bed in. Pets will be very happy;
138,000 tins of catfood and mountains of dogfood are on their way. But the ship and its cargo was the
subject of an intense argument over the increasing number of imports from China. Caroline Lucas, Green
Member of European Parliament (MEP) for southeast England, said it was a “microcosm of globalisation
gone mad”. “All these goods could have been made in Europe,” said Ms Lucas “China now dominates many
sectors of global trade. The real cost of the goods that the Emma Maersk is bringing in should include the
environment, the markets destroyed in developing countries and the millions of jobs lost.” Britain exported
more than GBP 2.8bn of goods to China last year but imported nearly GBP 16bn – 30 times more than in
1980. The UK is Europe’s third-biggest trading partner with China but represents less than 2% of China’s
trade with the world.
The Emma Maersk is carrying about 11,000 containers and is the largest container ship in history. The ship
left from Yentian port, which now exports around 30,000 containers every day.
Last year Ms Lucas led an EU study into trade with China and was terrified by its implications. “Europe
made these goods in the past. China is a country that now has a big advantage in more and more sectors.
This is a triumph for multinational capital. It’s not a triumph for Chinese workers, who suffer from some of the
worst labour exploitation in the world and are also losing many jobs.” she said.
The Emma Maersk will soon return to China. It will take back the waste of Christmas. One of Britain’s big-
gest exports to China is now waste plastic - which is made into soft toys and decorations.
GBP: Great Britain Pounds

bn: billion
Match the beginning and ending of the sentences.
1 The Emma Maersk 3 is... trade sectors
2 The ship contains … 30,000 containers every day
3 There are large quantities of goods… a Chinese ship
4 The real cost of the ship should include … on the Emma Maersk 3.
5 Yentian port exports around... waste plastic from Britain.
6 China has an advantage in more and more... the environment, destroyed markets and lost jobs.
7 When the Emma Maersk 3 returns to China, it will contain... 3,000 containers for Britain.
31
4 Vocabulary Noun+noun collocations
Match the words in the left-hand column with words in the right-hand column to make words from the text.
1 poker decorations
2 Christmas sofa
3 leather tables
4 cat plastic
5 dog food
6 container ship
7 waste food
5 Vocabulary Phrases
1 Complete the sentences with phrases from the box.
in history as well as on the way more and more in the past

1 The ship is to Felixstowe, Suffolk, on the Emma Maersk 3.
2 It’s the largest container ship .
3 Mountains of crackers, toys and games decorations, wrapping paper are on the ship.
4 China is a country that now has a big advantage in sectors.
5 Europe made these goods .
6 Vocabulary Globalisation Puzzle
1 Rearrange the letters to make words connected to globalisation.

1 prexot 5 sgodo
2 trimpo 6 broaul
3 daret 7 kramet
4 lapitac
32
Another country
1 Key words
Fill the gaps using these key words from the text
insult van tragedy pacifist buggy
emigrate gadget expel comfort faith
1. If you , you leave your country to live in another country.
2. A is someone who believes that war and violence are wrong.
3. If you have , you believe in God.
4. If you someone, you say something personal to them that makes them very angry.
5. A is a very sad situation in which people suffer or die.
6. is a feeling of being less sad or worried about something than before.
7. A is a small vehicle with two or four wheels that is pulled by a horse.
8. A is a vehicle used for carrying goods. It is bigger than a car but smaller than a truck.
9. If you someone from an organisation you force them to leave.
10. A is a small piece of equipment that is very useful.
1. Where is Nickel Mines?

2. How many schoolgirls died in the shooting?
3. Where do the Amish live?
4. How far is Lancaster county from Philadelphia?
5. When did the Amish emigrate to Pennsylvania?
6. What percentage of teenagers come back to the Amish community?
Another country
Ed Pilkington on the extraordinary survival, and even prosperity, of the Amish in the modern world
Last week a truck driver called Charles Roberts went into a school in Nickel Mines in the American state of
Pennsylvania and shot five schoolgirls dead. It was a shocking crime and newspapers and television stations
from around the world reported the case. According to police, Roberts was angry because someone insulted
him there when he was 12 years old. He killed five people because of that insult.
There was something else that was unusual about this case. Nickel Mines in is Lancaster county, Pennsylvania.
Lancaster county is home to the Amish people, a deeply religious group who mostly work as farmers. The five
girls who died were Amish. If you watched the television pictures from the scene, you could see some unusual
things. For example, the parents of the children went to the hospital in police vans because they did not want
to travel in the police helicopter. Outside the hospital worried mothers waited for news while television pictures
33
Another country
went around the world. The Amish do not have televisions in their homes so the parents had to come to the
hospital in person to find out what had happened. Several hours after the tragedy some people still did not
know about it. They found out when their friends and neighbours told them.
The Amish are pacifist. At times of war they will not fight in the army but do civilian jobs instead. Lancaster
county, 80km west of Philadelphia, has no police force and no guns. In the United States that is extremely
unusual. If you can remember Witness, the 1985 Harrison Ford film, you will have an idea what Lancaster
county looks like. Green hills with black and white cattle, old farm buildings, plain, simple houses, and black
buggies pulled by horses. People also wear very simple clothes. Lancaster county is a community of farmers
that has changed only a little since the late 19th century.
In reality, the Amish are the product of some dramatic changes. They began as Mennonites, a religion that
was born in Switzerland in 1525, when the Mennonites left the Protestant church. Later, in Switzerland in
1693, the Amish split from the Mennonites. Then the Amish emigrated to Pennsylvania around the 1730s.
The main group of Amish in Lancaster county is The Old Order of Amishes. This group split from the other
Amish because of an argument over modern technology. The Old Order only wanted to use technology they
could understand through reading the Bible.
“It is easy to get it wrong about the Amish,” says Peter Seibert, president of the Heritage Centre of
Lancaster county and a non-Amish. “They are not trying to block out the modern world. They want to keep
their community as a simple farming society. They pick and choose what they want from our world”.
So they do not have television because they do not want their children to see sexual and violent images.
They travel by buggy because they believe they help to keep people together and that motor cars do not keep
people together. And there are some modern things in Lancaster county. They do not have telephones in their
houses, but if they have a business they have a telephone there. They don’t have electrical gadgets but they
have cash registers and even laptop computers.
“Tourists often have no respect. They walk straight into Amish houses or schools because they think they are
a tourist attraction. They do not understand that this is a living community that wants to remain private”, says
researcher Stephen Scott. The funny thing is that the Amish profit from tourism. They do not like being like zoo
animals but they also make a lot of money out of the tourists.
A couple of years ago a reality TV company made a programme called Amish in the City. The programme
clearly showed the two sides of Amish life. A group of Amish teenagers were taken out of their Amish
communities and transported to downtown Los Angeles. The Amish religion was able to understand this.
The teenagers were in a period known as the “running around years”, the period between the end of school,
at the age of 14, and the entry into the church in your late teens or early 20s.
In those five to eight years of freedom the children are not officially members of the church so the church
cannot expel them. The result is a successful community. 80% of the teenagers who move away from the
community come back in the end. The main problem for the Amish is that their population is growing quickly
and there is not enough land for them to farm.
None of this will be any comfort to the parents and neighbours of the five girls who died in last week’s shooting
or the others who remain critically ill. Any comfort will come from their faith itself. Seibert puts it well: “For them
this is God’s will, and that is all. Our world is all about the individual. Their world is all about the community before
God and the better life they will lead after death. That is difficult for us to understand, but that is how it is.”
34
Another country
Match the beginnings and endings to make sentences about the text.
1. Charles Roberts shot five people because

2. The parents went to the hospital by police van because
3. Many people didn’t hear about the shooting for several hours because
4. The Amish will not fight in the army because
5. The Old Order of Amish split from the other Amish because
6. The Amish do not have television because
7. They do not have cars because
8. The Amish church cannot expel Amish teenagers because
a. they are pacifist.

b. they believe cars keep people apart.
c. they don’t have televisions in their homes.
d. someone insulted him when he was 12 years old.
e. they did not agree with their views on technology.
f. they didn’t want to travel by helicopter.
g. they are not officially members of the church.
h. they do not want their children to see violent images.
4 Vocabulary Noun + Noun Collocations
Match the words in the left-hand column with those from the right-hand column to make collocations.
1.police a. buildings
2. television b. computer
3. truck c. attraction
4. farm d. register
5. cash e. TV
6. laptop f. driver
7. tourist g. van
8. reality h. pictures
35
Another country
5 Vocabulary Word Building
Complete the table
Noun Adjective
1. success
2. shock
3. anger
4. religious
5. worry
6. drama
7. violent
8. free
Using the words in the box, make six pairs of opposites.
normal better complicated easy old-fashioned dead
worse unusual modern living simple difficult
36
Hollywood caught in gem warfare
1 Key words
civil war rare rebel victim benefit
resources conflict illegal legitimate jeweller
1. If something is , it is not allowed by the law.
2. If something is , it is allowed by the law.
3. If something is , it doesn’t happen very often or is not often seen or found.
4. A is fighting between countries or groups.
5. A is fighting between different groups of people inside a country.
6. A is someone who makes or sells things made from valuable metals or stones.
7. A is someone who tries to remove a government by using force.
8. A is someone who has been harmed, injured or killed as a result of a crime or a bad situation.
9. Coal, trees and oil are examples of natural .
10. A is an advantage you get from a situation.

1. Who stars in the film Blood Diamond?
2. How many people died in the civil war in Sierra Leone?
3. How much is De Beers planning to spend on publicity?
4. What percentage of jobs in Botswana are linked to diamonds?
5. What is the biggest employer in Namibia?
6. What was the diamond market in Britain worth last year?

Jeevan Vasagar on a DiCaprio film that threatens to take the shine off Africa’s diamond trade
Blood Diamond, a new film starring Leonardo DiCaprio, will open in cinemas in the USA in December. In the
film DiCaprio plays the part of a South African mercenary, a professional soldier who is paid to fight in
different wars around the world. The film is set in Sierra Leone, during the civil war there in the early 1990s,
a war in which 75,000 people died. DiCaprio’s character is trying to find a rare pink diamond. The diamond
is in a dangerous part of the country where rebel soldiers are in control.
A lot of the money used to buy arms during the civil war in Sierra Leone came from smuggling so-called
‘conflict diamonds’, diamonds that are bought and sold in countries which are involved in wars. Now the
diamond industry is worried that a film about the trade in African ‘conflict diamonds’ will have a negative
effect on its image. De Beers, the world’s biggest diamond company, is planning to spend $15m on publicity,
before the film opens in December.
37
In real life DiCaprio has become a symbol for people who believe that the diamond industry is destroying
lives. A group of Kalahari Bushmen placed an advertisement in the Hollywood magazine Variety, attacking
the diamond business. The Bushmen, who say they have lost their land in Botswana because of diamond
mining, asked DiCaprio for his support. In an open letter to the star they said: “After they found diamonds on
our land we lost our homes . . . We hope you will use your film to let people know that we too are victims of
diamonds and we just want to go home.”
Some people in the diamond industry say that the Hollywood film-makers are not telling the truth about
African diamonds. The industry has started a website to fight negative publicity from the film. The website
(diamondfacts.org) talks about the benefits the industry has brought to its workers. Nelson Mandela appears
on the website and describes the diamond industry as “very important” to southern Africa’s economy.
In Botswana 25% of jobs are directly or indirectly linked to diamonds, while in Namibia the diamond trade
is the second-biggest employer after the government. The Bushmen are not the only African voices in the
debate. Patrick Mazimhaka, a Rwandan diplomat, says “a lot of good can be done with money earned from
natural resources. With good management and careful leadership . . . natural resources have been a great
force for good in Africa.”
The diamond industry is trying to protect a market worth $2.3bn in Britain last year. Jewellers make 20% of
their sales at Christmas, when the film opens in the US. The industry says that less than 1% of all diamonds
sold are conflict diamonds, compared with 4% in the late 1990s, the period in which the film is set. The
Kimberley Process, a scheme that requires governments to control diamonds, has almost stopped the trade
in conflict diamonds, the industry says.
“This system is not perfect, but we are trying very hard to make it perfect,” a spokesman said. “We don’t
want any conflict diamond on the market.” But not everyone agrees that the problem is over. Several African
civil wars have ended but the main source of conflict diamonds is Ivory Coast, where rebels control some
diamond mines. Smugglers are taking diamonds from Ivory Coast into Mali and selling them to international
dealers. Congo-Brazzaville is also a centre of diamond smuggling, and in the Democratic Republic of Congo,
people are still fighting to control the diamond mines even though the civil war is over. One campaigner, Susie
Sanders, said: “We need stronger internal controls to stop the smuggling of conflict diamonds into countries
that are [in the] Kimberley Process and then exported. There is lots of smuggling. The control systems aren’t
strong enough.”
Jewellers in London said smugglers had offered them west African diamonds. One jeweller said: “We try to
make sure they’re non-conflict diamonds. We don’t buy from Angola or anywhere where the money can be
used to buy arms. “Sierra Leone is one of the countries we don’t touch. People from there come in and ask:
‘Do you buy rough diamonds?’. We say: ‘Where are they from?’ - [they say] ‘Sierra Leone’, and we say ‘Get
out’.” In fact, both Sierra Leone and Angola have peace agreements now and can trade in diamonds again
but conflict diamonds from Ivory Coast are still illegal.
Some people are worried that that the film will stop people buying all African diamonds. “Quite a few African
countries have weak control systems,” says Sanders. “West Africa and the Congo, for example. We don’t
want people to say ‘I’m not going to buy African diamonds’. We want to protect the legitimate diamond trade
from Africa.”
38
Match the beginnings and the endings to make sentences about the text.
1. The diamond industry is worried because
2. The diamond industry doesn’t buy conflict diamonds because
3. There is a lot of diamond smuggling because
4. The Kalahari Bushmen are angry because
5. The diamond industry is important in Botswana because
6. The diamond industry has started a website because
a. it wants to fight negative publicity from the film.
b. they lost their land because of diamond mining.
c. the film Blood Diamond might bring negative publicity.
d. the control systems aren’t strong enough.
e. 25% of jobs are linked to the diamond industry.
f. it doesn’t want the money to be used to buy arms.
4 Vocabulary Collocations
Find 6 words in the text that follow the word diamond.
diamond
39
5 Vocabulary Definitions
Match the people with the descriptions of what they do.
a. fights anywhere in the world for money

1. a smuggler
b. represents an organisation
2. a campaigner
c. makes movies
3. a diplomat
d. takes goods illegally from one country to another

4. a mercenary
e. buys and sells things

5. an employer
f. works for political or social changes

6. a spokesman
g. pays someone to work for them

7. a dealer
h. represents their country in another country

8. a film-maker
6 Vocabulary Word building
Complete the table.
Noun Adjective
1. danger
2. nature
3. worry
4. care
5. peace
6. weakness
7. profession
8. truth
40
US population passes 300 million
1 Key words
immigrant population dramatically census myth
urban suburb environment controversial slightly
1. A is an area or town near a large city but away from its centre.
2. If something is , people disagree about it.
3. An area is an area that is in a large city.
4. The of a country is all the people who live in it.
5. If something increases , it increases only a very little.
6. A is a story that everyone believes but which is not true.
7. An is a person who arrives from another country to live and work in a country.
8. A is when government officials count all the people who live in a country.
9. The is the natural world, including land, water, air and plants.
10. If something changes , it changes a lot and people are surprised by it.
1. What is the population of the USA today?

2. What was the population of the USA in 1967?
3. When will the rate of increase of the population of the USA probably stop rising?
4. When will the American population reach 400 million?
5. How much of the world’s energy does the USA use?
6. How many Americans live in urban or suburban areas?

by Ed Pilkington in New York
This week the population of the USA reached 300 million for the first time. The 300 millionth American was
possibly the child of a Latin American immigrant, perhaps in Los Angeles. In 1967 Life magazine identified the
200 millionth American as Robert Ken Woo, a fourth-generation Chinese-American from Atlanta. That was just
a guess but America has reached an important point in its population growth and people are thinking about this
in the same way they think about important birthdays or other important dates in their lives.
The US census office believes that one American is born every seven seconds, one dies every 13 seconds,
and an immigrant arrives every 31 seconds. Add those figures together and the population increases by one
person every 11 seconds. In the last 100 years the US has seen the largest increase in its population in its
history. And this will probably continue through the 21st century, although the rate of increase of the popula-
tion will probably stop rising around the year 2070. The population increased from 200 to 300 million in just 39
years and it will probably reach 400 million in just 37 years time.
41
Apart from the increase in population, the make-up of America and its culture and lifestyle are changing
dramatically. The first major change is where Americans live. The main population centres are slowly moving
from the northeast to the south and west. The fastest-growing states are Nevada, Arizona and Texas. More
than half the population of America lives in 10 of the 50 states, most of them along the coasts.
William Frey, a population expert at the Brookings Institution in Washington, said people are now moving
towards a new sunbelt outside Florida, Texas and California. “As the coastal areas become crowded, people
have started to move further inland to places like Arizona, Nevada, Georgia and Tennessee.” At the same
time the Great Plains, the cultural symbol of cowboy America, is becoming a myth. People are leaving the
mid-western states and moving to the big cities. In the past 100 years the number of Americans living in urban
and suburban areas has increased from 40% to 80%. The idea of the ‘frontier’ and living under an open sky
still exists in movies, but fewer and fewer people live in such places.
Population change is also having an effect on the environment. According to the Centre for Environment and
Population, many cities are changing because Americans believe that bigger means better. “When I travel
abroad and come back, I’m always shocked by what I see here. Cars are bigger, people travel further distances,
they build bigger houses,” the centre’s director, Victoria Markham, said. It is often said that the US has 5% of
the world’s population but uses 25% of the world’s energy. Not many people know that each American now
occupies about 20% more land for housing, schools, shops, roads and so on than he or she did 20 years ago.
Almost 1,214 hectares of farmland are lost every day.
The most controversial change is in the ethnic composition of America and the role of immigration. In 1970 5% of
Americans were new immigrants. Today the figure is 12.1% and it is rising. The largest single national group of
immigrants is Mexican, and the largest ethnic group Hispanic (people from Spanish-speaking countries). By 2050
the census office believes that the number of non-Hispanic whites will fall from 69% in 2000 to about 50%, the
number of Hispanics will double to 24%, the number of Asians will also double to 8%, and the number of African-
Americans will increase slightly to 14%. Mr Frey thinks the increase the Hispanic community, with their younger
average ages and higher birthrates, will help to stop the fall in the number of white Americans.
Roy Beck, president of an immigration research group believes the long-term increase is the result of immi-
gration. “If we had no immigration, the population would not be 300 million but about 245 million today.” The
result, he says, is that the country is more crowded and there is less freedom and space. In short, America is
becoming like Europe.
Decide whether these statements are True or False.

1. Americans are moving from the south and west to the northeast.
2. The birth-rate is higher then the death-rate in the US.
3. By 2050 almost a quarter of the population of the US will be Spanish-speaking.
4. Americans use 5% of the world’s energy resources.
5. The population of the mid-western states is increasing.
6. The fastest-growing states are Florida and California.
7. More than half the population of the USA lives in just 10 states.
8. America is becoming less crowded.
42
4 Vocabulary Numbers
Rewrite these numbers and dates from the text as words
1. 1,214
2. 69%
3. 2070
4. 400m
5. 1970
6. 12.1%
5 Grammar Irregular past tenses
Complete the table.

Base form Past simple
1. rise
2. think
3. become
4. build
5. lose
6. fall
7. see
8. leave
6 Word stress
Put these words from the text into one of the three boxes according to their stress pattern.
dramatically population environment generation
suburban according director controversial
A l l l l
B l l l l
C l l l
43
Car boom leaves Caracas in one big jam
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
Fill the gaps using these key words from the text:
traffic jam crossword stressed side-street

bad-tempered advice motorway avoid
1. If you are ____________, you get angry very easily.
2. If you are ____________, you feel nervous and worried all the time.
3. A ____________ is a wide road with several lanes of traffic in each direction.
4. A ____________ is a small street that is connected to a major street.
5. A ____________ is a situation when cars cannot move because the road is blocked.
6. If you give someone ____________, you tell them the best thing to do in a particular situation.
7. If you ____________ something, you don’t go near it.
8. A ____________ is a word game on paper where you write the answers in rows of squares.

Look in the text and find this information.
1. What is the capital of Venezuela?
2. How many cars were sold two years ago?
3. How many cars were sold last year?
4. Who is the President of Venezuela?

5. How far is it from the centre to the airport?
6. Who is Ken Livingstone?
44
Level 1 Elementary

by Rory Carroll in Caracas
The capital city of Venezuela, Caracas, has some everything travels on old streets full of holes.
of the worst traffic jams in the world. The situation
is so bad that psychiatrists are now giving advice The government has a lot of money from the
to drivers about what to do when they are in a sale of oil. It has started a programme of building
traffic jam. The advice includes the following: eat bridges and metro lines before the presidential
a snack, read a book, do a crossword, listen to election next month. But many of these bridges
music but don’t hit or shoot other people! and metro lines are still not finished. One of them
is a bridge that will connect the centre of Caracas
More and more people own a car in Caracas. to the airport. This means that drivers have to
Because of this the motorways are blocked use an old road. It is only 16 miles from the city
and the side-streets are full of cars from early to the airport but the journey can take five hours.
morning until late at night. Sometimes whole
districts of the city are completely blocked by Everyone agrees that the traffic jams are getting
cars. Doctors say the situation is making drivers worse every month. Taxi drivers say they are
very stressed and that this stress is causing losing money because they can only make
both physical and mental damage. The traffic three journeys a day instead of the five journeys
problems also cause fights between drivers and they used to make. “It’s impossible. If someone
sometimes people shoot each other. asks to go into especially heavy traffic I say
no because I will lose half a day,” said Fredy
Some people try to avoid the traffic jams by Afanador, a local taxi driver.
leaving home at 5 a.m. but this often means that
they don’t get enough sleep and cannot work The President of Venezuela, Hugo Chávez, has
properly as a result. They also become bad- criticised former transport ministers but says the
tempered because they are tired all the time and present minister is doing a good job. He is also
this may have a negative effect on their sex lives. looking to other countries for help. One idea is to
work with the mayor of London, Ken Livingstone.
Many people are feeling more and more worried In London, drivers have to pay to enter the centre
and nervous, Robert Lespinasse, the former of the city. This means there is now less traffic.
head of the Venezuelan Society of Psychiatry, Mr Livingstone will give advice to President
told the daily newspaper Ultimas Noticias. Armed Chávez and, in return, Venezuela will sell fuel
gangs also attack and rob drivers in traffic jams to London at a cheaper price. Perhaps this idea
and this makes the situation worse because will help to solve the problem of traffic jams in
people are afraid all the time. Caracas.
There is no easy solution to the problem.

Doctors have advised people who are sitting
in traffic jams to have a drink or something to
eat and occupy their minds with music, a book,
newspaper or crossword.
Venezuela has a lot of oil and many people

have become rich as a result. Car sales have
increased rapidly. Two years ago 150,000 cars
were sold. Last year 300,000 were sold. But
there are no new roads for the extra traffic so
45
Level 1 Elementary
Tick the answers that are correct in each list.
1. If you are in a traffic jam, you should…
a. read a newspaper.
b. watch TV.
c. hit someone.
d. do a crossword.
e. listen to music.
f. have something to eat or drink.
g. read a book.
h. go to sleep.
2. Traffic jams are very bad in Caracas because…
a. there are too many cars.
b. the roads are very old.
c. the drivers are very bad.
d. the new metro lines and bridges are not finished.
e. armed gangs attack and rob drivers.
3. Traffic jams make people feel…
a. stressed.
b. bad-tempered.
c. sad.
d. worried.
e. hungry.
Find the words in the text that are the opposites of these words:
1. best ____________
2. late ____________
46
Level 1 Elementary
3. positive ____________
4. better ____________
5. difficult ____________
6. poor ____________
7. light ____________
8. more ____________
Fill the gaps using prepositions.
1. Caracas has some of the worst traffic jams _______ the world.
2. Psychiatrists are giving advice _______ drivers.
3. Streets are full of cars from early morning _______ late at night.
4. There is no easy solution _______ the problem.
5. The streets are full _______ holes.
6. Taxi drivers can only make three journeys a day instead _______ the five journeys they used to make.
7. It is 16 miles _______ the city _______ the airport.
8. In London, drivers have to pay to enter the centre _______ the city.
6 Vocabulary Collocations
Match the verbs with the nouns.
1. solve a. music
2. build b. a car
3. avoid c. advice
4. own d. a crossword
5. eat e. a problem
6. listen to f. a traffic jam
7. do g. a snack
8. give h. a new road
47
Secret Santa revealed
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
Complete the sentences using the words below.
fired reveal duties identity

Santa Claus generosity deputy withdraw
1. _______ is an imaginary man with a white beard and red suit who brings gifts to children at Christmas.
2. If something was covered or hidden and you show it, you _______ it.
3. A _______ is someone who helps a leader and who takes some of their responsibilities.
4. When you _______ money from a bank, you take out money from your account.
5. _______ are things that you are obliged to do.
6. _______ is kindness in giving things.
7. Your _______ is who you really are, your name.
8. If you are _______ from your job, you have to leave.
2 What do you know?

Read the article quickly and choose the best summary.
a) Santa Claus is really Larry Stewart, and he likes poor people.
b) A man dressed as Santa Claus and gave money to poor people because he wanted to be famous.
c) A man who dressed as Santa Claus for 26 years and gave money to people is retiring.
d) Larry Stewart met a waitress in 1979 and decided to become Santa Claus.
48
Level 1 Elementary
Secret Santa reveals his identity Stewart has experience of poverty. In the early
at last 1970s he was poor and jobless and he had to
live in his car, a yellow Datsun 510. One day he
Generosity born out of own experience of went to a church to ask for help. They told him
poverty. Illness forces benefactor to retire from the person who could help wasn’t there and he
giving role. should return the following day.
by Dan Glaister in Los Angeles
“As I turned around, I knew I would never do that
For years the fat man with a red suit and a large again,” Mr Stewart told Associated Press.
white beard has been surprising strangers with
his generosity. But now Santa has been forced to By the late 1970s Stewart had a job and some
retire and stay at home - but he has revealed his money, but he was still unlucky. In 1979 he was
true identity first. fired from his job in the week before Christmas.
But when he saw a shivering, waitress at a drive-
Over the last 26 years, Larry Stewart, a 58-year- in restaurant, he realised that were others worse
old businessman from Kansas City, has given off than him.
$1.3m to strangers he met in the street. He
started by giving $5 and $10 bills to people who “It was cold and this waitress didn’t have on a
looked unhappy or unlucky. As he became richer very big jacket, and I thought to myself, ‘I think
– he has made millions with a cable television I got it bad. She’s out there in this cold making
and long-distance telephone service – the gifts nickels and dimes’,” he said.
rose to $100 bills. He gave her a $20 bill.
But Mr Stewart has always kept his identity “And then she began to cry. She said, ‘Sir, you
secret. People began to call him Secret Santa. have no idea what this means to me’.”
This spring, however, he was diagnosed with
cancer of the oesophagus. The $16,000 monthly Stewart went to the bank, withdrew $200 and
cost of the chemotherapy is not covered by his drove around Kansas looking for people to give it
health insurance policy, and Mr Stewart is now to. The Secret Santa story was born.
too weak to continue.
So he has decided to reveal his identity. Mr

Stewart hopes that he might inspire someone
else to take over his Santa duties.
Mr Stewart has a team of little helpers, who in

recent years have given out $100,000 travelling
between Chicago and Kansas City. He also has
four deputy Santas who this year will give out
$65,000.
Over the years Stewart has been in news reports

and appeared - in full costume - on Oprah
Winfrey’s television show. “You really are Santa,”
she told him. There is a Secret Santa website
and even a book, Santa’s Secret: A Story of
Hope, written by a local journalist.
49
Level 1 Elementary
Decide if the sentences are true (T) or false (F).
1. Larry Stewart has given lots of money to people he doesn’t know.
2. Mr Stewart has cancer.
3. Mr Stewart does not have any health insurance.
4. Secret Santa is famous in America.
5. In the 1970s Larry Stewart didn’t have a car.
6. Mr Stewart asked the church for help many times.
7. When Mr Stewart saw the waitress, he didn’t have a job.
8. The waitress didn’t want the money.
4 Vocabulary: Irregular verbs
Underline all the irregular past simple or past participle verbs in the text. Put them into two categories:
1) verbs which have the same past simple and past participle form (e.g. make, made, made).
2) verbs which have different past simple and past participle forms (e.g. give, gave, given).
5 Vocabulary: Adjectives and opposites
Match the adjectives from the text (A) with their opposites (B).
A B
better rich
big warm
cold worse
jobless lucky
poor happy
secret employed
unhappy public
unlucky small
50
Level 1 Elementary
6 Vocabulary: Money crossword
Across
2. You can ____ money in the telephone business.
5. American currency
8. British currency
9. to distribute (4,3 – phrasal verb)
Down
1. paper money, banknotes
3. the opposite of cheap
4. flat, round pieces of metal used as money
6. the noun form of poor
7. the amount of money you need to do something
51
The power of the desert
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
Fill in the gaps using these key words from the text.
power station solar enormous energy grid

source vessel turbine desalinated shade
1. A ____________ is a container for liquids.
2. ____________ power is power that comes from the sun.
3. If water is ____________, there is no longer any salt in it.
4. A ____________ is a network of wires for carrying electricity.
5. ____________ means very, very large.
6. A ____________ is a large building that contains machines that produce electricity.
7. ____________ is a slightly dark area where there is no direct sunlight.
8. ____________ is electricity and other forms of power.
9. A ____________ is a machine that uses the pressure of liquid or gas on a wheel to get power.
10. A ____________ is a place that provides something you need or want.
1. What is CSP?
2. What type of energy could Britain provide?
3. How hot is the gas or liquid in the CSP process?

4. How much does a barrel of oil cost at the moment?
5. How much will the new nuclear reactor in France cost?
6. How much of the world’s energy does nuclear power provide?
52
Level 1 Elementary
Scientists say global energy crisis large containers. This means that the turbines
can be solved by mirrors and the can also operate when there is no sunlight and at
desert sun night. The cost of CSP technology is the same as
oil at $50 a barrel and experts think the cost will
by Ashley Seager
be just $20 in the future. At the moment oil costs
$60 a barrel so CSP is cheaper than oil. CSP is
Burning coal and oil to make electricity produces more expensive than natural gas for producing
a lot of carbon dioxide, which is one of the main electricity but producing electricity with natural
causes of global warming. A lot of people say that gas does not produce desalinated water and cold
nuclear energy is cleaner but others disagree, water for air conditioning.
saying that nuclear power stations are danger-
The scientists recommend building the solar
ous. Perhaps the answer is solar power?
farms in the Sahara desert for two main reasons.
Most people think of solar power as a few solar First land in the desert is cheap. Secondly, hot
panels on the roof of a house producing hot deserts like the Sahara have three times as
water or a bit of electricity. But a new study in much sunlight as northern Europe. This is why
Germany says that Europe, the Middle East and they recommend that the countries of Europe,
Africa should build enormous solar farms in the the Middle East and Africa work together to build
Sahara desert in North Africa. The scientists who the solar farms and share the electricity.
produced the report say that these solar farms
Dr Trieb, of the German Air and Space Agency,
could produce enough electricity to supply the
says it is possible and to transport solar elec-
whole of Europe and perhaps the whole world.
tricity over long distances. A direct current grid
Every year the sun’s rays produce the same around Europe and North Africa could produce
amount of energy per square kilometre as 1.5m enough electricity by 2050 to make it possible to
barrels of oil. The scientists, Dr Gerhard Knies stop using nuclear power and to reduce the use
and Dr Franz Trieb, say that Europe should build of coal and oil.
a new direct current electricity grid to transport
Unfortunately, governments do not seem very in-
electricity easily from different sources. Britain
terested in the idea. Neil Crumpton of Friends of
could provide wind power, Norway could pro-
the Earth, said: “Most major politicians, particu-
vide hydroelectric power, and central Europe
larly Tony Blair and George Bush, do not seem to
biomass and geo-thermal power. Together with
understand how useful CSP could be.” Last week
concentrated solar power (CSP) the region could
more than 30 countries agreed to spend $13.5bn
provide all its electricity needs by 2050 with no
on a new nuclear reactor in France. Some sci-
nuclear power and almost no oil or coal. This
entists say this reactor say will not produce any
would also reduce the amount of carbon dioxide
electricity for 50 years and possibly it will never
from electricity production by 70%.
produce any.
CSP works by using mirrors to concentrate the
Mr Crumpton continued: “Nuclear power provides
sun’s rays on a pipe or vessel containing gas or
just 3.1% of the world’s energy supply and prob-
liquid that heats up to about 400˚C. This hot gas
ably cannot provide any more. But CSP could
or liquid then drives steam turbines. The mirrors
supply 30% or 300% of the world’s future energy
are very large and in the shade under them peo-
needs simply, safely and cheaply. We need to
ple could grow vegetables and water them with
spend money on CSP in hot deserts, not trying to
desalinated water produced in the CSP process.
find more uranium or oil.”
People could also use cold water produced in the
CSP process for air conditioning.
CSP technology stores the hot gas or liquid in
53
Level 1 Elementary
1. Building the solar farms in the Sahara desert is a good idea because _____
2. CSP is good for the planet because _____
3. CSP is good for people who live near solar farms because _____
4. CSP turbines can operate at night because _____
5. Burning coal and oil is bad for the planet because _____
6. CSP is better than natural gas because _____
a. _____ they could grow vegetables in the shade and water them with water from the farms.
b. _____ hot gas or liquid is stored in large containers.
c. _____ land is cheap and there is much more sunlight there.
d. _____ it produces a lot of carbon dioxide.
e. _____ it produces desalinated water and cold water for air conditioning as well as electricity.
f. _____ it does not produce carbon dioxide.
4 Vocabulary 1: Types of energy
Fill the gaps using these words for types of energy.
solar biomass hydro-electric nuclear geo-thermal wind
1. ____________ energy uses water.
2. ____________ energy uses atomic power.
3. ____________ energy uses plant and animal waste.
4. ____________ energy uses natural hot water from below the earth’s surface.
5. ____________ power uses windmills.
6. ____________ energy uses the heat of the sun.
54
Level 1 Elementary
5 Vocabulary 2: Adjective + Noun collocations
Match the adjectives with the nouns to make phrases from the text.
1. global a. kilometre
2. nuclear b. water
3. solar c. gas
4. square d. current
5. natural e. power
6. long f. warming
7. direct g. distance
8. hot h. energy
6 Vocabulary 3: Word building
Complete the table:
Verb Noun
1. ____________ provision
2. produce ____________
3. ____________ reduction
4. ____________ disagreement
5. ____________ recommendation
6. agree ____________
7. build ____________
8. ____________ growth
55
The ‘Angel of Soweto’?
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
Fill the gaps in the sentences using these key words from the text.
orphan street children prostitute angel poverty
spear gangster false lie nightmare
1. ____________ is the opposite of true.
2. A ____________ is a member of a group of criminals.
3. A ____________ someone who gets money for having sex with people.
4. An ____________ is a child who has no parents.

5. A ____________ is a very frightening and unpleasant dream.
6. A ____________ is a story that is not true.
7. ____________ are children without a home who sleep on the streets.
8. A ____________ is a long weapon like a stick with one sharp end.
9. If you live in ____________ , you do not have enough money for your basic needs.
10. An ____________ is a very kind person.
1. What is the name of Mama Jackie’s school?
2. How much money did Oprah Winfrey give to the school?
3. How many children travelled to the US?

4. Who invited the children to the US?
5. What was the name of the television programme?
6. When did the programme first film the children?
56
Level 1 Elementary
‘Angel of Soweto’ a fraud, TV show she told us to cry more than the other days we
claims were crying,” said the student.
Celebrity donors backed woman who set up Carte Blanche first filmed at the school five
school for traumatised orphans years ago and went back to talk to some of the
by Chris McGreal in Johannesburg same children. Many said their stories were
not true. In 2001 Lebogang Makheta said that
both her parents were killed in political violence.
Many famous people, including American talk
“Someone killed my mother with a spear and
show host Oprah Winfrey and Nelson Mandela,
shot my father,” she said. Now Lebogang says
have given millions of dollars to help South
that wasn’t true.
African orphans and street children. They gave
the money to the woman who cared for them and “Mama Jackie told me what to say when they
called her the “Angel of Soweto”. The children asked me questions. She said my answers
she helped called her Mama Jackie. would help to get money for the school”, says
Lebongang. She also told the programme in
The children talked about the terrible lives they
2001 that she used drugs and knew gangsters.
were living. Their parents were dead. They had
“None of that was true. It was all lies, just lies,”
to work as prostitutes to get money to buy food
she now says.
for their younger brothers and sisters. When they
heard these terrible stories, many people gave Lebogang’s mother, Phyllis Makheta, went to the
a lot of money to Mama Jackie Maarohanye and school and was surprised when they told her that
her Ithuteng Trust school. The school gave the her daughter was an orphan. “I was there in the
poor orphans and street children somewhere to school. I don’t understand English very well, but I
live and it also gave them an education. Oprah asked Jackie, why these children are crying and
Winfrey gave the school $1m during a visit last saying they are orphans, but we [their parents]
year, and organisations like the US National are here. She said: Don’t worry, it is a play.”
Basketball Association also donated a lot of
money. “I think Mama Jackie is an angel on Five years ago Lindiwe Thusi told Carte Blanche
earth,” said Winfrey. that she saw her father’s body with his head
cut off. She now says: “Mama Jackie gave us
But now the school is closed. Winfrey, together a piece of paper with those words written on
with Mr Mandela and Bill Clinton, has asked for it.” When different people came we had to start
copies of a South African television film that says crying and tell that whole story,” she told Carte
Ms Maarohanye told pupils to make up stories Blanche. Lindiwe says her father is alive and in
about murdered parents and poverty in order to the army. She also said that she told lies when
get money. The film also says that the money she said she worked as a prostitute to earn
people gave for the children’s education was money to feed her sisters.
missing and that they had very little to eat.
Ms Maarohanye did not want to answer
The television film was called Carte Blanche. It questions but she told Carte Blanche that she
showed that pupils who said their parents were had not done anything wrong. But she couldn’t
dead are now living with them, and that those explain why she told the programme Lebogang
who said they were living on the streets never Makheta’s parents were dead or that Lindiwe
left home. 45 children from the Ithuteng school Thusi’s father had been killed. She said she
travelled to the US five years ago as guests of never forced students to repeat false stories. “I
Bill and Hillary Clinton. One of the group said never pushed a child. I have never put a gun on
they had to go to the United Nations and tell false a child’s neck. I have never done that. You can
stories about their lives. “We went to the United never prove that I have done that.”
Nations and [Ms Maarohanye] told us to cry ...
57
Level 1 Elementary
The children’s stories brought money from
around the world. Some of the money was to pay
for their studies at colleges and universities. But
three years ago some organisations, including
a large bank and a hotel group, stopped giving
money to the Ithuteng Trust when they heard that
the money was not reaching the students or their
colleges. Several former Ithuteng students say
they had to leave their higher education courses
because there was no money to pay for their
education. Some students had so little money
they had to live on bread.
The chairman of the Ithuteng Trust board, Joseph

Kganakga, says the news is a nightmare and
he is angry and disappointed. He has resigned
from the board, together with two other board
members who said they now had no confidence
in Ms Maarohanye.
58
Level 1 Elementary
1. People gave money to the Ithuteng Trust school ____
2. The children said they had to work as prostitutes ____
3. Lebongang Makheta’s mother was surprised ____
4. The new television programme says that ____
5. The children say that ____
6. Mama Jackie says that ____
7. Some of the students had to leave their courses ____
8. Two board members resigned ____
a. ____ because they needed money to buy food for their brothers and sisters.
b. ____ Mama Jackie told them to cry a lot.
c. ____ the children told lies in 2001.
d. ____ because they said at the school that her daughter was an orphan.
e. ____ she has not done anything wrong.
f. ____ because they thought the children were orphans and street children.
g. ____ because they had no confidence in Ms Maarohanye.
h. ____ because there was no money to pay for their education.
4 Vocabulary: Verbs
Match these verbs from the text with their meanings.
1. resign a. to say something again
2. prove b. to receive money for work
3. make up c. to invent a story that is not true
4. earn d. to show clearly that something is true
5. repeat e. to give something to an organisation
6. donate f. to say that you are leaving a job or a position
59
Level 1 Elementary
Complete the table.
1. hear ____________
2. tell ____________
3. cut ____________
4. shoot ____________
5. feed ____________
6. bring ____________
7. leave ____________
8. know ____________
6 Vocabulary: Prepositions
Fill the gaps using prepositions. Check your answers in the text.
1. millions _______ dollars
2. care _______ someone
3. living _______ their parents
4. he’s _______ the army
5. a piece _______ paper
6. money to pay _______ their education
7. to live _______ bread
8. to resign _______ the board
60
The news through French eyes
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
channel broadcast debate heated struggle

launch partnership rival competitor bulletin
1. A ____________ is a discussion in which people or groups give different opinions about a subject.
2. A ____________ is a situation where two companies or organizations work together on a project.
3. If a discussion is ____________, people become angry and excited.
4. A ____________ is a fight or an attempt to stop someone having power over you.
5. If you ____________ a programme you send it out on radio or television.
6. A news ____________ is a short programme presenting the latest news.
7. A ____________ is a television station and the programmes that it broadcasts.
8. If you ____________ a service, you begin operating it.
9. A ____________ is a company that provides the same goods or services as another company.
10. A ____________ is a person, team or business that competes with another.
1. How many journalists will work for France 24?
2. What is the annual budget of CNN?

3. How long will each news bulletin be on France 24?
4. How often will a news bulletin be broadcast?
5. When did Mr Chirac first have the idea of a French 24-hour news channel?
6. How many viewers does France 24 plan to have?
61
Level 1 Elementary
The news through French eyes: the world power of the USA. Earlier this year he
Chirac TV takes on ‘Anglo-Saxon announced plans for a Franco-German search
imperialism’ engine to compete with Google and Yahoo,
called Quaero, Latin for I search.
by Angelique Chrisafis in Paris
6 December, 2006 The president himself will launch France 24
at a celebration in Paris but the station’s chief
There are several 24-hour television news executive, Alain de Pouzilhac, says the station
channels which broadcast around the world. will not become ‘Chirac TV’. “We have public
They include the American channel CNN and money but we are an independent channel,” he
the British channels BBC World and Sky News. says. Presidential candidate Nicolas Sarkozy will
These channels broadcast the news in English. also not be able to use the channel to broadcast
Now there is a new 24-hour news channel which his views. “I know Nicolas very well. I don’t
will broadcast the news in French. France 24 is believe we will have a problem with that. He
the world’s first French 24-hour television news hasn’t called me,” said Mr Pouzilhac.
channel. France 24 hopes to have a similar number of
France 24 will report international news ‘through viewers to al-Jazeera’s English service, about
French eyes’. It will offer a French view of world 75 million households in more than 90 countries.
events from the Middle East to Madagascar, It describes itself as a ‘third way’ between al-
and will also show the French way of life. It will Jazeera and CNN.
explain the news with typical French TV debates But the birth of France 24 has not been easy.
where philosophers discuss the latest events. It is a partnership between France Télévisions,
Test programmes have included topics such as France’s public broadcaster, and TF1, one
Rwanda, the French rugby team and French of Europe’s largest private TV channels, two
wine. groups which are usually rivals. There have
At least 20% of the programmes will be about been protests by trade unions and management
culture and lifestyle, including everything disagreements – there have even been
from world museums to cuisine, fashion and disagreements over what name to call the
French chocolate. France 24 will broadcast channel. Some French politicians believe the
on two channels at the same time, in English station will not earn enough money to be a
and French. But broadcasting in English does success.
not mean the channel will be less French. The Most of France 24’s television pictures will come
managers of France 24 hope the English debates from its parent TV stations as well as other
will be even more heated than the French. The partners such as the main French news agency
channel also plans to broadcast in Arabic and and Radio France International. Some people
Spanish. say France 24 will simply be a summary of
The idea for a French 24-hour news channel what other TV channels are broadcasting. 170
came from President Chirac. He first had the journalists will work for France 24 and the station
idea when he was prime minister in the late will receive €86m (£58m) of public money for
1980s. In 2003 Mr Chirac criticised the American the first year, France 24 is much smaller than its
preparations for war in Iraq. Television and competitors. CNN has a budget of €1.2bn and
radio stations in the USA and Britain attacked 4,000 employees.
him for this. It was clear there was a need for But France 24’s journalists say it will influence
a news channel with a French voice. Now Mr world politics. Mark Owen, who will present the
Chirac hopes that France 24 will be one of the English morning news, said: “The BBC and CNN
projects that continue France’s struggle against
62
Level 1 Elementary
didn’t report Jacques Chirac’s call for a ceasefire
in Lebanon this summer. If more TV stations
had reported his call, maybe it could have saved
hundreds of lives. That story needed a French
angle, with France’s historic links to Lebanon.”
The France 24 website will open tonight and the

station goes live tomorrow. There will be a 10-
minute news bulletin each half hour and between
the news bulletins, magazine programmes with
topics including lifestyle, culture, economics
and business. The Week in France will discuss
politics and society, and other weekly specials
will come from Asia, the Americas, Africa and the
Middle East.
Critical reaction to the new station has been

positive. Guillaume Parmentier, director of the
French Centre on the United States, said: “It’s
not an anti-American operation. It’s more than
that. France didn’t have an international news
channel while many other countries have them.
It is really surprising that it has taken such a long
time for France to have an international news
channel.”
63
Level 1 Elementary
Are these sentences True or False according to the text?
1. France 24 will only report on France.
2. Most of its programmes will be about culture and lifestyle.
3. France 24 will broadcast in both French and English.
4. France 24 is also called “Chirac TV”.
5. France 24 will be bigger than CNN.
6. People disagreed about the best name for the channel.
7. France has historical links to Lebanon.
8. There will be 10 news bulletins every day.
4 Vocabulary 1: Noun + noun collocations and compounds
Match the words in the left-hand column with those in the right-hand column.
1. search a. style
2. news b. station
3. world c. site
4. radio d. executive
5. chief e. events
6. trade f. agency
7. life g. engine
8. web h. union
64
Level 1 Elementary
5 Vocabulary 2: Prepositions in phrases

Fill the gaps using prepositions. Check your answers in the text.
1. _______ the same time
2. _______ French eyes
3. way _______ life
4. _______ the late 1980s
5. compete _______
6. struggle _______
7. reaction _______
8. partnership _______
6 Word building
Complete the table.
verb noun
1. disagree ____________
2. explain ____________
3. discuss ____________
4. criticise ____________
5. announce ____________
6. manage ____________
7. believe ____________
8. succeed ____________
65
Democrats hail new era for US
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
Complete the sentences using key words from the text.
a bill to hail a jet a lobbyist minimum wage

to proclaim to redeploy to reject a stalemate stem cell research take office
1. __________ is a proposal for a new law.
2. __________ is a situation in which progress is impossible because the people cannot agree.
3. __________ something is to move it to another place or a different job.
4. __________ something means you say no to it.
5. When politicians __________ , they begin their work.
6. __________ or __________ something means you say it publicly.
7. __________ is a type of expensive plane.
8. __________ is someone who tries to influence politicians or people in authority.
9. The __________ is the lowest legal amount of money you earn for working.
10. __________ is medical research using cells taken from an animal or person at an early stage of development.
1. The Democrats ____

2. Nancy Pelosi is ____
3. Keith Ellison is ____
4. Harry Reid is ____
5. The American people ____
6. The House of Representatives and the Senate ____
7. George Bush is ____
a. ____ against stem cell research.

b. ____ control both houses of Congress.
c. ____ have rejected a war without end in Iraq.
d. ____ the Democrat Senate leader.
e. ____ the first Muslim in Congress.
f. ____ the first woman speaker of the House of Representatives.
g. ____ will focus on Iraq when they pass new laws.
66
Level 1 Elementary
The Democrats hail new era for US as inducements as free seats at basketball games
they sweep into Congress and trips on private jets.
by Suzanne Goldenberg in Washington In the Senate, where the Democratic majority is

January 5, 2007 very thin, Mr Reid said yesterday that the focus
would remain on Iraq.
A new era was proclaimed in Washington as
the Democratic party recaptured control of both The Democrats have also promised to raise the
houses of Congress for the first time in 12 years. federal minimum wage for the first time in ten
years, as well as make federal money available
“The Democrats are back,” said Nancy Pelosi, for stem cell research. But the White House
who made history when she became the first announced that Mr Bush is still opposed to
woman speaker of the House of Representatives. stem cell research. Mr Bush warned of further
confrontations. “If the Congress chooses to pass
“This is an historic moment - for the Congress,
bills that are simply political statements, they will
and for the women of this country. It is a moment
have chosen stalemate,” he wrote in the Wall
for which we have waited more than 200 years,”
Street Journal this week.
Ms Pelosi told Congress.
Keith Ellison of Minnesota became the first

Muslim to serve in Congress, taking his office on
a Qur’an.
The official message from Ms Pelosi as well

as the new Democratic Senate majority leader,
Harry Reid, was about cooperation with their
Republican opponents. But Ms Pelosi said that
George Bush would face new and energetic
opposition. The President had a Republican
House and Senate in his first six years in the
White House.
“The American people were clear about the need

for a new direction in Iraq. The American people
rejected an open-ended obligation to a war
without end,” Ms Pelosi said.
“It is the responsibility of the President to

articulate a new plan for Iraq that makes it
clear to the Iraqis that they must defend their
own streets and their own security, a plan that
promotes stability in the region and that allows
us to responsibly redeploy American forces,” Ms
Pelosi said.
Ms Pelosi plans to use the Democrats’ new

majority in domestic politics as well. She wants
to begin almost immediately with measures
to clarify relationships between lobbyists and
politicians. The move would ban such
67
Level 1 Elementary
Tick the correct sentence.
1. a) The Democrats have not had control of Congress for the past 12 years.
b) The Democrats have had control of Congress for the past 12 years.
2. a) Nancy Pelosi wants the President to defend the streets of Iraq.

b) Nancy Pelosi wants the Iraqis to defend the streets of Iraq.
3. a) Lobbyists give free basketball tickets and jet rides to politicians.

b) Politicians give free basketball tickets and jet rides to lobbyists.
4. a) The Democrats want to give more money to poor workers.

b) The Democrats want to give less money to poor workers.
5. a) George Bush and the Democrats agree about stem cell research.
b) George Bush and the Democrats do not agree about stem cell research.
4 Vocabulary 1: Opposites
Find the opposite of these words in the text.
1. the last ________
2. minority ________
3. to attack ________
4. foreign politics ________

5. to permit ________
6. minimum ________
7. in favour of ________
68
Level 1 Elementary
Complete the table.
noun adjective
energy 1.________
2. ________ political
history 3.________
4. ________ responsible
availability 5.________
6. ________ secure
6 Vocabulary 3: American politics
Find the following five words connected to American politics in the wordsearch:
The major political parties in the USA. (2 words)
The name for the House of Representatives and the Senate. (1 word)
The title of the leader of the House. (1 word)
Where the President lives and works. (1 word)
W J T A F V H C M R
R H A A O Q A W E H
S T I B R W K P H C
F P J T P C U L F J
E L E K E B O R T J
Z U V A L H F M O G
N E R I K B O P E R
K J C O P E L U B D
I A S U C B R J S U
N C O N G R E S S E
69
Six thousand women missing from top jobs
Level 1 Elementary
1 Pre-reading 1
Look at the headline of the article: Six thousand women missing from boardrooms, politics and courts.
What do you think it means?
1. 6,000 women have disappeared?
2. 6,000 women are refusing to go to work in boardrooms, politics and courts?
3. We need 6,000 more women to equal the numbers of men in boardrooms, politics and courts?
2 Pre-reading 2
Which do you think has the lowest number of women in parliament: Afghanistan, Britain, Iraq, or Rwanda?
3 Key words
boardrooms glass ceiling discrimination attitudes

representative (adj) civil service thrive promotion
1. Something you can’t see that stops women getting promotion to the top jobs. ____________
2. To stay alive and do very well. ____________
3. Places where company directors meet to discuss and make important decisions. ____________
4. Opinions and ways of thinking. ____________
5. Getting a better job. ____________
6. Behaving unfairly to one person or group because of their sex, race, etc. ____________
7. Government departments and the people who work there. ____________
8. With the same balance of men and women as in the country as a whole. ____________
Now read the text quickly to see if you were right.
70
Level 1 Elementary
Six thousand women missing from the best jobs.
boardrooms, politics and courts
7 The commission identified the 33,000 most
Polly Curtis
powerful jobs in business, politics, the law and
Friday January 5, 2007
government in Britain. It said that women should
fill another 6,000 to be really representative.
1 The glass ceiling is still stopping 6,000 women
from getting any of the top 33,000 jobs in Britain,
8 At the present rate of improvement, it would take
says new research from the Equal Opportunities
women 20 years to be equal in the civil service,
Commission. A new law to help women, the Sex
40 years in the law, and 60 years in the top 100
Discrimination Act, came in 30 years ago, but
companies. But it would take 200 years – an-
there are still not nearly enough women in the
other 40 elections – to reach an equal number
country’s boardrooms, politics and courts.
of MPs in parliament. By contrast, in the Scottish
assembly, nearly 40% are women and 51.7%
2 Some successful women have a nanny to
in Wales. The EOC recommended the Welsh
help with their children, but they still can’t go
system, where political parties sometimes only
far in their careers because men control the
choose from women.
top professions and they don’t want women to
choose their working hours.
9 But figures for non-white women are worse.
3 Very few women are getting top jobs, the report There are only two black women MPs, four
non-white top company directors and nine
says, and in some areas, numbers are falling.
non-white top civil servants. “If we want our
The EOC’s last ‘Sex and Power’ survey showed
communities to thrive, this has to change,” says
more women in parliament 12 months ago.
the report.
Now there are only 19.5% – lower than in Iraq,
Afghanistan and Rwanda.
10 It adds that more successful women find it as
4 Although a woman is chief executive of the hard to get the jobs they want as women in lower
paid work. As for age, in their 20s men earn
London Stock Exchange, and four senior judges
3.7% more, but they earn 10.7% more in their
are female, now only 10.4% of the top 100
30s – because after childbirth, women’s earning
company directors are female and only 9.8% of
power goes down. Men’s doesn’t.
all judges are women.
11 The UK pay gap is one of the biggest in Europe
5 Jenny Watson, chair of the EOC, said that these
– 17% for full-time staff and 38% for part-time
numbers showed just how slowly things were
– because part-time workers are more often low
changing in powerful British institutions. It was
paid. Then, when they have children, they lose
time not just to find more women to fill top jobs,
opportunities for promotion and earn even less,
but to change the attitudes that stop them. “Thirty
the Women and Work Commission found last
years on from the Sex Discrimination Act, women
year.
rightly expect to share power. But as our survey
shows, that’s not the reality,” she said.
12 If women ask to choose their working hours, they
often lose their jobs, so women with children
6 She said life was worse for everyone when
often have to find less professional jobs to keep
Britain’s top jobs were all male. If women had an
working. “Extending the right to ask for flexible
equal voice, our democracy and local communi-
working to everyone in the workplace would
ties would be stronger. And in business, we could
change that culture and enable more women to
not afford to look at only half the population to fill
reach the top,” said Ms Watson.
71
Level 1 Elementary
13 This is the last annual report from the EOC. Next 15 And Ms Watson summed up: “We haven’t solved
year, with the Commission for Racial Equality the problem of sex discrimination yet. There is so
and the Disability Rights Commission, it will be much more to be done.”
part of a new organisation called the Commission
for Equality and Human Rights. As this will be
headed by the present chair of the CRE, some
people are afraid that they may forget to consider
women’s rights.
14 Katherine Rake, an equal rights campaigner,

protested: “This research proves beyond a doubt
that life at the top is white and male.”
4 Scanning for information

First find these numbers in the text. Then match each one with the information given below.
38% 9.8% 40% 3.7% 10.4% 17% 19.5% 10.7% 51.7%
1 a Women in parliament
2 b Women running top companies
3 c Women judges
4 d Women in Scottish assembly
5 e Women in Welsh assembly
6 f Male/female pay gap in their 20s
7 g Male/female pay gap in their 30s
8 h UK pay gap full-time
9 i UK pay gap part-time
5 General understanding
Underline the correct answer in each sentence.
1. (Too many / not enough / quite a lot of) women get top jobs in Britain.
2. (Only four / about one in ten) judges are women.
3. When successful women want promotion, they have (more difficultly than / less difficulty than / as much
difficulty as) low-paid women do.
4. 20 year-old men in Britain earn more than (20 year-old women / 30 year-old men)
5. Women in Britain usually earn (less / more / the same) after they have children.
6. Ms Watson thinks that (only women / only men / both men and women) should be able to ask for flexible
working hours.
72
Level 1 Elementary
6 Pronunciation: Word stress
Put these 3-syllable words from the text into the correct column according to their stress pattern.
flexible professions attitudes powerful company successful

commission politics elections everyone promotion directors
parliament assembly
7 Language development: Word order
Put these words in the correct order to make useful sentences. The first word in each sentence
is done for you.
1. There / not / women / still / nearly / are / enough
2. But / can’t / far / go / still / they

3. They / want / to / don’t / women / choose
4. There / two / MPs / black / are / women / only
5. Life / white / is / top / the / at / male / and
6. There / so / be / more / done / to / is / much
73
Mass tourism reaches Galápagos
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
Match these words from the text with their definitions.
wildlife species rat conservationist swarm

unique pest litter graffiti infrastructure
1. For example, pieces of paper that people have dropped on the ground in public places.
2. A large group of flying insects.
3. Animals, birds and plants that live in natural conditions.
4. An insect or small animal that damages plants or food supplies.
5. An animal with a long tail that looks like a large mouse.
6. The services, communications and transport systems of a particular place.
7. A person who works to protect the environment from damage.
8. Not the same as anything or anyone else.
9. A plant or animal group whose members have the same general features.
10. Words or pictures written on walls in public places.
1. In what ocean are the Galápagos Islands?
2. Which country owns the Galápagos Islands?

3. How far are the islands from the coast of Ecuador?
4. How many passengers will arrive on the MV Discovery?
5. How many tourists visited each year in the late 1980s?
6. How many tourists visit each year now?
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Level 1 Elementary
A rat, insects and litter: delights of increase in visitor numbers will make it very
mass tourism reach Galápagos difficult for conservationists to keep out pests
and diseases. “If more people come, the risk of
David Adam, environment correspondent
foreign species coming with them will increase. It
January 10, 2007
is almost impossible to search such a large ship
properly. These large numbers mean it’s much
About 1,000 km west of the coast of Ecuador easier for foreign species to get past our controls.
in the middle of the Pacific Ocean is a group of And if we can’t protect the Galápagos, how can
islands called the Galápagos Islands. Because we protect the other natural areas of the world?
the Galápagos Islands are so far away from
“The Galápagos are not suitable for this kind of
the rest of South America, the wildlife there is
mass tourism. The islands simply do not have the
unique and plants and animals found in other
infrastructure for that number of people. We’re
parts of the world do not exist on the islands.
not against tourism, but it’s got to be expensive
There are no rats, for example. But now a rat has
tourism for small numbers of people.” Before the
been found on the island of Santa Fe and the
visit of the Discovery, almost all visitors to the
conservationists who are working to stop foreign
islands flew direct from Ecuador. “This cruise
wildlife reaching the islands are very worried.
ship has travelled all the way down the coast of
No-one knows how the rat arrived on Santa South America and could have all kinds of things
Fe but many people believe it arrived on the with it,” Ms Stjepic said.
MV Discovery, a giant British cruise liner that
As well as the rat, and the insects, the
visited the islands in April. The ship is returning
Discovery’s last visit also left a lot of litter on the
to the Galápagos today. There are 460 paying
islands. The rich tourists who dropped the litter
passengers on the ship. Many people on the
“have no idea where they are or the effect their
islands are not happy that the ship is visiting
visit could have”. Someone even wrote graffiti
the islands and want to stop large numbers of
at the visitor centre and one passenger asked
tourists visiting the Galápagos.
where the local Starbucks was.
The company that owns the ship, Voyages of
The Charles Darwin Foundation and the
Discovery, promises visitors to the islands that
Galápagos National Park Service studied the
they will see a beautiful and rich landscape and
effect of the Discovery’s first visit. As well as the
that their visit will be an adventure. But the ship’s
foreign wildlife, they found that sales for local
arrival is bad news for the conservationists. Now
businesses increased by only 5%. There were
they say they have also found swarms of foreign
too many visitors for the local infrastructure, they
insects on the islands since the ship’s last visit.
said, and the large boats that took the cruise
They are worried that when the ship returns
passengers around the islands damaged some
it could bring more foreign species that might
of the beaches.
damage nature on the islands even more.
But the managing director of Voyages
The Discovery was the first cruise ship to visit
of Discovery, David Yellow, said the
the islands. It is scheduled to return again
conservationists were wrong. He said his
in April and then twice a year after that. The
company operated under strict rules and had
islands belong to Ecuador and the Ecuadorian
studied the effect on the environment before it
government has given special licences that could
received its licence to operate in the Galápagos.
mean that one cruise ship will stop there every
“We know what to do in environmentally
month.
sensitive areas. We give our passengers
Leonor Stjepic, director of the Galápagos special instructions before they go ashore and
Conservation Trust, has said that a large they follow those instructions.” The Discovery
75
Level 1 Elementary
anchored at the island of San Cristóbal, he said.
The rat was found on Santa Fe, 25 miles from
San Cristóbal.
Mr Yellow said there was no proof that Discovery

tourists wrote the graffiti or left the litter. “Local
people also make litter. There are local people
who smoke a cigarette and throw it into the
street.” The number of visitors to the islands each
year has increased from about 40,000 in the late
1980s to more than 100,000 now.
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Level 1 Elementary
1. Tourists visit the Galápagos Islands____
2. Conservationists are worried____
3. The Galápagos Islands have unique plants and animals____
4. The director of the Galápagos Conservation Trust____
5. The managing director of Voyages of Discovery____
6. Some people believe____
7. Sales for local businesses____
8. The number of tourists____
a. ____believes the risk of foreign species will increase if more tourists come.
b. ____because they are so far away from the rest of South America.
c. ____has increased a lot.
d. ____because of their unique wildlife.
e. ____the rat arrived on the cruise ship.
f. ____because they believe the ship will bring foreign species to the islands.
g. ____believes the conservationists are wrong.
h. ____have only increased a little.
4 Vocabulary 1: Ships and sailing

ashore liner anchor voyage cruise
1. To stop a ship moving, you drop its ____________ into the water.
2. A ____________ is a large passenger ship for long-distance travel.
3. A ____________ is a long journey by ship.
4. A ____________ is a journey on a ship for pleasure, stopping at several places.

5. When you leave the ship you go ____________.
77
Level 1 Elementary

Complete the table.
Verb Noun
1. arrive
2. discover
3. damage
4. instruct
5. operate
6. increase
7. protect
8. prove
6 Word game
Rearrange these letters to spell words from the text.
1. g–s–e–p–e–n–a–s–r
2. t–v–i–r–i–s–o
3. r–u–t–t–i–s–o
4. t–o–i–d–r–e–c–r
5. n–e–t–n–e–i–m–v–o–r–n
78
Milestones that showed the way to modern medicine
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
Match these words from the text with their definitions.
asylum (n) bias (n) contraceptive (n) culture (n) germ (n)
milestone (n) therapy (n) valid (adj) wonder (adj)
1. an important event or process

2. extremely good
3. an old mental hospital
4. a method of preventing pregnancy
5. bacteria grown in experiment
6. bacteria that spreads disease
7. emphasis on one thing more than another
8. a form of treatment for an illness
9. legally or officially acceptable
Look in the text and find the answers as quickly as possible.
1. How many medical milestones have been chosen by the British Medical Journal?
2. When did doctors first identify the potential of antibiotics?
3. What medical milestone allows doctors to see the human body in three dimensions?
4. Who discovered the structure of DNA?
5. Who won the first Nobel prize for physics?
6. What is another word for the process of creating clean and healthy drinking water?
79
Level 1 Elementary
Milestones that showed the way to their blood group analysed, after the
modern medicine discovery of the structure of DNA by Watson
and Crick in the 1950s.
Sarah Boseley, health editor
January 5, 2007
6. Evidence-based medicine
Evidence-based medicine was described
Fifteen of the most important milestones in
in 1991. It recognises that pulling together
modern medicine have been identified today
all the information on a topic leads to more
by the British Medical Journal. They range
valid results than a single study and that bias
from vaccines to computers to the pill - and
exists in many clinical trials.
the journal is calling for readers to vote on
which was the most significant. The 15 have
7. Germ theory
been chosen from more than 100 nominated
In Vienna in 1847 Ignaz Semmelweis
discoveries since the BMJ began in 1840.
realised that germs on the hands of doctors
could transmit lethal infections to women
1. Anaesthesia
while they were giving birth. This led to the
Revolutionised surgery. By the end of the
accepted germ theory of disease. At the end
19th century, anaesthesia had become a
of the 19th century, infection caused 30%
symbol for the humanitarian movement.
of deaths. By the end of the 20th century it
caused less than 4%.
2. Antibiotics
The first ‘wonder drugs’. Alexander Fleming
8. Imaging
reported on penicillin’s potential to kill
Wilhelm Roentgen won the first Nobel prize
bacteria in 1929. During the second world
for physics in 1901 for discovering X-rays.
war, cheap mass production in the US
X-rays became very important for diagnosis
allowed soldiers to be protected from wound
and soon became therapeutic tools as well.
infections but also sexually transmitted
diseases. Antibiotics changed healthcare.
9. Magic bullets
Magic bullets are antibodies which the
3. Chlorpromazine
immune system will not reject. Their
Breakthrough drug for schizophrenia, which
discovery has led to dramatic new
helped close the asylums. Pierre Deniker,
treatments for disease. They have helped
who ran the first trial on psychotic patients,
reduce organ transplant rejection and
published in 1952, wrote that conditions
rheumatoid arthritis. These “magic bullets”
improved and contact with patients was re-
can also treat cancer.
established.
10. Oral rehydration
4. Computers
Children in poor countries have episodes of
Computers have allowed decoding of the
diarrhoea about three times a year. Simple,
genome and permitted doctors to see the
cheap and easily prepared oral rehydration
body and its functions in three dimensions.
therapy, which combines salt and sugar with
Computers could help us achieve good
clean water, saves millions of lives.
health, whoever or wherever we are.
11. The pill
5. DNA
The oral contraceptive brought about a
Newborn babies are now tested for genetic
social as well as a medical revolution. It had
diseases and all patients for surgery have
huge benefits for women. It was the first
80
Level 1 Elementary
potent drug to be taken by millions of healthy By the beginning of the 20th century death
people and the active ingredient is still the rates fell.
same.
14. Vaccines
12. Risks of smoking Louis Pasteur’s invention of the rabies
Two important studies in the 1950s led vaccine in 1885 paved the way for every
to evidence about the harmful effects of other vaccine. The discovery has saved
tobacco. Since then there has been a millions of lives.
gradual decline in the numbers of people
smoking and dying of tobacco-related 15. Tissue culture
disease. The invention of laboratory-reared tissue
cultures has played a role in 18 out of the
13. Sanitation last 52 Nobel prizes for medicine. Using
First came the industrial revolution, then tissue culture doctors can grow viruses for
urbanisation. By the 1800s infectious experimentation and test drugs.
diseases were everywhere. Cholera
outbreaks turned attention to urban water
systems and modern sanitation was born.
Answer the questions true or false.
1. Anaesthesia was the first wonder drug.

2. Newborn babies are tested for DNA.
3. Clinical trials contain bias.
4. Infection caused more deaths in the 19th century than the 20th century.
5. X-rays are used for diagnosis and treatment.
6. Oral rehydration therapy is expensive for developing countries.
7. The ingredients for the pill have changed many times.
8. Deaths from tobacco have gone down since the 1950s.
9. Sanitation killed many people in the 19th century.
10. Louis Pasteur invented every vaccine.
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Level 1 Elementary
4 Vocabulary: Puzzle
a) Organise the letters to make words from the text connected to medicine.
1. lochrae _______
2. siseead _______
3. tocrod ______
4. gruds _____
5. tipanet _______
6. greyrus _______
7. cinevac _______
b) Match the words from a) to their definitions below.
1. An illness that affects people _________

2. Two things that can help people who are ill: _________ _________
3. A person who visits a doctor because he/she is sick _________
4. A person who works in a hospital and cures people _________
5. A medical treatment in which a doctor cuts open someone’s body _________
6. A common illness in the 19th century _________
5 Pronunciation: Word stress

Complete the chart with the words below.
condition genetic information invention

medical revolution surgery sanitation
ooOo oOo Ooo

rehydration infection therapy
82
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words
4 Vocabulary: Puzzle
1. milestone (n)
2. wonder (adj)
3. asylum (n) a)
4. contraceptive (n) 1. cholera
5. culture (n) 2. disease
6. germ (n) 3. doctor
7. bias (n) 4. drugs
8. therapy (n) 5. patient
9. valid (adj) 6. surgery
7. vaccine
2 Find the information b)

1. disease
1. 15 2. drugs, vaccine
2. 1929 3. patient
3. computers 4. doctor
4. Watson and Crick 5. surgery
5. Wilhelm Roentgen 6. cholera
6. sanitation
5 Vocabulary: Word stress

ooOo oOo Ooo
1. F rehydration infection therapy
2.F
3. T information condition medical
4. T
5. T
revolution genetic surgery
6. F sanitation invention
7. F
8. T
9. F
10. F
83
News lesson extra
1 Revision of the text
Level: Any
Time: 15 minutes
Tell students you are going to give them a quick test to see how much they remember from the news
article they read in the previous class. There are two ways of doing this.
1) Read the comprehension check questions aloud and ask the students to write down the answers on a
piece of paper.
2) Make some new questions relating to the text.
One easy way of making new questions on the Milestones text would be to make a quick True/False
exercise, one question per milestone. For example:
Anaesthesia became a symbol of the humanitarian movement – true or false? (true)

Antibiotics were first used widely by the United States in the First World War – true or false? (false)
Once students have finished, ask them to check their answers in the text. This is also good for any
student who ‘missed’ the first class with the reading.
2 Revision of the vocabulary
Level: Any
Time: 10 minutes
Take one of the vocabulary exercises from the original Milestones worksheet and repeat it as an oral
exercise. Tell the students to turn over their worksheet. Start calling out the questions or cues. The
students must call out answers. Use this time to monitor pronunciation of the new words or phrases.
84
Racism, ratings and reality TV
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
celebrity investigate viewer contestant racism

complain petition slum fake tolerant
1. A ____________ is a very poor area of a city with houses in very bad condition.
2. A ____________ is a person who watches television programmes.
3. A ____________ is someone who pretends they have skills they do not really have.
4. A ____________ is a document which many people sign asking the authorities to do something.
5. A ____________ is a famous person, especially in entertainment or sport.
6. A ____________ is someone who takes part in a contest or a competition.
7. ____________ is a situation where people do not respect other people because they belong to a different race.
8. If you ____________ about something, you say that it is bad or wrong.
9. If you are ____________, you accept other people’s beliefs and way of life.
10. If the police ____________ something, they try to find out exactly what happened.
1. What is Celebrity Big Brother?
2. What TV station broadcasts Celebrity Big Brother?

3. How many people signed the online petition against the programme?
4. How many people watched the Tuesday night edition of the programme?
5. How many complaints will the police investigate formally?
6. How many viewers have made complaints?
85
Level 1 Elementary
Racism, ratings and reality TV: now who is a fashion model, said that Shetty should
Big Brother creates a diplomatic go back home.
incident
India’s Information and Broadcasting Minister
Complaints over Channel 4 show hit record
said, “If there has been some racism in the
22,000. Police to investigate abuse of Bollywood
programme, it is not only an attack on women but
film star.
also on the colour of her skin and her country.”
by Owen Gibson, Vikram Dodd and Randeep Apart from the 22,000 complaints made by
Ramesh in Delhi. January 18, 2007 viewers, another 20,000 people signed a petition
organised by the newspaper Eastern Eye.
Celebrity Big Brother is a reality TV programme The local police said they were going to
shown on British television. It is now in its fifth investigate 30 complaints. A spokesman said:
year. In the programme a group of ‘famous’ “We are investigating reports of racist behaviour
people live together in a specially constructed in the Big Brother house, and we will look at
house for several weeks. They have no contact videotapes of the programme.” The managers
at all with the outside world (no telephones, of Channel 4 and the show’s producers met
television, newspapers etc.) and cameras film yesterday to discuss the situation, but privately
everything they do and say. In the last two years they may be very pleased. 4.5 million people
the number of people watching the programme watched Tuesday’s programme, one million more
has fallen. But the number of people watching than on Monday.
this year’s programme has suddenly risen. Why?
Some people believe several of the contestants The problems began after several arguments
behaved in a racist way towards another involving Goody, her boyfriend Jack Tweed, Lloyd
contestant. This has led to street demonstrations and a former pop singer Jo O’Meara. At one point
in India, shock and anger in the government and Goody, after an argument with Shetty, said: “You
a police investigation. need to learn to speak properly. You need a day
in the slums. You’re a fake.”
People have always disagreed about the
programme, which is shown on Channel 4, but Channel 4 said that it wasn’t racism but the result
this is the first time it has caused an international of class and cultural differences. But in India,
argument. 22,000 viewers have made official the row has united all the major political parties.
complaints about the programme; the Indian Communists, Hindu nationalists and the ruling
government has criticised it and UK police said Congress party have all demanded action. “[Big
they would investigate reports that three white Brother] is holding a mirror to British society.
contestants had behaved in a racist way towards This is not a one-off situation. We should thank
Indian film actress Shilpa Shetty. Channel 4 for showing us the real face of Britain,”
Mahesh Bhatt, a film director, told the Guardian.
Last night Channel 4 broadcast an angry
argument between Shetty and Jade Goody, who Fans of Shilpa Shetty protested on the streets
earned millions of pounds after appearing on the in Patna, eastern India. In Bangalore, British
non-celebrity version of the programme several politician Gordon Brown had to answer questions
years ago. Speaking to another contestant, Cleo from journalists about a reality TV programme
Rocos, after the argument, Shetty said: “I’m he said he had never seen. “I understand that in
representing my country. Is that what today’s UK the UK thousands of viewers have complained
is? It’s frightening. It’s quite a shame actually.” about the programme,” he said. “I want people
Rocos said: “I don’t think there’s anything racist to see Britain as a fair and tolerant country.” A
in it.” But Shetty replied: “It is racist, I’m telling spokesman for Tony Blair later said that the UK
you.” Later, another contestant Danielle Lloyd, does not tolerate racism in any way.
86
Level 1 Elementary
Goody said about Shetty: “She makes me feel
sick”, while another contestant continually called
her “the Indian”. Later Lloyd said that Shetty
“wants to be white” and called her a “dog”. After
Shetty cooked a chicken dinner, Lloyd said:
“They eat with their hands in India, don’t they. Or
is that China?” She also said: “You don’t know
where those hands have been.”
87
Level 1 Elementary
Match the beginnings and endings to make complete sentences about the text.
1. 22,000 viewers have complained about Big Brother because ____
2. The managers of Channel 4 may be pleased because ____
3. Shilpa Shetty believes that ____
4. Cleo Rocos believes that ____
5. Channel 4 said that ____
6. Tony Blair’s spokesman said that ____
a. ____ the behaviour of some of the other contestants was racist.
b. ____ it was the result of class and cultural differences.
c. ____ there wasn’t anything racist in it.
d. ____ they believe some of the contestants have behaved in a racist way.
e. ____ the UK does not tolerate racism in any way.
f. ____ more people are watching the programme.
4 Vocabulary 1: Prepositions
Fill the gaps in these phrases from the text using prepositions. Check your answers in the text.
1. shown _______ television
2. contact _______ the outside world

3. disagree with someone _______ a subject
4. complain _______
5. behave _______ a racist way
6. attack _______ the colour of her skin
7. an argument _______ someone about something
8. the result _______ class differences
88
Level 1 Elementary

Complete the table.
verb noun
1. complain
2. demonstrate
3. criticise
4. investigate
5. behave
6. argue
7. discuss
8. disagree
6 Vocabulary 3: Word game
Rearrange the letters to make words from the text.
1. c –i–p–n-o–m–l-a–t
2. e –i–t–n–s–g–a–v–i–e–t
3. m –r–n -a–g–t–e–u
4. r –u–a–e–b–v–o–h–i
5. l –u–j–i–o–r–a–t–n–s
89
Into the aurora
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
particle spacecraft satellite orbit atmosphere

meteorologist astronaut reliable deadly solar system
1. An ____________ is someone who travels and works in space.
2. The ____________ is the air around the Earth.
3. The ____________ is the sun and the group of planets that go around it (including the Earth).
4. A ____________ is a vehicle that can travel in space.
5. A ____________ is an object that travels in space and sends information back to Earth.
6. A ____________ is an extremely small part of an atom.
7. The ____________ of a satellite is the path it follows as it travels around the Earth.
8. A ____________ is someone who studies the weather.
9. If something is ____________, you can trust it.
10. If something is ____________, it can kill you.
1. How many spacecraft are NASA sending into space?
2. How high is the magnetic field above the Earth?

3. How many ground stations will track the satellites?
4. What colour is nitrogen in the magnetic field?
5. What is the other name for the northern lights?
6. Where can you see the northern lights?
90
Into the aurora
Level 1 Elementary
Into the aurora: NASA craft probe “It is interesting when a storm starts – the light
mysteries of the northern lights gets brighter and then, within 30 seconds, it starts
Project will help predict damaging space storms. moving quickly towards the north. It covers the
Satellites will line up in orbit to measure effect. whole sky and then breaks up into little pieces,” said
Alok Jha, science correspondent Vassilis Angelopoulos, a scientist working on the
February 15, 2007 Themis project. “It’s wonderful to watch.” No-one
knows exactly why and where the storms begin.
Above the Arctic Circle a bright pink light often
“The problem so far is that using just one satellite
appears in the night sky. This is called the northern
we cannot be sure where the storms begin,” said
lights (or aurora borealis). Sometimes it seems
Professor Angelopoulos.
that the sun is rising in the wrong place. Colours of
pink, red, green and violet fill the sky. Where does The five satellites will orbit the Earth in a line and
this strange light come from? Magnetic storms in record the energy passing from the sun to the
space send out energy particles. These particles hit Earth. They will be in different places in the Earth’s
the Earth’s atmosphere and produce the coloured magnetic field and will record when and where an
light. For scientists the lights are one of the oldest energy storm begins between two of the satellites.
mysteries in space physics: how and where in More than 20 ground stations across the US will
space do these light shows begin? And how can track the Themis satellites, and will record exactly
scientists predict when and where they will happen? where the magnetic storms happen.
Now the North American Space Agency (NASA) “In the same way that meteorologists study
is sending five spacecraft into space to try to tornadoes in order to understand the large
answer these questions. This project, known as thunderstorms, we study magnetic storms to
the Themis project, will measure how the magnetic understand large space storms,” said Professor
field around the Earth changes in real time. This will Angelopoulos. If scientists can forecast when these
allow scientists to make better forecasts about the large storms will happen, spacecraft and astronauts
weather in space. This information is important for will be able to operate safely, because the storms
the safety of communications satellites as they orbit can damage electronic systems on spacecraft.
the Earth and will also be very important for human At the moment the forecasting of space storms is
space travellers. not reliable. “It’s like what weather forecasting was
The northern lights are the result of changes in a hundred years ago. In the last 50 years, weather
the Earth’s magnetic field. The sun continually forecasting has improved a lot because they
sends energy towards our planet. The Earth’s understand exactly what happens. We are doing
magnetic field stores some of this energy at a the same kind of thing. We are trying to give people
height of 10,000 km above the surface of the better forecasts of space storms,” says UK space
Earth. The magnetic field protects us from much expert Mike Hapgood.
of the deadly radiation that comes from the The Themis satellites will take their first
sun. However, sometimes energy escapes from measurements next year. They will operate for
the field and showers of electrons rise into the two years. Dr Hapgood says that understanding
upper atmosphere. When these electrons come the Earth’s magnetic field will also give scientists
into contact with air, they create the energy that information about other planets in the solar
produces the light of the northern lights. system that have magnetic fields: “These things
The different colours are the result of the different also happen in other parts of the universe.
gases in the atmosphere at 10,000km above the Understanding how magnetic fields work is a
Earth. Green and red are oxygen and violet is universal question.”
nitrogen. Most of the time, the northern lights are a
wide band of light from east to west but every few
hours the energy causes a storm.
91
Into the aurora
Level 1 Elementary
Mark these statements True or False according to the text.
1. Scientists do not know what the northern lights are.
2. Scientists do not know how the northern lights begin.
3. Scientists can predict when the northern lights will happen.
4. The weather in space is important information for astronauts.
5. The magnetic field around the Earth protects us from the sun’s radiation.
6. The forecasting of space storms is very reliable.
7. The Earth is the only planet in the solar system with a magnetic field.
8. The northern lights are different colours.
Fill the gaps in the phrases and sentences from the text using prepositions. Check your answers
in the text.
1. _______ the wrong place
2. sending spacecraft _______ space
3. the result _______ changes
4. the sun protects us _______ radiation
5. energy escapes _______ the magnetic field
6. come _______ contact _______ air
7. most _______ the time
8. _______ the last 50 years
92
Into the aurora
Level 1 Elementary

Complete the table.
verb noun
1. predict
2. measure
3. forecast
4. protect
5. record
6. appear
7. improve
8. produce
6 Vocabulary 3: Word stress
Put these verbs from the text into two groups according to their word stress.
predict measure appear forecast produce protect

damage orbit happen record cover improve
A 0o B o0
93
Spacewoman on charge of trying to kill love rival
Level 1 Elementary
1 Pre-reading 1
Look at the main headline. What do you think the story is about?
1. A woman from outer space dives to Earth to bomb another woman.
2. A woman astronaut loses her job when she is accused of attempted murder.
3. The star in a ‘Spacewoman’ film dies when her rocket crashes.
2 Pre-reading 2
Now read the sub-headings. Do they help you to decide?
3 Key words
Match these key words from the text with the definitions below.
a rival a shuttle alleged an astronaut a tracking device

bail a colleague a disguise a nappy stalking
1. ____________ Someone who travels and works in space.
2. ____________ Wearing strange clothes, etc, so that people don’t know who you are.
3. ____________ A space vehicle that travels to outer space and back to Earth.
4. ____________ Someone in competition with you – in business, sport or love, etc.

5. ____________ Someone who works at the same place as you.
6. ____________ Someone says this is true, but it hasn’t been proved in court.
7. ____________ Money you must leave with the court to make sure you come back for your trial.
8. ____________ A piece of soft material usually worn by babies, who can’t use the toilet.
9. ____________ A piece of electronic equipment that shows the police where you are, wherever you go.
10. ____________ Annoying or frightening someone by watching and following them all the time.
94
Level 1 Elementary
Spacewoman falls to Earth on charge robotic arm for repairing the international
of trying to kill love rival space station when the shuttle joined it in
space.
Shuttle astronaut arrested after alleged airport
attack. Male colleague said to be at centre of 6 Before the mission, she said she had first
love triangle. become interested in space at the age of
Ed Pilkington in New York five when she watched the moon landing on
February 7, 2007 television, and on visits to the Air and Space
Museum in Washington. But this Monday,
1 Last July, Lisa Nowak took 12 days, 18 she set off on her own private mission.
hours, 37 minutes and 54 seconds, travelling
5.3 million miles, to join one of the world’s 7 Mrs Nowak told Orlando police that she
most select clubs: travellers in space. Last drove 950 miles from Houston, Texas, to
Monday, she only took about 14 hours, and Orlando, on Sunday. She took with her a
950 miles, to lose her place in the club. carbon-dioxide powered pellet gun, a folding
knife with a four-inch blade, pepper spray,
2 Yesterday Mrs Nowak was charged with a steel hammer and $600 in cash. She also
attempted first-degree murder, attempted took several large black bin liners, six latex
kidnapping and battery. Nothing like this has gloves and rubber tubing, as well as a wig
ever happened to a NASA astronaut before. and two hooded coats for disguise.
Apparently, the married mother of three,
separated from her husband, was part of 8 She also wore a nappy in the car, so that
a love triangle with a fellow male astronaut she wouldn’t have to stop very often – just
and a female air force captain. She thought like astronauts, who wear nappies during
he was going out with her. take off and landing.
3 Last night, a Florida judge decided to let 9 She explained that she had discovered that
Mrs Nowak go until her trial. But she had to Colleen Shipman, a US air force captain,
pay $25,000 (£13,000) bail, wear a tracking was flying in to Orlando that night. Mrs
device and must not contact her victim Nowak wanted to be there to “scare her” into
again. talking about her relationship with the man at
the centre of the love triangle.
4 The group to which 43 year-old Mrs Nowak
belongs is extremely ‘select’: there are only 10 He is Bill Oefelein, 41, from Alaska, who
97 astronauts already trained and ready did astronaut training with Mrs Nowak. Like
to fly. Only 20 are women. NASA has only her, he first went into space last year, also
chosen a total of 321 astronauts since the on Discovery, but they have never flown
US agency started its space programme in together. Police found signs of Mrs Nowak’s
1959. feelings for Mr Oefelein in a letter in her car.
They also found emails between him and
5 This is why Mrs Nowak’s actions early on Ms Shipman and directions to Ms Shipman’s
Monday morning were so surprising. For house. Mrs Nowak told police she had “more
10 years before her flight in the Discovery than a working relationship, but less than a
space shuttle in July, NASA had very romantic relationship” with him.
carefully selected and trained her to live
with extreme stress. She had an important 11 Ms Shipman said that Mrs Nowak, whom
technical job on Discovery, in charge of a she had never met before, followed her
95
Level 1 Elementary
on a bus from the airport lounge to the car 13 Her NASA colleagues were amazed by what
park. She was wearing a hooded coat, dark she did, and how she looked in court. Her
glasses and a wig. Afraid, Ms Shipman official photograph, taken before the flight,
hurried to her car. She could hear someone shows her in full astronaut’s suit, smiling
running behind her, and as she slammed the broadly. Yesterday, TV screens showed a
door, Mrs Nowak hit the window and tried to picture with a difference: as Mrs Nowak
pull the door open. was booked into jail, she looked absolutely
terrible.
12 “Can you help me, please? My boyfriend
was supposed to pick me up and he is not 14 Sergeant Barb Jones of Orlando police said
here,” Mrs Nowak asked. When Ms Shipman last night that Mrs Nowak clearly intended to
said she could not help, the astronaut hurt or kill someone. NASA has suspended
started to cry. Ms Shipman opened her her for 30 days and removed her from all
window a few centimetres, and then Mrs shuttle mission activities.
Nowak threw the pepper spray in her face.
Ms Shipman drove away, her eyes burning,
and called the police. She says the astronaut
had been stalking her for about two months.
First find these numbers in the text. Then match each one with the information given below.
5,300,000 950 $25,000 43 321 1959 $600 41 30
1 a money Mrs Nowak had to pay the court

2 b total number of NASA astronauts
3 c money Mrs Nowak took with her
4 d days Mrs Nowak cannot work for NASA
5 e Mrs Nowak’s age
6 f when the US started going into space
7 g miles from Houston to Orlando
8 h Mr Oefelein’s age
9 i miles Mrs Nowak flew in space
96
Level 1 Elementary
Match the names of the people with the information about them.
1 Mrs Nowak works a three children.

2 Mrs Nowak has b a captain in the American air force.
3 Mrs Nowak is c to hurt Ms Shipman.
4 Ms Shipman is d for NASA as an astronaut.
5 Mr Oelfelin is e not married now.
6 Mrs Nowak was afraid f Mrs Nowak not to go near Ms Shipman.
7 Mrs Nowak wanted g the man Mrs Nowak is in love with.
8 The judge told h were very surprised at what she did.
9 NASA said i that Mr Oefelein was in love with Ms Shipman.
10 Mrs Nowak’s colleagues j that Mrs Nowak could not go back to work.
6 Vocabulary development: Compound words
Can you remember? See if you can match the beginnings and endings of these word pairs.
love spray
air triangle
folding park
pepper force
airport knife
car landing
moon lounge
97
Level 1 Elementary
First scan the text to see if you were right. Then match each word pair with a sentence below.
1. You can leave your car here: ____________________.
2. You can cut things with this and keep it safely in your pocket: ____________________.
3. A place where you can sit and wait for your plane: ____________________.
4. When a rocket arrives on the moon: ____________________.
5. Part of the military that uses planes in fighting: ____________________.
6. When there are three people in a love relationship: ____________________.
7. Very painful liquid that can burn your face or make you blind: ____________________.
7 Grammar development: Past tense endings
Complete the table with irregular past forms from the text. The paragraph numbers are given.
infinitive past tense past participle

1 take (1) (13)
2 think (2) thought
3 choose chose (4)
4 become became (6)
5 drive (7) driven
6 wear (8) worn
7 find (10) found
8 fly flew (10)
9 meet met (11)
10 throw (12) thrown
98
‘Holy moly’ - sperm donor meets his children
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
Fill the gaps in the sentences below using these key words from the text.
sperm siblings offspring sample profile

unique donor choke client happy-go-lucky
1. If something is ____________, it is not the same as anything else.
2. A ____________ is a small amount of something used for medical tests.
3. A ____________ is someone who pays for a service.
4. Your ____________ are your children.
5. Your ____________ are your brothers and sisters.
6. A ____________ is someone who gives blood, eggs or a part of their body for the medical treatment of
another person.
7. A ____________ person is someone who doesn’t think about the future.
8. ____________ is a cell from a man that makes a woman pregnant.
9. A ____________ is a description of a person.
10. If you ____________ on something, you cannot breathe because there is something in your throat.
1. When did Jeffrey Harrison donate his sperm?
2. How old is Mr Harrison’s daughter Danielle?
3. How much money did Mr Harrison receive for his sperm?
4. How many members does the Donor Sibling Registry have?
5. How many children are born each year in the USA from donated sperm?
6. How many people does the Donor Sibling Registry put in touch each month?
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Level 1 Elementary
‘Holy moly’ - sperm donor comes face the bank’s clients requested Mr Harrison’s sperm
to face with his children 20 years later when they read his profile. The profile is a little
different from how Mr Harrison is today, however.
Father comes forward after teenagers conduct
search through website. 5 “Degree in philosophy from Europe,” reads
Dan Glaister in Los Angeles Donor 150’s description. “Dancer/Musician/
February 16, 2007 Fitness Instructor/Writer. Interests: Health, guitar,
swimming, dancing, writing, travel. Loves animals
and children. Is a ‘happy-go-lucky’ person.”
1 The man and the young woman look like each
other. They have the same high forehead, their 6 Three years ago Ms Kramer started a website
noses are almost the same, even their hair called the Donor Sibling Registry. Two of Mr
and build are similar. They could be father and Harrison’s offspring contacted each other through
daughter. But there is one important difference. the website. Now the Donor Sibling Registry has
They met for the first time this week. The man, 4 members, including 430 donors who
over 7,000
Jeffrey Harrison, lives with his four dogs in a would like to meet their offspring.
motor home in Venice, California. The woman,
Ryann M, is a teenager living in a normal family. 7 At the weekend, Mr Harrison emailed a copy of
his birth certificate to Ms Kramer, and confirmed
2 Now they know a lot more about each other. that he was Donor 150. “We talked for hours
They know that they are father and daughter. on Saturday night,” Ms Kramer said. “It was a
They know that Ryann was born thanks to very big risk for him. He wanted to make contact
sperm given by Mr Harrison in the 1980s. They with his offspring but was a little bit nervous and
also know Ryann is one of six half-siblings. Mr afraid.” The same day, Ms Kramer contacted the
Harrison may need to get a bigger home! “It’s families. “I told them to take their time and to take
quite clear that he’s their father,” said Wendy things slowly. But I don’t think they listened to my
Kramer, whose website put Mr Harrison in touch advice. They were all very excited and the next
with his offsping. “I looked at the photo and day everybody was calling each other.”
thought, ‘Oh my God’.”
8 Ms Kramer is sure that the offspring will get on
3 When Mr Harrison met his offspring for the first with their biological father. “He’s a simple man
time he was surprised. “The first thing he said and he lives a very simple life,” she said. “These
was, ‘Holy moly’,” 17-year-old Danielle Pagano, girls don’t care about his job or his money. He’s
another of Mr Harrison’s children, told the New very kind, very sweet and open, and he has a
York Times after meeting him this week. “He’s great sense of humour.”
a free spirit, and I don’t care what job he has.”
Three of Mr Harrison’s offspring have been very 9 This story is unusual but it is not unique. There
active in finding him, two of them, in their early is not much control over sperm donations in the
teens, still do not know about him. United States. Nobody knows whether a donor’s
sperm is ever used, or how many children are
4 Mr Harrison decided to contact the website after born from one donor’s sperm.
reading a newspaper article about two teenage
girls who had found out that they were born from 10 This week the Donor Sibling Registry put two
his sperm and were trying to find him. The article donor fathers in touch with their offspring. In a
made him “choke on his coffee”. He had visited a normal month, the website puts 60-80 people in
sperm bank in the 1980s and received between touch with each other, said Ms Kramer. One of
$50 and $100 for each sperm sample. The sperm the donors listed on her website has 50 offspring;
bank put the label Donor 150 on his sperm. He another says he has 22 children. The sperm
also gave them a personal profile and many of bank industry says that around 30,000 children
100
Level 1 Elementary
are born each year from donated sperm. A lot of the children. Even now sperm banks and doctors
children born in the late 1980s are now looking tell parents to keep it secret. It can be a big
for their biological fathers. shock for the children when they find out.”
11 “Sperm banks should regulate themselves before

the government forces regulations on them,”
said Ms Kramer. “It’s just a question of doing the
right thing. Nobody in the USA thinks about the
children. They think about the interests of the
sperm bank, the parents and the industry, but not
1. When Mr Harrison met his daughter for the first time ____
2. Wendy Kramer started her website because ____
3. Many children born from donated sperm ____
4. Sperm banks and doctors tell parents ____
5. Wendy Kramer believes ____
6. Mr Harrison donated his sperm because ____
a. ____ not to tell children they were born from donated sperm.
b. ____ want to meet their biological parents.
c. ____ he was surprised and said ‘Holy moly’.
d. ____ he needed the money.
e. ____ Mr Harrison’s offspring will get on well with him.
f. ____ she wanted to put children born from donated sperm in touch.
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Level 1 Elementary
4 Collocations
Match the words in the left-hand column with those in the right-hand column. Then check your answers in
the text.
Noun + noun Adjective + noun

1. birth a. home 5. free e. life
2. newspaper b. instructor 6. simple f. profile
3. fitness c. certificate 7. personal g. person
4. motor d. article 8. happy-go-lucky h. spirit
5 Prepositions
Complete these phrases from the text using prepositions. Check your answers in the text.
1. sense _______ humour
2. thanks _______
3. _______ their early teens
4. different _______
5. _______ the weekend
6. _______ Saturday night
7. make contact _______
8. put _______ touch
6 Word stress
Put these words from the text into two groups according to their word stress.
unique sample receive profile guitar travel

website nervous advice control humour surprised
A 0 o __________________________________________________________________________________
B o 0 __________________________________________________________________________________
102
Dead or alive, Bin Laden haunts US
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
cave manhunt reward remote huge

earthquake cleric hero corrupt bold
1. An ____________ is a sudden shaking movement of the ground.
2. A ____________is money that someone receives for giving information to the police or to the authorities.
3. A ____________ is someone who people respect because he has done something brave.
4. A ____________ is a search organized to catch a criminal.
5. A ____________ is a large hole in the side of a hill or mountain.
6. A ____________ is someone who leads religious services.
7. If something is ____________, it is very, very big.
8. A ____________ place is a very long way from any towns or cities.
9. A ____________ person is confident and takes risks.
10. If someone is ____________, they are in an official position and they take money for doing illegal things.
1. How old is Osama bin Laden?
2. Where is the Hindu Kush?
3. How much is the reward for finding bin Laden?
4. When did NATO attack Afghanistan?
5. How many Afghans say they have a negative opinion of bin Laden?
6. How many audio and videotapes did bin Laden and Al-Zawahiri make in 2006?
103
Level 1 Elementary
Dead or alive, on his 50th birthday reported last Tuesday that the CIA is sending
ghost of the Hindu Kush haunts US new teams to catch him. But if the Americans
CIA think they know where Osama bin Laden think he is in the border areas, the tribesmen
is. So do local tribesmen - hiding in the White who live there think the opposite. Over the
House. border in Afghanistan, many people believe
that the Americans have already caught Bin
Declan Walsh in Islamabad
Laden. Some people even think he is in the
March 10, 2007
White House. “Many, many people believe such
stories,” said Sarah Chayes, a writer who lives
1 It is Osama bin Laden’s 50th birthday today. in Afghanistan. If America really has such strong
He is probably somewhere in the mountains soldiers and powerful satellites, people believe
between Pakistan and Afghanistan. You can they must have captured bin Laden.
almost imagine the scene: a birthday cake with
5 Most Afghans do not support bin Laden. They
50 candles and bin Laden sitting in his cave with
believe it was because of him that NATO
his smiling comrades around him. The truth is
attacked their country in 2001. In a recent
that it probably won’t be much of a party. Bin
opinion poll, nine out of 10 people said they had
Laden is from the Wahhabi branch of Islam which
a negative opinion of bin Laden. But in other
believes that birthday parties are an unwelcome
Muslim countries in the world, many people
western import. But bin Laden is probably
respect him. “Osama is a hero,” said Kamran Ali,
enjoying a quiet smile on his birthday.
a 23-year-old from Islamabad. “Americans have
2 Six years after 9/11, bin Laden is still free. The done many bad things against Muslims. Osama
world’s largest manhunt and a possible reward fights back.” Like many other Pakistanis, Ali
of $25 million have not managed to find him. He does not believe that bin Laden was responsible
is like the ghost of the Hindu Kush, the remote for the World Trade Centre attacks. “There’s no
mountain range in the north of Afghanistan. proof of that,” he said.
Some reports say he is dead; others say he is
6 “All over the Muslim world people feel the same
alive. The Pakistani army thought it had found
way,” said Abdel Bari Atwan, editor of the al-
him in a village in North Waziristan in 2003. A
Quds al-Arabi newspaper. But, he said, if people
year later, the Spanish newspaper El Mundo said
support bin Laden it does not mean that they
he was in a Muslim area of western China. One
vote for terrorism. “When people in Palestine
US senator said that bin Laden had died in the
voted for Hamas it was a vote against corruption.
huge earthquake in Pakistan last year.
This is the same. People hate American foreign
3 At about the same time a team of American policy and corrupt Arab dictatorships so they
agents arrived in Chitral, a quiet mountain area sympathize with al-Qaida and Osama bin Laden.
in the north of Pakistan, where they believed bin It doesn’t mean they support al-Qaida’s actions
Laden was hiding. Soon afterwards, angry clerics or September 11,” he said.
told local people who they were and they had to
7 Is bin Laden dead? Mullah Dadullah, a Taliban
leave. Some reports also say bin Laden is ill and
commander, says he has contacted him. “We
has kidney problems. Last September, a French
exchange messages to share plans,” he said in
newspaper reported he had died of typhoid.
one of two recent interviews. “It’s very hard for
4 America’s spies believe OBL, as they call him, anyone to see Bin Laden now but we know he’s
is hiding in Pakistan’s tribal region. “As far as still alive.” Bin Laden is becoming bolder. With his
we know the senior leadership of al-Qaida, deputy Ayman al-Zawahiri he made more than 20
number one and two, are there,” the Director of audio and videotapes in 2006.
National Intelligence said last week. ABC News
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Level 1 Elementary
8 The messages on the tapes are often long and
complicated. Most of the time bin Laden uses
silence. “The silence makes people think they are
ready to attack again. It is a very powerful and
clever approach,” said Michael Scheuer, former
head of the CIA’s bin Laden unit. Meanwhile, in
the mountain forests and remote valleys of the
tribal region, the hunt continues.
© Guardian News & Media 2007

First published in The Guardian, 10/3/07
1. America’s spies believe ____
2. Many Afghans believe ____
3. A Spanish newspaper said ____
4. A French newspaper said ____
5. Most Afghans ____
6. Some reports say ____
7. Many Muslims ____
8. Bin Laden is probably ____
a. ____ hiding in the mountains between Pakistan and Afghanistan.
b. ____ bin Laden had died of typhoid.
c. ____ bin Laden is hiding in Pakistan’s tribal region.
d. ____ have a negative opinion of bin Laden.
e. ____ bin Laden was in western China.
f. ____ do not believe bin Laden was responsible for 9/11.
g. ____ bin Laden has kidney problems.
h. ____ the Americans have already caught bin Laden.
105
Level 1 Elementary
Find the opposites of these adjectives in the text.
1. noisy
2. positive
3. welcome
4. junior
5. weak
6. easy
7. simple
8. stupid
5 Vocabulary 2: Chunks
Rearrange the words to make phrases from the text.
1. far we as know as
2. the about same at time
3. mountain a area quiet
4. the over world all
5. mountains the somewhere in

6. the this same is
6 Vocabulary 3: Find the nouns
Look in the text and find the noun forms of these verbs. Note that some of the noun forms will be the same
as the verbs.
verb noun
1. smile
2. hunt
3. report
4. attack
5. prove
6. vote
7. act
8. lead
106
Big blasts or tiny tugs
Level 1 Elementary
1 Pre-reading 1: Key words
Match these keywords from the text with the definitions below.
a blast a tug an asteroid a catastrophe total extinction

to release dust crops gravity a tractor
1. ____________ – A terrible disaster.
2. ____________ – An explosion.
3. ____________ – A mass of rock in space, like a very small planet.

4. ____________ – A small, powerful boat used for pulling larger boats.
5. ____________ – Very small pieces of dirt, like powder.
6. ____________ – The force that makes things fall down to the earth.
7. ____________ – When everything dies.
8. ____________ – Usually, a vehicle used on a farm to pull other machines; here, a space vehicle with the
power to pull another object towards it.
9. ____________ – To allow something to escape.
10. ____________ – Plants grown for food, like rice, potatoes, tomatoes, etc.
1 Pre-reading 2: Prediction
Look at the main headline, the sub-heading and the key words.
1. Do you think the Earth is in danger now?
2. Do you think the scientists already have a solution?
Now read the text quickly to find out.
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Level 1 Elementary
Big blasts or tiny tugs: how to stop an the energy released in the Hiroshima nuclear
asteroid catastrophe bomb. This blast would directly affect thousands
of square kilometres, but the dust released into
Great danger of a crash with Earth, but scientists
the atmosphere would affect the whole planet.
are meeting to find a solution.
There could be dark skies* for a year or more,
Alok Jha, science correspondent destroying crops worldwide.
March 7, 2007
6 Dr Barbee, a US space expert, thinks that if it
crashed into the Earth, it would be a disaster.
(Some words are written in italics and marked
“Such events have occurred in the past and
like this*. At the end of the article there are some
will occur again in the future”. But now, for the
footnotes to explain what they mean.)
first time in known history, we may have the
technology to stop it happening.
1 An enormous asteroid flies in from outer space to
destroy the Earth, an unstoppable force of nature
7 Dr Barbee thinks the answer is nuclear. If a
that we cannot escape. Perhaps a disaster like
nuclear weapon hit the edge of the asteroid, it
this killed off the dinosaurs, and most experts
could cause the NEO to change direction, and
think the same thing could soon happen to us.
not crash into the Earth. The advantage of this
idea is that it is possible with current technology
2 But perhaps there is still hope. Hundreds of
- though no one has actually tried it yet.
scientists, from nuclear weapons engineers to
planetary experts, are coming to Washington this 8 Piet Hut, another expert, has a less dangerous
week to try to develop a master plan to protect
idea - a robotic tugboat that scientists could
the Earth from such an asteroid.
connect to an asteroid and push it out of the
Earth’s path. Modern technology would warn
3 The Planetary Defence Conference, organized
scientists 10 years in advance, so they could
by the US Aerospace Corporation, will discuss
send the tugboat into position in good time.
lots of ideas on how to develop technology to find
and redirect objects coming towards the Earth.
9 The tugboat would use a special engine that
The conference will also discuss when and how
works with electricity instead of fuel. Professor
to warn people, if the worst comes to the worst.
Hut calculates that such an engine could redirect
NEOs up to 800 metres across.
4 Many smaller objects flying around the Earth
in space break up when they reach the 10 These engines would also be necessary for
atmosphere, and this is no more dangerous
another idea, the “gravity tractor”. But Instead
than a short fireworks display. But there are also
of landing on an asteroid, the gravity tractor
large asteroids or comets, also called near-Earth
would hover near it, using the slight gravitational
objects* (NEOs). A NEO wider than 1km crashes
attraction* between it and the NEO to change its
into the Earth every few hundred thousand years.
path.
An NEO larger than 6km, which could cause total
extinction, will crash into the Earth every 100
11 Psychologists will attend the Washington meeting
million years. Experts agree that we can expect a
as well as technologists. They will discuss how
big one soon.
the public would react psychologically to news of
5 In 2004, scientists discovered a 390-metre wide a possible crash. Al Harrison, an important US
asteroid named Apophis. This has an outside social psychologist, says governments would
chance* of hitting the Earth in 2036. If it hit, worry about how soon to tell people, as they
Apophis would release more than 100,000 times would not want to frighten everyone.
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Level 1 Elementary
12 Some psychologists think this kind of news Slight gravitational attraction
should be kept secret, to prevent public panic. Everything in the universe that has mass attracts
In December 2004, for example, scientists anything else with mass because of gravity. If a
calculated that if Apophis did hit, it would land “gravity tractor” is placed near an asteroid, the
somewhere on a line between central Europe, asteroid will move very slightly nearer to it. Over
the Middle East, the Ganges River valley (the a distance of millions of kilometers, even a slight
most populated district on Earth), and the change of direction could move the asteroid out
Philippines. At the time, the information was kept of the Earth’s way.
secret, and many NEO scientists agreed it was
the right thing to do.
13 But Clark Chapman, a US planetary scientist,

says many social science experts are against
secrecy. They do not think that that the public
would immediately panic about a possible
danger. But the news must be given carefully,
or people might misunderstand. Then they
might become unnecessarily frightened, stop
believing official statements and ignore important
warnings.
Footnotes
Near-Earth objects
Comets and asteroids that start to circle very
near the Earth. Most NEOs are made of ice and
dust, or are bits of rock from the asteroid area
between Jupiter and Mars.
Outside chance
Astronomers discovered Apophis in June 2004.
In December 2004, they started to worry. When
they calculated its future path, they thought it
was very likely to hit the Earth in 2029. When
the asteroid passes the Earth again on April 13
2029, the Earth will probably affect it, and change
its orbit. But if that change makes Apophis pass
through a particular area in space, called “the
keyhole”, it will crash into the Earth next time it
passes, in 2036. But now they think Apophis is
very unlikely to pass through the keyhole, a very
small area of space just 600 metres wide. The
possibility is only 1 in 5,500.
Dark skies
Scientists have calculated the effects of an
enormous asteroid crash by imagining what
would happen during a big nuclear war.
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Level 1 Elementary

First find these words and numbers in the text. Then match each one with the information given below.
Washington NEOs 6km Apophis 2004 390 2036 10 800 600
1. Some asteroids are as big as _________ across.
2. The name of the new asteroid is _________.
3. The conference will be in _________.
4. People first noticed Apophis in _________.
5. Apophis is _________ metres wide.
6. A short name for near-Earth objects is _________.
7. It may hit the earth in _________.
8. The keyhole in space is only _________ metres across.
9. Scientists will know about a possible crash _________ years before it happens.
10. The tugboat could pull an asteroid as big as _________ metres wide.
4 Vocabulary development 1: Find the word
Find words in the text that mean:
1. impossible to stop _____________ (para 1)
2. connected with planets _____________ (para 2)
3. all over the world _____________ (para 5)
4. another word for happen _____________ (para 6)
5. like a robot _____________ (para 8)
6. to stay still in space _____________ (para 10)
7. a strong feeling of fear or worry _____________ (para 12)
8. keeping something secret _____________ (para 13)
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Level 1 Elementary
5 Vocabulary development 2: Word building

See if you can complete the table with the missing words. Then check the text quickly to see if you were
right.
adjective adverb
1. direct
2. psychological
3. secretly
4. immediate
5. possibly
6. careful
7. unnecessary
8. officially
6 Practice
Now fill the gaps in these sentences with the right form of the word from part 5. They are in the same order
as in part 5.
1. The weather has a __________ effect on the way I feel.
2. I enjoy doing __________ tests.
3. Don’t tell anyone; this is __________ .
4. I’m in a hurry, so please tell me __________ .
5. Could you __________ lend me five pounds?
6. The road is very busy, so be __________ how you cross.
7. You don’t need to wear a tie; it’s quite __________ .

8. I have heard that she’s leaving, but the news isn’t __________ yet.
7 Language development: Useful expressions
Find phrases in the text that mean:
1. If this terrible thing really happens ______________________________________________ (para 3)
2. It has never been tested ______________________________________________________ (para 6)
3. In the time people can remember _______________________________________________ (para 7)

4. This was the right decision ____________________________________________________ (para 12)
111
Celebrity boot camp
Level 1 Elementary
Naomi Campbell is a famous model. Have you heard of her?
1 Pre-reading 1 Key words
Match these keywords from the text with the definitions below.
a boot camp stilettos combats garbage a shift

a community sentence assault duties sanitation a warehouse
1. The American word for ‘rubbish’.

2. Attacking and hitting someone.
3. A large building where a lot of things are kept.
4. Working to help people as a punishment for a crime.
5. A place where young criminals have to do hard physical work and
follow strict orders.
6. Military-style clothes worn by ordinary people.
7. Keeping things clean and healthy.
8. Things that you have to do.
9. A period of work time e.g. in a hospital or factory.
10. Shoes with very pointed toes and very high heels.
2 Pre-reading 2: Prediction
Look at the headline and the sub-headings in the story. Can you guess what it is about?
1. A new reality TV show about a fashion camp.

2. A famous model has to do dirty work as a punishment.
3. A shoe company throws old shoes into the rubbish bin.
Now read the article, and check your answers to the pre-reading questions.
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Celebrity boot camp
Level 1 Elementary
Celebrity boot camp: from stilettos to 6 And she had an expensive pair of very old-looking
combats for Campbell’s garbage shift black combat boots hanging casually over her
Model begins community sentence for assault. shoulder. How many hundred dollars did it cost
Sweeping and cleaning toilets among her duties. to buy them, and how many hours of careful
attention did it take to make them look so old?
Ed Pilkington
March 20, 2007 7 Inside the warehouse, far away from the
photographers, Ms Campbell changed into
1 Naomi Campbell’s day began as normal her boots and put on the uniform gloves, dust
yesterday. The supermodel was chauffeur-driven mask and fluorescent safety vest. After that, she
in a black four-wheel drive car with dark windows, was told what to do, and saw how horrible her
surrounded by her bodyguards. When she arrived, punishment was going to be.
she walked elegantly past a long line of press
photographers shouting, “Naomi, over here!” 8 Albert Durrell, a sanitation department deputy
before entering the building and changing into her chief, explained that she would have to sweep and
costume. wash the warehouse floor, the locker rooms and
windows. And yes, he said, “if they are dirty, she
2 And then it all went wrong. Where were the will clean the toilets.”
assistants to help her put on her clothes? Where
were the makeup artists, the lighting experts and 9 But the press won’t be able to watch her. The
the dressmakers? And finally, where was the judge at her trial agreed she could stay indoors all
Vogue editor Anna Wintour? week. This is partly because when pop star / DJ
Boy George did community service on the street
3 The only people watching were a few garbage at the same station last summer, crowds of press
collectors – real garbage collectors, not actors photographers followed him all day.
dressed like that to make fashion pictures look
more interesting. Ms Campbell, 36, had just begun 10 “Let me make this clear,” Mr Durrell said. “This
a week-long stay on the poor side of New York. programme has been in Manhattan for over a year
now. We’ve had a couple of celebrities, but the
4 She was the guest of the city’s sanitation basic rule is to treat everyone with respect and
department and will spend each day this week, dignity. They have a job to do and they do it well.
from 8am to 4pm, at its warehouse in downtown So far so good, we haven’t had any problems.”
Manhattan on the edge of the East River.
Last year, she threw her mobile phone at her 11 If Ms Campbell, or any of the three other offenders
housemaid, Ana Scolavino, who needed four doing community service with her this week, didn’t
stitches to the head. The community service was do what they were told, he added, they would be
her punishment. She also has to pay a fine of sent back in front of a judge.
$185 and attend a two-day anger management
course. 12 Perhaps downtown Manhattan will remind Ms
Campbell of her early life in Streatham, in south
5 Ms Campbell had a lot of bad publicity about London, where there is lots of concrete, too. Pier
the incident a year ago, but she walked into the 36 is opposite a line of red-brick tower blocks. And
warehouse at Pier 36 very calmly. She wore six- one of New York’s busiest main roads runs just
inch stiletto heels, brown leggings, a black coat above the warehouse.
and hat, and sunglasses.
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Celebrity boot camp
Level 1 Elementary
13 What will Ms Campbell learn from her stay under
the bridge? Will she become nicer to the people
who work in her house? Who knows? If nothing
else, she may begin to respect the men and
women who, up until this week, have kept the
New York garbage out of her sight.
Match the beginnings and endings of these sentences about the story.
1 Naomi Campbell had to go to work a from newspaper photographers.
2 Ana Scolavino b how to stop getting so angry.
3 Ms Campbell got angry with her maid c when she was a child.
4 Ms Scolavino’s head was badly cut and d for hurting her maid.
5 Ms Campbell was punished e in a poor part of Manhattan.
6 Ms Campbell also had to go and learn f and threw her phone at her.
7 Boy George had a lot of trouble g worked in Naomi Campbell’s house.
8 Ms Campbell lived in a poor part of London h the doctor had to put four stitches in it.
4 Vocabulary 1: Find the word
Find words in the text that mean the following. The paragraph numbers are given.
1. in a calm and beautiful way (1)

2. special clothes for a special reason (1)
3. short pieces of thread for joining someone’s skin together if it is cut (4)
4. money that you have to pay if you do something wrong (4)
5. very soft trousers, like thick tights without feet (5)
6. places with cupboards where you can lock up your things (8)
7. in a very bright colour that is very easy to see (workmen, police and people on bicycles
often wear jackets in this kind of colour) (7)
8. people who break the law (11)
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Celebrity boot camp
Level 1 Elementary
5 Vocabulary 2: Compound words
Sometimes we make new words from two other words. They are called compounds. Match a word
from the left with one from the right to make compounds.
1 super a up
2 body b town
3 make c model
4 dress d glasses
5 down e guards
6 house f makers
7 sun g doors
8 in h maid
Now read the text quickly to check your answers.
6 Vocabulary 3: Compound words in context
Now fill the gaps in these sentences with one of the compound words.
1. The light in Spain was so bright that I needed to wear .

2. In America, they call the centre of the city .
3. She doesn’t clean her own flat, her does it.
4. The President has four to keep him safe.
5. Let’s go out, it’s too nice to stay .
6. She shows clothes for Dior, so she is really rich and famous. She’s a .
7. In Hong Kong, can often make beautiful clothes very cheaply.
8. Your face is lovely; you don’t need to wear any .
115
Northern Ireland’s arch-enemies declare peace
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
era deadline commitment restart century

journalist share suffer conflict agreement
1. A ____________ is someone who writes for a newspaper.
2. A ____________ is a period of one hundred years.
3. An ____________ is a decision about what to do, made by two or more people, groups or organizations.
4. A ____________ is a date or time when you must finish something.
5. An ____________ is a long period of time.
6. A ____________ is a promise to do something.
7. A ____________ is an angry disagreement between people or groups.
8. If you ____________ something, you use or have it at the same time as another person.
9. If you ____________, you feel pain in your body or your mind.
10. If you ____________ something, you start it again.
1. When will the new Northern Ireland government begin to operate?
2. Who is the leader of Sinn Féin?
3. How long has the peace process been going on?
4. What does DUP stand for?
5. Who is the leader of the DUP?
6. How long did the meeting between the DUP and Sinn Féin last?
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Level 1 Elementary
Northern Ireland’s arch-enemies when the institutions will start work and how they
declare peace will work. We have agreed with Sinn Féin that
this date will be Tuesday May 8 ... After a long
Owen Bowcott, Ireland correspondent
and difficult time in Northern Ireland I believe that
March 27, 2007
the future is optimistic ... We are doing this for
all the people of Northern Ireland. The horrors
1 The two main political parties in Northern Ireland
and tragedies of the past must not stop us from
are the Democratic Unionist Party and Sinn Féin.
creating a better future. But when we look to
The DUP believes strongly that Northern Ireland
that future we must never forget those people
must remain part of the United Kingdom, while
who have suffered during the dark period which I
Sinn Féin believes that Northern Ireland should
hope we are now, at last, leaving.”
become part of the Republic of Ireland. For many
years these two parties have been enemies but 6 Mr Adams welcomed the DUP’s commitment. “It
this week something extraordinary happened. is disappointing that we have not restarted all the
parliamentary institutions today but I believe the
2 The leader of the DUP, Ian Paisley, and the
agreement between Sinn Féin and the DUP ...
leader of Sinn Féin, Gerry Adams, sat side by
is the beginning of a new era of politics on this
side at a meeting for the first time yesterday.
island ... Centuries of conflict, hurt and tragedy
At the end of the meeting they announced an
have damaged the relationships between the
agreement to work together from May 8 in a new
people of this island... We have all come a very
Northern Ireland government. The two men have
long way in the process of peace making. We
been enemies for so long that many people will
know that many people have suffered. Now we
see this agreement as a very important event in
must build the best future possible. It is now time
the history of the politics of Northern Ireland.
to think of the future of all our people.”
3 The private meeting lasted just over an hour.
7 The two parties will go together to the British
It was the first time the two parties had ever
government to ask for more money for Northern
talked directly to each other. Both parties issued
Ireland. Mr Paisley said both parties would work
statements promising political cooperation
hard before May 8 to make sure everything was
and the start of a new and peaceful era. The
ready. The DUP leader left the meeting smiling
governments of the UK and the Irish Republic
and shouted to waiting journalists: “Do you have
welcomed the agreement as an important stage
eyes in your head?”
in a peace process that has lasted more than 10
years. 8 In London Tony Blair said: “Everything that we’ve
done in the last 10 years has been a preparation
4 The British government wanted the two parties
for this moment. Republicans and nationalists will
to agree to work together in the new government
still be republicans and nationalists, and unionists
before a deadline of midnight yesterday. The
will still be unionists. But people can now come
DUP did not want to do this. They said they
together, show respect for each other’s opinions,
needed more time to be sure that Sinn Féin
share power and express their politics peacefully
would support the Northern Ireland police force.
and democratically.”
The new date of May 8 will give DUP members
more time to get used to the new situation.
5 The two parties said the atmosphere at their
meeting was “friendly” and “constructive” but
they did not shake hands. “In the past,” Mr
Paisley said, “the British government has set the
deadlines but now ... we as a party have agreed
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Level 1 Elementary
Are these sentences True or False according to the text?
1. The new Northern Ireland government will start work on Thursday May 8.
2. The atmosphere at the meeting was friendly.
3. Ian Paisley was unhappy when he left the meeting.
4. Both sides want to create a better future.
5. The DUP believes Northern Ireland should become part of the Republic of Ireland.
6. The DUP did not agree with the British government’s deadline.
7. Mr Paisley and Mr Adams shook hands.
8. Both parties want more money for Northern Ireland from the British government.
4 Vocabulary 1: Verbs and nouns
Match the verbs in the left-hand column with the nouns in the right-hand column.
1. shake a. a deadline
2. issue b. power
3. set c. more time
4. show d. a statement
5. share e. hands
6. need f. respect
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Level 1 Elementary
Complete the table.
verb noun
1. agree
2. govern
3. meet
4. state
5. begin
6. prepare
7. announce
8. commit
6 Vocabulary 3: Spelling game
1. greenteam
2. snettmeat
3. tophamseer
4. tiscotimpi
5. mengonevrt
6. toccflin
119
Gang mayhem grips LA
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
Match these key words from the text with the definitions below.
mayhem to bury to ruin a crackdown a gang

a summit to despair to grip an injunction a probation officer
1. A group of young people who spend time together and often cause trouble.
2. To put a dead body in the ground.
3. To hold tightly.
4. A very confused situation.

5. Strong action taken by the authority to stop a particular activity.
6. A meeting or series of meetings between leaders.
7. To feel a situation is so bad that nothing can change it.
8. An official order from the police that stops someone from doing something.
9. To destroy or seriously damage something.
10. Someone who helps and gives advice to criminals who are not in prison, and checks that they are
behaving well.
A From the title:

Read the title and choose the best explanation (use the answers from exercise 1 to help you understand
the words).
1. Gangs in LA are confused about their situation.
2. Gangs are causing problems in LA.
3. LA has eliminated its gang problem.
B Skimming the text:

Read quickly and find the paragraphs with the following information.
1. A new reality TV show is going to start in LA soon.
2. The gang problem in LA is the worst in the United States.
3. Gang members shot a young black girl.
4. There is a project to help people leave gangs.

5. The police have a list of the worse gangs.
6. Father Boyle buried another gang member.
120
Level 1 Elementary
Gang mayhem grips LA a racial war is going to explode in this city,” says
Khalid Shah, director of Stop the Violence, one of
Paul Harris
the groups organizing the meeting.
March 18, 2007
8 Green’s death also caused Villaraigosa’s
1 Father Greg Boyle counts the young gang
crackdown. The police published a list of the
members he has buried. Number 151 was
11 worst gangs, including 204th Street. They
Jonathan Hurtado, 18 – fresh out of jail. Now the
promised to go after them with police, FBI agents
Jesuit is sad for him. “The day he got out I found
and court injunctions. But the people of Los
him a job. He never missed a day. He was doing
Angeles have seen it all before. The city’s history
really well,” Boyle says.
is full of anti-gang projects.
2 Hurtado made a mistake: he went back to his old

9 Publishing the ‘hit list’ could be a mistake.
neighbourhood. While sitting in a park, a man
“Putting out a list was a bad idea. Groups that
on a bike came up to him and said: “Hey, homie,
don’t make the list will want to be on it. They
what’s up?” He then shot Hurtado four times.
don’t think rationally,” said Alex Alonso, a gang
historian.
3 Boyle’s Los Angeles is a world away from the
glamorous Hollywood hills, Malibu beaches and 10 But there is hope. Alfonso ‘Chino’ Visuet, 23,
Sunset Strip – the city that David Beckham and
started gang life as a teenager. He was attracted
Posh Spice will soon make their home.
by the excitement and riches and had a difficult
home life. “People who join a gang are always
4 In Boyle’s Los Angeles an estimated 120,000
running away from something. They run to the
gang members fight over land, pride and
gang,” Visuet says.
drugs. It is a city of violence as a new race war
grows between new Hispanic gangs and older
11 Visuet now works for Father Boyle’s Homeboy
black groups. Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa, who
Industries. It’s a project that helps people
has referred to his city as “the gang capital of
leave gang life. It provides jobs, an education,
America”, has launched a crackdown on the
pays to have gang tattoos removed and
problem.
gives counselling. It wants to remove the
circumstances that lead to crime: poverty, abuse
5 Just before Christmas a 14-year-old black
and unemployment. All of its workers are former
girl, named Cheryl Green, died. As she stood
gang members and it has created a bakery, a
on a corner talking with friends, two Hispanic
printers and a restaurant.
members of the neighbourhood’s 204th Street
gang walked up and started shooting, killing
12 It worked for Visuet. He starts college this
Green and wounding three others.
autumn and wants to be a probation officer. “I
was on the edge of doing something that would
6 Last year there were 269 gang-related killings
ruin my life, either by doing violence or having it
in LA. Gang-related crime went up 15.7 per cent
done to me. That’s over now,” he says.
last year, as most other types of crime went
down. Hate crimes against black people have
13 Visuet despairs at the conflict. “A brown gang
also gone up.
member now just sees a black gang member.
They don’t see how that person comes from the
7 Green’s death made the public aware of the gang
same place they do. They might have a mother
war between ‘brown and black’. Next week there
who is an alcoholic as well or a father who hits
will be a summit called the Black and Brown
them. They have the same story,” he says.
Strategy Meeting . “All of the signs are there that
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Level 1 Elementary
14 LA is a city of two worlds – Hollywood and gangs.
On a two-lane highway that goes through LA,
there is a sign for a new TV show called Sons of
Hollywood. It shows three rich young men and
some palm trees. It says it is a ‘reality’ show, but
for most of the poor people of Los Angeles it is
only a fantasy.
Choose the correct answer.
1. Father Boyle...
a) ... helps young people leave gangs.
b) ... works for the police.
c) ... only buries gang members.
2. There are 120,000...

a) ... gangs in Los Angeles.
b) ... gang members in Los Angeles.
c) ... dead gang members in Los Angeles.
3. Cheryl Green was killed...

a) ... by the 204th street gang.
b) ... on 204th street.
c) ... by accident.
4. The police ‘hit list’ is...

a) ... an idea of the Black and Brown Strategy meeting.
b) ... not the first anti-gang initiative in LA.
c) ... a very long list.
5. All workers in Father Boyle’s Homeboy Industries...

a) ... are probation officers.
b) ... used to be gang members.
c) ... are violent men.
6. The show Sons of Hollywood is...

a) ... about gang life in Los Angeles.
b) ... is on a two-lane highway in Los Angeles.
c) ... very different from the real lives of people in Los Angeles.
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Level 1 Elementary
4 Vocabulary 1: Phrases in context
Find phrases with the following meanings.
1. to be succeeding ___________ ___________ ___________ (para 1)
2. far away ___________ ___________ ___________ (para 3)
3. talked about ___________ ___________ (para 4)
4. it’s clear this is going to happen __________ __________ __________ __________ _________ (para 5)
5. secretly leaving a place ___________ ___________ (para 10)

6. it’s finished now ___________ ___________ ___________ (para 12)
7. it’s not real ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ (para 14)
5 Vocabulary 2: Law and order
Order the letters to make words connecting to law and order from the text.
1. licpoe _____________
2. ilja _____________
3. meric _____________
4. ckcrawdno _____________
5. crout _____________
6. IFB sentag _____________
7. jintoinunc _____________
Complete the table.
adjectiveadjective nounnoun
1. glamour
2. violent
3. race
4. exciting
5. difficulty
6. poor
7. reality
123
British Airways says goodbye to Zimbabwe
Level 1 Elementary
1 What are they called now?
Match the old African state and province names on the left with their names now (on the right).
Abyssinia Somalia
Benadir Mali
French Sudan Mozambique
German Southwest Africa Ethiopia
Rhodesia Burkina Faso
Upper Volta Namibia
Portuguese East Africa Zimbabwe
2 Key words
Write in the missing vowels (a/e/i/o/u). Skim-read the article to find the answers. The paragraph numbers
will help you.
1. When something is not true or you can’t trust it, it is _nr_ _ _bl_ . (para 2)
2. If a plane is sent on a different route to the one it is supposed to go on we say it has been d_v_ rt_ d.
(para 3)
3. When you are separated from something, or if your connection has been broken you are c_t _ff. (para 4)
4. When you have this you are no longer controlled by another person or country: _nd_p_nd_nc_. (para 5)
5. When somebody else wins instead of you, you have been d_f_ _ t_d. (para 5)
6. When something does this, it breaks down and (almost) stops functioning: c_ll_ps_. (para 6)
7. This is an incredibly high increase in prices: hyp_r_nfl_t_ _ n. (para 6)
8. This is a complicated or annoying system with too many rules: b_r_ _ _ cr_cy. (para 6)
9. The value of the money of one country against the money of another country: _xch_ng_ r_t_. (para 6)
10. The amount of crop (wheat, corn, rice, etc.) that is collected: h_rv_st. (para 7)
11. When someone believes you have done something wrong or are not telling the truth, they
are s_sp_c_ _ _ s. (para 10)
12. To agree that something is not really true or that you have done something wrong: _ dm_t. (para 10)
124
Level 1 Elementary
British Airways says goodbye 7 The government says Zimbabwe is having a
to Zimbabwe great agricultural season. But there is no bread
Last BA flight from a grounded economy in the shops because the wheat harvest is
down by two-thirds and production of tobacco
Chris McGreal on BA152, Harare–London
has dropped to one-fifth of what it once was.
October 29, 2007
The government has said that it plans to sell
electricity to Namibia next year, even though
1 The last flight left the new Harare airport, flew
there isn’t enough power to keep lights on
over the city and dipped its wings in farewell.
in Zimbabwe.
With that, British Airways said goodbye
to Zimbabwe.
8 A man living in a Harare township earns, on
average, Z$5m dollars a month, or £2.50 at the
2 Cephas Msipa, a lifelong member of Mr
hidden-market rate. His journey to work in Harare
Mugabe’s Zanu-PF, said he thought it was
costs more than that but he has to travel to work
probably part of a British government plan
if he wants to keep his job.
against the Zimbabwean ruler, Robert Mugabe,
but he said that he was going to miss British
9 British Airways stayed when other European
Airways anyway. “In these difficult times, people
airlines left Zimbabwe as its economy
think Air Zimbabwe is unreliable,” he said.
collapsed – at the moment there are about $2m
Zimbabwean dollars to the British pound. But
3 Air Zimbabwe flights run days late because
now BA says that costs are too high, particularly
there is no fuel or maintenance, or they are
the cost of bringing fuel in by road from South
diverted when Mr Mugabe feels like going on a
Africa.
shopping trip in Kuala Lumpur or attending the
Pope’s funeral.
10 Mr Msipa and the Zimbabwean government are
suspicious but Mr Msipa admits there is a crisis,
4 Annie, a white Zimbabwean, is going to miss BA
and that his dad might be part of the problem.
for another reason. “There’s toilet paper on this
His father is the Zanu-PF governor of Midlands
plane, but there’s no toilet paper in the shops.
province. There, he has taken farms away from
It feels like we’re being cut off from the rest of
white farmers and has overseen the collapse
the world”.
of agriculture. Mr Msipa says this was possibly
a mistake. “My father is an old nationalist who
5 BA stopped flights to Zimbabwe once before in
believes that everything is about the land, but our
1965 when Ian Smith declared independence
generation says we should get into computers
for Rhodesia. BA returned 15 years later when
and call centres”.
Mr Smith was defeated by economics and war.
At that time, Rhodesia became Zimbabwe and
11 The younger Mr Msipa is a property developer
Robert Mugabe took power.
who travels regularly to London. His job has
kept the worst effects of the economic collapse
6 Now Zimbabwe’s government is losing
away from him and his five children. “We have an
control. Zimbabwe has a shrinking economy,
advantage. I can do things ... I have contacts,”
hyperinflation and production is collapsing. At
he said. “But how I’m going to get to London
the same time, Mr Mugabe is creating more and
now is a problem. No one wants to go through
more new bureaucracy. The official exchange
Johannesburg. They steal your luggage there. I
rate is so different to the exchange rate of the
suppose it will just have to be Air Zimbabwe.”
hidden market that the central bank governor has
to send his staff out to buy dollars on the street.
125
Level 1 Elementary
Match the sentence halves.
1. British Airways no longer... a. ... rule Zimbabwe.
2. White Zimbabweans saw British Airways... b. ... to travel to work in Harare.
3. Robert Mugabe is the first black man to... c. ... flies to Zimbabwe.
4. Mugabe has been in power for... d. ... and the hidden-market rate.
5. The average worker from a township in Zimbabwe e. ... as their link to the rest of the world.
doesn’t earn enough money...
6. Tobacco and wheat production in Zimbabwe... f. ... is agriculture.
7. Zimbabwe’s main industry... g. ... over 25 years.
8. There are two different exchange rates in Zimbabwe, h. ... have fallen dramatically.
the government’s rate...
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Level 1 Elementary
4 Vocabulary: Collocations / Word pairs
Match the words on the left with the words on the right to make collocations. What is their connection
with the text?
Example: lifelong member

Cephas Msipa is a lifelong member of Mr Mugabe’s Zanu-PF.
difficult paper
toilet economy
wheat trip
tobacco times
shopping centres
lose production
shrinking market
hidden harvest
call developer
property control
5 Discussion
Now, in Zimbabwe, a loaf of bread costs more than fifty times the price it was a year ago.
Compare this to inflation in your country.
Now, a litre of milk costs about _____________. A year ago it cost _____________.
Now, a loaf of bread costs about _____________. A year ago it cost _____________.
Now, a packet of cigarettes costs about _____________. A year ago it cost _____________.
Now, an apartment costs about _____________. A year ago it cost _____________.
... continue...
6 Webquest
What is the current rate of exchange between the British pound and the Zimbabwean dollar?
Go to www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html to read the latest updated facts and
figures about Zimbabwe.
Go to www.swradioafrica.com and click on the ‘listen live’ button to listen to the latest independent news from
Zimbabwe. The website also contains short news articles and podcasts.
127
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 What are they called now? 3 Comprehension check
Abyssinia Ethiopia 1. c
Benadir Somalia 2. e
French Sudan Mali 3. a
German Southwest Africa Namibia 4. g
Rhodesia Zimbabwe 5. b
Upper Volta Burkina Faso 6. h
Portuguese East Africa Mozambique 7. f
8. d
2 Key words 4 Vocabulary: Collocations / Word pairs

1. unreliable difficult times
2. diverted toilet paper
3. cut off wheat harvest
4. independence tobacco production
5. defeated shopping trip
6. collapse lose control
7. hyperinflation shrinking economy
8. bureaucracy hidden market
9. exchange rate call centres
10. harvest property developer
11. suspicious
12. admit
128
Shock of the new - GM Mosquitoes
Level 1 Elementary
Shock of the new expert on birds. In the past, small islands in the
southern hemisphere didn’t usually have any
Scientists hope to release GM mosquitoes
land-based predators because mammals simply
into the wild to try and destroy malaria. They
couldn’t get there, and many bird species nested
should be very careful, says James Randerson
on the ground. So when European explorers
- introducing new species can be dangerous.
took rats, dogs, pigs and cats to the islands, the
March 21, 2007
birds’ eggs were easy prey. When the brown
tree snake (native to Australia) was accidentally
1 It is an exciting scientific project that could
taken to Guam in the western Pacific in the
offer hope to 300 million people with malaria
1950s, for example, it nearly destroyed local bird
worldwide. The plan is to genetically modify the
populations.
mosquitoes in countries with malaria, so that the
insects can no longer carry the malaria parasite 7 When Portuguese sailors brought animals to
– and so can’t pass it to people. Without the right Mauritius, they probably caused the extinction of
mosquitoes, the disease would soon die out. the dodo.
2 Using genetically modified insects is not a new 8 There are many examples of disasters. When
idea but this week, scientists at Johns Hopkins rabbits were taken to Australia, they quickly
University in Maryland gave it new importance. multiplied and destroyed native species. They
The scientists there cannot be sure what the are still a big problem. The African honeybee
results would be but their lab studies suggest that was taken to Brazil in the 1950s and multiplied,
the GM mosquitoes might soon be stronger than replacing the European honeybees that came
normal ones. to South America with the first Europeans. It
is much more aggressive than native species,
3 Many human lives might be saved. But what attacking people and animals. In Africa, the
would happen if millions of GM-insects were
water hyacinth plant was introduced from South
released into the wild? When the mosquitoes
America in the 19th century. Now boats cannot
are in their natural habitat, would the gene they
move down the rivers.
carry jump into other species? GM animals have
never been released in large numbers, so these 9 Even in this country, some foreign plants are
questions are hard to answer. a big problem. The worst one is Japanese
knotweed, which grows well in gardens. Dr Long
4 But in the past, when non-native species have
says it is bad for home owners, because it can
been moved into new environments, on purpose
grow through walls and concrete, as well as
or by accident, there have been big problems, so
taking over gardens.
scientists need to be very careful.
10 Another problem plant is rhododendron
5 “If new species get out of their habitat and are
ponticum, which is taking over the so-called
not kept under control by other processes, they
‘Celtic rainforest’ woodlands of the west coast
start to cause trouble,” says Deborah Long
of Scotland and Wales. It damages the special
at Plantlife Scotland. New species may have
plants there, which need exact amounts of light
no natural predators, or may meet prey that
and water. The rhododendrons, which were
cannot defend themselves against their hunting
introduced by Victorian gardeners, take light
methods. New species can also affect local
away from native plants.
plants and animals by bringing in diseases they
have not met before. 11 The destructive cane toad of Australia was
brought in to control sugar-cane pests in 1935.
6 “This is a particular problem for islands in the
But it soon began eating – and destroying
southern hemisphere,” says Andre Farrar, an
– native species. It now occupies much of the
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Level 1 Elementary
north east of Australia. People have tried very 14 So what are the lessons here for introducing
hard to control the cane toads, but they continue GM-mosquitoes? Perhaps, putting a new
to multiply. mosquito with an extra gene into a place where
there are lots of mosquitoes already is not as
12 Perhaps the worst example is the snails of
bad as introducing an entirely new species. And
French Polynesia. First, the giant African land a change made by scientists may not be very
snail was taken there and they increased too different from something that has happened
much. Then, in 1975, the wolf snail was taken many times in evolution – by chance.
there to keep their numbers down. But the wolf
snail usually ignored the African snails and ate 15 Finally, though, what people think is a danger,
the smaller native partula snails. Since then, will probably be more important than the real
72% of the partula species have gone and only dangers. GM-crops had no chance in Europe
five remain. because of ‘what-if?’ fears: in the end, scientists’
opinions had no effect. If public opinion in African
13 But there have been successes, especially on
countries is strongly against the GM-mosquito,
the islands where new species can cause most or if people feel that they are being forced to
damage. “It is expensive, it takes time, but it can use a technology that Europe doesn’t want, GM
be very effective,” says Farrar. For example, mosquitoes will not be used.
the kakapo parrot from New Zealand, which
nests on the ground. Scientists have moved it to
islands without rats, where it can live safely.
How close were your answers?
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Level 1 Elementary
4 Reading for information
First, read the text quickly and underline the words below.
James Randerson 300 million Johns Hopkins Deborah Long
Andre Farrar Guam the dodo the 19th century 1935 72%
Now, read the text again, and use the information to complete the sentences below.
1. ____________ is the university where the scientists are working on GM mosquitoes.
2. ____________ is an animal that doesn’t exist any more.
3. There are ____________ people who are ill with malaria.
4. ____________ is the man who wrote this article.
5. ____________ is a scientist who knows a lot about birds.
6. ____________ is an island where brown tree snakes have eaten most of the birds.
7. People tried to protect sugar cane plants from pests by bringing in cane toads in ____________.
8. A water plant was taken to Africa from South America in ____________. Now it has blocked all the rivers.
9. ____________ is a scientist who knows a lot about plants.
10. Wolf snails have eaten ____________ of the native snails in Polynesia.
5 Vocabulary development 1: Word building
See if you can complete the table with the missing words. Then check the text quickly to see if you
were right.
noun adjective
1 danger
2 science
3 nature
4 care
5 south
6 aggression
7 destruction
8 effect
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Level 1 Elementary
6 Vocabulary development 2: Pronunciation
Here are some words from the text. Where is the stress? Put them in the correct columns.
malaria parasite scientists importance habitat accident

predators hemisphere explorers extinction multiplied aggressive
destructive occupies expensive effective example opinion
dangerous mosquitoes
132
Russia turns to tradition for Yeltsin farewell
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
funeral cemetery widow farewell coffin

bury chaos mourner generous sympathy
1. A ____________ is a woman whose husband is dead.
2. ____________ is a situation in which everything is confused and in a mess.
3. When you ____________ a dead person, you put their body in the ground.
4. A ____________ is a ceremony that takes place after someone dies.
5. A ____________ is a long box in which a dead person is buried.
6. A ____________ is an area of ground where dead people are buried.
7. If you say ____________ to someone, you say goodbye because you will not see them again for a long time
and perhaps you will never see them again.
8. ____________ is a feeling of kindness and understanding you have for a person who is having an
unpleasant experience.
9. A ____________ is someone who goes to a funeral.
10. If you are ____________, you are kind, friendly and helpful.
1. How old was Boris Yeltsin when he died?
2. When was the last time a Russian head of state was buried in a church?
3. For how long was Boris Yeltsin president of Russia?
4. When did the war in Chechnya start?
5. Where were Russian leaders buried in the time of the Soviet Union?
6. How many former American presidents attended Yeltsin’s funeral?
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Level 1 Elementary
Russia turns to tradition for Yeltsin things. The fall of the Soviet Union was mostly
farewell because of Yeltsin. “He also had many human
Putin, Clinton and Major among mourners at qualities. He was a kind man, very different from
Orthodox ceremony. the leaders we’ve got now.”
Luke Harding in Moscow 6 Russian state television broadcast hours of

April 26, 2007 programmes about Yeltsin. Flags around Moscow
were at half-mast. But many ordinary Russians
clearly still think Yeltsin’s seven and a half years
1 The funeral of the former Russian president Boris
as president were a disaster for Russia. Only
Yeltsin took place yesterday in the Novodevichy
a few people were on the streets watching as
cemetery in Moscow. Yeltsin’s widow, Naina,
the funeral cars drove past. There were few
kissed him several times as a last farewell. Then
mourners along the funeral route. Russians do
the coffin was closed and, as Russia’s national
not really know what to think about Yeltsin. Some
anthem played,Yeltsin was buried. Several ex-
say he was good because he brought freedom;
world leaders, including Bill Clinton and George
others say he gave state companies to rich
Bush Snr., were at the funeral. Former UK
private owners and was bad for the country’s
prime minister John Major and the former Polish
image when he was drunk in public.
president Lech Walesa were also there.
7 Yeltsin’s biggest mistake was to order Russian
2 Yeltsin was 76 years old when he died from heart
forces to attack Chechen rebels in 1994 but
problems. When he was president of Russia
the TV programmes did not discuss this. They
there were a lot of historical changes – the end of
concentrated on the good things – Yeltsin’s
the cold war, the end of the Soviet Union and a
friendly relationship with ordinary Russians and
period of chaos and liberty. Yeltsin’s funeral was
his love for his children and grandchildren. There
another sign of changing times. It was the first
was a minute’s silence for Yeltsin in the Russian
time since 1894 and the death of Tsar Alexander
parliament yesterday but communist MPs did not
III that the funeral of a Russian head of state had
stand up. “We will never give honour to this man
taken place in a Russian Orthodox church.
because he destroyed our country,” communist
3 In the Soviet Union, Russian leaders were buried MP Viktor Ilyukhin said.
near the Kremlin Wall. Yeltsin’s funeral took
8 Other former enemies were more generous.
place in the cathedral of Christ the Saviour – an
Former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev – who
enormous church not far from the Kremlin.
lost his job when Yeltsin ended the Soviet Union
4 Hundreds of mourners stood in line to say – kissed his widow and offered his sympathy.
farewell to Yeltsin. The red, white and blue John Major and Bill Clinton offered their
Russian flag lay over his open coffin. Mourners sympathy. Mr Putin and his wife, Ludmilla, stood
walked past one by one, laying flowers. “He silently nearby. Every member of the Russian
was a strong man,” Dmitry Samarin, his former government was there, including Sergei Ivanov
bodyguard, said outside the church. Was he a and Dmitry Medvedev, the two men who will
good leader? “History is a very difficult thing,” he probably be in next year’s presidential election.
replied carefully. “He defeated the communist Roman Abramovich, a billionaire who made his
leadership. He was the only person who could do money thanks to Yeltsin, was also at the funeral.
that.”
9 During the funeral, bearded priests sang and
5 Arytom Leonidovich, a 26-year-old architect, said said prayers for Yeltsin. Metropolitan Yuvenaly,
it was a complicated question. “I think history the second most senior cleric in the Orthodox
will say that he did more positive than negative church, told mourners Yeltsin had given people
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Level 1 Elementary
the freedom they wanted. People should
remember Russia’s first president for this,
he said. “Russia today lives a full life and is
returning to its historic traditions. This is the first
time in 100 years we are saying goodbye to a
Russian head of state in a church.”
1. Communist MPs in Russia believe… a. …was a disaster for Russia.
2. Some Russians think Yeltsin was good because… b. …he gave state companies to rich private owners.
3. Some Russians think Yeltsin was bad because… c. …gave the people the freedom they wanted.
4. Yeltsin’s former bodyguard thinks… d. …Yeltsin destroyed their country.
5. The senior Orthodox cleric believes Yeltsin… e. …he was the only person who could defeat the
6. Many ordinary Russians think Yeltsin… communist leadership.
f. …he brought freedom to Russia.
4 Vocabulary 1: Words and definitions
Match these words from the text with their meanings.
1. national anthem a. another word for freedom
2. period b. having a beard
3. at half-mast c. a very large church
4. liberty d. the official song of a country
5. bodyguard e. an amount of time during which something happens
6. cleric f. (a flag) flying in the middle of the pole, not a the top
7. bearded g. a person whose job is to protect an important person
8. cathedral h. a priest
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Level 1 Elementary
Fill the gaps in these phrases from the text using prepositions.
1. a lot of people were _______ the funeral.
2. he died _______ heart problems
3. a sign _______ changing times
4. not far _______ the Kremlin
5. stand _______ line
6. one _______ one
7. drunk _______ public
8. concentrate _______ the good things
Complete the table using adjectives from the text.
1. poor
2. positive
3. very small
4. simple
5. sober
6. weak
7. unkind
8. junior
136
Fearful rich keep poor at bay in Buenos Aires
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
Fill the gaps in the sentences using these words from the text.
suburb estate savings recovers secure

polarized shanty town beggar kidnap investment
1. If a society is ____________, people are divided into two opposite groups.
2. A ____________ is someone who is very poor and lives by asking people for money or food.
3. A ____________ is a place where poor people live in very small houses made of metal and wood.
4. A ____________ is an area near a big city but away from its centre.
5. Money you have saved in a bank is called your ____________.
6. An ____________ is money used in a way that may earn more money.
7. An ____________ is an area where there are many houses, built at the same time by the same company.
8. ____________ means safe from attack, harm or damage.
9. If a country ____________ after a difficult period, it becomes stronger again.
10. If you ____________ someone, you make them a prisoner and ask their family for money.
1. How many new estates have been built around Buenos Aires?
2. What percentage of the people of Argentina are still poor?
3. When did the economic crisis in Argentina begin?
4. When did the economy begin to recover?
5. How many square metres could £40,000 buy in the centre of Buenos Aires?
6. How many square metres could £40,000 buy in the suburbs?
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Level 1 Elementary
Fearful rich keep poor at bay cars stopping at traffic lights. Many of the people
living in the closed estates do not see these
Uneven economic recovery is polarizing society,
things, says Celina Murga, 34, a film director.
and Buenos Aires’ well-off are seeking peace
“The children who live in these places are very
outside the city.
different from others; they don’t know what the
Rory Carroll in Buenos Aires real world is like.” She is making a film about
April 25, 2007 children in the closed estates. “I want to show
that this is a social crisis,” says Ms Murga.
1 In the suburbs around the Argentine capital
Buenos Aires you find estates full of expensive 5 Argentina’s economic crisis began in December
houses with gardens and swimming pools. When 2001. At first both the middle class and the
you look at these rich estates, it is difficult to poor were angry with the government and the
imagine that just five years ago Argentina was financial institutions. The middle class lost
in the middle of an economic crisis. Millions of their businesses and the poor lost any savings
people lost their jobs and their savings. There they had. Everything changed when gangs of
was a dramatic increase in violent crime. But criminals started attacking people in rich districts
today if you visit the suburbs of Buenos Aires you of Buenos Aires. People thought that crime was
find new cars parked outside expensive houses. out of control. Hundreds of thousands of people
To the surprise of many people, the economy of protested after the kidnap and murder of a young
Argentina is growing stronger again. man, Axel Blumberg. When the economy began
to recover in 2003, more and more people moved
2 But there is a problem in these rich estates.
to closed estates. You can see the high walls of
They are closed communities protected by high
these estates when you drive along the 10-lane
walls and uniformed guards with guns and two-
motorways out of Buenos Aires.
way radios. Argentina has recovered but it is
different. More than 400 new estates have been 6 Foreigners are now buying apartments in central
built around Buenos Aires. 300,000 people live Buenos Aires. They believe that it is a good
in these estates and if you don’t live there you investment and a good place to live. Europeans
have to show ID to a security guard if you want and North Americans own about 30% of the
to enter. properties in the city centre. The economic
recovery is a dramatic change from the dark days
3 “There are no poor people here. That’s one of 2002. Now the government is more popular
reason why people like it,” says Ramiro Figueroa, and many people feel more confident. But banks,
30, an estate agent who lives in Tortugas about supermarkets and restaurants are still leaving the
an hour by car from the centre of Buenos Aires. city centre and moving to the suburbs.
“I love it here. Everything is secure. I leave my
windows open at night.” You can also find closed 7 People living in the closed estates say that they
estates like these in the new South Africa, as are happier there than in the city centre. Connie
the middle classes try to escape from crime in Burgwardt, a 40-year-old lawyer, moved two
the city centres. People are now worried that years ago to Santa Barbara, an estate 16 miles
Argentina might become a polarized society like north of the city. She says he has a wonderful
South Africa or Brazil. social life there. Her parents and her friends live
nearby, and every weekend there’s a barbecue or
4 The economy is stronger now but 40% of the party. “For £40,000 I could buy 40 square metres
people of Argentina are still poor. You can see in the city – or 160 here. Here I have a garden
this in the shanty towns around Buenos Aires. In and a swimming pool. You don’t think twice. It’s
the tourist areas you can see beggars sleeping in like a dream ... I won’t go away from here unless
shop doorways and children beg for money from I’m dead.”
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Level 1 Elementary
1. Rich people move to the suburbs because…
2. People feel secure in the closed estates because…
3. Argentina might become a polarized society because…
4. Foreigners are buying apartments in Buenos Aires because…
5. In 2001 people were angry with the government because…
6. One reason that people like the closed estates is because…
a. …they don’t see any poor people there.
b. …they believe it is a good investment.
c. …they have high walls and armed guards.
d. …they lost their jobs and their savings.
e. …40% of the people are still poor.
f. …they are worried about crime in the city centre.
4 Vocabulary 1: Noun and noun collocations
Match the words in the left-hand column with those in the right-hand column to make expressions from the
text.
1. estate a. radio
2. city b. guard
3. security c. pool
4. traffic d. town
5. swimming e. light
6. tourist f. agent
7. two-way g. area
8. shanty h. centre
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Level 1 Elementary
1. ...in the middle _____ an economic crisis.
2. …an increase _____ violent crime.
3. …an hour _____ car from the centre…
4. I leave my windows open _____ night.
5. …escape _____ ...
6. …stopping _____ traffic lights.
7. …angry _____ the government…
8. …crime was _____ control.
6 Vocabulary 3: Adjective + noun collocations
Match the adjectives in the left-hand column with the nouns in the right-hand column.
1. economic a. guard
2. dramatic b. institution
3. middle c. crime
4. financial d. class
5. social e. crisis
6. violent f. society
7. uniformed g. life
8. polarized h. increase
140
Online fraudster
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
Complete the sentences with these key words from the article.
conviction mortgage bouquet fraudster

prosecute victim scam spending spree
1. A ________ is a kind of criminal who gets money from people by tricking them.
2. If you go on a ________, you spend a lot of money in a short time.
3. A ________ is a loan the bank gives you to buy a house.
4. A ________ is a collection of flowers.
5. To ________ someone is to officially accuse them of a crime.
6. A ________ is a decision by a court of law that someone is guilty of a crime.
7. A ________ is someone who is hurt or killed as a result of a crime.
8. A ________ is a dishonest way to make money.
2 What do you think?
Read the article quickly and decide which is the best summary of the main idea.
1. A bank tries to protect itself and its clients against online crime.
2. An interview shows that many people think it’s easy to steal money online.
3. Criminologists interview criminals and discover secrets about online crime.
4. A report on how to avoid common online scams.
141
Online fraudster
Level 1 Elementary
It’s easy money, says online fraudster 24 hours, you call the bank up and convince
who stole £250,000 them that you’re the genuine person and that
you haven’t made those transactions - and they
Bobbie Johnson, technology correspondent refund it. Then you just go to the cash machine
May 3, 2007 and take it all out again.” He even sent flowers to
one victim, using their stolen bank details to pay
1 On the outside, Tee was a typical student. Living
for the bouquet.
away from home was expensive and he owed
money. Like most students, he had a computer 6 Statistics from Cifas, the UK’s fraud prevention
and a phone in his room - but instead of using service, show that identity theft was up almost
them to study, he turned them into the tools of a 20% last year, while Internet and card fraud rose
21st century criminal. to an all-time high of £414m in 2006.
2 In his short career as a fraudster, Tee - who is 7 Martin Gill is a criminologist at the University
trying to rebuild his life after serving a long prison of Leicester. He has studied the actions and
sentence - estimates that he stole as much as motivations of fraudsters and Tee was one of
£250,000 through stolen credit card details, the people he interviewed. Gill believes that
identity theft and bank account takeover. Police fraudsters think that online crime is easy. “One
officials last week said the volume of online crime of the things that comes through is the belief that
was so high that they could not investigate every they’re not going to get caught,” he said.
case, and that big criminals were moving into the
fast-growing field. 8 “The common reaction among companies selling
goods is a real frustration at how hard it is to
3 For Tee, who went to prison for almost four prosecute and get convictions for people who
years, the chance to use people’s ignorance commit fraud,” said Keith Marsden, managing
against them was just too easy. “Maybe it took an director of 192.com, which sponsors Prove-
hour a night if I really felt like it. But to me it felt ID, a private industrial forum on dealing with
like a bit of fun and a pastime which developed fraud. Instead, companies are choosing tougher
into an easy way of making money.” he said. security procedures and programmes to educate
the public about safe Internet use.
4 In spare moments around his university schedule
- he was studying law - the young Yorkshireman 9 How to avoid scams
would get card details taken from insecure
websites or passed on from other criminals, • Never give personal details over the phone.
and go on spending sprees that got him cars, Banks should never ask for pin numbers
clothes and cash. Sometimes all he needed or codes.
was a name and phone number. “I used to go
• Only shop on secure websites that display
through different methods depending on how
a padlock or key symbol in your browser. The
confident I felt,” he said. “I used to call people up
address should start https instead of http.
and pretend to be from a fraud department and
just ask them for their details. But sometimes it’s • Only open email attachments if you are entirely
as easy as getting information from a local video sure it is necessary.
shop.” Now, 26, Tee admits that by the time he
was caught he was thinking of getting bank loans • Be careful of suspicious-looking emails. Some
and even mortgages using stolen identities. viruses use the name of somebody you trust as
a disguise.
5 “It was just a game to see how far you could
go,” he said. “My favourite trick was to get a
card in someone’s name and use it. Then, within
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Online fraudster
Level 1 Elementary
Read the article again and decide if the sentences below are True (T) or False (F).
1. Tee was never caught for stealing money.

2. It is difficult for police to catch many online criminals.
3. It was easy for Tee to steal people’s identities and money.
4. Tee bought flowers for someone using their own money.
5. There is less online crime now than before.
6. Companies are not doing anything to protect customers against online crime.
7. It is possible to recognize safe places to shop online.
8. People should never open their email attachments to be safe.
4 Vocabulary 1: Money words
Complete these money-related words from the text, then match them to their definitions below.
1. _ x p _ n s _ v _ 4. l _ _ n
2. b _ n k 5. r _ f _ n d
3. c _ s h 6. _ c c _ _ n t
a) A place where you can take out money.
b) The opposite of cheap.
c) To give money back to someone because they have paid too much.
d) Money in the form of notes and coins.
e) An amount of money that a person borrows from a bank.
f) An arrangement for the bank to look after your money.
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Online fraudster
Level 1 Elementary
5 Vocabulary 2: Compound nouns
Make compound nouns from the text using the words in A and the words in B.
A B
key card
prison loan
credit machine
university schedule
video sentence
bank shop
cash symbol
6 Vocabulary 3: Technology word puzzle
Find the six words relating to technology in the word puzzle.
R F V J K E W E F M
Browser I E S I N X T U O T
R Z S I R I P C Y S
Computer
H L L W S U O J S P
Email Z N V B O M S E O A
O I E K P R M S O O
Online
E W X U S A B G Z B
Virus W G T Z I M S U M Z
F E G L H C O L F C
Website R K T A R F B H Q B
144
Breathing lessons
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
Answer the questions about the key words in the text.
1. Pollution is the chemicals or substances that have a negative effect on the environment.
What is a pollutant?
2. If you warn someone, you tell them there is danger near.

What is a warning?
3. To expose something is to put it in danger.

What is exposure?
4. I’m afraid of spiders, so I avoid them.

Does avoid mean to go close to something or stay away from it?
5. On a chart, a spike shows the high point of something.

What is a pollution spike?
6. If you exhale something, you breathe it out.

What does inhale mean?
7. If you park your car next to the pavement, the wheels will be close to the kerb.
What part of the pavement is the kerb?
8. Ventilation is the movement of fresh air around a room.

What does to ventilate mean?
2 What do you know?
You are going to read an article called Breathing lessons, about tips on how to avoid breathing in pollution
in big cities. Which of the following things do you think will be mentioned?
1. Where to walk.
2. How to cross the road.
3. Which are the most polluted cities in the world.
4. Wearing a mask.
5. Taking children out into the city.
6. Doing exercise in the city.
7. Where to sit on a bus.
8. What to eat and drink.
9. Going to a swimming pool.
10. Driving a car.
Read the article and check your answers.
145
Breathing lessons
Level 1 Elementary
Breathing lessons during times of high traffic congestion – i.e., the
morning and late-afternoon rush hours. Pollution
Leo Hickman
levels generally fall during the night-time. The
April 4, 2007
time of year can also make a big difference.
Pollution levels tend to be at their lowest during
1 Take a deep breath. If you live in an urban
the spring and autumn.
environment - which four out of five of us now do
- then you are exposing yourself to pollutants that 7 Going outside when there is less pollution is
could be seriously damaging your health. a good idea, but of course that’s not always
realistic. In fact, the hottest part of a summer’s
2 The idea that city air is bad for you is not new,
day - the time when most office workers go
but it is an area scientists are only just beginning
outside during their lunchbreak - is a particularly
to really understand. Last month the Royal
bad time to go out. Walking in the rain, on the
Commission on Environmental Pollution, an
other hand, is a good way of avoiding the worst
independent body set up in 1970 to advise the
air pollution, as the rain “cleans” the air both by
government, confirmed what many of us knew:
washing out the pollutants and bringing with it
that urban living should carry a large health
fresher air.
warning. In a major report entitled The Urban
Environment, it explained what impact urban air 8 Wear a mask
pollution is having on our health. The headline Masks can be a good thing, but they only make
conclusion was that air pollution reduces a difference if they fit tightly and are cleaned
“life expectancy in the UK by an average of regularly. If you don’t clean or change the
eight months”. mask regularly there is a danger of allowing
oily organic compounds to build up on the filter.
3 Meanwhile, the World Health Organisation
This can make the air you breathe dirtier rather
reports that transport-related air pollution - which
than cleaner.
now causes the majority of urban air pollution
- causes many health problems. But other than 9 Pushchairs
moving to the countryside, what practical steps According to the Royal Commission report,
can people take to reduce their exposure to several recent studies indicate that “children
urban air pollution? Quite a lot, it turns out. living close to busy roads have an approximate
50% increased risk of experiencing respiratory
4 Watch where you walk
illness, including asthma”. Children are smaller
One of the best ways to reduce your exposure to
than adults and therefore much closer to the
air pollution, says Dr Roy Colvile, an expert in air-
source of pollution when walking beside roads.
quality management at Imperial College London,
They also breathe more rapidly, and tend to
is to avoid walking along busy streets, instead
inhale more pollution, than adults. One small
choosing side streets and parks.
step you can take is not to push them along in a
5 Pavement sense buggy too close to traffic.
When you’re crossing a road, stand well back
10 Beware of exercising in traffic
from the kerb while you wait for the lights to
Cycling or jogging can expose you more to
change. Every metre really does count when
air pollution - you inhale three times as much
you are in close proximity to traffic, according
as if you were walking. The best times of
to Colvile. Also, cross the road as quickly
day to exercise are early morning or in the
as possible.
evening. Alternatively, exercise indoors or in
6 Avoid pollution spikes a park. Cyclists should stay on side-roads
Predictably, there are large spikes in pollution where possible.
146
Breathing lessons
Level 1 Elementary
11 Where to sit on the bus prevent outdoor pollutants from the pavement
Interestingly, Colvile says that his own research entering your home.
shows that sitting on the driver’s side of a bus
can increase your exposure by 10% compared 15 Living in the suburbs, away from major roads,
with sitting on the side nearest to the pavement. seems the best way to avoid the worse urban air
pollution. But that then means you are probably
12 Protect yourself indoors too a car owner and are therefore only making the
On average, we spend about 90% of our time situation worse.
indoors and two-thirds of that time is spent at
home. And indoor pollution can actually be 16 Don’t drive
more serious than outdoor pollution, it seems. The best thing you can do, both for yourself and
Studies by the US Environmental Protection for other people, is to get out of the car. Fuel
Agency (EPA) suggests that pollution levels choice is also important: diesel may produce
can be two to five times higher indoors than out less carbon dioxide compared with petrol, which
- and this can rapidly rise depending on what is good news in terms of climate change, but it
activity you are doing at home. Centrally-heated, produces more ground-level pollutants.
carpeted, airtight homes only act to make the 17 Get out of town
situation worse. As long as you go by public transport so as not
13 If you want to reduce the risk, ventilating your to create yet more pollution, leaving of the city
home is therefore an important step - hopefully offers at least a temporary escape.
with air that’s not full of air pollutants from the
outside. Also, use a good doormat to help
Read the article again and choose the best answer.
1. A new report says that air pollution in cities is…

a) very dangerous to your health.
b) nothing new.
c) safer than in 1970.
2. The best place to walk in a city is…

a) on busy streets.
b) on the kerb.
c) on side streets and parks.
3. Pollution levels in cities are usually…

a) lower in the morning.
b) lower at night.
c) higher at night.
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Level 1 Elementary
4. Masks work only if…

a) you clean them regularly.
b) they fit tightly.
c) a) and b)
5. Children breathe…
a) more quickly than adults.
b) more slowly than adults.
c) 50% more than adults.
6. You are exposed to … on the driver’s side of the bus.

a) less pollution
b) more pollution
c) no pollution
7. According to the article we spend more time…

a) at home than outside.
b) outdoors than indoors.
c) at work than at home.
8. According to the article, if you live in the suburbs, you probably...

a) work in the city.
b) have a car.
c) have children.
Match the opposites from the text.
less dirty
clean far
urban rural
indoors increase
reduce low
near more
high outdoors
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Breathing lessons
Level 1 Elementary
5 Vocabulary 2: City words
Read the definitions and rearrange the letters in bold to complete the city words.
1. iitcnez – a person who lives in a particular city.
2. nabur – an adjective relating to cities or towns.
3. prescrasky – a very tall building in a city.
4. buburs – an area near a city, but not in the centre.
5. ettser – a road in a city with buildings on it.
6. farcfit – vehicles that are in a city at a certain time.
6 Grammar: Comparatives and superlatives
Complete the sentences with the comparative or superlative form of the word in CAPITALS.
1. In the spring pollution levels are at their _______. LOW
2. Most office workers go outside during the _______ part of a summer’s day. HOT
3. The rain brings _______ air with it. FRESH
4. Walking in the rain is _______ than walking in the hot sun. GOOD
5. If you don’t clean a face mask, it can make the air you breathe _______ rather than _______. DIRTY / CLEAN
6. Children are _______ than adults and are _______ to the pavement. SMALL / CLOSE
7. Cycling or jogging is three times _______ than walking in terms of air pollution. DANGEROUS
8. Indoor pollution can actually be _______than outdoor pollution. SERIOUS
9. Living in an airtight home makes the situation _______. BAD
10. Living in the suburbs, away from major roads, seems the _______ way to avoid urban air pollution. GOOD
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Blair to stand down on June 27
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
Fill the gaps in the sentences using these words from the text.
announce criticism give up remind globalization

MP unique vacancy praise enormous
1. If someone is ____________ , they are not the same as anyone else.
2. ____________ is short for member of parliament.
3. If something is ____________, it is very, very big.
4. If you ____________ someone about something, you tell them again so they don’t forget.
5. If you have a ____________ you need someone to do a job for you.
6. If you ____________ someone, you say very positive things about them.
7. ____________ is the process of the world becoming a single economy.
8. If you ____________ something, you make a public or official statement about it.
9. If you ____________ , you accept that you cannot win.
10. ____________ means negative comments.
1. How long has Tony Blair been British prime minister?
2. How long has he been leader of the British Labour Party?
3. When did he become prime minister?
4. How old is he?
5. How many general elections has he won?
6. Who will be the next UK prime minister?
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Level 1 Elementary
Blair to stand down on June 27 4 Earlier in the day, the PM told senior members
of his government that he was going to tell
Matthew Tempest the people that he was going to leave his job,
May 10, 2007 joking it was “not quite a normal day”. Then he
flew to the north-east of England. Meanwhile
1 British prime minister Tony Blair has announced
in the House of Commons, Gordon Brown, the
he is leaving his job after 10 years as prime
man who will be the next prime minister, was
minister and 13 as Labour leader. The prime
answering questions about the economy. “There
minister told a crowd of supporters he would
are 600,000 job vacancies in the economy – and
stop being prime minister on June 27. He said
there’s one more today,” he joked.
the people would decide if his time as prime
minister had been a success or not. Mr Blair 5 Mr Blair is 54 years old and his plans for the
praised his wife and children “who never let me future are not yet clear. People have already
forget my mistakes”. But he said: “Hand on heart, begun to praise him for what he did while he was
I did what I thought was right. Maybe I made prime minister. Former US secretary of state
mistakes – that’s for you to decide. But I did what Colin Powell said Mr Blair had “an enormous
I thought was right for our country. “This country influence on world politics, and he certainly
is a special country. The British are special. The has had an enormous influence on the special
world knows it, we know it. This is the greatest relationship between the United States and Great
country in the world.” Britain. He has been a friend and he has been
strong in the face of negative public opinion and
2 He spoke directly about Iraq, which many people
during crises.”
believe was a terrible mistake. “The criticism
since the decision to go to war ... has been very 6 Mr Blair was unique among Labour leaders in
strong and it has never stopped,” he said. But winning three general elections, one after the
he added: “If we give up now, the terrorists will other. Although he announced before the 2005
never give up.” Lindsey German, of the Stop the election that he would serve a “full third term”,
War coalition, said: “We cannot let this day pass pressure from Labour MPs last autumn forced
without reminding people what Tony Blair did in him to say he would leave the job within a year.
going to war in Iraq, but this is about the future Now he has finally made that decision.
as well.
3 Mr Blair’s Labour Party defeated the

Conservative Party in a general election in
May 1997. When Labour won after 18 years of
Conservative rule, perhaps “people expected
too much.” But he added: “I would not want it
any other way. I was, and I still am, an optimist.”
He then mentioned Africa, climate change and
globalization and said that Britain had changed
during his 10 years as prime minister: “Britain
is not a follower, Britain is a leader,” he said.
Mr Blair said that as prime minister, you had to
make decisions over problems like Sierra Leone,
Kosovo and then Afghanistan and Iraq. He did
not say if he would stay in parliament as an MP
or not.
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Level 1 Elementary
Match the beginnings and endings to make statements from the text.
1. Many people did not agree with…
2. Mr Blair says he…
3. Mr Blair says his wife and children…
4. Mr Blair is…
5. Mr Blair believes…
6. Colin Powell thinks…
a. …Britain changed during his 10 years as prime minister.

b. …Mr Blair had an enormous influence on world politics.
c. …Mr Blair’s decision to go to war with Iraq.
d. …the only Labour leader to win three general elections one after the other.
e. …never let him forget his mistakes.
f. …did what he thought was right for the country.
Find the opposites of these words in the text.
1. pessimist ____________ 5. wrong ____________
2. weak ____________ 6. junior ____________
3. failure ____________ 7. positive ____________
4. remember ____________ 8. very small ____________
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Level 1 Elementary
5 Vocabulary 2: Collocations
Match the words in the left-hand column with those in the right-hand column. Check your answers in the
text.
1. prime a. opinion
2. general b. change
3. climate c. relationship
4. job d. minister
5. special e. vacancy
6. public f. election
Put these words from the text into two groups depending on their stress.
success mistake Iraq future defeat climate
leader senior normal crisis unique believe
A 0o Bo0
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Seize the day
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
environment pollution waste flannel tap

colleague mug packaging foil detergent
1. A ____________ is a small piece of cloth you use to wash yourself.
2. A ____________ is a large cup with straight sides and no saucer.
3. ____________ is a very light, thin sheet of metal you wrap food in to keep it fresh.
4. Your bath has a cold and a hot ____________.
5. The ____________ is the natural world, including the land, water, air, plants and animals.
6. ____________ is activity which makes the air, water or land dirty.
7. A ____________ is a powder or liquid you use to wash clothes or dishes.
8. A ____________ is someone you work with.
9. ____________ is what is left after you use something.
10. ____________ is the boxes, bottles and plastic that products are sold in.
1. When was World Environment Day?
2. How much water can a power shower use?
3. How much water do you use if you clean your teeth with the tap running?
4. How many plastic cups could you save if you take your own glass to work?
5. How much water does a dishwasher use?
6. How much water does washing the dishes by hand use?
154
Seize the day
Level 1 Elementary
Seize the day you have brought from home. Do the same if
Many people want to live a greener lifestyle, you regularly drink water out of the office water
but don’t know where to start. To mark World cooler. If you use a glass you have brought from
Environment Day, Hilary Osborne suggests home, you will save 20 plastic cups every four
some small changes you can make to your weeks. You could save over 200 plastic cups
daily routine. a year!
June 5, 2007 7 At lunchtime don’t buy sandwiches with

plastic packaging. If you’re buying fruit, don’t
1 June 5th was World Environment Day but what buy grapes in plastic boxes or any other items
can you do to help the environment? There are that have unnecessary packaging. Shop at a
lots of small things you can do that will save greengrocer’s rather than a supermarket or high-
energy and water. They will also help you to street sandwich shop. Take your own bag with
produce less waste and pollution. Here is your you to put your lunch in – that way you can say
green working day. no to a plastic bag. Even better, make your lunch
at home and take it with you – and don’t wrap
2 Begin the day with a shower – but if you have
it in new kitchen foil. Wash the foil from the day
a power shower, have a very quick one. Five
before and use it again!
minutes under a regular shower uses only
around a third as much water as a bath, but 8 At the end of the working day, don’t just log off.
using a power shower can use up to 24 litres Switch your computer off completely. Look round
of water a minute. To save a lot of water, use your office to see what other equipment you can
a flannel. switch off. If you switch off the equipment in an
office overnight you will save enough energy to
3 At breakfast time don’t put too much water in
run a small car for 100 miles.
the kettle. If you want to make a cup of coffee
or tea, only put enough water for one cup in the 9 After your evening meal you will need to wash
kettle. The UK government says that if everyone the dishes. You probably think that a dishwasher
boiled only the water they needed to make a cup uses more water than washing the dishes by
of tea and did not fill the kettle every time, the hand. This is not true. Washing dishes by hand
UK could save enough electricity in one year to can use as much as 150 litres of water a day,
run nearly half of all the street lighting in the UK. while a dishwasher can use as little as 10 litres.
Saving energy also produces less CO2. A dishwasher will, of course, use more electricity
though, so only use it if it is full.
4 After breakfast you will need to brush your
teeth, but don’t use running water while you do it. 10 If you wash your dishes by hand or use a
You can waste up to five litres of water a minute dishwasher, try to use an environmentally friendly
if you clean your teeth with the tap running. detergent. A number of companies now produce
Either turn the tap on and off as you need it, or fill natural washing up liquids. These products don’t
a small glass to use. pollute rivers and the sea. You can also use the
detergent bottles again so there’s less waste.
5 Going to work. Leave your car at home. Why
not go by bike? Or take a bus or train? If you 11 When you finish the washing up, go out. Pubs,
really have to drive, why not offer a colleague theatres and cinemas will all have their lights and
a lift? Some companies organize car sharing, air conditioning on whether you visit them or not.
or you could use a website like Liftshare to find Your house will only have its lights on if you’re
someone who is making the same journey as you at home. This is a good reason to stay out until
each day. bedtime!
6 When you get to work don’t use a plastic or

paper cup for your tea or coffee. Use a mug
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Seize the day
Level 1 Elementary
Which of these pieces of advice does the text give? Choose a) or b) in each case.
1. a. Have a bath. 5. a. Log off.
b. Have a shower. b. Switch off.
2. a. Fill your kettle. 6. a. Use a dishwasher.
b. Don’t fill your kettle. b. Wash dishes by hand.
3. a. Turn the tap on and off as you need it when you 7. a. Buy fruit at a greengrocer’s.
clean your teeth. b. Buy fruit at a supermarket.
b. Leave the tap running when you clean your teeth.
8. a. Stay at home in the evening.
4. a. Take the train to work. b. Go out.
b. Drive to work.
4 Vocabulary 1: Verb + noun collocations
Match the verbs with the nouns.
1. brush a. a kettle
2. have b. someone a lift
3. fill c. energy
4. offer d. your teeth
5. waste e. a computer
6. switch off f. a shower
156
Seize the day
Level 1 Elementary
Fill the gaps in the sentences using prepositions.
1. I brush my teeth _______ breakfast.
2. I get _______ work at 8.30.
3. I log off _______ the end of the working day.
4. I wash the dishes _______ my evening meal.
5. I haven’t got a dishwasher so I wash the dishes _______ hand.

6. I take a cup _______ me to work.
7. I usually eat a sandwich _______ lunchtime.
8. I always leave my car _______ home.
Complete the table.
switch off
turn on
on
log on
go out stay
157
New citizens, good citizens
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
Skim the text to find words with these definitions.
1. Someone who travels to another country in order to find work. ________________ (Para 1)
2. Someone who has the right to live permanently in a particular country and has the right to the
legal and social benefits of that country. ________________ (Para 2)
3. A plan or suggestion, especially a formal one, that a group has to consider. ________________ (Para 3)
4. To be an important part of something. ________________ (Verb, para 4)
5. To do some work without getting paid. ________________ (Verb, para 5)
6. Happening or existing now. ________________ (Para 6)
7. Someone who has recently started to live or work somewhere, or who has just arrived in a place.
________________ (Para 8)
8. The fact that very different people or things exist within a group or place. ________________ (Para 10)
9. Feeling that someone or something cannot be trusted. ________________ (Para 11)
10. A gradual change or development that produces a particular result. ________________ (Para 13)
Which of these words would you expect to be in a text about citizenship and immigration?
Tick (a ) your choices.
national violence vote pay
report judge plane community
points democracy neighbour extremism
differences passport workplace integration
Now read the text to see how well you did.
158
Level 1 Elementary
Rules to make migrants integrate for demonstrating their knowledge of the UK, for
Ministers say citizenship should depend on good doing civic work and for living in a law-abiding
behaviour, passing English tests and knowledge way. Points would be deducted for anti-social
of the UK. behaviour and for criminal behaviour.
Patrick Wintour, political editor 7 The ministers continued, “This form of points
and Alan Travis system would be the basis of a clearer
June 5, 2007 relationship between the citizen and the state. An
easy to understand contract such as this would
encourage integration and demonstrate a clearer
1 Government ministers want to introduce a
sense in which British citizenship is earned.”
national British day as part of a ‘citizenship
revolution’. They also want to toughen rules 8 Local government should also provide a
for migrants and to instil community pride in all citizenship deal for newcomers, setting out their
18-year-olds. responsibilities to be good neighbours, as well
as their access to English language training and
2 They intend to give every teenager in the UK
employment, say the ministers.
a citizenship pack when they are old enough
to vote, and say that migrants should only 9 A ‘life in Britain – good neighbour contract’
be able to become British citizens if they can would be provided to all migrants from inside
demonstrate good behaviour and a willingness and outside the EU, including those that stay
to integrate. temporarily. The contract would be introduced
alongside identity cards. The ministers also agree
3 The national day would be a public holiday,
that councils should spend less on translation
similar to Australia Day in Australia. The
services and more on English language teaching.
proposals come from the communities secretary,
Ruth Kelly, and the immigration minister, 10 The ministers warn that after 40 years of
Liam Byrne. They would also like to introduce diversity, Britain’s communities are no longer
citizenship ceremonies for anyone who wants to looking outwards and celebrating what they
come to live in the UK. have in common. Instead, they are beginning
to look inwards, stressing their differences
4 Some of the ministers’ ideas are likely to feature
and divisions.
in a new report. The prime minister-in-waiting,
Gordon Brown, is very much in favour of some of 11 The threat to integration comes both from
the ideas. Islamist extremism and also groups like the
British National Party. Mr Byrne said that,
5 Another idea is to improve links between
“We risk seeing a more divided society, more
veterans and young people. The citizenship pack
suspicious of each other and no longer coming
for 18-year-olds would provide information on
together around shared goals. We need a
democracy, volunteering and civic duties such
stronger sense of why we live in a common place
as jury service. Young people could reduce their
and have a shared future.” Mr Byrne admitted
student loan repayments if they volunteer for
that the large number of eastern European
community work.
migrants had proved a “shock to the system”.
6 Mr Byrne and Ms Kelly say that the current
12 He said new migrants needed to do more to
settlement policy for new migrants is “difficult
“help them understand British values and its way
to understand and unclear”. In future, new
of life.” He added: “We need to make it clearer
citizens would gain points for the length of time
that citizenship isn’t simply handed out, but is
they have spent in the country, for bringing new
something which is earned.”
investment into the UK, for passing English tests,
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Level 1 Elementary
13 The ministers say new trends are dividing Britons
in the workplace, the family, the media and new
technology. They insist migration has brought
benefits, but say that the changes are happening
too quickly.
Are these sentences True (T) or False (F) according to the text?
1. Britain already has a national day.
2. British people can vote from the age of sixteen.
3. Government ministers want to introduce citizenship ceremonies.
4. The ministers would like more people to do volunteer work.
5. The current settlement policy for new immigrants is easy to understand.
6. Minority groups in Britain are becoming more integrated into society.
7. British society is becoming divided.

8. Ministers say citizenship shouldn’t be easy to obtain.
9. A lot of migrants from eastern European countries have recently arrived in Britain.
160
Level 1 Elementary
4 Vocabulary 1: Odd word out
Which word doesn’t fit into each word-group? Put a cross (r) next to it.
Government words Legal/official words Words to describe

people and their status
council policy teenager
newcomer workplace student
Prime Minister contract media
party goal veteran
Minister report 18-year-old
Match the words on the left with those on the right to make collocations from the text.
a. civic system
jury policy
settlement duty
points service
b. student behaviour
provide tests
pass information
criminal loan
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Level 1 Elementary
Now complete the sentences using the collocations.
1. The government are hoping to introduce a new _____________________ for immigrants.
2. Many people no longer have a sense of _____________________.
3. You have to go to court to do _____________________.
4. Is it a good idea to use a _____________________ to decide who can stay in a country?
5. Many websites _____________________ on different countries and their immigration policies.
6. I don’t have any money and I still haven’t managed to pay off my _____________________.
7. Is there a connection between _____________________ and drugs?
6 Discussion
Does your country have a national day?

If yes, How would you explain it to a visitor?
If no, choose a date for a new national holiday. Give reasons why you would choose this date.
7 Webquest
When do different countries around the world celebrate their national holidays? Use the Internet to find some
examples and fill in the table.
Country Date of national holiday

Australia 26 January
162
The new passage to India, business class
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
retail lifestyle expat booming salary

rare skill average chain experience
1. If you have a ____________, you can do something really well.
2. If you have ____________, you have a lot of knowledge about a job or activity because you have
done it for a long time.
3. Your ____________ is the way you live your life.
4. Your ____________ is the money you earn for your work.
5. ____________ is the process of selling goods direct to the public.
6. An ____________ is someone who lives and works in another country.
7. If a country is ____________, its economy is very successful.
8. A ____________ of businesses is a group of businesses which belong to the same person or company.
9. If something is ____________, it doesn’t happen very often.
10. If one person earns $10,000, another $20,000 and a third $30,000, their ____________ salary is $20,000.
1. How many stores will Mr Levermore’s company open?
2. What percentage of managers in India are expats?
3. What percentage of pilots in India are foreign?
4. How much can senior managers expect to earn in India?
5. How many students graduate from university each year in India?
6. What is the average salary increase in India each year?
163
Level 1 Elementary
The new passage to India,
5 Bharti Airtel, the country’s biggest mobile
business class
• Foreign executives pour in as salaries soar operator, says foreign managers used to be rare
• Shortage of local talent for booming economy in India but they are now as good value as Indian
Randeep Ramesh in New Delhi staff. Sunil Bharti Mittal, the company’s founder,
June 13, 2007 told reporters last month his company had begun
to give jobs to “expats who cost less than Indian
1 Andrew Levermore is a business manager who managers”.
specializes in retail. Mr Levermore has worked 6 Andrea Stone, head of marketing at Bharti’s
in both South Africa and Britain. Three years software company Telesoft, joined on a local
ago someone offered him a job in India. He said contract in 2005. She said her salary was “good
no. He thought the country was too poor and enough to live well in Delhi”. “I brought skills
disorganized. Now a powerful Mumbai business they did not have. One was that I had worked
family has asked him to manage India’s first in Britain, Hong Kong, Japan and Germany
western-style hypermarket. This time he said and knew how to work with clients from other
yes. countries. The other was motivating teams of
2 “I changed my mind when I saw their plans. They young dynamic people.”
are very serious people. Yes, I had to change 7 Ms Stone says that she only has problems
my lifestyle a bit but this was a really good when she leaves the office. “You can’t walk
opportunity for me. Of course the pay is good outside easily. It’s too hot and there are not that
compared with the UK.” His company will soon many parks. Also Delhi does not have a public
be opening another 28 stores and Mr Levermore, transport system, which is a problem. You can’t
44, is inviting two more expats to leave their jobs just go round the corner to Marks and Spencer to
in the west and work with him in India. buy food. But you can live.”
3 Mr Levermore is part of a new movement of
8 Living in a country like India might be difficult
business people to India. The Indian economy is for some expats but they can earn good money
booming but there are not enough qualified and there. Foreign companies are also bringing their
experienced middle managers so more and more best managers to India. Cisco Systems, the US
western expatriates are taking senior positions. technology giant, moved seven top managers to
Some Indian experts say Indian workers are its Bangalore office this year. The head of Anglo-
asking for so much money that it is often cheaper Dutch multinational Unilever in the country is a
to give jobs to foreigners. South African. The boss of Goldman Sachs is an
4 “It’s happening very quickly now,” says Kris American.
Lakshmikanth, chief executive of Headhunters 9 3 million Indian students graduate from university
India. “Expats are filling more than 15% of each year but Indian industry says that only 15%
management and skilled positions. Hotel are good enough to find work in multinational
management requires a rapid improvement in companies. Finding and keeping skilled Indian
quality and we can only get that from abroad. In workers is becoming more difficult and more
the airline industry, 50% of pilots are foreign. A expensive than ever. Salaries are increasing
few years ago only 5% of pilots were foreigners”. faster in India than anywhere else in Asia.
Salaries for chief executives have doubled in According to a study by human resources
the past few years and now chief executives company Hewitt Associates, the average salary
can earn from £125,000 to £600,000. Senior increase each year in India is more than 14% a
managers can expect £100,000 a year. The head year, compared with about 8% in China and a
of public relations at an Indian corporation earns little less in South Korea and the Philippines.
£40,000.
164
Level 1 Elementary
10 But many companies say that they need foreign very important when Reliance opened its
help because they want their businesses to convenience stores. “We were first in the world
grow. Reliance Industries, India’s biggest private to create stores like these. When Tesco went to
company, is spending £2.5bn to create a chain of California it decided to use the same model. That
superstores across India. 100 expatriates work shows how much we can get from
in the senior management of Reliance. These foreign talent.”
people have “global experience”. These skills,
said chairman Mukesh Ambani, were
Are these statements True (T) or False (F) according to the text?
1. Salaries for managers are much lower in India than in the UK.
2. Average salary increases are higher in China than in India.
3. Most pilots in India are foreign.
4. Delhi does not have a public transport system.
5. Indian managers sometimes cost more than foreign managers.
6. Andrea Stone buys her lunch at Marks and Spencer.
4 Vocabulary 1: Types of shop
Match the shops with the definitions.
1. hypermarket a. a large shop that mainly sells food
2. supermarket b. a large shop that sells clothes and household goods
3. convenience store c. a very large supermarket that sells lots of different things
4. department store d. a local shop that sells food and is open for long hours
165
Level 1 Elementary
Find 6 pairs of opposites in the box.
senior best cheap slow skilled easy expensive
rapid private unskilled public difficult junior worst
Complete the tables.
Noun Adjective Verb Noun

1. skill 5. improve
2. experience 6. manage
3. qualification 7. increase
4. power 8. invite
166
Facebook challenges MySpace
Level 1 Elementary
1 Popular websites and online services
1. Match the terms on the left with the explanations on the right.
A social networking website The person who promises to pay the highest amount of money
can win/buy an item.
An auction house Helps you find whatever you need on the Internet.
A search engine You can buy goods electronically and have them delivered to
your home or office.
The news You can watch and listen to short films.
An online shop Information about something that has recently happened.
Video clips website A virtual place where you can meet friends, chat, exchange
information, see photos and read diaries.
2. Match the websites to the type of service they provide.
Yahoo! and Google online shop
BBC & CNN search engine
eBay news
Amazon video clips
YouTube social networking
Facebook and MySpace auction house
167
Level 1 Elementary
2 Keyword crossword
You can find the answers in the article. The paragraph number after each clue will help you.
4 5
Across
6. A is someone who has a degree in sociology. (para 6)
7. A is someone who starts up a business with someone else. (para 12)
8. A is someone who leaves something such as a school, activity or competition before

he has finished what he intended to do. (para 4)
9. An is someone who knows a lot about a particular subject. (para 2)
Down
1. A is someone who writes articles for a newspaper. (para 9)
2. An is a person or organization that invests money. (para 10)
3. An is someone whose job is to carefully examine a situation and provide others

with information about it. (para 11)
4. A is a senior manager or leader – the second in charge. (para 7)
5. A is an important and powerful person in a particular activity or industry. (subtitle)
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Level 1 Elementary
Facebook challenges MySpace as
place for the cool set to hang out site are between 18-24 years old, but the real
Helping people stay in touch with friends online growth over the past six months has come from
has become the latest battleground for moguls. 24-35 year olds. The site has reached what
Richard Wray, communications editor sociologists call a ‘tipping point’, with the name
June 21, 2007 entering into many people’s vocabulary.
7 Network effect
1 Give everyone you know – your work colleagues, The rapid growth in Facebook is due to Mr
former school friends, close family members, Zuckerberg’s decision to open the network to
your boss, your ex-partner – access to every part everybody. Zuckerberg created Facebook while
of your life, from your diary to your holiday photos he was at Harvard, and up until last autumn,
and your plans for the weekend. Then sit back people could only join the site if they had an
and watch what happens. academic email address. Then in September the
2 Experts are betting on which social networking company decided to let anyone join.
site will become popular with adults as well 8 “The growth started slowly in late September,
as teenagers. Facebook is currently the early October last year and has really taken
hot favourite. off since then,” says Heather Hopkins, vice
3 The rise to success president of research at Hitwise UK. It is adding
“I’ve added you as a friend on Facebook...” This more than 100,000 users a day and already has
introduction to the web’s fastest growing social 27 million active users. More than half of the
phenomenon is appearing in email inboxes users visit the site every day. MySpace is still
across the world. Facebook started as a way for much larger, it has 60 million users in the US
American college friends to stay in touch and alone, but Facebook is catching up.
has now become one of the Internet’s hottest 9 News Corp is watching Facebook’s success. A
websites. reporter recently asked Mr Murdoch why he had
4 Facebook, which was created by Harvard drop- not made an offer for another North American
out Mark Zuckerberg three years ago, is currently newspaper group, Tribune, Mr Murdoch said
challenging MySpace, the world’s most popular it was because people no longer want to read
social networking site. This may explain why newspapers. “That’s because everyone’s going
MySpace’s owner, Rupert Murdoch’s News Corp, to MySpace,” joked the reporter. “I wish they
is thinking about exchanging MySpace for a 25% were. They’re all going to Facebook,” the media
stake in the search engine, Yahoo! mogul replied.
5 Last year, Yahoo! tried to buy Facebook. Mr 10 Investors were surprised when Mr Murdoch
Zuckerberg rejected Yahoo!’s first offer of bought MySpace in 2005 for $580m (£290m).
$1bn and so Yahoo! raised it to $1.6bn – but But in August 2006, Mr Murdoch made a $900m
Zuckerberg still didn’t want to sell. At the time, deal with Google to provide adverts for MySpace.
many Internet watchers laughed at Zuckerberg That deal has had positive and negative
for not accepting Yahoo!’s offer, but today effects. The MySpace site is now cluttered with
analysts think that Facebook could be worth advertising.
several times what Yahoo! initially offered. 11 Online ad boom
6 In the UK, in May last year, Facebook was the Mr Murdoch’s deal with MySpace and Google
469th most popular website – a year later, it gave him a way into the world of online search
is the 18th. According to an Internet statistics advertising, which is by far the largest part of the
company, Hitwise, half the people who visit the booming online ad market. But it was only a foot
169
Level 1 Elementary
in the door. Analysts in the US think that News PricewaterhouseCoopers showed that last
Corp needs to do more, and so this is why Mr year, income from online advertising worldwide
Murdoch’s offer to Yahoo! becomes attractive. grew 37.9% to $31.6bn, and now accounts for
more than 7% of the total advertising market of
12 Talks between Mr Murdoch, who wants to swap
$407bn. Globally, the Internet will remain the
MySpace for a 25% stake in Yahoo!, and Yahoo!,
fastest growing advertising medium. By 2011 the
have hit a snag. Earlier this week, Yahoo! chief
online advertising market will be worth $73bn, or
executive Terry Semel stepped down. His
14% of the global advertising market. That’s still
replacement, co-founder Jerry Yang, will want
a lot to play for.
time to deal with the problems in the business
before re-opening negotiations with anyone.
13 But, for Mr Murdoch, the allure of the
Internet advertising market is not going
to go away. A recent report published by
1. You can meet old friends through social networking websites such as Facebook and MySpace.
2. You have to be a university student to be a member of Facebook.
3. Facebook is more successful than MySpace.
4. Mark Zuckerberg is a co-founder of Yahoo!
5. Rupert Murdoch is a media mogul.
6. MySpace made an offer to buy Facebook.
7. Murdoch wants to swap MySpace for Yahoo!
8. People say there is too much advertising on MySpace.
9. Yahoo! has a new CEO.
10. Online advertising is a booming business.
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Level 1 Elementary
4 Number and figures
1. Write out these numbers in figures.
One billion
Twenty-seven million
One hundred thousand
2. Complete these sentences with numbers from the article.
a. Murdoch made a deal with Google to provide adverts for MySpace.
b. Murdoch paid for MySpace.
c. Facebook has daily users.
d. Facebook has active users.
e. MySpace has users.
f. Yahoo! first offered for Facebook in 2006.
g. Online advertising could be worth in 2011.
5 The Internet and me
Answer the questions below for yourself, and then ask your partner the same questions.
1. How often do you use the Internet? (e.g. every day / once a week / only at the weekends / never)
2. Where do you use the Internet? (e.g. at home / at work / in an Internet café)
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Level 1 Elementary
3. What do you mostly use the internet for? (e.g. listening to music / reading newspapers / shopping /
playing games)
4. What kind of websites do you mostly visit? (e.g. news / company websites / shopping / banking)
5. What are your three favourite websites?
Source of definitions: www.onlinemacmillandictionary.com
6 Discussion
Make a list of the positive and negative aspects of a social networking website?
Would you like to join a social networking community such as Facebook, MySpace or Friends Reunited?
Why/why not?
7 Web quest
Go to www.facebook.com and click on the virtual tour (you do not need to register). Then answer the ques-
tions below.
Who can register with Facebook?
What information do you need to give Facebook when you register?
What can you see and do when you register?
Can you upload photos?
Can you find old friends?
Can you add a blog?
What can you write in your profile?
What can you do if you don’t want someone to access your profile?
172
Hilton puts her fame to good use
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
heiress celebrity meditate cause raise

role model diary spotlight nightmare claustrophobia
1. A _____________ is a book in which you write what happens to you each day.
2. If you are in the _____________, you are the centre of attention and everybody is talking about you.
3. A _____________ is a famous person, especially in the world of entertainment.
4. A _____________ is a person who is a good example for other people to copy.
5. If you have _____________, you are afraid of being in small, closed spaces.
6. An _____________ is a woman who will receive a lot of money when someone dies.
7. If you _____________ money, you collect it for a particular purpose.
8. A good _____________ is an organization, plan or activity that provides help to people who need it.
9. When you _____________, you relax by making your mind empty of things.
10. A _____________ is a very frightening and unpleasant dream.
1. How long did Paris Hilton spend in prison?
2. In which American state did she go to prison?
3. How long was she alone in her cell each day?
4. How long was her interview on the Larry King Show?
5. How much was she paid for the interview?
6. What did she buy in jail?
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Level 1 Elementary
Hilton to use her fame to promote 6 Hilton said she suffered from claustrophobia
‘great causes’ while she was in prison. She also said she had
nightmares of “someone trying to break into
Mark Oliver and agencies my cell and hurt me”. She said that meditating
June 28, 2007 and reading letters from fans helped her to
survive. “The whole idea of being in jail is really
1 The heiress and celebrity Paris Hilton has just
frightening,” she said. “I hate to be alone so that
spent 23 days in a prison in California. After
was really just hard for me in the beginning.” She
leaving prison she appeared on an American TV
was now at a crossroads in her life, she said, but
programme called the Larry King Show on CNN.
said that her time in prison was “not a failure, but
In an interview with Larry King she said that she
a new beginning”.
will now spend less time at parties and will work
to raise money for various social causes. The 7 She said: “In a way I’m pleased it happened
hotel heiress told Larry King that she wants to because it’s changed my life for ever. I feel
raise money for children and people suffering stronger than before and I feel like this is a kind
from cancer. She also wants to start a centre to of lesson for me.” When King asked her about
help women after they leave prison. the people she spends time with, which includes
the singer Britney Spears and the actress
2 “There are more important things in life than
Lindsay Lohan, Hilton replied: “Everybody makes
going to parties,” said Hilton during an hour-long
mistakes.”
interview. “I’m sick of it. I’ve been going out for a
long time now. Yeah, it’s fun, but it’s not going to 8 She said that it was wrong to think that she lives
be the most important thing in my life any more,” off her family’s money. “I work very hard. I have
she said. She said she would never drink and my own business. I’ve written a book. I’ve been
drive again and also said she did not have an doing a TV show for five years. I made a CD. I do
alcohol problem. She told King that the world movies,” she said.
would now see a new Paris Hilton.
9 Last week, Hilton, who went to Catholic schools
3 Hilton did not receive any money for the as a child, told TV journalist Barbara Walters that
interview. She said she now wanted to be a she had become more religious and wanted to
better role model. When she was alone in her work with children. She told King she had always
cell for 23 hours a day, she spent all her time been religious and was now more religious after
reading, writing a prison diary and thinking, being in jail. She bought a Bible in jail and read
she said. it every day, she said. When King asked her to
name her favourite part of the Bible, she just
4 Hilton read from her prison diary on the CNN
smiled. “I don’t have a favourite,” she said.
show. “I feel as if I am in the spotlight,” she said.
“I think I can make people think about a lot of
important causes. I don’t want to do stupid things
like going to parties. I want to help raise money
for children and for people suffering from breast
cancer and other serious diseases.”
5 She spoke about her feelings for the women

prisoners she met in jail and said she wanted
to help them to start their lives again when they
leave prison. “I know I can make a difference.
Maybe I can help to stop these people going in
and out of jail.”
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Level 1 Elementary
1. In prison Paris Hilton spent most of her time…

2. She says she is pleased she went to prison because…
3. She says she wants…
4. Hilton suffered from…
5. She says she doesn’t want…
6. She says she doesn’t like…
a. … to go to parties all the time.

b. … being alone.
c. … to raise money for good causes.
d. … reading, writing and meditating.
e. … claustrophobia while she was in prison.
f. … it has changed her life for ever.
4 Vocabulary 1: Comparative adjectives
Complete the table.
adjective comparative
e.g. long longer
1 religious
2 important
3 good
4 serious
5 hard
6 strong
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Level 1 Elementary
Match the verbs and the nouns.
1. raise a. other people
2. make b. a medical condition

3. have c. money
4. spend d. a difference
5. help e. nightmares
6. suffer from f. time
6 Word stress
Put these words from the text into two groups according to their word stress.
prison programme disease model survive nightmare

alone before include mistake failure business
A 0 o B o 0
176
Growing cities face catastrophe
Level 1 Elementary
What are the advantages of a) living in a city and b) living in the country? Complete the word wheels and
then compare your answers with a partner’s. Are your answers similar?
Advantages of living in the...
city country
Now complete two more word wheels for the disadvantages of c) living in a city and d) living in the country.
Disadvantages of living in the...
city country
177
Level 1 Elementary
2 Keyword wordsearch
Read the definitions to find words from the article. Write them next to the definitions. The paragraph
number is given to help you.
1. An adjective relating to towns or cities. _____________ (subtitle)
2. An adjective relating to the countryside. _____________ (subtitle)
3. A poor area of town where the houses are in a very bad condition. _____________ (subtitle)
4. The process of damaging the air, water or land with chemicals or other substances. _____________ (subtitle)
5. _____________ is a situation in which someone does not have enough money for their basic needs. (subtitle)
6. When something is _____________ it is very important, large or noticeable. (para 6)
7. To win against someone or something. _____________ (para 7)
8. Another verb for the need for something. _____________ (para 8)
9. A supply of power. _____________ (para 8)
10. Polluted air. A mixture of smoke and fog. _____________ (para 8)
11. Causing severe damage or harm. _____________ (para 9)
Now find the words in the word search.
D S I G N I F I C A N T
M E Z M B Q N B B Y P S
D N S T A E F E D G O Q
X N N T N S P C E R L V
K T A A R O L K R E L N
R E B M V U Y U H N U C
E R R E E F C Y M E T R
U Z R Z A D X T M S I X
D T R U R A L S I C O P
Y R R J V L J M L V N G
J C X Z W Y P O L B E X
O J J V I Q T G K V R N
178
Level 1 Elementary
Growing cities face catastrophe, 6 But urbanization can be positive. “No country has
says UN ever achieved significant economic growth without
• Urban dwellers to outgrow rural population urbanization, said Ms Obaid. “Although there will
next year be more concentrated poverty in the urban areas,
• Big rise in poverty, slums and pollution is feared moving to a city can also offer poor people the best
chance of escaping poverty. The potential benefits
John Vidal, environment editor
of urbanization, for example, easier access to
June 28, 2007
health centres and education, are far greater than
the disadvantages.”
1 Humanity will make the historic move from a rural
7 However, the report warns that if we do nothing,
to an urban species sometime in the next year,
the growth of urbanization will mean more slums
according to the latest UN population figures. Africa
and poverty, as well as a rise in migration away
and Asia alone are expected to add 1.6 billion
from poor regions. “Today one billion people live in
people to their cities over the next 25 years.
slums, 90% of whom are in developing countries.
2 The speed and scale of global urbanization is so The fight against poverty will take place in the
great that most countries are not prepared for the slums. To win it, politicians need to be proactive and
effect it will have, Thoraya Obaid, executive director start working with the urban poor. This is the only
of the UN Population Fund, says: “In human history way to defeat urban poverty,” said Ms Obaid.
we have never seen urban growth like this.”
8 The climate will play an important part in the shape
3 For thousands of years more people have lived in of cities. In a vicious circle, climate change will
rural areas than in urban areas, but as Ms Obaid increase the demand for energy as more people
said: “In 2008, half of the world’s population will live need air conditioning. This energy demand will add
in urban areas. Within one generation, five billion to greenhouse gas emissions which could raise
people, or 60% of humanity, will live in cities. The temperatures in urban areas by 2-6°C. “Heat,
urban population of Africa and Asia will double in pollution, smog and ground-level ozone [from
this time.” She added that each week the number of cities] will affect surrounding areas. This will reduce
people living in cities grows by nearly a million. agricultural production, increase health risks, and
will produce tornadoes and thunderstorms. The
4 “Most cities [in developing countries] already have
effects of climate change on urban water supplies
many problems; these include crime, not enough
are expected to be dramatic,” the report says.
clean water and sanitation, and slums. But the
Cities like New Delhi, in the drier areas, will be hit
problems could get worse. “If we do not plan
particularly hard.
ahead it will be a catastrophe”, said Ms Obaid.
“The changes are too fast to allow cities to react. If 9 Developing countries are at a great disadvantage
governments wait, it will be too late.” when they start to urbanize. They will require
houses, power, water, sanitation and roads, and will
5 According to the State of the World Population
have to build faster than any rich country has ever
Report, large-scale population growth will take
done. As Ms Obaid said: “This problem concerns
place in the cities of Asia, Africa and Latin America.
everyone, not just developing countries. If we plan
The report says that the largest move to cities will
ahead we will create conditions for a stable world.
be in Asia, where the number of people living in
If we do not, and do not find adequate education,
cities will almost double to 2.6 billion in 2030. The
jobs, and houses for people in cities, then these
population of cities in Africa is expected to grow by
populations” will become destructive, to themselves
440 million in the same period, and in Latin America
and others.
and the Caribbean by nearly 200 million. Rural
populations are expected to decrease worldwide by
28 million people.
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Level 1 Elementary
3 Vocabulary: Words for describing trends
Put the trend words in the correct columns.
grow fall decrease more double less growth
fewer halve increase rise sink raise reduce
upward trend h downward trend i
4 Comprehension
Choose the correct word from 3 to complete the sentences. Try to do it without looking at the article. Then
go back and check your answers in the article.
1. The urban population of Africa and Asia will _____________ in one generation.
2. Each week the number of people living in cities _____________ by nearly a million.
3. Large-scale population _____________ will take place in the cities of Asia, Africa and Latin America.
4. In Asia the number of people living in cities will almost _____________ to 2.6 billion in 2030.
5. Rural populations are expected to _____________ worldwide.
6. There could be a _____________ in migration away from poor regions.
7. Extra greenhouse gas emissions could _____________ temperatures in urban areas by 2-6°C.
8. The climate changes will _____________ agricultural production and _____________ health risks.
180
Level 1 Elementary
5 Discussion – Are you a city or a country person?
Make two groups: a city group and a country group.

Talk and make notes about what you like best about living in the city or the country.
Now get together with someone from the other group and discuss your answers.
5 Webquest – Cities and their populations
How many people live in your (nearest) city?

Compare this figure with the population of New Delhi, Mumbai, Rio de Janeiro, Tokyo and New York.
Which city has the largest population?
181
Cologne and antiseptic: Russia’s killer drinks
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
life expectancy birth rate death rate lifestyle compare

household products diet suicide aftershave tragedy
1. ____________ are things you use at home, such as perfumes, cleaning liquids and shampoos.
2. A person’s ____________ is the food that he or she normally eats.
3. A ____________ is a very sad situation.
4. The ____________ is the official number of births each year in a particular country.
5. Your ____________ is the way you live your life.
6. A person’s ____________ is the number of years they will probably live.
7. The ____________ is the official number of deaths each year in a particular country.
8. ____________ is a liquid with a nice smell that a man puts on his face after shaving.
9. If you ____________ two things, you think about the ways in which they are the same or different.
10. ____________ means killing yourself.
1. What percentage of murders in Russia are linked to alcohol?
2. What percentage of suicides in Russia are linked to alcohol?
3. How much pure alcohol does the average Russian drink each year?
4. How much alcohol do some household products contain?
5. What is the life expectancy for men in Russia?
6. What is the life expectancy for women in Russia?
182
Level 1 Elementary
Cologne and antiseptic: Russia’s The scientists examined the medical records and
killer drinks interviewed the families of 1,750 men who had
died in Izhevsk from 2003-05. They compared
Sarah Boseley, health editor, and Luke these men with 1,750 who were still alive. They
Harding in Moscow found that problem drinkers and people who
June 15, 2007 drank alcohol from products like perfume and
aftershave often died younger than those who did
1 A new medical study about alcoholism reports not have a drinking problem.
that almost half the men of working age who die
in Russia die as a result of alcohol. The report 5 The scientists say that men who lost their jobs
says that large numbers of Russian men die because of drinking had very little money and
young not just because they drink a lot of vodka often drank household products containing pure
but because they also drink household products alcohol. In the group of men who were still alive,
containing alcohol, such as perfume, aftershave 47% who drank household products containing
and medicines. Some products contain alcohol were out of work compared with 13%
95% alcohol. who drank only vodka and beer. In total, 43%
of deaths of men aged 25 to 54 in Izhevsk were
2 An international group of scientists looked at
because of alcohol. This is probably because
one city in the Ural mountains. They wanted to
they drank household products with very high
discover the effects of drinking in Russia. They
levels of alcohol.
chose the city of Izhevsk because it is a typical
industrial city where life is the same as in other 6 Another report says that people who get their
large cities in Russia and where the death rate is alcohol from household products often live in
the same as the Russian average. The scientists poor housing and have bad diets, and this could
wanted to find out why life expectancy in Russia also lead to an early death. The report also says
is so low: in 2004 it was 59 years for men and 72 that many people also drink illegally produced
for women. As a result of the low life expectancy alcoholic drinks.
and a low birth rate, the population of Russia is
falling by 700,000 a year. 7 The Russian government agrees that alcoholism
is a huge problem and calls it a “national
3 Alcohol has always been an important factor in tragedy”. With Vladimir Putin as president, the
death and disease in Russia. Changes in the Russian economy has grown very quickly since
death rate which are linked to changes in lifestyle 2000 but people are still drinking a lot of alcohol.
and politics support this fact. Life expectancy Russian alcoholics - drinking perfume, aftershave
increased during the mid-1980s when President and cheap local alcohol - face great dangers. In
Gorbachev tried to stop people in Russia drinking winter they fall through ice or freeze to death in
so much alcohol. After the end of communism the snow.
the death rate in Russia increased in the early
1990s. This was probably because of alcohol. 8 According to 2005 figures, Russia has 2,348,567
registered alcoholics, and alcohol is linked to
4 One study found that Russians, and people in 72% of murders and 42% of suicides. The World
other countries of the former Soviet Union, drank Health Organisation says Russia is one of the
more than anybody else in the world - about 15.2 most alcoholic countries in the world.
litres of pure alcohol per person each year for
people over 15 years of age. They also drank
more dangerously and often drank for two days
or more without stopping.
183
Level 1 Elementary
1. Many men in Russia die young because…

2. Many people drink household products containing alcohol because…
3. Household products containing alcohol are dangerous because…
4. The population of Russia is falling because…
5. Winter is a dangerous time for alcoholics in Russia because…
6. Life expectancy increased during the mid-1980s because…
a. … President Gorbachev tried to stop people drinking alcohol.

b. … life expectancy is very low and the birth rate is low.
c. … they drink household products containing alcohol.
d. … they contain a very high percentage of alcohol.
e. … they may fall through ice or freeze to death in the snow.
f. … they are poor.
Rearrange these words to make short phrases from the text. Check your answers in the text.
1. age working of men
2. a alcohol result as of
3. anybody more in than the else world
4. of work out
5. national a tragedy
6. the death in freeze snow to
7. of a number men large

D •
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W N IA
© Macmillan Publishers Ltd 2007

M W P
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FR BE C
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NEWS LESSONS / Cologne and antiseptic: Russia’s killer drinks / Elementary

O
H
•P
CA
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Level 1 Elementary
Put these words from the text into the correct group according to their stress pattern.
contain perfume product effect birth-rate factor

disease increase (v) lifestyle record (n) compare produce
A B
0 o o 0
6 Vocabulary 3: Past tenses
Complete the table.
past simple
1. grow
2. find
3. choose
4. fall
5. lose
6. drink
7. try
8. lead
185
Live Earth – an inconvenient truth?
Level 1 Elementary
1 Musicians, pop artists and bands
Unscramble the letters to find the names of musicians, pop starts and bands mentioned in the article. Put
a
a tick ( ) next to them if they played at the Live Earth concerts and a cross ( X ) if they didn’t play.
naMdoan ______________________________
Rde oHt hlCii sppeerP ______________________________

uaPl cnCMatrye ______________________________
crctiA oneMksy ______________________________
teBsiae yoBs ______________________________
unDar uDarn ______________________________
aJesm tBnul ______________________________
oBb felGod ______________________________
nowS ratlPo ______________________________
seneiGs ______________________________
2 Numbers and facts
Match the numbers with the facts you think they correspond with. Check your answers in the article.
a. two billion spectators at Wembley Stadium in London
b. eighty thousand tonnes of greenhouse gasses generated by the spectators in London
and New Jersey
c. seven months - the amount of time it took one artist to produce 440 tonnes
of CO2
d. one hundred and twenty tonnes of carbon dioxide
e. twenty-four television networks
f. five thousand six hundred viewers worldwide
g. 440 hour concert
h. four acts
i. one hundred and fifty continents
186
Level 1 Elementary
150 acts, two billion viewers – and a persuading people to make lifestyle changes,
lot of greenhouse gas such as using energy-efficient light bulbs, or
24-hour, seven continent show raises awareness going to work by public transport once a week.
but at what cost to climate? 6 The greatest challenge facing Mr Gore and his
Oliver Burkeman and Jonathan Watts organization, Save Our Selves, is the concept
in Beijing of ‘awareness’. The worst-case scenario is that
July 7, 2007 raising awareness about climate-change may
not lead to action but to fatalism. It doesn’t help
1 The climate scientists have spoken. Now it’s that pop stars are among the worst individual
James Blunt’s turn. But even though scepticism greenhouse-gas offenders. Last year, Madonna’s
is a natural response whenever pop stars Confessions tour produced 440 tonnes of carbon
promise to change the world, no one can deny dioxide in four months, said John Buckley,
the size and intensity of the Live Earth concerts. of the website www.carbonfootprint.com, who
also provided the estimates for Live Earth
2 The 24-hour, seven-continent sequence of
concertgoers.
concerts, began in Sydney on July 7. The
organizers, led by Al Gore, expected it to reach 7 The rock group Arctic Monkeys said this week
2 billion people via 120 television networks, they didn’t take part in Live Earth, because it
Internet and radio. This made it the biggest would be “a bit hypocritical”. “Especially when
media event in history. At Wembley, 80,000 we’re using enough power for 10 houses just for
people watched Madonna, Genesis, the Red Hot [stage] lighting,” said drummer Matt Helders.
Chili Peppers, Snow Patrol, the Beastie Boys,
Duran Duran and James Blunt, although the 8 Bob Geldof, instigator of Live Aid and Live8, said
rumours that Paul McCartney would play were in May that raising awareness was pointless.
just rumours. “Everybody’s known about that for years,” he
said. “We’re all conscious of global warming.”
3 All this has its moral difficulties. The Red Hot
Chili Peppers flew in by private jet from Paris, the 9 To minimize the event’s own footprint, Live Earth
band’s management confirmed, then left again organizers promised to power all shows with
by private jet for a gig in Denmark. The Beastie renewable energy, and to offset flights taken by
Boys were in Montreux the next day and Genesis the 150 acts performing in London, New Jersey,
played in Manchester the same evening. Shanghai, Johannesburg, Tokyo, Hamburg,
Sydney and Rio de Janeiro. (Scientists at a
4 The Guardian newspaper said that spectators base in Antarctica also performed by satellite,
travelling to the London and New Jersey concerts so the event covered all continents.) And Gayle
generated approximately 5,600 tonnes of Fine, a New York-based spokeswoman for the
greenhouse gases between them – the same as Red Hot Chili Peppers, said the band offsets all
7,270 people crossing the Atlantic by plane. You tour travel, and ground crews use biodiesel fuel
can, it seems, be part of the solution and part of where possible.
the problem, at the same time. Even those who
watched online found that Live Earth’s website 10 Offsetting is controversial among some
is sponsored by the Chevrolet company, which environmentalists; they say it simply eliminates
manufactures SUVs. guilt. But Madonna lives in London, organizers
said and, generally, bands performed in cities
5 These warnings will not matter if the event where they lived or in the continents where they
achieves its goals: pressuring politicians to sign were touring.
an international treaty pledging to massively
reduce emissions within two years and 11 There is another possible interpretation of July
7’s global events – as well as the hope that they
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Level 1 Elementary
will make a lot of difference in the world. Some something positive Mr Gore could do, besides
people think that Mr Gore will soon announce his changing his light bulbs, is to become president
presidential bid. of the United States.
12 You might see that interpretation as the worst

kind of cynicism. Then again, Live Earth’s
message is that we each should do whatever
we can for the climate. And polls suggest that
Match the sentence halves to read a summary of the article.
The aim of the recent Live Earth concerts... ... media event in history.
The concerts were held over a 24-hour period... ... Al Gore.
It was watched by over two billion viewers ... some of the biggest producers of greenhouse
worldwide,... gasses.
It was the biggest... ... in all seven continents of the world.
The campaign was led by... ... was to raise awareness about global warming.
Cynicism came from... ... offsetting your carbon footprint only stops
you feeling guilty.
Many famous international artists... ... either at the concerts, on the Internet, or on TV.
Others refused to perform as they... ... performed for free.
Touring pop stars are... ... Bob Geldof who said we already know about
global warming.
Some environmentalists say that... ... Al Gore should be their next president.
An increasing amount of US voters think... ... thought it would be hypocritical.
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Level 1 Elementary
4 Vocabulary: Synonyms
Find words in the article that mean the same as:
a. performers ________________________ (title)

b. audience ________________________ (title) and __________________ (para 4)
c. size / strength ________________________ (para 1)
d. series / row ________________________ (para 2)
e. concert ________________________ (para 3)
f. makes / produces ________________________ (para 4)
g. promising ________________________ (para 5)
h. convincing ________________________ (para 5)
i. initiator / founder ________________________ (para 8)
j. gets rid of ________________________ (para 10)
k. reason / way to understand ________________________ (para 11)
5 Discussion
In small groups, think of 5 reasons for and 5 reasons against attending a concert such as Live Earth.
If you were the organizers, how much would you charge for a ticket? Give reasons why you would charge
this amount.
Compare your suggestion to that of other groups.
Would you like to attend an awareness raising concert such as Live Earth? Why/Why not?
6 Webquest
1. Go to www.carbonfootprint.com and use the flight calculator to calculate a trip from London to your
nearest major airport.
What is the flight distance?
How many tonnes of CO2 would this flight contribute?
2. Find ways to reduce your carbon footprint. List at least 3 things you can do that will make an immediate
difference as well as 3 things you can do that will make a difference within 1-4 years, and do them!
189
Putin hits back at UK by expelling diplomats
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
trial expel unjustified reduce analyst

ban spokesman co-operate agent poison
1. If you ____________ someone from doing something, you say officially that they must not do it.
2. If you ____________ with someone, you work together with them to get a result that is good for everyone.
3. If you ____________ someone, you kill them or make them very ill by giving them a dangerous substance.
4. If you ____________ someone from a place, you tell them officially that they must leave.
5. When you ____________ something, you make it smaller in size or importance.
6. A ____________ is someone whose job is to represent an organization officially, especially when speaking
to journalists.
7. An ____________ is someone who works for a country’s secret service.
8. An ____________ is someone whose job is to examine a situation carefully and give information about it to
other people.
9. A ____________ is the process of examining a criminal case in a court of law.
10. If something is ____________, it is not fair and is not based on any good reason.
1. How many Russian diplomats did Britain expel?
2. How many British diplomats did Russia expel?
3. What is the name of the former Russian security agent murdered in London?
4. What is the name of the former KGB agent charged with the murder?
5. Who is David Miliband?
6. Who is Alexander Grushko?
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Level 1 Elementary
Putin hits back at UK by expelling decision to expel four British embassy staff is
diplomats completely unjustified and we will do everything
to make sure that the diplomats and their families
Luke Harding in Moscow are well looked after.”
July 20, 2007
5 Last night Mr Vladimir Putin attempted to reduce
the tension. “I think relations between Russia
1 Alexander Litvinenko, a former Russian security and Britain will develop normally because both
agent who left Russia and was living in Britain, countries are interested in this,” he said. “It is
died in a London hospital last November. necessary to use common sense and respect
Someone poisoned him using a radioactive the interests of partners and everything will be
substance called polonium-210. The British alright. I think this mini crisis will pass,” he said.
authorities believe that the person who poisoned
Mr Litvinenko is a man called Andrei Lugovoi, a 6 The Russians did not say the British diplomats
former KGB agent. Mr Lugovoi is still in Moscow were spies, although Andrei Lugovoi said that
and the British authorities want the Russians to MI6 was involved in Mr Litvinenko’s murder.
send him to London so he can be put on trial Sergei Markov, an adviser to the Russian
for murder. The Russians have not done this so government, said Mr Putin didn’t want “to play
the British government expelled four Russian the role of the Soviet Union. He doesn’t want to
diplomats from the UK. have a big conflict with the west.” Mr Markov said
some British officials could still travel to Russia
2 Just four days after Britain expelled the four – MPs, for example, and Mr Miliband himself.
Russian diplomats, Russia has expelled four
British diplomats. It has also banned Russian 7 Yesterday afternoon the British ambassador in
officials from travelling to the UK. The Russian Moscow had talks at the Russian foreign ministry.
foreign ministry announced that the four UK He and the Russian deputy foreign minister
diplomats would have to leave Russia within the Alexander Grushko discussed the Litvinenko
next ten days. case. After the meeting the ambassador said:
“He gave me certain messages for the Foreign
3 Mikhail Kamynin, a spokesman for the Russian Office in London. I told him we are disappointed
foreign ministry, also said that Russia would not at Russia’s reaction to our request for Mr Lugovoi
co-operate with the UK in fighting terrorism, and and that we hope that Russia will co-operate.”
would not give visas to British officials. Russian
officials would not ask for visas to visit Britain, 8 Mr Miliband said that Britain had received
he said. This means there will be no contact support from the international community,
between the two governments in the near future. European countries, the EU as a whole and the
Mr Kamynin said that Russia’s action was “the United States. “We will continue to discuss this
minimum necessary”. matter with the international community over the
next few days and weeks.”
4 The Russian response was not as strong as
some people expected. It came just four days 9 British businesses will probably be pleased that
after the British foreign secretary, David Miliband, the Russians only expelled four diplomats. They
announced that he was expelling four Russian were worried that the Russians might make it
diplomats. Analysts said that Mr Putin clearly more difficult for British business people to get
did not want to make the problems with Britain visas to visit Russia. Some people believe that
any worse. The Russian response was a careful yesterday’s action by the Russians might be
mirror image of the British actions. But the British the end of the matter. “There is some hope that
foreign secretary said: “We believe that the both sides will stop now,” Sergei Karaganov, an
191
Level 1 Elementary
analyst with the European Studies Institute in
Moscow, told the Guardian. He added: “Russia
did the same as the British did. They couldn’t do
any less. But it was possible for them to do much
more.”
1. The British authorities expelled four Russian diplomats because…
2. The Russian authorities expelled four British diplomats because…
3. British businesses will probably be pleased because…
4. There will be no contact between the two governments in the near future because…
5. President Putin believes…
6. Sergei Karaganov believes…
a. …the British expelled four Russian diplomats.
b. …the mini crisis will soon be over.
c. …British officials will not travel to Moscow and Russian officials will not travel to London.
d. …the Russians did not want to send Mr Lugovoi to London.
e. …there is some hope that both sides will stop now.
f. …they were worried that the Russians would make it more difficult to get visas.
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Level 1 Elementary
4 Vocabulary 1: Words and expressions
Match these terms from the text with their definitions.
1. KGB stands for… a. an official who represents their country abroad
2. MI6 stands for… b. the smallest possible amount
3. A mirror image means… c. Military Intelligence Department 6
4. Look after means… d. the most senior person in an embassy
5. An ambassador is… e. the ability to make sensible decisions
6. A diplomat is… f. an exact copy of something
7. Common sense is… g. Committee for State Security
8. The minimum is… h. take care of
Use prepositions to fill the gaps in these phrases from the text.
1. put ______ trial 4. ______ the near future
2. co-operate ______ someone 5. interested ______ this

3. no contact ______ the two governments 6. involved ______ something
Complete the table. The answers are all in the text.
verb noun
1. co-operation
2. reduction
3. involvement
4. govern
5. discussion
6. respond
7. announcement
8. decide
193
YouTube at centre of 2008 presidential campaign
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
debate campaign election candidate frontrunner

emotional powerful welfare survive environment
1. An ____________ is a time when people vote for someone to represent them, especially in a government.
2. The ____________ is the natural world, including the land, water, air, plants and animals.
3. In the United States, ____________ is money given to people who don’t have a job.
4. If you ____________ an illness or an accident, you continue to live after it.
5. A ____________ is a formal discussion where people answer questions.
6. A ____________ is one of the people who is trying to win an election.
7. A ____________ is a lot of different things that politicians do to try to win an election.
8. The ____________ is the person who is the favourite to win an election.
9. ____________ things are related to people’s feelings.
10. If an experience is ____________, it has a strong effect on people.
1. How many video questions have people sent in?
2. When did Richard Nixon and John Kennedy first debate on television?
3. How many questions has CNN chosen for the debate?
4. When is the next US presidential election?
5. How many people have watched the video about Barack Obama?
6. How many people have watched the video about Mr Obama and Mr Giuliani?
194
Level 1 Elementary
Debate brings YouTube to centre of 5 Steve Grove, head of YouTube’s news and politics
2008 presidential campaign section, said: “A lot of these YouTube questions are
emotional and personal. The person asking each
Ewen MacAskill in Charleston
question is in his/her own surroundings, and that
July 23, 2007
person brings you into their world and into their
reality. That makes it a very powerful experience.”
1 Television, in the form of CNN, and the Internet,
in the form of the video-sharing website YouTube,
6 Some of the videos do not ask questions at all: in
are joining together to show a debate between the
one, a man plays guitar and sings a song about
Democratic candidates in the United States’ 2008
possible vice-presidents; another includes a talking
presidential campaign. Members of the public have
duck; one man, talking about what petrol can do to
sent in video-recorded questions for Hillary Clinton,
the environment, drives a 1987 Chevy in his video.
Barack Obama and the other candidates.
7 Phil Noble, founder of PoliticsOnline, said that

2 People have sent in more than 2,300 videos which it was very interesting that YouTube was now
they have recorded on webcameras and mobile
showing more and more videos connected with
phones. One of them is a short 30-second video
politics. “In the past, there wasn’t much technology
from someone with cancer who takes off her
in presidential campaigns. The difference in this
wig and says she would have a better chance of
election is that technology has become a key part of
surviving the disease if she had health insurance. “If
the campaigns. Each candidate’s campaign is now
you were president, what would you do to provide
using YouTube all the time.”
cheap or free medical treatment for everyone in this
country?” she asks.
8 The Internet played a small part in the 2004
presidential election, when people gave money
3 The organizers say the event is an important step online to the campaign of the Democrat Howard
for the Internet, in the same way that the televised
Dean. Online Democratic bloggers played a bigger
debate between John Kennedy and Richard
part in last year’s Congressional elections. But
Nixon in 1960 was an important day in the history
the Internet is now moving into a central position
of television. But some bloggers, who want the
in this campaign by broadcasting ideas, raising
Internet to be democratic and free for everyone
money and trying to win support, particularly from
to use, have said that they are not happy that
young people.
CNN is part of this event. The fact that CNN has
chosen the 25-30 questions has also made a lot of
9 YouTube did not exist during the last presidential
bloggers angry.
campaign in 2004 but this time it has already had
an influence. More than 2.5 million people have
4 The candidates will meet in a military college in watched a video about Barack Obama since it was
Charleston, South Carolina and watch the questions
posted on YouTube last month . More than 500,000
on a large screen, 7.6 metres wide and 5.5 metres
people have watched a second video showing
high. So far people have sent in questions about
women fighting over Mr Obama and Rudy Giuliani,
climate change, immigration, gay rights, welfare
the Republican frontrunner, since it appeared on
and foreign policy. US newspapers and television
the Internet last week. CNN and YouTube will
cover Iraq all the time but people have only sent
work together again on September 17 when they
in a few questions on this topic. CNN is checking
broadcast a Republican debate.
the questions carefully but there might still be
some difficult and uncomfortable questions for
the candidates.
195
Level 1 Elementary
1. The Democratic debate is important because…
2. Some bloggers are unhappy because…
3. A lot of bloggers are also angry because…
4. Steve Grove thinks it is a powerful experience because…
5. This presidential election is different because…
6. More than 2.5 million people…
a. … technology is a key part of the campaign.
b. … CNN has chosen the questions for the debate.
c. … have watched a YouTube video about Barack Obama.
d. … it is the first time that television and the Internet have worked together to show a political debate.
e. … many of the questions are emotional and personal.
f. … CNN is part of the event.
Match the words in the left-hand column with those in the right-hand column to make expressions
from the text.
1. presidential a. president
2. climate b. insurance
3. mobile c. treatment
4. medical d. phone
5. foreign e. camera
6. health f. election
7. vice g. policy
8. web h. change
196
Level 1 Elementary
Complete the table.
verb noun
1. treat
2. insure
3. connect
4. elect
5. organize (person)
6. surround (plural)
7. broadcast
8. fight
Put these words from the text into two groups depending on their word stress.
debate campaign question mobile disease event

angry college welfare guitar support second
A 0 o B o 0
197
Going under
Level 1 Elementary
1 Pre-reading A: Predicting the content
Read the headline and the sub-heading below. What do you think the article is going to be about?
• Umbrellas breaking in the rain?

• Rainwater filling houses and streets?
• Tourists staying away because of the rain?
Going under
Everyone knows that it often rains in Britain. We often have week upon
week of rain. So why have a few heavy showers caused so much damage
here this summer?
Aida Edemariam reports
July 24, 2007
2 Pre-reading B: Key words
Match these keywords from the text with the meanings below.
disaster floods results run-off

drainage sewers ploughs absorb
1. ____________ removing liquids from something
2. ____________ water from rivers filling the land
3. ____________ a very bad accident or serious damage
4. ____________ a system of pipes underground to carry waste water away
5. ____________ things that happen because something else happened
6. ____________ take in liquid a little at a time
7. ____________ too much water that cannot go down into the ground
8. ____________ digs up the land in lines, using machines
Now read the article, check the words in context, and see if your answer to Question 1 was correct.
198
Going under
Level 1 Elementary
Going under lucky that the Victorians built the systems as big as
Everyone knows that it often rains in Britain. We they did. Especially in London, they thought the city
often have week upon week of rain. So why have would get bigger, and that has protected London
a few heavy showers caused so much damage until now.” But London’s population is now four
here this summer? times as big – and last Friday, the sewers couldn’t
handle so much water.
Aida Edemariam reports
July 24, 2007 6 “Our sewers are not designed to have so much
water flowing through them,” says Nicola Savage,
1 People trying to take a train to or from the a spokeswoman for Thames Water. And they are
southwest of England this weekend could think not designed for the way we use them nowadays.
they had accidentally walked into a disaster movie. “We each, personally, use much more water than
Some trains never arrived, and the people who ever before. Also, the public often use the sewers
had to watch their homes and businesses go under as a rubbish bin,” Savage adds. “People put things
water couldn’t believe that such a short rainstorm like babies’ nappies down the toilet. And also, we
could cause so much damage. need to encourage people not to pour fat and oil
down the sink. The sewers were never designed to
2 I can understand their surprise, because this handle this kind of thing.”
country is famous for its wetness. Rain is our
national weather. Snow can cause us problems, 7 Saul is also investigating how farmers can control
yes, and very hot weather, like last summer, the flow of water off land. If Farmers plough across
causes difficulties, too – but rain? With our wide hills, not down them, there will be less runoff. And
experience, surely we should lead the world in rain carefully placed trees can help stop flooding. Also,
management. the more animals walk over a piece of land, the
harder the ground becomes, and the less water it
3 Unfortunately not. Thousands of people had can absorb. Then, plants can’t grow well, and there
to leave their homes over the weekend, and
won’t be enough food. And if farm animals get no
thousands more are still trapped inside their
drinking water for 48 hours, thousands will die, and
houses. Some towns in the south had floods of up
meat will cost more.
to five metres. In the north of England, some people
still can’t go home after last month’s floods, which 8 Scientists are also investigating how each of us can
killed 8 people. Everyone is asking how such short help reduce a problem that, in fact, we have helped
rainstorms – just one hour in London, slightly longer create: by extending our houses, paving driveways,
in other places – could have such terrible results. and building car parks. All this takes away soft
ground that could absorb water, and adds to the
4 In fact, the answer is partly because it all happened runoff into drains and rivers. And we should collect
so quickly. Brize Norton in Oxfordshire had
any water that runs off the house instead of letting it
121.2mm of rain between midnight Thursday and
go into the sewerage system. We can use rainwater
5pm Friday – a sixth of what it would expect for the
to flush toilets or run washing machines. Every little
whole year. South Yorkshire got a month’s worth of
helps.
rain on June 25. It has been raining for weeks now,
“and the ground is very wet, so immediately you get 9 For although this month’s weather in Britain has
rainfall, you get runoff”, explains professor Adrian been very unusual, that may happen more, and
Saul, of Sheffield University. more often, as our climate changes. Today people
in Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire are having to
5 It isn’t just that the ground cannot absorb so much leave their houses. Tomorrow, next month, next
so fast – drainage systems get too full, too. “When
year – who knows?
you design a system you have to plan for possible
dangers, and generally the plans are good enough
to protect our communities,” says Saul. “It’s very
199
Going under
Level 1 Elementary
First, read the text quickly to find the words and numbers in the box below. Underline them in the text.
five metres eight people 121.2mm 5pm Friday June 25
Adrian Saul the Victorians four times Nicola Savage 48 hours
Now, read the text again, and use the information from the box to complete the sentences below.
1. _____________ built the sewers in London.

2. The rain stopped in Oxfordshire at _____________.
3. _____________ were killed in floods last month in the north of England.
4. _____________ is a professor at Sheffield University.
5. Farm animals may die if they can’t drink water for _____________.
6. _____________ of rain fell in five hours in Brize Norton.
7. _____________ gave some information from Thames Water.
8. In South Yorkshire, on _____________, it rained as much in one day as it usually rains in a month.
9. Flood water was _____________ deep in some towns in the south.
10. There are _____________ as many people living in London now as when the London sewers were built.
4 Vocabulary development
Find words in the text that mean the following. Paragraph numbers are given to help you.
1. ____________ – kept somewhere, like a prisoner (para 3)
2. ____________ – to think and plan how to build something (para 5)
3. ____________ – succeed in working with (para 5)
4. ____________ – special pieces of soft material for babies to wear because they can’t use the toilet (para 6)
5. ____________ – covering (the ground) with hard material like concrete or bricks (para 8)
6. ____________ – to wash away with a lot of water (para 8)
200
Going under
Level 1 Elementary
5 Language development: Prepositions
Choose prepositions from the box to go with the words below.
on like for over in
1. ______ the weekend

2. ______ the south
3. ______ June 25
4. raining ______ weeks
5. plan ______ possible dangers
6. Especially ______ London
7. designed ______
8. things ______ babies’ nappies
Now scan the text quickly to see if you were right.
6 Pronunciation: Syllable stress
The 3-syllable words in the box all come from the article.
disaster businesses management terrible

professor possible protected nowadays encourage
carefully scientists extending rainwater unusual
Which syllable is stressed? Put them in the right column. The first 2 are done for you.
0 o o o 0 o
businesses disaster
201
Texas defies federal court with execution plan
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
appeal attorney mercy execute evidence

imprisonment court guilty constitution parole board
1. A __________________ is a place where trials and other legal cases take place.
2. If you are __________________ of a crime, a court decides that you have done it.
3. A __________________ is the basic laws of a country that describe the rights and duties of its citizens.
4. If you show __________________, you forgive someone or you do not treat them severely for something they
have done.
5. __________________ is punishing someone by putting them in prison.
6. __________________ is all the facts and statements that show that someone is guilty of a crime.
7. A __________________ is a group of people who decide if a prisoner can leave prison early.
8. An __________________ is a formal request for a court of law to change its decision.
9. __________________ is the American word for lawyer.
10. If you __________________ someone, you kill them as a punishment for a crime.
1. When did Brown kill Michael LaHood?
2. In which city did the murder happen?
3. How old is Kenneth Foster?
4. When was Brown executed?
5. When did Texas reintroduce capital punishment?
6. How many people has the state of Texas put to death since 1974?
202
Level 1 Elementary
Texas defies federal court with plan to murder by the court. Both Brown and Foster
execute man who did not kill received death sentences in May 1997. Brown
was executed last year.
Dan Glaister in Los Angeles
August 20, 2007 4 Foster has appealed against the death sentence
several times. Each time his appeals have failed.
1 On August 14 1996 Kenneth Foster and three Now the 30-year-old African-American’s final
friends were driving around San Antonio, Texas, hope is to ask the governor of Texas, Rick Perry
smoking marijuana and using their guns to rob for mercy. If Mr Perry says no, Foster will die
people. Foster, who was driving, stayed in the on August 30th. “He’s on death row because
car while two others, Mauriceo Brown and Julius of mistakes made by other people,” said his
Steen, robbed people. While they were driving attorney, Keith Hampson. “There have been
to the home of Dwayne Dillard, the fourth person several mistakes, one after the other. Now I’m
in the car, they found themselves in a part of asking the court to correct their own mistake. If
the city they did not know. A woman thought the they don’t correct their mistake, this man will die.”
men in the car were following her and asked
them what they were doing. When she walked 5 Since the court found Foster guilty of murder,
away, Brown got out of the car and followed her new evidence suggests that the men did not
to the home of her boyfriend, Michael LaHood. plan to rob Mr LaHood. But the main argument in
There was an argument between Brown and Foster’s appeal is that his punishment is against
Mr LaHood. Then the three men in the car, 25 the constitution of the United States. But the
metres away, heard a bang. Brown returned to Texas court of appeals agreed with earlier court
the car and Foster drove off. decisions that Foster knew someone might be
killed that night in 1996. “For sure Foster knew
2 The police arrested all four men in connection it was possible that someone might die during
with Mr LaHood’s murder. Dillard was never tried one or more of these armed robberies,” the court
for the crime, and Steen had an agreement with wrote. It said he clearly showed he didn’t care
the prosecutors. In court the prosecutors asked about the lives of other people.
for the death sentence only for Brown and Foster.
The district attorney asked for Brown and Foster 6 Foster’s lawyer is very disappointed. “It’s a
to appear in court together. Brown was found technical problem. Every court that has looked
guilty of murder. In Foster’s case everything at this has said that his execution would be
depended on what Steen told the court. Steen against the constitution. It makes me very angry,”
said he had had “a pretty good idea” of what was Mr Hampson said. The Texas parole board will
going to happen when Brown left the car. In the make the final decision. It, can recommend
trial Steen’s words were very important. They that the governor reduces the sentence to life
showed that all the men knew about the plans to imprisonment. In the past Mr Perry has never
use guns to rob people. If Steen knew about it, reduced a death sentence when the parole board
then so did Foster. has recommended it.
3 In Texas the law does not make any difference 7 The state of Texas reintroduced capital
between the person who actually commits a punishment in 1974. Since then it has put 398
crime and the people who are with him at the people to death, more than any other state in
time. If they knew about the crime before it the USA.
happened, then they are guilty too. So Kenneth
Foster may die for a murder he did not commit.
At the time of the murder he was sitting in a car
25 metres away but he was still found guilty of
203
Level 1 Elementary
These sentences describe how the murder happened. Put them in the correct order.
a. They found themselves in a part of town they didn’t know.
b. Brown got out of the car and followed the woman to her boyfriend’s house.
c. The four men were driving round San Antonio.
d. When Brown returned to the car, Foster drove off.
e. There was an argument between Brown and Mr LaHood.
f. A woman asked them what they were doing.
g. The three men in the car heard a bang.
h. They were using their guns to rob people.
Match the words in the left-hand column with those in the right-hand column to make collocations from
the text.
1. death a. decision
2. armed b. imprisonment
3. final c. attorney
4. capital d. problem
5. life e. sentence
6. parole f. punishment
7. technical g. board
8. district h. robbery
204
Level 1 Elementary
5 Vocabulary 2: Verbs in phrases
Use these verbs to complete the following phrases from the text.
find appear care get

make appeal try commit
1. ____________ out of a car
2. ____________ someone for a crime
3. ____________ someone guilty
4. ____________ about other people
5. ____________ a crime
6. ____________ in court
7. ____________ a decision
8. ____________ against a sentence
Complete the table.
verb noun
1. execute
2. argue
3. failure
4. agreement
5. recommendation
6. imprison
7. punish
8. rob
205
Pavarotti dies aged 71
Level 1 Elementary
1 Music quiz
Match these artists with the music genre that they are most famous for and their nationality.
artist genre nationality died in aged

(year)
Luciano Pavarotti jazz American
Elvis Presley pop English
Bob Marley rock and roll American
Edith Piaf swing American
John Lennon son American
Johnny Cash opera Italian
Ibrahim Ferrer chanson American
Billie Holiday country Cuban
Frank Sinatra grunge Jamaican
Kurt Cobain reggae French
Now, in teams, try to guess the year of their death and their age when they died. One point for the closest
answer.
2 Key words
Unjumble the letters to fill the gaps. Skim the text to check your answers.
1. The group of people who watch a performance are the ____________. (uedinaec)
2. Another word for a fight is a ____________. (tbtlae)
3. The first time a performer plays in public is his ____________. (betud)
4. A ____________ is what you give when you entertain people by singing, acting or dancing. (ereoprfanmc)
5. The place where an event takes place is called the ____________. (enevu)
6. You can have a good or bad ____________. It depends on what people say about you. (putnretiao)
7. When you pay ____________ to somebody, you say how and why you admire and respect them. (brittue)
8. When you have a natural ability to do something, this is called a ____________. (tifg)
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Level 1 Elementary
Pavarotti dies aged 71 6

Domingo led the tributes to his fellow tenor. “I
always admired the God-given glory of his voice,”
Matthew Weaver and agencies
he said. “I also loved his wonderful sense of
September 6, 2007
humour. We had so much fun during our concerts
with José Carreras.”
The Italian opera star Luciano Pavarotti died The British tenor Russell Watson said that
1 7
at his home in Modena aged 71. The tenor, Pavarotti was the man who brought opera to
who helped take opera to a new audience, was the people. “The World Cup was the Three
diagnosed with pancreatic cancer last year. His Tenors led by Pavarotti, with a very entertaining
manager, Terri Robson, said Pavarotti died at version of Nessun Dorma, in fact, it’s now called
5am on September 6. “The maestro fought a ‘Pavarotti’s Nessun Dorma’,” Watson said. “His
long, tough battle against the pancreatic cancer voice was so distinctive you only needed to listen
which eventually took his life. He remained to a couple of bars and you knew it was him, he
positive until the end,” Mr Robson said. had incredible power and control.”
Pavarotti made his professional debut in 1961, Another tenor Ian Bostridge agreed. “He was
2 8
as Rodolfo in Puccini’s La Boheme at the opera an old-fashioned star,” he said. “Vocally he was
house in Reggio Emilia. His most celebrated the best.
performance came at New York’s Metropolitan
Opera House where he hit nine high Cs in In a statement, the Royal Opera House said:
9
Donizetti’s La fille du regiment. “He introduced the extraordinary power of
opera to people who perhaps would never have
But Pavarotti reached a new global audience encountered opera and classical singing [and] in
3
during the 1990 football World Cup when his doing so he enriched their lives.”
interpretation of the Puccini aria Nessun Dorma
was chosen as the tournament’s theme tune. It Pavarotti gave farewell performances at the
10
became an international hit. Later the Essential Royal Opera House in January 2002. “The
Pavarotti became the first classical album to applause on those evenings was probably the
reach number 1 in the UK charts. most moving and heartfelt in the history of the
Royal Opera,” the statement said. “He had a
The 1990 World Cup was also the venue of the unique ability to touch people with the emotional
4
first of the hugely popular Three Tenor concerts and brilliant quality of his voice. He was a man
that Pavarotti performed with Placido Domingo with a most extraordinary gift. He will be missed
and José Carreras. His most high-profile by millions of people.”
performance in Britain was the Pavarotti in the
Park concert in a rainy Hyde Park in 1991. His
friend, Diana, Princess of Wales, was in the
front row.
Like many opera stars, Pavarotti also had a

5
reputation for being difficult. At a Royal Variety
performance in Edinburgh he demanded a fully-
fitted kitchen to be built into his hotel suite. He
also frequently cancelled concerts at short notice.
But he also raised millions of pounds in a number
of charity performances.
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Level 1 Elementary
1. Pavarotti helped make opera popular.

2. He once hit nine high Cs in one performance.
3. The Three Tenors were Pavarotti, Domingo and Caruso.
4. The Three Tenors sang the theme tune to the 1994 (football) World Cup.
5. Pavarotti had a number 1 album in the UK.
6. He was a personal friend of Princess Diana’s.
7. He always demanded a fully-fitted kitchen in his dressing room.
8. He raised millions of pounds for charities.
9. Pavarotti didn’t have a sense of humour.
10. Pavarotti had a unique voice.
4 Vocabulary
What do these adjectives describe in the article?
1. emotional / distinctive / brilliant _____________________________
2. positive / difficult / tenor _____________________________
3. heartfelt / moving _____________________________
4. long / tough _____________________________
Underline all the other adjectives in the article. Compare your answers with your partner.
5 Discussion
Complete the sentences by filling the gaps.
The last music concert or performance I went to was (who or what) _____________________________, at/in
(place) _____________________________, in ___________ (month, year).
I thought it was (adjective) _____________ because (reason) _____________________________________.
Now read your sentences to your partner. Try to ask and answer further questions to keep the
conversation going.
6 Webquest
Go to www.guardian.co.uk/music/gallery/2007/sep/06/pavarotti?picture=330690212 to see photos of Pavarotti’s
life. You can also watch videos and listen to him singing by going to www.youtube.com and writing Pavarotti in the
search box.
208
Miners unearth world’s biggest diamond
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
mine vault gem rare amazing

rough carat colourless saddle gift
1. A ____________ is a beautiful, expensive stone that people use to make jewellery.
2. A ____________ is a leather seat you put on a horse when you ride it.
3. A ____________ is a large hole or tunnel in the ground from which people take gold, coal, diamonds etc.
4. A ____________ is something you give to someone as a present.
5. A ____________ is a strongly protected room in a bank for money, gold and other valuables.
6. If something is ____________, it has no colour at all.
7. If something is ____________, you do not often see or find it.
8. A ____________ is a unit of weight for measuring gold and precious stones.
9. If something is ____________, it is very, very surprising.
10. If a diamond is in a ____________ state, no-one has cut or finished it.
1. How much will the new diamond cost?
2. When was the Golden Jubilee diamond found?
3. How much did the cut Cartier diamond weigh?
4. Where was the Cullinan diamond found?
5. How many gems were cut from the Cullinan diamond?
6. When did the British take the Koh-i-noor diamond to London?
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Level 1 Elementary
Miners unearth world’s carats. In its rough or uncut state the Cullinan
biggest diamond weighed 3,106.75 carats. It now forms part of
the British crown jewels and is in the Tower of
David Beresford in Johannesburg and Lee
London.
Glendinning
August 28, 2007
The Cartier diamond, which Richard Burton once
5 gave to Elizabeth Taylor as a gift, weighed just
1 Diamond miners have found the world’s biggest
240.80 carats rough and 69.42 carats cut. Mr
diamond in a mine in the North-West Province
Cuellar said they did not have much information
of South Africa. The diamond is twice as big as
about the new diamond and didn’t know whether
the famous Cullinan diamond, which was the
it was colourless or not. “The reported size of
largest cut diamond in the world until 1985, when
the stone is correct, but there are several other
the Golden Jubilee diamond was found. People
things we still don’t know. What is important now
in the diamond industry are very excited by the
is how wide, how clear and how well cut the
news, but no-one knows exactly who found the
diamond will be.”
diamond and where they found it. Diamond
buyers around the world will be extremely
“Will this diamond be better than the best quality
interested in the diamond and it could sell for as
6 diamonds in the world? I can tell you right
much as £15 million.
now, no. But it will be on the list of the largest
diamonds ever found in the world.” He said
2 A spokesman for the mining company which
the first seven people who looked at the stone
found the diamond said they were taking it to
thought it was an industrial diamond, but now
a bank vault in Johannesburg and would keep
experts believe it is a stone that they can cut to
it there for a couple of days “until we decide
make a piece of jewellery.
what we are going to do”. They have hired a
security company to protect the precious stone.
Mr Cuellar says that the problem now is how
The South Africa Broadcasting Corporation
7 best to cut the stone. “Usually with these types
reported that the stone was twice as big as the
of things, we know how big we could get it but
Cullinan diamond.
we don’t know what its quality will be like.” Some
people thought the Cullinan, also known as the
3 Fred Cuellar, the founder of Diamond Cutters
Star of Africa, was part of a larger stone which
International and author of How to Buy a
has still not been found.
Diamond, said he first heard about the find a
few days ago. “When people find any rare stone
There will be interest in who found the diamond
around the world they phone me, and when
8 and what they will receive for their find. The
I heard about this one it was amazing news.
miner who discovered the Excelsior, the second
Everybody in the diamond industry was very
largest uncut diamond ever found, received a
surprised. There are a lot of people who will want
horse and saddle, and a sum of money.
to buy this stone.”
The Cullinan Diamond was found in 1905 and,
4 The Cullinan diamond, which was found near
9 at 3,106 carats, was the largest gem-quality
Pretoria more than one hundred years ago,
rough diamond ever found. Cullinan I, or the
was once the largest cut diamond in the world,
Great Star of Africa – at 530 carats formerly the
weighing 530.20 carats. In 1985 it lost the record
largest cut diamond – was one of the 105 gems
to the Golden Jubilee, which was found in the
cut from it. The Koh-i-noor is part of the British
same mine as the Cullinan and weighed 545.67
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Level 1 Elementary
crown jewels. It was found in India but the British
took it to London in 1849. They say the diamond
brings good luck to female owners and bad luck
or death to any male who wears or owns it. The
Hope Diamond is a large (45.52 carat), deep
blue diamond. It is famous because it brings bad
luck to anyone who owns it. Past owners include
Kings Louis XV and XVI and Marie Antoinette.
Put these sentences in the order in which they happened.
a. The Golden Jubilee diamond was found in the same mine as the Cullinan.
b. A security company is protecting the precious stone.
c. Diamond miners have found the world’s biggest diamond.
d. The Koh-i-noor diamond was found in India.
e. They took the diamond to a bank vault in Johannesburg.
f. The Cullinan diamond was found near Pretoria.
4 Grammar focus: Superlatives
Look at this example from the text:
…the largest cut diamond in the world…
Complete the table by adding the superlative forms of the adjectives. Note that some are irregular.
1. big the biggest

2. good
3. expensive
4. important
5. wide
6. bad
7. rare
8. precious
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Level 1 Elementary
in the diamond
1. extremely interested _______
2. it could sell _______ £15 million
3. he heard _______ the find a few days ago
4. it was found _______ Pretoria
5. the largest diamond _______ the world
6. the first seven people who looked _______ the stone
7. the British took it _______ London
8. it brings bad luck _______ its owners
6 Vocabulary 2: Irregular past participles
Complete the table.
infinitive past participle

1. find found
2. cut
3. see
4. know
5. think
6. keep
7. hear
8. buy
212
What’s in the Big Apple?
Level 1 Elementary
1 Pre-reading task
Tick
üthe words or phrases would you expect to read in an article about junk food.
burger super-size fries

apple adverts snacks
cereal drive-in breakfast
tray judge calories
New York health Glasgow
cosmetic hot dogs TV
home-cooked
Add some more ideas of your own.
____________ ____________ ____________ ____________
2 Key words
Match words from the articles with their meanings.
1. double a. the science of food and its effect on health

2. triple b. three times
3. currently c. two times
4. nutrition d. inside a shop or restaurant
5. in-store e. at the moment
6. helping f. very overweight

7. ingredients g. a portion
8. obese h. someone who lives in a particular place
9. resident i. the second most important person in a company
or organization
10. deputy j. the items you need for a recipe or meal
11. confuse k. to eat or drink something

12. consume l. to make someone agree to do something by
giving them reasons why they should
13. persuade m. to strongly advise someone what action they
should take
14. demand n. to make someone feel they do not understand
15. urge o. to say clearly and firmly that you want something
213
Level 1 Elementary
What’s in the Big Apple? 7 However, the big fast food chains complained
For every salad, McDonald’s sells eight double that it is expensive and unfair – and that they
cheeseburgers. already provide plenty of information on their
websites.
Andrew Clark in New York
September 13, 2007
8 Chuck Hunt, a spokesman for the New York
State Restaurant Association, says: “The correct
1 In a recent court case concerning America’s junk
way to deal with this is through education, not
food industry, a group of fast food restaurants in
through rules.”
New York persuaded a judge that they shouldn’t
have to write the number of calories in their
9 The industry argues that calories are only one
meals on in-store menu boards.
of many ways to measure how healthy food is.
Putting them on a menu, says the association,
2 Judge Richard Holwell said that New York’s
will only “confuse” people.
Board of Health was not allowed to demand that
larger restaurant chains write calorie figures
10 The fast food industry has been trying hard to
next to prices for food such as a McDonald’s Big
present a caring, sharing image and restaurants
Mac meal (1,430 calories) or Burger King’s triple
now sell salads, shakes, milk and fruity nibbles.
Whopper with cheese (1,230 calories).
Last week, Burger King announced it was
launching ‘apple fries’ – slices of apple cut to
3 The court case was the city’s latest effort to do
look like chips – to persuade young customers
something about obesity which is worse in New
to eat healthier food. But, for every salad
York than in the rest of America. More than half
they sell, McDonald’s still sells eight double
of the Big Apple’s residents are overweight and
cheeseburgers.
a third are clinically obese. Among children, US
obesity levels have tripled since the 1970s. 11 A few chains are taking responsibility. Subway,
which sells fresh sandwiches, has decided to
4 Mary Bassett, New York’s deputy commissioner
display calories on its menus. Its spokesman,
for health promotion and disease prevention,
Les Winograd, says it was to the firm’s
says Americans consume nearly 50% of their
advantage: “We have a reputation for offering
food outside the home. Huge helpings, high
healthier alternatives to traditional fatty fast food.”
salt content and fatty ingredients mean that the
average calorie intake in restaurants is far higher
12 In response to pressure, the industry has
than in home-cooked food.
stopped marketing the worst of its food to
children. The Council of Better Business Bureaus
5 “When people shop in supermarkets, they can
has asked companies to stop targeting under-
see a nutritional fact chart on the box which
12s. Burger King, Coca-Cola, Pepsi, McDonald’s,
tells them what they’re getting. When you buy
Kellogg’s and Kraft have already agreed to this
food in a restaurant, you have no idea what the
request. Currently, children in America see an
nutritional content is,” says Dr Bassett.
average of 21 adverts a day for sweets, snacks,
cereals and fast food.
6 “Most people know that a large portion of fries is
unhealthy”, argues Dr Bassett, “But, I don’t think
13 Experts say the fast food industry’s New York
many people would guess that a McDonald’s
court case cancels out such positive action. Kelly
deluxe breakfast contains nearly all their
Brownell, director of the Rudd Center for Food
recommended calorie intake for the day.”
Policy and Obesity at Yale University, says:
214
Level 1 Elementary
“Obesity is all about calories – how many you [calorie advertising] won’t solve the obesity
take in and how many you burn. For the industry problem. But nothing, by itself, will solve the
to say that’s not key information is incorrect.” entirety of the obesity problem.”
14 He urges the big chains to be pro-active in

changing Americans’ diets and in helping
consumers to make better choices: “The fast
foodindustry’s arguments are weak. They say
Match the halves of the sentences.
1. New York is... ... targeting young children.
2. A judge said that fast food restaurants don’t have to ... written on the packaging.
have to...
3. Half of the people who live in New York are... ... often called the Big Apple.
4. Americans eat out almost... ... write calories on their menus.
5. A McDonald’s deluxe breakfast contains... ... overweight.
6. The amount of calories in food bought in ... sell healthy options.
supermarkets is...
7. Some large restaurant chains have said ... a huge amount of calories.
they will stop...
8. Some fast food chains now... ... 50% of the time.
215
Level 1 Elementary
4 Comparisons
Fill the gaps in the sentences about the article with:
more than / fewer than / less than
Remember: fewer is used with countable nouns, and less is used with uncountable nouns!
1. A Big Mac meal has ________ calories ________ a Burger King triple Whopper with cheese.
2.Home-cooked food usually contains ________ calories ________ restaurant-bought food.
3. ________ half of the Big Apple’s residents are overweight.
4. Food in fast food restaurants costs ________ food in better restaurants.
5. McDonalds sells ________ salads ________ burgers.
5 Group work
Think of six food and drink specialities from your country. What ingredients do they contain?
In small groups complete these sentences using the names of the specialities you thought of. Compare
your answers with another groups’. Do you agree?
________________ has more calories than ________________ and ________________.
________________ has less calories than ________________ and ________________.

________________ has the least calories.
________________ has the most calories.
6 Webquest
Which contains the most calories: a banana, an avocado or a mango? Use an online calorie counter such
as the one at www.fitandtrim.co.uk/caloriecounter.html to find out.
216
The McCanns: Exhausted and under suspicion
Level 1 Elementary
1 Pre-reading 1: What do you already know about the story?
Have you heard of a little girl called Madeleine McCann? She disappeared (nobody could find her) when
her family were on holiday.
Do you think these sentences about her story are True (T) or False (F)?
1. Madeleine’s family were on holiday in Spain.

2. Madeleine’s parents have no other children
3. The police in Portugal think Mrs McCann killed her daughter.
4. They think some blood in the McCann’s own car is important.
5. They do not think her husband was part of the crime
6. Mr and Mrs McCann believe their daughter is still alive.
Match these keywords from the text with the definitions below:
toddlers suspects exhausted allege an accomplice under suspicion
1. ____________ – people the police think committed a crime
2. ____________ – very, very tired.
3. ____________ – someone who helps someone else commit a crime
4. If you are put ____________ , the police think you are guilty.
5. ____________ – to say someone is guilty of doing something wrong before it is proved
6. ____________ – very small children, just learning to walk
Now read the story quickly to check your answers to the questions in 1 and 2.
217
Level 1 Elementary
Exhausted and under suspicion, most of the day before, phoning the Portuguese
Madeleine’s family come home authorities to get permission to come home.
Esther Addley 8 Their journey home began just after 7am, and Mr
September 10, 2007 and Mrs McCann walked hand-in-hand from the
rented villa in Praia da Luz where they have been
living since July.
1 It has been a long journey home for Gerry and
Kate McCann, but soon after 1pm yesterday, 135 9 The couple drove to the airport with the twins in
days after they had left their home in Rothley, their rented silver Renault Scenic. Police allege
Leicestershire, the couple lifted their twin toddlers that there was a trace of Madeleine’s blood
out of a police people-carrier and shut their inside, but the McCanns did not hire the car until
front door. 25 days after she disappeared.
2 Kate McCann left home on April 27 as the 10 Lots of cars and motorbikes full of journalists
mother of an “ordinary family of five”. Later, she chased after them. One cameraman stood up
often said that she could not think about coming to film through the car sunroof while it drove at
back as a family of four, without their daughter 80mph. At Faro airport, Mr McCann drove into a
Madeleine. In fact, their homecoming was even reserved area normally used by politicians and
more painful: the police now think perhaps they VIPs, and they were taken through check-in to
killed their own daughter. the departure lounge.
3 The couple looked very unhappy as they got out 11 The first two rows of seats on their easyJet flight
of the vehicle. Mrs McCann carried her two-year- to East Midlands airport were reserved for the
old daughter, Amelie and Madeleine’s pink cuddly family, but a number of reporters were also on
cat. She always carries it, now her daughter has their flight. At about 12.30pm they landed, and
disappeared. Mr McCann held their other twin, were met by even more film crews.
Sean, in his arms. 12 When Mr McCann came out of the airport, very
4 A police officer followed them into their upset, he read a brief statement, his son still
smart, new, redbrick house, where they have asleep on his shoulder. Mr McCann thanked
lived for a year. A crowd of reporters and TV people who had supported the couple during the
crews watched, and there were noisy press four months since Madeleine’s disappearance,
helicopters overhead. and said he and his wife had thought very
carefully before they decided to come home.
5 Neighbours in the quiet road politely stayed
Although they are suspects, the Portuguese
inside, but a small group of people were watching
police had let them keep their passports and
at the end of the street on the edge of the pretty
come back to Britain.
village just north of Leicester.
13 In an interview with a Sunday newspaper, Mr
6 People in Rothley had shown their support
McCann said that he and his wife, who police
for the couple in the weeks after Madeleine’s
seem to think is the main suspect in Madeleine’s
disappearance, with hundreds of bunches of
presumed death, with her husband as an
flowers and yellow ribbons tied to its small war
accomplice, were “fighting for [their] lives” to
memorial. The flowers were removed some
prove their innocence.
time ago, though some ribbons remain in the
local pub. 14 “We will clear our name and we will not give up
on Madeleine,” he told the News of the World.
7 Mr and Mrs McCann decided to return yesterday.
But because they were suspects, they spent 15 Ten minutes after the couple’s arrival back home,
Mrs McCann’s uncle, Brian Kennedy, who is
218
Level 1 Elementary
leading the campaign to publicize Madeleine’s 18 Behind him, on one of the downstairs
disappearance, came out and spoke briefly windowsills, was a pile of cuddly toys. The
to reporters. curtains to the upstairs bedrooms, including
Madeleine’s, painted her favourite pink,
16 “Kate and Gerry are just happy to be back at
were closed.
home. They have been through three or four
of the most difficult days in their lives. They 19 A family friend said the room had been left as it
are tired, very tired. If it was me, I would be was, “ready for her to come home”.
absolutely shattered.”
17 Asked if the couple had plans to return to work
– Mr McCann as a cardiac surgeon, his wife
as a GP – Mr Kennedy said: “I don’t know. I
don’t think they’ll be thinking about that for a
while yet.”
First, read quickly and underline these words and numbers in the text.
135 Rothley April 27 Amelie Sean
Praia da Luz Renault 25 80mph 12.30pm
Now, read the text again, and use the information from the box to complete the sentences below.
1. The McCanns live in ______________.

2. Their twin son’s name is ______________.
3. The reporters in Portugal drove at ______________ to follow them to the airport.
4. The McCanns rented a ______________ car.
5. They were on holiday in the town of ______________.
6. They left England on ______________.
7. Their twin daughter’s name is ______________.
8. They stayed in Portugal for ______________ days.
9. Madeleine disappeared ______________ days before hey hired their car.
10. Their plane arrived in England at ______________.
219
Level 1 Elementary
4 Vocabulary development: Find the words
Find words in the text that mean the following.
1. ____________ a big family car with three rows of seats (para 1)

2. ____________ soft and nice to hold (para 3)
3. ____________ very small quantity of (para 9)
4. ____________ followed very quickly, trying to catch them (para 10)
5. __________ __________ __________ prove that we are innocent (3 words, para 14)
6. __________ __________ __________ stop hoping to find (three words, para 14)
7. ____________ for a very short time (para 15)
8. ____________ very tired, (and sometimes very upset) (para 16)
Choose prepositions from the box to go with the words below.
at in of on to
1. ______ April 27 6. drove ______ the airport

2. ______ his arms 7. drove ______ 80mph
3. ______ the end ______ the street 8. _____ about 12.30pm
4. hundreds ______ bunches ______ flowers 9. back _____ home
5. hand ______ hand 10. the most difficult days _____ their lives
6 Understanding reference
Good writers don’t repeat the same words all the time. They use other words to talk about the same people
or things. We call this: reference.
First find the words on the left in the text, then match them with the words they are referring to on the right.
Be careful – sometimes the people or things they refer to are in a paragraph before.
1 The couple (para 3) a The police people-carrier

2 The vehicle (para 3) b Rothley
3 The pretty village (para 5) c The McCanns
4 The car (para 9) d A Sunday newspaper
5 The family (para 11) e Gerry and Kate McCann
6 The News of the World (para 14) f The Renault Scenic
220
Radiohead’s bid to revive music industry
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
piracy booming album release merchandise

gig newsletter vinyl deal track
1. A _______________ is a live musical performance.
2. When record companies _______________ a new CD, they make it possible for people to buy it.
3. A _______________ is written information sent regularly to members of an organization.
4. _______________ is goods that people buy and sell.
5. An _______________ is a CD or record with several songs on it.
6. A _______________ is one of the songs on an album.
7. _______________ is the practice of making and selling illegal copies of CDs, DVDs and so on.
8. A _______________ is a formal business agreement.
9. _______________ is a hard, light plastic used to make LP records.
10. If a business is _______________, it is extremely successful and profitable.
1. What is the title of the new Radiohead album?
2. What is the smallest amount of money customers can pay for the new Radiohead album?
3. How much will the expensive ‘discbox’ version of the album cost?
4. How will the Charlatans give their new album away free?
5. When will it be possible to download the new Radiohead album?
6. When will customers receive the box set version of the album?
221
Level 1 Elementary
Radiohead’s bid to revive music single and album away free through a radio
industry: pay what you like to station. Alan McGee, the manager of the
download albums Charlatans, said, “While live music and sales
of merchandise (t-shirts, posters and so on)
Owen Gibson, media correspondent
are booming, sales of CDs are falling. This is
October 2, 2007
because more and more fans simply copy tracks
from friends or get them from free Internet sites.
1 For many years the British group Radiohead The band will get more money from more people
have been known for their original music. Now coming to their gigs and buying merchandise. I
they are hoping to do something else that is new believe it’s the future business model.”
to the world of rock music. They are planning
to invite music buyers to decide how much 5 But Nicola Slade, editor of the music industry
they want to pay for their new album. Fans of newsletter Record of the Day, did not agree,
Radiohead, who can hardly wait to hear their saying that not everyone could do what
first studio album for four years, will probably Radiohead are doing and give their music
be willing to pay a lot of money for the album. away free. “I like people doing things differently,
People who do not like their music so much will but you have to remember that Prince and
probably only offer to pay a few pennies. But Radiohead have had a lot of money from their
thanks to this experiment, Radiohead will not be record companies and this has helped them to be
using a record company and will be able to find where they are today”, she said.
out what people really think of their music.
6 It usually takes three to six months for a record
2 The group’s guitarist, Jonny Greenwood, label to release a new album. A spokesman for
announced the release of the new album on the Radiohead said one reason for the experiment
band’s website. Customers can download the was to get the album to fans more quickly
album, In Rainbows, from October 10. People than this. Big Radiohead fans can also spend
began to place orders immediately. They can £40 on a ‘discbox’ version of the album.
decide how much to pay – from nothing (plus a After downloading In Rainbows next week,
45p administration charge) upwards. Other music in December these fans will receive a deluxe
artists and their record labels and management box containing the album on CD and two vinyl
companies will watch Radiohead’s experiment records, as well as a second CD containing more
very carefully. new songs, digital photographs, artwork and a
hardback book.
3 With In Rainbows Radiohead are trying to
restructure the economics of the music industry, 7 It is probably no surprise that on the first day of
which is having problems because of digital sale more people ordered the expensive box set
piracy. Live music is booming but CD sales than the download costing as little as 45p. Since
are falling as a result of increased competition Radiohead left their record label EMI there have
and piracy. Many new groups have become been a lot of stories about what the band would
well known through the Internet and now more do next and what would happen to their new
famous artists are also using the Internet in order album. Some people said that Radiohead would
to revolutionize the way music is sold. follow the example of Paul McCartney and sign a
deal with Starbucks. This did not happen.
4 Companies selling CDs were shocked when
Prince gave his latest album away free with 8 It is now possible to buy digital versions of
a British Sunday newspaper. Pop group the Radiohead’s other albums, including The Bends
Charlatans have said they will give their new and OK Computer, thanks to a deal between
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Level 1 Elementary
EMI and the download service 7Digital. Before

that Radiohead did not allow the market leader,
iTunes, to sell their music digitally because
iTunes sells individual tracks and Radiohead
wanted to sell their albums as complete works,
not as single tracks.

1. Digital piracy…
2. Customers will decide…
3. Music groups can earn more money from selling merchandise…
4. CD sales are falling…
5. When Prince gave his new album away free…
6. More people have ordered the expensive box set…
a. … companies selling CDs were shocked.
b. … than from selling CDs.

c. … because fans can get tracks free from Internet sites.
d. … is a big problem for the music industry.
e. … than the cheap digital download.
f. … how much they want to pay for Radiohead’s new album.
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Level 1 Elementary
4 Vocabulary 1: Adverbs
Fill the gaps in these sentences using these adverbs from the text.
quickly differently probably carefully hardly simply
1. Some people will _______________ pay a lot of money for the new album.
2. Big Radiohead fans can _______________ wait for the album’s release.
3. Radiohead and Prince are doing things _______________.
4. The experiment will get the album to the fans more _______________.
5. Record labels will watch the experiment _______________.
6. Many fans _______________copy tracks from free Internet sites.
Fill the gaps using the correct prepositions.
1. as a result _______ increased competition

2. thanks _______ a deal
3. known _______ their original music
4. what people think _______ their music
5. three _______ six months
6. spend money _______ something
7. sign a deal _______ someone
8. pay a lot of money _______ something
Complete the table.
verb noun
1. manage
2. compete
3. release
4. announcement
5. agreement
6. decision
224
Emoticons, emails and letter writing
Level 1 Elementary
1 Pre-reading task
Match these emoticons with their meanings.
}:-( I’m wearing glasses
;-) I’m undecided
8-) I’m married
0:-) My hair is blowing in the wind
:-)(-: I’m only joking!
:-\ The writer just made a sweet or innocent remark
2 Keywords: Antonyms
Skim the text to find the words that mean the opposite of the words below.
1. strengthen / harden (para 2) _________________
2. polite / courteous (para 2) _________________
3. smile (para 2) _________________
4. hate (para 2) _________________
5. manually (para 3) _________________

6. modern (para 4) _________________
7. perfect (para 5) _________________
8. receive (para 5) _________________
9. calmer (para 7) _________________
10. extraordinary (para 9) _________________
11. add (para 9) _________________
12. rudeness (para 9) _________________
13. sender (para 11) _________________

D •
TE DE E
SI A L
EB LO B
W N IA

M W P
O DO O
FR BE C
N T
O
NEWS LESSONS / Emoticons, emails and letter writing / Elementary

O
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•P
CA
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Level 1 Elementary
Emoticons, emails and letter writing we have to call and ask: “Did you get my email
... why didn’t you reply?” And then we regret
Simon Jenkins
sending it off so quickly. We should have read it
September 21, 2007
through one more time.
Have emails made us into unemotional 6 How on earth did we manage in the past?
machines? Somehow we wrote about love, hurt, remorse,
anger and joy without adding emoticons.
1 The emoticon is 25 years old. In 1982, a We used quill, pen, pencil, ballpoint, even a
Pittsburgh professor, Scott Fahlman, saw that typewriter, and if anything went wrong we had
his students’ emails could not express greetings the telephone as backup. So why is email
and humour. So, the smiley was born, and with it so lacking in feeling that it needs its own
a large amount of symbols that try to put normal additional symbols?
human emotion into the cold alphabet. A–Z might
7 The authors of a book on ‘netiquette’ say that,
have been fine for Shakespeare, Milton, Keats
and Shelley, but for today’s global nerd it is not “On email people aren’t quite themselves ... they
good enough. are angrier, less sympathetic, less aware, more
easily wounded, even more gossipy.” Some have
2 Early telegraphy had its own short forms and even wrecked their marriages, lost their jobs and
people soon realized that abbreviated language ended up in jail.
could sometimes cause unintentional pain and
embarrassment. Therefore, symbols were used 8 Many of us do not know how to handle email.
to soften remarks that might seem sarcastic Do we start Dear Sir or Hi gorgeous, or do we
or abrupt. The result was not just smileys, but immediately talk about business? Do we cover
frownies and symbols for confusion, love, anger the screen with capital letters, exclamation
and surprise. marks and emoticons to try to explain what we
mean? Do we end with Yours sincerely, Kind
3 There are 16 pages of emoticons in Andrew regards or Bye!? When you speak such simple
John’s Txtr’s A–Z – my favourite is }:-( which words as please, thank you and sorry, they
means ‘my hair is blowing in the wind’. These can have a hundred different meanings, but
days many computers automatically change the they become toneless when they lie flat on the
L In other words, and have
frownie into . J L computer screen.
become formal symbols in Internet vocabulary.
9 The truth is that, unless you’re writing routine
4 I agree that there is a problem with emails. I have messages and acknowledgements, email is
often regretted sending a personal email or text not as good as the telephone and the letter.
message. The old-fashioned pen gave you time Compared to the telephone, email distances
to think, as did the manual typewriter. Writing us. It not only removes the tone of your voice, it
involved effort. Words and sentences were stops people from interrupting or replying. It is a
thought about before being written on paper and one-way conversation, a monologue. Compared
sent through the post. to a letter, email is faster but has none of the
humanity or politeness of handwriting.
5 These days, thoughts quickly change into
finished but imperfect sentences. As soon as 10 Emails are bad at conveying humour or criticism,
they are on screen they become real. And ‘send’ bad news or sympathy. The form is too cold.
is always clicked too soon. There is no wait for Those who wish to communicate these things
the post to go, no time to correct what you wrote. to another human being should use the
We can’t be certain that an email has arrived, so telephone.
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Level 1 Elementary
11 Better still, make space on your desk, take out a
sheet of paper, pick up a pen and do something
you may not have done for a long time. Write a
proper letter. The recipient will be amazed and
delighted that you have taken the time. You will
write what you meant to say, and I bet you won’t
use any emoticons.

1. Short forms were also used... ... to put feeling and emotion into an email.
2. If people misunderstand written abbreviations,... ... before correcting them.
3. We are not so careful... ... in the early days of telecommunication.
4. We often send emails off... ... when we write emails.
5. People use emoticons... ... they might feel hurt, embarrassed or insulted.
6. Emails are faster than letters... ... can be misunderstood in an email.
7. Even simple words like please and thank you... ... for sending routine messages and
acknowledgements.
8. The telephone is more personal and therefore better... ... but contain less humanity.
9. Emails are useful... ... to receive letters.
10. The majority of people like... ... when you need to give bad news.
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Level 1 Elementary
4 Email writing
1. Skim the article to find ways to begin and end an email and write them into the table.

openings closings
2. Can you think of any other ways to begin or end an email? Write them into the table. Compare your
answers in small groups.
5 Discussion
Complete these sentences to make them correct for you. Discuss them in your group. Don’t forget to ask
the others in your group for more information about their answers.
I send about _____________ emails a week.

I write roughly _____________ letters a month.
I receive about _____________ emails and _____________ letters a week.
I feel _____________ when I receive a letter.
I think emoticons are _____________.
I prefer to communicate by _____________.
6 Webquest
Have a look at these websites for more information on emoticons. Which emoticons do you like best?
Unusual and funny emoticons:

www.angelfire.com/hi/hahakiam/emoticon.html
A-Z of emoticons:
www.sharpened.net/glossary/emoticons.php
Emoticons that you’ve probably never seen before:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_common_emoticons
228
Gold rush in Mongolia
Level 1 Elementary
1 Warmer - gold
How many words connected to gold can you think of in two minutes? Write them in the box below.
What can we make from gold? e.g. watches

What else is gold used for? e.g. dental fillings
Gold
2 Key words
Tick the words you would expect to read in an article about gold.
Mongolia policemen goat jewellery museum

mine
bowl smuggle murder arrest

machine
newspapers poverty
nugget turtle

human rights thief nomad shell art

soldier
mother South Africa
wealth

Add some more ideas of your own and then skim-read the article to find the answers.
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Level 1 Elementary
Prospectors and ‘ninja’ miners rush to like a shell. This appearance gives them their
the east’s El Dorado nickname – ‘ninja’ – after the Teenage Mutant
Central Asia’s gold fever brings rapid economic Ninja Turtles cartoon.
growth as well as pollution and violence 6 Many were former nomads, but now the gold
Jonathan Watts in Ogoomor rush has brought students, vets and taxi drivers
Wednesday October 10, 2007 from Ulan Bator. They have joined the ninjas, not
just in Ogoomor but in other gold towns across
1 Enkhmaa – a middle-aged mother and illegal the country. Today, it is estimated that there are
gold miner – explains why she is afraid to go out between 30,000 to 100,000 people searching
on the street with a green plastic bowl. Three for gold in these areas. This has created a huge
days ago, she says, the Mongolian police beat black market for gold – most of it is probably
and imprisoned her for walking too close to a smuggled across Mongolia’s 3,000 mile border
foreign-owned mine. “They chased after me in with China.
a car. When they caught me, they dragged me
inside, they hit me on the face, pulled my hair 7 For years, the ninjas were tolerated. In Mongolia,
and beat my leg with a truncheon,” she says. three-quarters of the 2.9m population live on less
than $2 a day, and so searching for gold was a
2 Ogoomor, where Enkhmaa lives, is probably the way to ease poverty and unemployment.
only town in the world where the police might
arrest and beat you for carrying a bowl. It is a 8 But a Russian mining company asked for new
bizarre side effect of a Mongolian gold rush that security measures last year after thousands of
is causing problems between nomadic miners ninjas invaded one of its mines, beat the guards,
and foreign companies. destroyed equipment and stole gold. Arrests
are now common, local people say. “We live in
3 Ogoomor is Mongolia’s Wild West, a dusty constant fear,” says Amarjargal. “We can’t even
town of miners and nomads, tents and wooden take a green bowl onto the street, and if we
shacks, karaoke discos, internet cafes and have dirty clothes, or muddy shoes, the police
police cells. From Ulan Bator, it is a seven-hour arrest us.”
drive across vast plains inhabited only by a few
nomads and their herds of sheep and goats. The 9 “It is hard to find any family that hasn’t had
town did not exist 20 years ago, but reports of someone arrested,” said an elderly woman called
giant nuggets in the nearby hills started a gold Sunjee (most Mongolians only use one name).
rush that attracted several thousand prospectors “The police have taken people younger than 16
– legal and illegal. and older than 60.”
4 The area around Ogoomor has been called the 10 When the ninjas search for gold they are
Mongolian El Dorado. The town is located in stealing. The areas are the property of the
the Zaamar valley, where geologists estimate, Russian concession holders so the arrests are
there is at least 100 tonnes of gold. Russian and legal. But the police crackdown is frightening the
local firms have bought up concessions to mine residents who say they are pulled from their beds
the land. at night, chased as they walk down the street or
arrested at checkpoints without any real evidence
5 Until recently, thousands of Mongolians against them.
searched illegally through the earth for small
pieces of gold missed by the mining companies’ 11 Visitors to Ogoomor have been shocked at the
giant machines. To do this, they used green changes in Mongolia, which is known as Asia’s
plastic bowls, which they carry on their backs most democratic nation. But this is not a black-
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Level 1 Elementary
and-white story of human rights abuses and a Mongolian social problem. There are whole
wealth inequality. Most ninjas make $10 to $20 towns of them with bars and prostitutes. They
dollars a day – more than policemen or soldiers even use their children to get gold. It’s awful,”
earn. Some become extremely rich. There are said a spokeswoman. “We don’t want to abuse
many stories in the town of people who found human rights, but we must protect our mine and
giant nuggets worth tens of thousands of dollars. our workers.”
12 The Russian mining company, Altan Dornod © Guardian News & Media 2007
Mongol, says the ninjas are organized and First published in The Guardian, 10/10/07
controlled by criminal bosses. “The ninjas are
Join the sentence parts.
1. Mongolian police arrest people for carrying... a. ... turtles.
2. Ninja turtles are... b. ... Mongolia’s Wild West.
3. When people carry a green plastic bowl on their backs, they look like... c. ... they are stealing.
4. The Mongolian gold rush is causing problems between... d. ... herds of sheep and goats.
5. Some Mongolian nomads (who live on the vast plains) own... e. ... nomadic miners and
foreign companies.
6. There are between 30,000 to 100,000 people searching for gold in... f. ... cartoon characters.
7. Mongolia is known as... g. ... very poor.
8. When the ninjas search for gold,... h. ... Asia’s most democratic
nation.

9. Many people in Mongolia are... i. ... plastic bowls.
10. The mining companies say they want to protect their... j. ... mines and their workers.
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Level 1 • Elementary
4 Vocabulary: Lexical fields

Decide which categories these words belong to and write them into the spidergrams.
black market plain gold-miner hills geologist criminal

prospector café smuggle town taxi driver illegal
stealing shack student land arrest legal
police cells prostitute evidence disco tent vet
jobs and
professions
legal words and

terminology places
5 Comprehension check 2: Summary
Which of these short sentences gives the best summary of the article?
1. Mongolian nomads are selling green plastic bowls to Russian miners.
2. Mongolian police are arresting people for illegal gold smuggling.
3. Thousands of people are moving to Ogoomor in the hope of finding gold.
6 Webquest
What is the current price of gold? Is it rising or falling? Do you think gold is a good investment? Use these
websites to help you answer the questions.
http://goldprice.org/
www.thebulliondesk.com/
http://goldprices.com/
www.kitco.com/
232
Extreme education
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
Fill the gaps in the sentences using these key words and phrases from the text.
admission contract behaviour proficient excuse

experiment principal lottery recent funds
1. A ____________ is a written legal agreement between two people or businesses.
2. If you ____________ with a new idea, you try it to see what will happen.
3. ____________ is another word for the headmaster or headmistress of a school.
4. If something is ____________, it happened a short time ago.
5. A ____________ is a game of chance where everyone buys a ticket with a number but only some numbers win.
6. A person’s ____________ is the way in which he or she follows basic social rules.
7. ____________ is permission to join an institution like a school or a college.
8. If a government ____________ something, it gives it all the money it needs to operate.
9. An ____________ is a reason you give to explain why you have not done something.
10. If you are ____________ at something you have learned, you are good at it.
Look in the text and find the answers to these questions as quickly as possible.
1. How many hours a day do pupils study in the North Star Academy?
2. How many pupils are there in the North Star Academy?
3. What percentage of children at North Star get free meals?
4. How many charter schools are there in the US?
5. How many children are on the waiting list for the North Star Academy?
6. How old are children at US ‘small schools’?
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Extreme education
Level 1 Elementary
Coming to an inner city near you, but I know I’ve got to work,” says one 11-year-old,
extreme education as she finishes up her homework over breakfast.
“Even my mother’s gone back to school since I’ve
Small US academies with tough rules and
been here.” Pupils take a test every six weeks and
excellent results are model for British
the teachers check the results of those tests very
carefully.” As a principal of a small school I know
Polly Curtis, education editor
how every child is progressing and how they are
October 22, 2007
behaving,” says Mr Verrilli.
1 North Star Academy is a small school with around

5 North Star and other small schools like it have
200 pupils in Newark, America’s second poorest
developed from the charter school movement in
city. At North Star, pupils from poor families study
the US. The 3,500 charter schools are independent
ten hours a day and they know they have to
schools, which get money from the state. They can
behave well. They accept the school rules and
decide their own school policies, including their
their test results are as good as the test results in
admissions procedures. North Star runs a lottery for
private schools.
admissions and has 1,800 children on the waiting
list. Parents have to put their child’s name into the
2 James Verrilli, principal of the North Star Academy
lottery; three times more girls apply than boys.
said: “These kids know drugs. These kids know
crime and violence. Their fathers are in jail. We
6 Mr Verrilli does not agree that his pupils are not
have a culture here in our school which is very
from the poorest families. “It’s quite wrong to say
different from the behaviour they have when they
that parents in poor families don’t care about their
first walk through the door. It’s a culture that tells
kids’ education. 95% of parents just want a better
them they can go to college when they leave
education for their children. “We’re not taking the
this school.”
best kids. I’m quite sure about that. How difficult is
it to write your child’s name on a piece of paper?”
3 At the North Star Academy children like Charism
he said.
and Queen-Ama smile politely as they shake your
hand and welcome you to their school. About
7 Every child who attends the Kipp (Knowledge
85% of pupils are African-American and 90% get
is Power Programme) academy in south Bronx,
free school meals because they come from poor
New York, plays in its orchestra, the best school
families. Last year 80% got ‘proficient or advanced’
orchestra in New York. Every child can read music.
grades in maths, compared with just 28% in the
Shirley Lee, a director of the Kipp academy in the
local neighbourhood school. Pupils work in silence
Bronx, says the school works because the students
and in a professional way. From the beginning,
know what the rules are. “The truth is that kids like
teachers teach the pupils to speak clearly, answer
structure,” she said. “You have to tell them what
questions in full sentences and always look the
they can and can’t do and when they can do it. If I
teacher in the eye.
teach them to look in my eyes when I’m speaking to
them, they will use that if the police stop them and
4 Parents of pupils at North Star have to sign a three-
that will help them.”
way contract with their child and the principal. When
a child doesn’t give their homework to the teacher
8 In the UK, people are discussing the differences
by 8am, the school phones their home. When the
between the exam results of rich and poor pupils in
parent doesn’t come to a meeting, their child cannot
schools in big cities. A recent report says that these
go back to school until the parent comes to that
differences are getting bigger and the government
meeting. There are signs saying ‘No excuses’ on
is trying to deal with this problem. Three London
the walls. “I was working until 11 last night. I’m tired,
academies are experimenting with the US small
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Extreme education
Level 1 Elementary
school model and last week a group of British back home to the UK. But many of them think it
teachers in training visited the US. The trainee will be difficult to transfer the model to the UK.
teachers wanted to look for methods they could use They say that most of the US ‘small schools’ are
to deal with the problems of ‘complex education middle schools, for 10–14-year-olds. Not many
in cities’. people have tried the small school model with the
secondary school age group (11–18). They also
9 Ark, a UK educational charity, is taking key ask where the money to fund smaller schools
parts of the small school model into London in the UK will come from. Other members of the
academies. Lucy Heller, managing director of Ark, group say that the US schools do not have much
says: “This means having small schools, strict equipment. “They don’t even have interactive
rules on behaviour and the belief that inner city whiteboards,” says one of the group’s leaders.
children can be as successful as other children.” “They just teach. Small schools might not be
The UK schools minister says small schools can practical in the UK, but what I really want these
teach children from poorer families that they can new teachers to take back to the UK is an idea of
succeed and that they can get the education to go the culture in these schools.”
to university.
10 The group of trainee teachers visiting the US will First published in The Guardian, 22/10/07
take some of the ideas they experience in the US
1. Pupils at the North Star Academy do well at school because…
2. Teachers teach the children to…
3. Most of the children at North Star…
4. Pupils at North Star have…
5. If a parent misses a meeting…
6. Pupils at US small schools are…
a. … to hand their homework in by 8am.
b. … come from very poor families.
c. … their child cannot go back to school.
d. … they behave well and they work hard.
e. … usually aged between 10 and 14.

f. … speak clearly and always look the teacher in the eye.
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Level 1 Elementary
4 Vocabulary 1: Verbs and nouns
Fill the gaps using these verbs from the text.
answer come attend shake

look run take sign
1. ____________ a lottery
2. ____________ someone’s hand
3. ____________ questions in full
4. ____________ someone in the eye
5. ____________ a contract
6. ____________ to a meeting
7. ____________ a test
8. ____________ a school
1. different _______ the behaviour they had before

2. the difference _______ rich and poor
3. _______ the waiting list
4. 95% _______ parents
5. look someone _______ the eye
6. care _______ their kids’ education
7. give their homework to a teacher _______ 8am
8. to deal _______ a problem
Complete the table using nouns from the text.
verb noun
1. move
2. behave
3. admit
4. educate
5. govern
6. believe
7. equip
8. begin
236
Level 1 Elementary
1 What are they called now?
Match the old African state and province names on the left with their names now (on the right).
Abyssinia Somalia
Benadir Mali
French Sudan Mozambique
German Southwest Africa Ethiopia
Rhodesia Burkina Faso
Upper Volta Namibia
Portuguese East Africa Zimbabwe
2 Key words
Write in the missing vowels (a/e/i/o/u). Skim-read the article to find the answers. The paragraph numbers
will help you.
1. When something is not true or you can’t trust it, it is _nr_ _ _bl_ . (para 2)
2. If a plane is sent on a different route to the one it is supposed to go on we say it has been d_v_ rt_ d.
(para 3)
3. When you are separated from something, or if your connection has been broken you are c_t _ff. (para 4)
4. When you have this you are no longer controlled by another person or country: _nd_p_nd_nc_. (para 5)
5. When somebody else wins instead of you, you have been d_f_ _ t_d. (para 5)
6. When something does this, it breaks down and (almost) stops functioning: c_ll_ps_. (para 6)
7. This is an incredibly high increase in prices: hyp_r_nfl_t_ _ n. (para 6)
8. This is a complicated or annoying system with too many rules: b_r_ _ _ cr_cy. (para 6)
9. The value of the money of one country against the money of another country: _xch_ng_ r_t_. (para 6)
10. The amount of crop (wheat, corn, rice, etc.) that is collected: h_rv_st. (para 7)
11. When someone believes you have done something wrong or are not telling the truth, they
are s_sp_c_ _ _ s. (para 10)
12. To agree that something is not really true or that you have done something wrong: _ dm_t. (para 10)
237
Level 1 Elementary
British Airways says goodbye 7 The government says Zimbabwe is having a
to Zimbabwe great agricultural season. But there is no bread
Last BA flight from a grounded economy in the shops because the wheat harvest is
down by two-thirds and production of tobacco
Chris McGreal on BA152, Harare–London
has dropped to one-fifth of what it once was.
October 29, 2007
The government has said that it plans to sell
electricity to Namibia next year, even though
1 The last flight left the new Harare airport, flew
there isn’t enough power to keep lights on
over the city and dipped its wings in farewell.
in Zimbabwe.
With that, British Airways said goodbye
to Zimbabwe.
8 A man living in a Harare township earns, on
average, Z$5m dollars a month, or £2.50 at the
2 Cephas Msipa, a lifelong member of Mr
hidden-market rate. His journey to work in Harare
Mugabe’s Zanu-PF, said he thought it was
costs more than that but he has to travel to work
probably part of a British government plan
if he wants to keep his job.
against the Zimbabwean ruler, Robert Mugabe,
but he said that he was going to miss British
9 British Airways stayed when other European
Airways anyway. “In these difficult times, people
airlines left Zimbabwe as its economy
think Air Zimbabwe is unreliable,” he said.
collapsed – at the moment there are about $2m
Zimbabwean dollars to the British pound. But
3 Air Zimbabwe flights run days late because
now BA says that costs are too high, particularly
there is no fuel or maintenance, or they are
the cost of bringing fuel in by road from South
diverted when Mr Mugabe feels like going on a
Africa.
shopping trip in Kuala Lumpur or attending the
Pope’s funeral.
10 Mr Msipa and the Zimbabwean government are
suspicious but Mr Msipa admits there is a crisis,
4 Annie, a white Zimbabwean, is going to miss BA
and that his dad might be part of the problem.
for another reason. “There’s toilet paper on this
His father is the Zanu-PF governor of Midlands
plane, but there’s no toilet paper in the shops.
province. There, he has taken farms away from
It feels like we’re being cut off from the rest of
white farmers and has overseen the collapse
the world”.
of agriculture. Mr Msipa says this was possibly
a mistake. “My father is an old nationalist who
5 BA stopped flights to Zimbabwe once before in
believes that everything is about the land, but our
1965 when Ian Smith declared independence
generation says we should get into computers
for Rhodesia. BA returned 15 years later when
and call centres”.
Mr Smith was defeated by economics and war.
At that time, Rhodesia became Zimbabwe and
11 The younger Mr Msipa is a property developer
Robert Mugabe took power.
who travels regularly to London. His job has
kept the worst effects of the economic collapse
6 Now Zimbabwe’s government is losing
away from him and his five children. “We have an
control. Zimbabwe has a shrinking economy,
advantage. I can do things ... I have contacts,”
hyperinflation and production is collapsing. At
he said. “But how I’m going to get to London
the same time, Mr Mugabe is creating more and
now is a problem. No one wants to go through
more new bureaucracy. The official exchange
Johannesburg. They steal your luggage there. I
rate is so different to the exchange rate of the
suppose it will just have to be Air Zimbabwe.”
hidden market that the central bank governor has
to send his staff out to buy dollars on the street.
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Level 1 Elementary
1. British Airways no longer... a. ... rule Zimbabwe.
2. White Zimbabweans saw British Airways... b. ... to travel to work in Harare.
3. Robert Mugabe is the first black man to... c. ... flies to Zimbabwe.
4. Mugabe has been in power for... d. ... and the hidden-market rate.
5. The average worker from a township in Zimbabwe e. ... as their link to the rest of the world.
doesn’t earn enough money...
6. Tobacco and wheat production in Zimbabwe... f. ... is agriculture.
7. Zimbabwe’s main industry... g. ... over 25 years.
8. There are two different exchange rates in Zimbabwe, h. ... have fallen dramatically.
the government’s rate...
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Level 1 Elementary
4 Vocabulary: Collocations / Word pairs
Match the words on the left with the words on the right to make collocations. What is their connection
with the text?
Example: lifelong member

Cephas Msipa is a lifelong member of Mr Mugabe’s Zanu-PF.
difficult paper
toilet economy
wheat trip
tobacco times
shopping centres
lose production
shrinking market
hidden harvest
call developer
property control
5 Discussion
Now, in Zimbabwe, a loaf of bread costs more than fifty times the price it was a year ago.
Compare this to inflation in your country.
Now, a litre of milk costs about _____________. A year ago it cost _____________.
Now, a loaf of bread costs about _____________. A year ago it cost _____________.
Now, a packet of cigarettes costs about _____________. A year ago it cost _____________.
Now, an apartment costs about _____________. A year ago it cost _____________.
... continue...
6 Webquest
What is the current rate of exchange between the British pound and the Zimbabwean dollar?
Go to www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/zi.html to read the latest updated facts and
figures about Zimbabwe.
Go to www.swradioafrica.com and click on the ‘listen live’ button to listen to the latest independent news from
Zimbabwe. The website also contains short news articles and podcasts.
240
Google reveals mobile plans
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
handset launch monitor purchase display

manufactures media online browser market leader
1. If a company ________________ something, it makes large quantities of it in a factory.
2. A ________________ is a computer programme that makes it possible for you to find information on the Internet.
3. If you ________________ a product or service, you start selling it to the public on a specific date.
4. ________________ means connected through a computer to the Internet.
5. A ________________ is the part of a telephone that you hold next to your ear.
6. A ________________ is a company that sells more of a particular product than any other company.
7. Radio, television, newspapers and the Internet are known as the ________________.
8. ________________ is a more formal word for buy.
9. If you ________________ something, you put it somewhere where people can see it.
10. If you ________________ something, you watch it regularly and check what is happening.
1. How many companies support Android?
2. How many handsets did Nokia sell in the past three months?
3. When did Google start?
4. Who started Google?
5. How much is Google worth?
6. Which company launched the iPhone?
241
Level 1 Elementary
Google reveals mobile plans 5 But Mr Schmidt said Google only planned to offer
new software for mobile phones – not to make the
Bobbie Johnson, technology correspondent handsets themselves. “It’s very important to say this
November, 5 2007 is not a Google Phone,” he said.
1 Google is planning to enter the mobile phone 6 Google could make a lot of money by moving into
industry. The company is introducing a new the mobile phone market. It will take its position in
mobile system called Android. Google is hoping one of the world’s fastest-growing industries. Nokia,
that Android will bring the Internet to millions of the mobile phone maker and the market leader, sold
people – and that it will also help Google to sell more than 100m handsets in the last three months,
more advertising. and network operators such as Vodafone are some
of the largest companies in the world.
2 Google chief executive, Eric Schmidt, announced
the news. He said that Android was a software 7 More information and money is moving online and
set that would make it easier for people to use the Google is becoming more and more powerful.
Internet on their phones. “The main problem with University students Larry Page and Sergey Brin
handsets today is that they don’t have full power started Google in 1998 and it is now worth more
Internet browsers – we have to use specialized than $225bn (£108bn), making it the fifth largest
engineering to get Google software on those company in America. Google is able to display
handsets,” he said. “Android will give wireless advertising on its search engine pages and this
operators and phone manufacturers the ability to has helped to make it a multibillion-dollar business
create new things.” which has now moved ahead of other Internet
giants including Microsoft, Yahoo and AOL.
3 Google wants to increase the amount of time
people spend surfing the Internet on their phones. 8 Google has a number of plans for future products
This will also make it possible for Google to and services, including office software, web
gather information and to display advertisements monitoring and other advertising businesses. It is
direct to mobile phone users in the same way as testing a system for monitoring television viewing,
it does on home computers, said Andy Rubin, and last year it bought a radio advertising company
Google’s director of mobile. “At the moment we in order to advertise in different forms of media.
put advertisements on phones using the web
browser,” he said. “There’s really no difference 9 Google is also trying to buy space on the US
between browsing on your phone or on a airwaves. This could be bad news for traditional
computer. This helps Google’s business to grow phone companies and Internet providers. If Google
but we don’t have mobile phones powered by purchases space on the mobile phone spectrum,
advertising just yet.” it could provide a series of mobile services directly
to the public without using the telecommunications
4 Android – which will start appearing on phones next networks at all.
year – has support from more than 30 companies,
including mobile phone networks such as T-Mobile 10 The news about Android comes days before the
and handset makers such as Motorola and South launch of the Apple iPhone handset in the UK.
Korea’s HTC. Some people thought that Google Google says it is not trying to compete directly with
was planning to manufacture its own mobile phones Apple. Although some Google applications such as
in a similar way to Apple’s iPhone. Internet search and maps are already on the
242
Level 1 Elementary
iPhone, it can run without any Google services. Mr

Schmidt, who is also on the board of Apple, said
Android would work with existing phone companies
and would not replace them. “It’s true that I’m
on the board of Apple, but it’s also important to
say that there are going to be a lot of technical
developments in the mobile industry,” he said.

1. Android will make it possible…

2. Android will not…
3. Android is not…
4. The mobile phone industry…
5. Google is planning…
6. Google is now…
a. … is one of the world’s fastest-growing industries.

b. … the fifth biggest company in the USA.
c. … appear on mobile phones until next year.
d. … to advertise in different forms of media.
e. … for millions more people to surf the Internet on their mobile phones.
f. … a mobile phone.
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Level 1 Elementary
Match the words in the left-hand column with those in the right-hand column to make compound nouns
from the text.
1. market a. browser
2. university b. computer
3. Internet c. executive
4. web d. student
5. wireless e. network
6. chief f. operator
7. home g. leader
8. telecommunications h. provider
5 Vocabulary 2: Word building (nouns ending in -er or -or?)

Complete the table.
verb noun
1. browse
2. manufacture
3. operate
4. provide
5. use
6. lead
Put these words into two groups according to their stress.
product display gather provide handset mobile

compete replace software increase announce market
A 0o B o0
244
Bye bye Belgium?
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
Complete the sentences using these key words from the text.
wealthy impatient scandal arrogant inhabitants

break up idiotic polite constitution symbolic
1. An ________________ person is someone who doesn’t like waiting.
2. If someone is ________________, they are very, very stupid.
3. A ________________ person behaves towards other people in a pleasant way.

4. If you are ________________, you have a lot of money.
5. If something is ________________, it represents something important.
6. If you are ________________, you think you are better or more important than other people.
7. If a country ________________, it divides into different parts.
8. The ________________ of a town, city or country are the people who live there.
9. A ________________ is a situation that makes a lot of people shocked and angry.
10. The ________________ of a country is a set of laws that describe the rights and duties of its citizens.
1. How old is Belgium?
2. What percentage of northern Belgians think Belgium will break up?
3. What is the main language spoken in the Brussels suburb of Halle?
4. What is the name of the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium?
5. What is the name of the French-speaking part of Belgium?
6. How long has Belgium been without a government?
245
Bye bye Belgium?
Level 1 Elementary
Bye bye Belgium? 5 The main problem, says Demesmaeker, is that

Halle’s French speakers “do not want to learn
Jon Henley
Dutch. They come here, they think Halle is part
November 13, 2007
of Brussels, they walk into the shops and they
say, ‘Bonjour’. Most don’t try to speak Dutch.
1 For 177 years Belgium has been a federal Listen, I have nothing against Walloons. I often
kingdom with two languages, French and Dutch. go to the French part of Belgium, and there
Now some people think that the country is going they are very nice people, completely different.
to break up and divide into two different countries But here ... Well, they are a bit arrogant, I think.
– Dutch-speaking Flanders and French-speaking French was the main language and culture here
Wallonia. If you believe what Belgian newspapers for a long time, you see. And the Dutch-speaking
and politicians are saying, the country is in the inhabitants of Halle don’t like too many people
worst trouble since the dark days of the Second speaking French here. They don’t like some
World War. Belgium has had no government for of the classes in our schools being half-full of
156 days. Having no government is not the end French children.”
of the world but there is a very real fear that the
6 A local shopkeeper agreed with Demesmaeker:
end of Belgium is very near.
“This is Flanders here, and people must respect
2 The people of Belgium seem to accept it. In our language and our culture. If we go to
the north, 63% of people think the country Wallonia, we expect to have to speak French. It’s
will divide. “This place is finished,” says René only right. And it’s only right that when Belgian
Vanderweiden, a telecoms engineer. “Maybe French-speakers come here, they should speak
not now, maybe not in ten years’ time. But within Dutch. It’s just being polite. But most of them
my lifetime, I’d guess. The Flemings (Belgium’s can’t speak Dutch or don’t want to speak Dutch.”
Dutch-speaking majority) want to leave, and
7 Last week Belgium’s Flemish politicians voted
they’re not afraid to say that they want to
to break up the Halle district. The Walloon MPs
leave. They’re impatient and they weren’t like
walked out of the parliament in protest. Charles
that before.”
Piqué, the French-speaking minister-president
3 Joelle Rutten, a bookshop assistant, says the of Brussels, says the vote was symbolic. “It is
problems are the fault of the politicians. “We not the end, I don’t think, not yet. ... We have
don’t need them,” she says. “Look at us – we’re learned in this country, over the years, to avoid
all going to work, paying our taxes, nothing has these kinds of situations. But this shows that the
changed. They don’t understand ordinary people. Flemish politicians want to increase tensions
They argue about things that mean nothing to between the communities. And this is just the
most of us. It’s a scandal! They don’t know what beginning of their demands. What happens next
they’re doing.” is critical.”
4 But some politicians know exactly what they are 8 Joelle Rutten, the bookshop worker, does not
doing. The deputy mayor of the Brussels suburb believe that Belgium is about to break up: “We’ve
of Halle, Mark Demesmaeker, says that he “can grown up in this country; it’s a nice country, a
no longer see the value of Belgium. There are six friendly country. It would be stupid, completely
million of us Flemings, we work hard, we make idiotic, to break it up just because a few stupid
money, and we could be independent. In fact, politicians cannot see sense.”
Flanders would be one of the wealthier small
9 Demesmaeker and his Flemish friends want
countries of Europe. Belgium is simply not good
a major reform of Belgium’s constitution. “A
for us.”
confederation – two independent states that
246
Bye bye Belgium?
Level 1 Elementary
decide what they can do together would be

a good idea,” he says. Unfortunately, says
Piqué, for the Walloons and for Brussels, “a
confederation like that would be very, very
difficult. In a federal state, with co-operation
and solidarity, everything is possible. In a
confederation, where there’s no real central
government, everything becomes much more
problematic.”

1. Many people in Flanders want Belgium to break up because…
2. Some people believe that the main problem is that…
3. Other people say that the problems…
4. For 156 days Belgium…
5. For 177 years Belgium…
6. Many people believe Belgium…
a. … will break up soon.
b. … are the fault of the politicians.

c. … has been a federal kingdom.
d. … French-speakers do not want to speak Dutch.
e. … they believe an independent Flanders would be one of the richer small countries in Europe.
f. … has had no government.
247
Bye bye Belgium?
Level 1 Elementary
1. the end _______ the world 5. mean nothing _______ most of us

2. _______ ten years’ time 6. not good _______ us
3. the fault _______ the politicians 7. the French part _______ Belgium
4. argue _______ things 8. full _______ children
Complete the table. All the answers are in the text.
verb noun
1. govern
2. division
3. belief
4. increase
5. assist
6. argument
7. co-operate
8. agreement
6 Vocabulary 3: Word puzzle
Rearrange these letters to make words from the text.
1. t – r – a – m – j – o – y – i
2. d – e – a – f – l – e – r
3. r – o – u – b – l – e – t
4. s – i – d – r – i – t – t – c
5. n – e – d – n – i – d – p – e – t – e – n
6. b – u – s – r – u – b
248
Dinosaur bone ‘found’ after 113 years on a shelf
Level 1 Elementary
1 Warmer
• What is a palaeontologist?
• Where do palaeontologists usually work?
• Would you like to be a palaeontologist? Why / Why not?
2 Key words
Write the words from the article into the sentences. The paragraph numbers will help you.
enthusiast reasearch fossil undiscovered specimen

feature shelf creature label (vb) common
1. A _________________ is a flat piece of wood, glass or plastic that you put things on. (para 1)
2. A _________________ is (a part of) an animal or plant that lived many thousands of years ago. (para 1)
3. An _________________ is someone who is very interested in something and spends a lot of time doing it. (para 1)
4. When something is _________________ it is usual, ordinary or exists in large numbers. (para 2)
5. _________________ is the detailed study of something in order to find new facts and information. (para 4)
6. _________________ is the word we use for anything that lives (except plants). (para 4)
7. When you _________________ something, you attach a piece of paper which provides its name or other
information. (para 8)
8. A _________________ is an important part or aspect of something. (para 9)

9. When something has not been found or seen before, it is _________________ (para 12).
10. A _________________ is an example of something, especially a plant or an animal. (para 13)
249
Level 1 Elementary
Untouched on a shelf for 113 years: 8 It was studied briefly by the English
a dusty bone of the dinosaur no one palaeontologist Richard Lydekker, and then kept
knew existed at the museum. It was labelled as “Morosaurus
brevis” once a common sauropod in North
Ian Sample, science correspondent
America.
November 15, 2007
9 Taylor noticed features in the bone that made it
1 Part-time dinosaur enthusiast Mike Taylor was clear it was from a sauropod. For example, it had
looking in the shelves of the Natural History large air holes that made the skeleton lighter, so
Museum in London when he found a dusty fossil. that the giants could walk. But in other ways it was
He immediately realized that the label on the fossil very different.
was wrong.
10 Apart from its size, Taylor says it is almost
2 For 113 years the museum thought that the fossil impossible to know anything else about
was from a common North American dinosaur. the dinosaur.
In fact, what Mike Taylor had found was a new
dinosaur that lived 140 million years ago. 11 There are three major groups of dinosaurs. The
most frightening were the carnivorous theropods,
3 The dinosaur, now named Xenoposeidon among them Tyrannosaurus rex and the
proneneukus, belonged to a family of sauropods. It velociraptor. A second group is the ornithischians,
was about the size of an elephant and weighed up such as the triceratops and stegosaurus. But
to 7.5 tonnes. the sauropods, which include the herbivorous
diplodocus and brachiosaurus, were the largest
4 Mike Taylor found the fossil last January while
of them all; they could weigh up to 70 tonnes and
he was doing some research. He was looking at
some were nearly 30 metres long.
bones to learn more about sauropods, the largest
creatures ever to walk the Earth. Taylor was visiting 12 Angela Milner, a palaeontologist at the museum,
the museum as part of his research at Portsmouth said the Xenoposeidon was probably not the only
University. undiscovered species in the collection.
5 Behind grey metal doors in a dark basement in 13 “Because the collections here are so large, some
the museum are rows of shelves. Many of the specimens have not been looked at for many,
museum’s 90 million fossils can be found there. many years,” she said. “When people look at
Taylor found the spine fossil on a shelf, just a few things using modern techniques, they sometimes
floors beneath the offices of some of the most make new discoveries and that’s why museum
respected palaeontologists in Britain. collections are so important.”
6 “I was looking for two particular specimens, but
before I got to those, I found this thing with a label © Guardian News & Media 2007
that called it something that it was not,” he said. First published in The Guardian, 15/11/07
“I took it over to the bench, laid it down gently on
sandbags, and started looking at it.
7 The bone, a vertebra from near the hip of the

creature, was discovered in Ecclesbourne Glen,
near Hastings, in the early 1890s, by a fossil
collector called Philip James Rufford.
250
Level 1 Elementary
Are these sentences True (T) or False (F) according to the article?
1. A new type of dinosaur has been discovered.
2. Xenoposeidon proneneukus lived 113 years ago.
3. The wrong dinosaur name was written on the label.
4. The fossil was on display in the museum.
5. Xenoposeidon proneneukus was a meat-eater.
6. Sauropods were the largest dinosaurs.
7. Experts think there are many more undiscovered dinosaurs.
8. The fossil was found in North America.
9. The fossil is from the foot of the dinosaur.
10. Mike Taylor is very interested in dinosaurs.
Fill in the missing propositions. Check your answers in the article.
1. The Natural History Museum is ____________ London.
2. Xenoposeidon proneneukus belonged ____________ a family ____________ sauropods.
3. It was the size ____________ an elephant.
4. Taylor was looking ____________ bones.
5. The fossil was ____________ a shelf.
6. It was discovered ____________ a fossil collector 113 years ago.
7. Sauropods were the largest ____________ them all.
8. Some specimens have not been looked at ____________ many years.
251
Level 1 Elementary
5 Discussion
Have you ever found anything exciting or interesting? Think back to when you were a child.
• What was it?
• Where did you find it?
• What did you do with it?
• Where is it now?
5 Webquest
Research one dinosaur on the Internet, make some notes, and then tell your group about it.
You can find a lot of clear information on websites such as:
• www.zoomdinosaurs.com
• www.abc.net.au/dinosaurs/fact_files
You can also print out pictures from Google photos.
252
Iceberg survivors
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
survivor life raft iceberg rescue cruise

lists deck crew military base investigation

1. To _______________ someone is to save them from a dangerous situation.
2. The _______________ are all the people who work on a ship.
3. A _______________ is one of the levels on a ship.
4. A _______________ is a small boat used for saving people whose ship is sinking.
5. A _______________ is a person who is still alive after a serious accident.
6. A _______________ is a place where soldiers live and work.
7. A _______________ is a journey by ship for pleasure that involves visiting a lot of different places.
8. An _______________ is a very large piece of ice floating in the sea.
9. An _______________ is an official process where people ask a lot of questions to find out why an accident happened.
10. If a ship _______________ , it leans to one side.
2 Find the answer
1. How many people were on the ship in total?
2. How British people were on the ship?
3. How many hours did they spend in the life rafts?
4. How much did the holiday cost?
5. Where were most of the crew from?
6. Where is Punta Arenas?
253
Iceberg survivors
Level 1 Elementary
Happy to be heading home: iceberg

survivors tell of fear in darkness 5 Passengers in the first group of survivors to
arrive in Chile talked about their feelings when
One of the last to leave the Antarctic cruise
they got off the plane. “I feel wonderful, very
ship as it started listing believed they were all
pleased to be alive,” Danish tourist Jan Henkel,
going to die.
42, said. “Everybody was afraid they would die.”
When they reached Chile, Mr Henkel asked his
Karen McVeigh
girlfriend to marry him.
November 26, 2007
6 “I’m so happy that everyone got off the ship,
1 Last week a cruise ship called the Explorer hit because it was nearly a terrible disaster,” said
an iceberg in the Antarctic and sank. All the Eli Charne, 38, from California. Charne, who felt
passengers are safe now but they were very the ship hit the iceberg, said: “I thought the ship
afraid when the accident happened. One of the was sinking. We were on the lowest deck of the
survivors has talked about the terrifying hours the ship, so we all ran out of the room and pressed
passengers spent in the darkness in a lifeboat in the emergency button as the water came in. It’s
the freezing cold. They did not know if a rescue certainly nice to be on the way home now. I’m
boat would come before they died from the cold. just really glad to be alive” he said.
The wife of Bob Flood, 52, who worked on the
ship, said that her husband thought they would 7 The Explorer is owned by a Canadian tour
all die. company, GAP Adventures. It was near the end
of a 19-day, £4,000 trip when it hit the iceberg.
2 “When they were in the life raft, they didn’t know A spokesman for GAP Adventures said that
if a boat would come to rescue them,” Mandy after they arrived in Punta Arenas in Chile, the
Flood said. “He didn’t know how long it would be passengers could join another cruise or fly home.
before he became ill from the cold. They didn’t When he was asked about an investigation
have any information. He said that he thought into the accident, the spokesman said: “The
they would die.” investigation will begin when all the passengers
are safe in Chile.”
3 Last night, Mr Flood arrived in Punta Arenas,
Chile, on an army plane, along with the other 8 The passengers included 23 British, 17 Dutch,
tourists and the crew from the ship. Eleven 14 Americans, 12 Canadians, 10 Australians,
passengers and 66 staff had to stay on a military four Swiss, four Irish, three Danish, two
base in the Antarctic for two nights because of Argentines, two Belgians, two from Hong Kong
bad weather. Then they arrived in Chile and and single passengers from China, France,
joined the 75 passengers and two staff members Germany, Japan, Colombia and Sweden. Most
who arrived on Saturday night. of the crew were from the Philippines, the
company said.
4 The Explorer began to sink after the ship hit
an iceberg just before midnight on Friday. The 9 Mrs Flood, whose husband worked for GAP
iceberg made a large hole in the side of the and gave lectures on the ship, said that Mr
ship. All 154 holidaymakers and crew on board Flood was one of the last people to leave the
escaped on life rafts and then had to spend ship as water lower decks filled with water.
five hours in sub-zero temperatures before a “It took an hour for everyone to get off and
Norwegian ship found them and took them to two by then the ship was listing. He said that was
military bases on King George Island.
254
Iceberg survivors
Level 1 Elementary
quite frightening and he knew they were in I thought that he would lose his pictures when
danger. He said that he knows how near they the ship sank. “But when I asked him if he had
were to dying,” she said. saved anything at all from the ship, he said yes
– his passport and his computer memory stick,
10 Mrs Flood also said that earlier in the trip her with all the pictures.”
husband took some pictures of a rare bird called
the snowy petrel. “He went to the Antarctic twice © Guardian News & Media 2007
before but did not see the bird and did not take First published in The Guardian, 26/11/07
any pictures. He emailed me to tell me he had
taken the pictures and he was really pleased.
Join the beginnings and endings to make sentences about the text.
1. The ship sank because… a. … when all the passengers are safe in Chile.
2. The passengers were afraid because… b. … if a rescue boat would come before they died of cold.
3. Mr Flood was very pleased because… c. … her husband saved his computer memory stick with the photos of the rare bird.
4. The passengers did not know… d. … it was dark and the weather was very cold.
5. The ship was near the end of its trip… e. … it hit an iceberg.
6. The investigation will start… f. … when it hit the iceberg.
4 Vocabulary 1: Nations and nationalities
Complete the table. All these nationalities are in the text.
country nationality
Canada
Australia
Switzerland
Norway
Denmark
Belgium
The Netherlands
Ireland
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Iceberg survivors
Level 1 Elementary
5 Vocabulary 2: Opposite adjectives
Find the opposites of these words in the text.
1. boiling ____________
2. small ____________
3. highest ____________
4. dead ____________
5. dangerous ____________
6. common ____________
Fill the gaps in these phrases from the text with the correct prepositions.
1. _______ danger
2. _______ the freezing cold
3. _______ Saturday night
4. along _______ the other tourists
5. just _______ midnight
6. _______ the way home
7. they ran _______ the room
8. an investigation _______ the accident
256
The future of design?
Level 1 Elementary
1 Pre-reading task: New ideas
Use two or more of these words to make six new design inventions. The first letter of each word is given to
help you. Then skim-read the article to check your answers.
magnetic sticky solar-powered

clock camera tidier
robotic wastepaper transparent
garden furniture web
glowing mirrors cable bin
vague memos bathroom
ague lock
a) v____________ c____________
b) s____________ - ____________ g____________ g____________ f____________
c) t____________ s____________ m____________
d) r____________ w____________ c____________
e) m____________ b____________ m____________
f) w____________ b____________ c____________ t____________
2 Keywords: Antonyms
Write these keywords from the article into the sentences.
manufacture improvement vague ugly fairly

mass-produced change the face founder glowing scheme
1) When we _________________ of something, we change the way it looks.

2) The person who starts or sets up a company is its _________________.
3) An _________________ is something that makes something else better.
4) _________________ is another word for a plan or idea.
5) When thousands and thousands of the same item are made in a short time, we say they are ______________.
6) When something in not exact, it is _________________.
7) When something gives off light, we can say it is _________________.
8) The opposite of pretty or attractive is _________________.
9) The word _________________ means the same as rather, or a little bit.

10) When you_________________something, you make or produce it.
257
Level 1 Elementary
The future of design? solar-powered, glowing garden furniture, and a

wastepaper bin that tidies ugly cables.
Ian Sample, science correspondent
November 24, 2007 6 David Tonge, founder of The Division, said: “We
wanted a relaxed clock for the home, so the hour
A Japanese innovator wants to change face hand is on the outside, and like a sundial it’s
of shopping and replace mass-produced fairly vague. But in the centre, it displays minutes
goods with people-power ideas in a digital form so you can use it if you’re doing
something like cooking pasta for 13 minutes.”
1 By the age of 40, Kohei Nishiyama wants to be
7 Any item on the site that gets 1,000 votes is
financially independent, an inventor, and have a
robot dog. The 37-year-old Tokyo-based designer put forward for manufacture. As of yesterday,
who is the founder of Elephant Design has a Tonge’s clock had received 39 votes, the cable
dream, and he hopes it will change the face of tidier 22 votes and the garden furniture nine. The
British shopping. product with the most votes, is a bathroom mirror
that is also a whiteboard. The designers hope
2 He wants to empty the shops of boring, mass- the buyers will be busy professional people who
marketed and mass-produced items and replace can write appointments and notes on it, attach
them with products that we - the people - have memos like fridge magnets, and then see them
helped to develop. Nishiyama calls it ‘Design as they brush their teeth in the morning.
to Order’ and the idea is simple. Anyone with
a unique idea, for anything from a robotic web 8 For now the test site is only free to designers,
camera to a magnetic bathroom mirror, can post but Nishiyama says he will take ideas from
an image and description on his website. Other other people if there are 10 more people who
people can log on to suggest improvements to support the idea. “Because it’s a new thing,
the design. If enough people then vote for the a lot of people are posting ideas and some of
product, he makes a deal with a manufacturer them are rubbish,” says Tonge. “But it can be
and the product is made. surprising. There are people out there, who
are not designers, with some good, interesting
3 “There are so many mass-produced products ideas, and some of those may end up in
in shops because that’s how large companies the shops.”
work. Our idea is to give people what they want
by involving anyone of any age or nationality who
has a good idea,” says Nishiyama.
4 The scheme has been running in Japan for a

few years. Young designers use it to present
their ideas before they make something that may
fail. The company has recently set up a test site
with retailer Muji to help develop products for its
stores. One idea, for transparent sticky memos,
suggested by a 21-year-old student will be
marketed next month. She will get royalties from
every pack that is sold.
5 London-based designers The Division have

placed three designs on Nishiyama’s website:
a clock that is vague about the time, a set of
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Level 1 Elementary
Find the best ending for each sentence.
a) Kohei Nishiyama is based... ... 1,000 votes, it can be produced.
b) Kohei Nishiyama’s company is called... ... Elephant Design.
c) Kohei Nishiyama thinks mass-produced products... ... the website.
d) Young designers can post their ideas on... ... interesting products,
e) When a design gets... ... are boring.
e) Kohei Nishiyama wants to make... ... in Japan.
Put these sentences describing the design process in the correct order according to the article.
...... They post them with an image on the website.
...... The designer gets money for the items that are sold.
1
...... Designers think of new and interesting ideas.
...... The most popular designs are made and sold.
....... People vote for the best ideas.
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Level 1 Elementary
5 A new invention: Group work
Can you think of an item that would make your life easier – either at work or at home?
What would it do, e.g. tie your shoelaces, put on your make up, clean the snow off your garden path?
Talk in your groups and then complete the sentence below. Can you add any more information?
• We would like to have something that _____________ (what does it do?) _____________ because
_____________.
6 Webquest
Go to the website in the article www.cuusoo.jp/muji.
Click on the pictures and see if you can guess what the designs are (the website is in Japanese).
260
‘What am I bid for the four-poster dog bed?’
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
curator bid knick-knacks auction documentary

bargain celebrity crucifix charity estimate
1. An ____________ is a public sale where things are sold to the people who offer the most money.
2. A ____________ is a famous person, usually in the world of entertainment or sport.
3. A ____________ is an organization to which people give money so that it can help people who are poor or ill.
4. A ____________ is a religious symbol in the shape of a cross.
5. An ____________ is a guess about how much something will cost.
6. ____________ are small cheap objects which people use as decorations.
7. A ____________ is someone whose job is to look after the objects in a museum.
8. A ____________ is an offer to buy something at a public sale or on a website such as eBay.
9. A ____________ is something that you buy that costs much less than normal.
10. A ____________ is a TV programme that shows real people and events.
1. How many houses have Ozzy and Sharon Osbourne got?
2. What is Ozzy’s daughter’s name?
3. How much will the sofa cost?
4. How much will the dog bed cost?
5. What colour is Ozzy’s Bentley?
6. Who gave the dog bed to the Osbournes?
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Level 1 Elementary
‘What am I bid for the four-poster Ozzy used to hold in his shaking hands as he
dog bed?’ complained about all the modernity around him
(Mary Rose Young teacup and saucer, starting
Dan Glaister in Los Angeles
price $200–400).
December 1, 2007
5 James Comisar is curator of the Commissar

1 Sharon and Ozzy Osbourne are the most Collection, the world’s biggest television
famous husband and wife team of reality TV. museum. He is standing in a reproduction of
The documentary The Osbournes showed the Kelly Osbourne’s bedroom (Kelly is Ozzie and
everyday lives of Ozzie, who was once a rock Sharon’s daughter). “This is a combination of
singer in the band Black Sabbath, and Sharon, celebrity and stupidity in bright pinks and pale
who often appears on TV as a judge in music colours,” he says. Next to Kelly’s round bed there
competitions. The Osbournes also showed Ozzie are two pink and black bedside tables. Nearby
and Sharon spending a lot of money buying there is a large lime green plastic egg, and in the
different things for their three houses. Now they corner is Kelly herself! Actually, it’s not Kelly but a
have decided to sell some of their things at an shop window model dressed up as Kelly, all pink,
auction in California. People can see all the punk and lime green.
items which are for sale in a guitar showroom in
Beverly Hills. The strangest item is probably the 6 But pink punk is not really why people will go to
dog bed. the auction. They will go there to buy the gothic
things - the black velvet cushions covered in
2 The auction, called the Osbourne Collection, is crucifixes ($50–150 each), the big black Ozzy
happening because Sharon’s wants to sell a lot jumper, the limited edition Black Sabbath shoes
of their things. The Osbournes have so many (never worn), the floor-length black satin coat
things and so little time, so some of it has to (estimate $800–1,200).”I don’t care if that chair
go. Sharon is planning to give any money they came from Macy’s or the Queen,” says Comisar.
earn from the auction to a cancer charity. Ozzy, “Ozzy sat in it.”
however, is not very happy about the auction.
“We were planning to sell a lot more,” explains 7 There are all kinds of treasures in the collection.
Darren Julien from the auction company, “but Osbourne family light switches, for example,
Ozzy really likes a lot of his things.” each one carefully labelled – “Ozzy bathroom”
for example – and each one including several
3 Julien knows this because when he visited the lighting moods, from “romantic” to “panic”. In
Osbournes’ house in Beverly Hills, Ozzy put a corner is Ozzy’s red Bentley, a present from
notices on the doors with polite messages such Sharon. Ozzy wants to sell it. He likes black, not
as: “Auction people - Keep Out!” Ozzy is keeping red. “He told me that he feels like he’s driving a
some of his favourite things, but there are still fire engine,” says Darren Julien.
many for sale.
8 Among the skulls, the crucifixes, the bible stands
4 People who watched the MTV show The and the strange collection of old car horns, is
Osbournes will recognize many of the things. a four-poster dog bed, a gift for Minnie, the
For example, there is the sofa where Ozzy used Osbournes’ pet dog, from Sir Elton John. “This
to sit complaining about his remote control (the shows just how crazy some celebrities are in
auction company is inviting bids for the sofa at this country,” says Comisar, which is a surprising
$1,000–2,000) and the vegetable basket from thing for him to say because he spends his time
the Osbourne’s kitchen (a bargain, starting at collecting TV knick-knacks. “A bed for a dog that
$100–200). There is also the actual coffee cup is the price of a small car! You wonder what they
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Level 1 Elementary
are thinking of if Sir Elton comes to their home

and says, ‘What these people really need is a
bed for their dog.’” Well, not any more. The dog
bed is for sale for $1,000-1,500.

1. The Osbournes are selling a lot of their things because …
2. Ozzy is unhappy about the auction because …
3. The curator of the television museum thinks that …
4. All the money they make from the auction …
5. Ozzy doesn’t like his Bentley because …
6. Ozzy complained about his remote control because …
a. … he really likes a lot of his things.
b. … will go to to a cancer charity.
c. … he doesn’t like a lot of modern things.
d. … it is crazy to spend so much money on a dog bed.
e. … they have too many things in their houses.
f. … it’s the wrong colour.
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Level 1 Elementary
4 Vocabulary 1: Noun + noun collocations
Match the words in the left-hand column with those in the right-hand column to make two-word
expressions from the text.
1. reality a. dog
2. vegetable b. length
3. coffee c. engine
4. floor d. cup
5. light e. TV
6. fire f. switch
7. car g. basket
8. pet h. horn
Complete these expressions from the text using prepositions.
1. _______ example
2. _______ sale
3. not happy _______ the auction
4. covered _______
5. all kinds _______ treasures
6. _______ one corner
7. a present _______ Sharon
8. complain _______ something
Complete the table.
verb noun
1. sell
2. combine
3. decision
4. complaint
5. collect
6. present
7. reproduce
8. complete
264
Radiohead fans pay £2.90 for digital album
Level 1 Elementary
1 Warmer: Music genres
a) Write in the missing vowels (a,e,i,o,u) to find different kinds of music.
j_zz cl_ss_c_l r_ck p_p c_ _ntry rhythm & bl_ _s

r_gg_ _ _p_r_ p_nk h_ _vy m_t_l s_ _l
b) Can you add any more?
c) What kind of music do you like?
Can you find someone in your group who has a similar taste in music to you?
2 Keywords
Use these words to complete the sentences.
experiment handling charge increase piracy download

successful honesty box average decrease illegally
1. When numbers go up, they _________________.
2. When numbers go down, they _________________.
3. When you do something against the law (commit a crime), you do it _________________.
4. A _________________ is a fee that a shop charges you when they send your goods to you.
5. An _________________ is the amount you get when you add numbers together and then divide the total by the
number of things you added together.
6. If you get what you want, you are _________________.
7. When you copy information from the Internet to your computer, you _________________ it.
8. An _________________ is a (virtual) container into which the seller hopes the buyer will place money.
9. _________________ is the crime of making and selling illegal copies of something, especially CDs and DVDs.
10. An _________________ is a (scientific) test to find out what happens to someone or something.
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Level 1 Elementary
Radiohead fans pay £2.90 for digital • For more background information, please refer
album to the onestopenglish weekly news lesson 57
from October 11th 2007, ‘Radiohead’s bid to
Alexandra Topping revive the music industry’ and
November 7, 2007 http://www.inrainbows.com/
1 In October 2007 Radiohead asked their fans

to pay as much - or as little - as they liked for a
digital download of their new album,
In Rainbows.
2 So what were people willing to pay? The answer

is, around £2.90.
3 But only 38% of people who downloaded the

album paid anything at all. Two thirds paid only
the 45p charge for handling.
4 The average amount that fans were willing to pay

was still only $6 (£2.90) – far below the price of
a CD or the amount a digital album would cost to
download from the Apple iTunes store.
5 During the first 29 days of October, 1.2 million

people worldwide visited Radiohead’s In
Rainbows website. A large number of these
visitors downloaded the album. The study
showed that 38% paid to download the
album, but that the remaining 62% choose to
pay nothing. The percentage of people who
downloaded for free in the US (60%) is only very
slightly lower than in the rest of the world (64%).
6 The Radiohead ‘honesty box’ experiment is

being closely watched by other artists, their
record labels and management companies.
Even though sales of live concert tickets are
increasing, CD sales are decreasing. This is
because of increased competition and piracy.
7 Worldwide, people download 20 tracks illegally

for every digital download they pay for. So it
seems that Radiohead’s experiment
was successful.

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Level 1 Elementary
3 How to download the album in ten easy steps.
Number these instructions to put them into the correct order.
Now transfer the album to your iPod, MP3-player, or burn it onto a CD,
then download the album and save it on your computer.
3
then click on ‘view basket’.
Now type in the amount you want to pay,
then listen and enjoy!
6
(you might have to wait in a queue).
Click on DOWNLOAD,
Turn on your computer and go to www.inrainbows.com.
then click on ‘pay now’
Type in your details,
4 Discussion
Complete the sentences.
a) In my country a CD costs about _________________.
b) I buy about _________________ CDs a year.
c) I _________________ download music from the Internet.
d) I think _________________ is a fair price for a CD.
e) I’m willing to pay _________________ to download music.
f) I last went to a live concert / opera / musical performance in _________________.
Now compare your sentences with your partner.
267
Thanks for the tools! Jailbreakers taunt guards
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
jail tools prosecutor fence cell

squeeze similar poster track reward
1. A _______________ is a large printed picture that you put on a wall for decoration.
2. A _______________ is a lawyer whose job is to prove in court that someone is guilty.
3. If something is _______________ to another thing, it is almost the same but not exactly the same.
4. A _______________ is a mark a person or animal leaves on the ground.
5. _______________ is another word for prison.
6. A _______________ is money you receive for helping the police catch a criminal.
7. A _______________ is a wall made of wood or wire that surrounds an area of land.
8. If you _______________ through a small opening, your body goes through it with some difficulty.
9. _______________ are pieces of equipment you use for particular types of work.
10. A _______________ is a small room where a prisoner is kept.
1. How much money has been offered as a reward?
2. How many prisoners escaped?
3. What were the numbers of their cells?
4. How big was the hole they escaped through?
5. How old is Otis Blunt?
6. How tall is he?
268
Level 1 Elementary
Thanks for the tools! Jailbreakers jumped from a roof 10 metres high. There was no
taunt guards blood on the ground, which probably means they
were not injured.
• Hunt on for two prisoners after movie-style breakout
• Escapees used pinups to cover holes in cell walls 6 After that, they had to climb an eight-metre razor-
wire fence, but this wasn’t a problem for them
Ed Pilkington in New York
either. Police found tracks in the snow which
December 19, 2007
showed that they split up and walked in opposite
directions along a railway line.
1 Two prisoners have escaped from a jail in New
Jersey, USA. The escape was just like the 7 This was the second time Blunt had tried to
ones people see in the movies. The men left escape from prison using the wire method.
a handwritten note for their guard, which said: The first time another prisoner told the prison
“Thank you for the tools we needed. You’re a real authorities about his plan and they moved him to
friend! Happy holidays.” They also signed it with a more secure part of the prison.
a smiley face. 8 Blunt was in prison before going on trial for
2 The prisoners escaped from a high-security robbery and shooting at a corner shop. Espinosa
section of the jail using just a thick metal wire was the driver in a drive-by shooting in New
and a metal wheel used to turn off water pipes. Jersey and was facing a jail sentence of at least
The escape showed that the men had a detailed 17 years.
knowledge of Hollywood prison films, an ability to 9 A reward of $8,000 has been offered for the
squeeze through very small holes like Houdini, men’s recapture, and a full inquiry ordered
and an ability to jump off high buildings. into prison security. A local prosecutor, Ted
3 Police are still searching for Jose Espinosa, 20, Romankow, does not like the Hollywood
and Otis Blunt, 32, as details of their escape connection. “I think this is a very serious
from Union County jail become known. They situation,” he told reporters at a press
began by using the wire to remove the cement conference. “I really prefer not to compare it with
around a concrete block in the wall between any movie, although I can understand why you
their two cells, B310 and B311. After removing want to do that because it is certainly very similar
the block, Blunt squeezed his 1.79-metre (5ft to some of them.” Then, changing his previous
9in) (11½st) body through a 20cm by 40cm hole position, he added: “Except in The Shawshank
into Espinosa’s cell. From there, Espinosa, who Redemption they had a better poster on the wall.”
is 1.67 metres tall (5ft 5in) and 10st 10lb, and
Blunt both squeezed through a similar hole from
Espinosa’s cell into the area outside the high-
security section.
4 Prison officials said the men used the heavy
metal wheel to break up the concrete blocks.
They then put the small pieces of concrete in the
plastic boxes they used to store their personal
possessions. Then, just like in the movies, they
put posters of women in bikinis over the holes.
5 The prisoners filled their beds with pillows so the
prison guards would think they were still asleep.
When they had got out of Espinosa’s cell, they
269
Level 1 Elementary
1. The men filled their beds with pillows because…
2. The police know they split up because…
3. The police know the men were not injured because…
4. The guards didn’t see the holes in the cell walls because…
5. The men were able to escape because…
6. Espinosa was in jail because…
a. … they could squeeze through very small holes.
b. … there was no blood on the ground.
c. … the prisoners covered them with posters.
d. … they wanted the guards to think they were still asleep.
e. … he was the driver in a drive-by shooting.
f. … they found their tracks in the snow.
Match the words in the left-hand column with those in the right-hand column to make two-word
expressions from the text.
1. razor a. block
2. high b. wire
3. water c. box
4. concrete d. pipe
5. prison e. line
6. press f. guard
7. plastic g. security
8. railway h. conference
270
Level 1 Elementary
1. thank you _______
2. escape _______ a jail
3. squeeze _______ a small hole
4. search _______ someone
5. just like _______ the movies
6. on trial _______ robbery
7. walk _______ opposite directions
8. similar _______
6 Word stress
Divide these words from the text into two groups according to their word stress.
section escape movie metal prison asleep

secure compare detail remove concrete along
A 0o B o0
271
India gears up for mass motoring revolution
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
boot airbag manufacturer boom scooter

smog damage motor nightmare greenhouse gases
1. The ____________ industry is the industry that produces cars.
2. If something causes ____________, it causes physical harm to something.
3. ____________ is dirty air that is a mixture of smoke and fog.
4. An ____________ is a large bag that fills with air and protects the driver if a car has an accident.
5. ____________ are gases like carbon dioxide that make the earth warmer.
6. A ____________ is an extremely difficult or frightening situation or a very bad dream.
7. A ____________ is a small motorcycle with a very small engine.
8. The ____________ of a car is the space, usually at the back, where you place your luggage.
9. A ____________ is a sudden large increase in the activity of an industry.
10. A ____________ is a person or company that makes a product.
1. How many cars will the Tata factory produce each year?
2. How many people out of one thousand have a car in India?
3. How much will the Nano car cost?
4. How much carbon dioxide did cars in India produce in 2005?
5. How many people live in India?
6. What is the money used in India called?
272
Level 1 Elementary
India gears up for mass motoring said it was thinking about making a $5,000 car
revolution with £1,260 car in India for export to the US. At first the Nano
will only be on sale in India and experts say that
Environmentalists fear city smog nightmare if millions
India will soon be the fastest growing car market
of Tata’s Nanos hit the road.
in the world. At the moment China is the fastest
Randeep Ramesh in New Delhi growing car market.
January 11, 2008
5 The Tata chairman’s dream is a car for every
Indian family. He says he used to watch families
1 The Tata Group company in India is planning to
on motorbikes travelling through dusty streets:
produce the world’s cheapest car. The car, called
“The father driving the scooter, his young kid
the Nano, has no radio, no boot, no airbag, no
standing in front of him, his wife sitting behind
mirror on the passenger’s side and just one
him holding a baby. I wanted to make a safe,
long windscreen wiper. And if you want air-
cheap, all-weather form of transport for families
conditioning for the hot summers in India, you will
like these.”
have to buy the more expensive deluxe model of
the Nano. 6 The Nano costs just 100,000 rupees plus sales
tax and is less than half the price of the next
2 The Nano will be on sale later this year for
cheapest car on the road in India. It costs a bit
100,000 rupees (£1,260). The aim of the Nano
more than a quality motorcycle. The economic
is to make it possible for the billion people who
boom in India means that people with money
live in India to enjoy motoring for the first time.
want to buy cars instead of motorcycles. If just
70-year-old Ratan Tata, the chairman of Tata,
10% of motorcycle owners buy a Nano, there will
believes that the Nano is as important an event
be 1m extra cars on India’s roads every year.
in the history of transport as the first flight or the
first landing on the moon. But environmentalists 7 But environmentalists say the Nano could cause
say the new car will be a ‘nightmare’ and will enormous damage to the environment. India’s
make the air dirtier and cause traffic jams. largest cities are now covered in smog. In Delhi
traffic now moves at less than nine miles an hour
3 Like Henry Ford’s Model T Ford in the 1930s,
– half the speed of ten years ago. Traffic jams
Tata’s idea is to build a cheap car that is light and
are getting worse and car travel in cities is getting
simple, but made from high-quality materials. The
slower. At the same time cars are producing
result is a small car which is just big enough for
more and more greenhouse gases. In 2005, cars,
five people. The cheapest model is very basic:
buses and lorries in India produced 219m tonnes
its price is low because it uses more plastic than
of carbon dioxide. Experts say that will increase
steel. Other car manufacturers say the Nano
by almost 700% to 1,470 tonnes by 2035 if the
may not meet safety standards, especially if
number of cars continues to grow.
the company plans to export it to Europe. Tata
officials say it is easy to make the car stronger 8 The motor industry says that only seven or
with metal plates to meet these safety standards. eight out of every 1,000 people in India have a
car. In America more than 500 in every 1,000
4 Tata had the idea for the Nano four years ago but
people have a car. The number of private cars
it has already brought big changes to the motor
in India – about 13m – is only a little more than
industry. Just a few days before Tata showed
half the number of cars in America at the start
the car to the public for the first time, Ford said
of the 1930s. But the boom in motoring in India
it was planning to increase its spending by
is already changing the shape of the country.
$500m (£250m) a year to make India a centre of
Cities are growing into the countryside. The
‘small-car manufacturing’. Last October, Renault
government is spending £35bn on new road
273
Level 1 Elementary
projects. Companies are building car factories on fields we have no work. The village will die,”
farmland. said Patra’s 22-year-old son, Pratap. “We have
nothing, but the rest of India will have a new car.”
9 The Tata factory will produce 250,000 cars a
year. Thousands of farmers lost their land when © Guardian News & Media 2008
the new factory was built. Last month Shankar First published in The Guardian, 11/01/08
Patra, a 50-year-old farmer who lost his fields
to the Tata factory, killed himself. “Without our
1. People will buy the Nano because…
2. The Nano is cheap because…
3. Environmentalists are worried because…
4. The farmer killed himself because…
5. China…
6. India…
a. … is the fastest-growing car market in the world.
b. … it is cheap.
c. … he lost his land.
d. … they believe the Nano will make the air dirtier.

e. … will soon be the fastest-growing car market in the world.
f. … it is made mostly of plastic, not steel.
274
Level 1 Elementary
4 Vocabulary 1: Adjectives
Match the adjective forms in the left-hand column with their opposites from the text in the
right-hand column.
1. most expensive a. fastest
2. cleaner b. safe
3. slowest c. light
4. dangerous d. simple
5. public e. dirtier
6. cheaper f. cheapest
7. heavy g. private
8. complicated h. more expensive
5 Vocabulary 2: Cars and car travel

Fill the gaps in the sentences using these words connected with cars and car travel.
mirror windscreen wiper passenger traffic jam air-conditioning speed
1. A ____________ is a situation when cars cannot move because there are too many cars on the road.
2. You use the ____________ if you are hot.
3. You use the ____________ if it is raining and you can’t see.
4. You use the ____________ to see what is behind your car.

5. The ____________ limit in English towns and cities is 30 miles per hour.
6. A ____________ is someone who travels in a car with the driver.
6 Vocabulary 3: Puzzle
1. s – t – r – a – p – n – o – r – t 4. t – a – s – f – e – y
2. r – o - n – e – n – t – m – i – n – v – e 5. n – t – g – i – o – m – o – r
3. r - a – t – f – i – f – c 6. t – a – c – r – o – f - y
275
Clinton and Obama
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
Write these key words next to their definitions (use a dictionary to help you).
resign race defend autobiography racist poll distort

support bitter victory controversial demand accuse ain’t
1. An opinion or decision that people disagree with or do not approve of is ________________.

2. Involving very angry feelings. ________________
3. A noun meaning a win. ________________
4. When you say that someone has done something wrong, you________________ them (of doing it).
5. To protect someone or something from attack. ________________
6. In this context, ________________ means: a group of people who are similar because they have the same skin
colour or speak the same language, or have the same history or customs.
7. ________________ behaviour is offensive or harmful to people who belong to a race that is different from your own.
8. When you change information so that it is no longer true or accurate you ________________ it.
9. When you say formally that you are leaving a job, you ________________.
10. When you help a person or organization to be successful, you ________________ them.
11. This is a book about your life that you write yourself. ________________
12. A spoken way of saying ‘am not’, ‘is not’, ‘are not’, ‘has not’, or ‘have not’. Many people think it is incorrect.
________________
13. When you ________________ something, you say in a very firm way that you want something.
14. A ________________ is an occasion when a lot of people are asked what they think about something.
Definitions: Macmillan English Dictionary online.
2 What do you know?
Read the article quickly and answer the questions.
1. Which Clinton is the article about? Bill, Hillary or Chelsea?
2. Who is John Edwards?
3. What’s Barack Obama’s wife called?
4. Who is leading in the polls?

5. Which US state is not mentioned in the article: Nevada, North Carolina, California?
276
Clinton and Obama
Level 1 Elementary
Clinton and Obama white, voted for Obama. “Ain’t no black people in
Iowa,” she said.
Ewen MacAskill and Suzanne Goldenberg in
Washington 10 This remark might lose Obama some white
January 14, 2008 votes and the comment is also wrong – there are
75,000 African-Americans in Iowa.
1 Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama met face-to-
face on January 15 for the first time since the 11 Democrat John Edwards, who is in third place at
controversial matter of the race issue. 11%, supported Obama in the race issue. Many
people now think that Edwards wants to become
2 After Obama’s victory in Iowa and Clinton’s in Obama’s vice presidential running mate.
New Hampshire, the two candidates are each
hoping to win in Nevada or in South Carolina. 12 In Nevada there is also a race issue, with Obama
and Clinton both trying to get the support of
3 The bitter and ugly exchanges over race show Latinos, who make up about a quarter of the
how important it is for both of the candidates state’s population.
to win in South Carolina, where about half the
Democratic voters are African-American. 13 A poll for the Washington Post-ABC News
today showed that Obama is closing the gap
4 The Obama team accused Clinton of trying to nationwide, with Clinton on 42%, down 11%
make him look bad. since last month, and Obama on 37%, up 14%.
But a national New York Times-CBS News poll
5 The Clinton team had to defend themselves over showed that Clinton is on 42% and Obama
remarks that some people thought sounded a bit on 27%.
racist. The most controversial was a comment
from Clinton about Martin Luther King. The
Clinton team said Obama was distorting
the remarks.
6 Meanwhile, Bob Johnson, one of Clinton’s

most well-known African-American supporters,
talked about Obama taking drugs when he was
a teenager. Obama wrote about drugs in his
autobiography, Dreams From My Father.
7 Johnson later said he was talking about Obama’s

work as a community worker in Chicago “and
nothing else”. The Obama team demanded
an apology.
8 Bill Shaheen, a New Hampshire Clinton

campaign official, resigned last month after he
said that Democrats should be careful of voting
for Obama because of his past drug use.
9 On the other side, Michelle Obama, campaigning

for her husband in South Carolina, also
mentioned race. In a talk to African-Americans,
she reminded them that Iowa, which is mostly
277
Clinton and Obama
Level 1 Elementary
Match the sentences with the correct endings.
1. The name of the third place candidate for the Democrats is ... a) Obama
2. Obama and Clinton are arguing about ... b) John Edwards
3. There are approximately 75,000 African-Americans in ... c) Hillary Clinton
4. The first primary elections were in ... d) race issues
5. At the moment, the polls show that the next President could be ... e) Iowa and New Hampshire
6. In the race row, Edwards supported ... f) Iowa
4 Vocabulary: Pronunciation
1. Write these words into the box according to how they are pronounced.
controversial demand democratic accuse president candidates

presidential defend teenager resign democrat support
ooOo Ooo oO
democratic

2. Now write the stress patterns for these words.

comment
autobiography
official
community
278
Clinton and Obama
Level 1 Elementary
5 Discussion
Obama wrote that he took drugs when he was a teenager.
1. Do you think he can still be a good president?
2. Now complete this sentence:
People who ________________ shouldn’t work as a________________ , but people who________________

can still work as a ________________.
5 Webquest
Check out US news websites, for example www.washingtonpost.com or www.CNN.com to see who has the
most votes at the moment: Clinton, Obama or Edwards.
279
Life through a lens
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
percentage research sedentary survey multitask

soap average childhood decrease own
1. A ____________ is a set of questions that you ask a large number of people.
2. ____________ is the time of a person’s life when they are a child.
3. ____________ is when you study something in detail to discover new facts.
4. If you ____________, you do more than one thing at the same time.
5. ____________ is the opposite of increase.
6. If you do a ____________ activity, you sit down a lot and don’t do much exercise.
7. If you ____________ something, it is yours, usually because you have bought it.
8. A ____________is a television series about the lives of a group of people.
9. A ____________ is an amount that is equal to part of a total you have divided by 100.
10. An ____________ is a usual level or standard.
1. How many children have a TV set in their bedroom?
2. What percentage of British children watch TV in bed at night?
3. How many children read books in their own time each day?
4. How many children did the survey interview?
5. What percentage of children watch TV during their evening meal?
6. What percentage of children use the Internet?
280
Life through a lens
Level 1 Elementary
Life through a lens: How Britain’s found that children aged 5 to 16 watch television
children eat, sleep and breathe TV for an average 2.6 hours a day, and one in 10
say they watch more than four hours a day. The
Lucy Ward, social affairs correspondent
survey also asked if children watched television
January 16, 2008 while eating dinner or in bed before going to
sleep. It found that 58% watch during their
1 A survey has shown that in modern-day Britain evening meal, while 63% lie in bed watching
many children spend a lot of their daily lives TV (rising to almost 75% of 13 to 16-year-olds).
watching television. They watch TV before they 66% – particularly the youngest children – watch
go to school, when they return home, as they before school, and 83% turn on the television
eat their evening meal and then (63% of them after returning home.
– a much higher percentage than read a book
each day) in bed at night. The survey of five to 6 Rosemary Duff, the research director of
16-year-olds shows that four out of every five Childwise, said television was now “a part of
children now have a TV set in their bedroom. children’s lives”. She said that children watch
it in a different way now. “In the past they paid
2 Many children now do other things while they a lot of attention when they watched television
watch television, including social networking but now it is everywhere, at home and
on the Internet, looking from their laptop to the everywhere you go.”
TV screen and back again. Even if they are
concentrating on the television, young people 7 “Children now multitask. They have one eye
often do not watch just one programme. Boys on the television while they read magazines or
in particular often switch from one channel use the computer,” Duff said. When Childwise
to another and back again to watch two asked boys to choose between programmes
programmes at the same time. The survey, from on different channels they often didn’t want to
the market research agency Childwise, will make choose and said they wanted to ‘watch both’.
many people worried that childhood is now more “They switch from one programme to another
about private space and sedentary activities than and cannot imagine that they need to make a
about play, social interaction or the child’s decision. They are surprised when you ask them
own imagination. to make a choice.”
3 The survey also shows that children are watching 8 Computers are also now a key part of children’s
more television than before. The amount of private worlds. “The Internet is now an important
television-watching decreased over the last three part of most young people’s lives,” says the
years but is now increasing again. This is mainly study. 85% of five to 16-year-olds use the
the result of more girls watching soaps. Internet, and over a third (including a quarter of
five to six-year-olds) own a computer or laptop.
4 Children’s use of the Internet is also increasing On average, they go online just over four times a
rapidly. This means British children spend an week and spend two hours online each time.
average of five hours and 20 minutes in front of a
screen every day, compared with four hours and 9 The survey shows that children are using the
40 minutes five years ago. But children do not Internet more and more, especially younger
read for pleasure as much as they did in the past. children. This is mainly because of social
Four out of five children read books in their own networking sites like Bebo. The main reason
time but only one out of four read books every children use the Internet is communication
day and only 53% at least once a week. (social networking), then fun (online games) and
finally studying. Almost three quarters (72%) of
5 The survey interviewed 1,147 children in 60 children have visited a social networking site,
schools around England, Scotland and Wales. It and over half have their own profile. Sometimes
281
Life through a lens
Level 1 Elementary
they lie about their age if there are minimum age habits. The Children’s Society will publish a
requirements to join a social networking site. report next month on children and technology.
Children as young as eight are now joining sites
like these.
10 Kathy Evans, policy director of the Children’s First published in The Guardian, 16/01/08
Society, which is studying modern childhood,
said that people are worried about the possible
results of children’s TV and Internet viewing
1. The survey shows that…
2. The amount of television watching is increasing again…
3. The main reason children use the Internet...
4. Two thirds of children…
5. Over a third of children…
6. 83% of children…
a. … because more girls are watching soaps.
b. … turn on the television when they get home from school.
c. … own a laptop.
d. … children are spending more and more time watching TV and using the Internet.
e. … watch TV before they go to school.
f. … is social networking.
282
Life through a lens
Level 1 Elementary
4 Percentages
Match the phrases from the text with the percentages.
1. Four out of five children a. 25%

2. One out of four children b. 63%
3. One in ten children c. 25%
4. Three quarters of children d. 10%
5. A quarter of five to six-year olds e. 75%
6. Nearly two thirds of children f. 80%
5 Chunks
1. school they before to go

2. least week at once a
3. going sleep to before
4. hours more a than day four
5. returning after home
6. channel switch to one from another
6 Word stress
Put these words from the text into group A or group B according to their stress.
average amount private children return result
survey (n) between programme childhood because report
A 0o B o0
283
A tale of two ships
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
Match the following words with their definitions.
Example: whaling - the activity of hunting whales. (definition, Macmillan English Dictionary online)
distress flare harpoon incident jealousy trap battle

sanctuary chase capture crew cruel rival
1. _____________ – the people who work on a ship.
2. _____________ – a person, team or business that competes with another.
3. _____________ – a fight between two groups of people.
4. _____________ – a special area where animals live in a natural environment protected from people.
5. _____________ – a feeling of anger and sadness because someone has something that is better than you have.
6. _____________ – to follow someone or something quickly in order to catch them.
7. _____________ – to catch someone so that they become your prisoner.
8. _____________ – something that happens, especially a violent, criminal or dangerous event.
9. _____________ – a rocket sent up into the sky to show that at ship is in trouble and needs help.
10. _____________ – when you are this, you enjoy causing pain to other people or animals.
11. _____________ – a trick or plan to catch someone.

12. _____________ – a weapon made from a blade on a pole fixed to a rope, used for hunting whales.
2 Skim-reading
Skim the text and circle the correct answers to these questions.
1. How many ships does the article mention? (2 / 6 / 7)
2. In which ocean is the battle taking place? (Pacific Ocean / Atlantic Ocean / Southern Ocean)
3. Who is the captain of the MV Steve Irwin? (Giles Lane / Paul Watson / Dave Walsh)
4. Which organization believes in non-violent action? (Greenpeace / Sea Shepherd / the Japan Whaling Association)
5. Which group throws acid and rams ships? (Greenpeace / Sea Shepherd / the Japan Whaling Association)
6. Members of which organization boarded a Japanese whaler? (Greenpeace / Sea Shepherd / the Japan Whaling
Association)
284
A tale of two ships
Level 1 Elementary
A tale of two ships 7 Now, the drama is reaching its climax. The last time
John Vidal Greenpeace, Sea Shepherd and the Japanese
January 17, 2008 whalers met in the Antarctic was almost a year
ago and there were several near disasters. Over
1 In thousands of miles of empty ocean, just a period of more than a week, acid and mud, as
two boats are trying to stop Japan’s whaling well as water cannons and nail guns, were used.
expedition in the Antarctic. One boat belongs to There were collisions, shouting matches and three
Greenpeace and the other to Sea Shepherd. The distress flares had to be launched – first by Sea
problem is that they are rival organizations. Shepherd when some of its crew was stuck on an
ice floe, then by one of the Japanese ships when it
2 Altogether, seven ships are taking part in the was rammed by the Sea Shepherd ship, and lastly
battle in the Southern Ocean on the edge of by the Nisshin Maru again when it caught fire and
Antarctica. The Nisshin Maru, a large Japanese one man died.
whaling factory ship, is sailing south in heavy
seas. It has a crew of 80 and the bodies of 8 This year, the environmentalists know they could
possibly 50 dead whales on board. be sailing into a trap set by the Japanese fleet.
“Anything could happen”, said Greenpeace’s
3 The Esperanza, a Greenpeace ship, is two miles Dave Walsh, on board the Esperanza.
behind. It has a volunteer crew of 21 nationalities
and a Dutch captain. The Esperanza is well- 9 Sea Shepherd and Greenpeace are chasing
equipped but it looks tiny against the huge the same whaling ships, but there are also
whaling ship. other factors involved in this battle: large egos,
jealousy, rivalry, distrust and very different
4 The MV Steve Irwin, the black flagship of opinions about the environment, protest and
the radical California-based Sea Shepherd confrontation. Although the crews respect each
Conservation Society, is also nearby. Captain other in such dangerous conditions, they are still
Paul Watson’s crew is smaller but – like the in conflict.
Esperanza’s crew – is made up of brilliant and
committed seamen. 10 The two organizations, Greenpeace and Sea
Shepherd, are as different as chalk and cheese.
5 The MV Steve Irwin is about 2,500 miles south- The tactics they use are very different. Sea
west of Fremantle in Australia. It is chasing Shepherd throws acid, stink bombs, urine or
a group of four small whaling ships that the even chocolate cake at its enemies. It puts
Japanese are using to kill nearly 1,000 whales ropes round their propellers and, led by Watson,
in the Antarctic whale sanctuary this year. The the crew has crept on to its enemies’ boats at
four ships are sailing towards the Nisshin Maru to night and tried to sink them. Greenpeace’s main
offload harpooned whales and pick up stores. tactic is to put itself between the whales and the
whalers or in front of survey ships – these tactics
6 Two of the Sea Shepherd boat’s crew, Giles Lane are not safe but highly effective. Greenpeace’s
from Brighton and Benjamin Potts from Australia, rule is non-violent direct action.
jumped aboard one of the smaller whalers, the
Yusshin Maru No. 2, from the MV Steve Irwin. 11 Greenpeace said, “We’re not working together
They wanted to give a letter to the Japanese with Sea Shepherd. We are a confrontational
captain asking him to leave the whale sanctuary. organization. We put ourselves at risk, but no
The Japanese held the men captive and sailed one else. We would never endanger sailors on
away over the horizon. This act sparked an other ships. Our argument is not with the guys on
international diplomatic incident. the ships; it is with the [Japanese] ministries”.
285
A tale of two ships
Level 1 Elementary
12 Watson said, “We will stop the vicious, cruel

killing machine, the Nisshin Maru, and the other
boats which are armed with explosive harpoons.
We know that if people kill the whales, the
sharks, the seals and the sea turtles, they will
destroy the very foundation of life in the oceans”.
13 Both Sea Shepherd and Greenpeace know they

will meet in the Antarctic again and again. But
meanwhile, there have been no whales killed in
the Southern Ocean in the past six days.

1. Greenpeace and Sea Shepherd are... ... taking place in the Southern Ocean on the edge of Antarctica.

2. The sea battle is... ... the two Sea Shepherd crew members.
3. Japan is using four small whaling ships... ... trying to stop Japan’s whaling expedition in the Antarctic.

4. The Nisshin Maru is... ... jumped aboard one of the smaller whalers.
5. Two of the Sea Shepherd boat’s crew... ... sabotage or sink the whalers.
6. The Japanese whaler sailed away over ... to kill nearly 1,000 whales in the Antarctic whale sanctuary.
the horizon with...
7. Sea Shepherd tries to... ... the whalers and the whales.
8. Greenpeace puts itself between... ... a large Japanese whaling factory ship with a crew of
80 men.
286
A tale of two ships
Level 1 Elementary
4 Vocabulary: Opposites
a) Match these opposites:
huge stay
empty larger
leave full
in front of tiny
safe similar
smaller behind
different dangerous

b) The article says that Greenpeace and Sea Shepherd are as different as chalk and cheese.
Can you think of a similar expression in your language?
5 Discussion
Which of these statements do you most agree with?
a) There are many whales, so it’s ok to kill a few for scientific purposes.
b) Peaceful protest is the best way to stop whaling. The Japanese crew are only doing their job.
c) Violence and sabotage are the only way to stop whaling. It doesn’t matter whether people get hurt – animals are
as important as humans.
6 Webquest
Look at these websites to find out about the latest developments in the sea battle:
• www.greenpeace.org/international/
• www.seashepherd.org/
• www.whaling.jp/english/index.html
You can also read a further Guardian article at:
• www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/jan/29/whaling.conservation
287
Fly to Australia in under five hours
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
hypersonic mach claustrophobia incredible weapons

cargo vapour environment populated message board
1. Water _________________ is small drops of water in the air.
2. _________________ is a unit for measuring the speed of an aircraft in comparison with the speed of sound.
3. _________________ are things like guns and bombs which are used in wars.
4. A _________________ is a place where Internet users write emails to each other about a particular subject.
5. If something is _________________, it is difficult to believe.
6. If an area of the world is densely _________________, a lot of people live there.
7. The _________________ is the natural world, including the land, water, air and plants.
8. A _________________ speed is a speed which is several times faster than the speed of sound.
9. _________________ is the fear of being in a small or crowded place.
10. A _________________ plane is one that carries goods instead of people.
1. How many passengers will the A2 carry?
2. How fast will it be able to fly?
3. How long will the flight time from Brussels to Australia be?
4. How long will the A2 be?
5. What percentage of air travel could be hypersonic in 25 years’ time?
6. How fast will the A2 fly across the North Pole?
288
Level 1 Elementary
The hypersonic plane designed to speed with normal aviation fuels, so Reaction
reach Australia in under five hours Engines has designed an engine that will use
UK firm unveils exploratory plans for 3,000mph liquid hydrogen. Liquid hydrogen could be much
eco-friendly passenger jet better for the environment than normal aviation
fuel. It doesn’t produce large amounts of carbon
Steven Morris
but produces water vapour and nitrous oxide.
February 5, 2008
5 The A2 is 132 metres long and is much bigger
1 It looks like something out of a science fiction than normal passenger jet aircraft but it will be
film. A team of engineers and scientists in Britain lighter than a Boeing 747 and could land on
has designed a plane that could fly to Australia normal airport runways. But there are a few
from northern Europe in less than five hours. problems. For one thing, the A2 will not be so
With money from the European Space Agency, good if you have claustrophobia, as it does not
they have designed the A2, a plane which could have windows. The speed of the A2 will produce
carry 300 passengers at a top speed of more a lot of heat and it will not be possible to use the
than 3,000mph. The project is part of an EU type of windows used today. Reaction Engines
programme to develop air travel. Scientists want says it could use flat TV screens instead of
to find out if it is possible to build a passenger windows. The screens would show pictures of
plane with space travel technology. the sky outside the plane.
2 A British company called Reaction Engines 6 A lot of people are excited about this project and
designs and develops space transport and have been discussing the design on science
rocket systems. Its directors are experts in and environment message boards. Some
different fields – from space rockets and people think it will be too expensive to use for
weapons systems to nuclear power. One of the passenger transport. Others are worried that
company’s main projects is the development of producing the liquid hydrogen could be bad for
Skylon, a space plane without a pilot, which will the environment. And some people are afraid
provide cheap and reliable space travel. The that because the plane will fly at the height
development of Skylon will take approximately of the ozone layer it could cause damage to
ten years and it will be able to transport 12 the atmosphere.
tonnes of cargo into space.
7 But Bond says that in 25 years time, 10% of air
3 Alan Bond, a senior engineer and managing travel could be hypersonic. However, planes
director at Reaction Engines, says the A2 could will not be able to fly at hypersonic speeds over
be flying in less than 25 years’ time, if people want populated areas, so routes like Europe to India
to buy it. Bond says: “The A2 is designed to leave will not be possible because planes will not be
Brussels international airport, fly quietly over the able to fly direct. But Bond thinks the A2 could
north Atlantic at mach 0.9 (just below the speed get to California by travelling at a hypersonic
of sound) before reaching a speed of mach 5 (five speed across the Atlantic, then at a normal speed
times the speed of sound) across the North Pole over the USA. Reaction Engines says the A2 will
and flying over the Pacific to Australia. The flight be quieter than supersonic planes like Concorde.
time from Brussels to Australia will be four hours
8 Bond agrees that the project is only just
40 minutes. This is incredible compared with the
beginning. The next stage of the project is to find
air travel of today but in the future people could
out the effect of the A2 on the environment. “Our
make day trips to Australia.”
work shows that the A2 is possible technically;
4 Reaction Engines believes that the flight will cost now the world has to decide if it wants it.”
about the same as a first class fare to Australia
costs today. The company also says that the © Guardian News & Media 2008
plane will not be able to reach the necessary First published in The Guardian, 05/02/08
289
Level 1 Elementary
1. The A2 will not fly from Europe to India because…
2. Some people are worried because...
3. The A2 will be much bigger…
4. The A2 will be quieter…
5. Flying to Australia on the A2 will not be more expensive than…

6. The A2 will use liquid hydrogen because…
a. … the cost of a first class ticket to Australia on a normal plane.
b. … than normal passenger jet aircraft.
c. … it will not be able to reach the necessary speed with normal aviation fuel.
d. … it cannot fly over populated areas.
e. … than supersonic panes like Concorde.
f. … liquid hydrogen could be bad for the environment.
Rearrange the words to make phrases from the text. Check your answers in the text.
1. than hours less five ___________________________________
2. space and cheap travel reliable ___________________________________
3. than 25 less years’ time in ___________________________________
4. the sound just speed below of ___________________________________
5. the for environment bad ___________________________________
6. the cause to damage atmosphere ___________________________________
290
Level 1 Elementary
Match the words in the left-hand column with those in the right-hand column to make expressions
from the text.
1. day a. plane
2. science b. director
3. managing c. travel
4. liquid d. fiction
5. passenger e. trip
6. space f. hydrogen
Complete the table using words from the text.
verb noun
1. develop
2. fly
3. discussion
4. design
5. transport
6. damage
7. react
8. agreement
291
Rules and respect
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
Match these key words from the article with the definitions. The paragraph numbers will help you.
simultaneous press conference restore respect

punctual winning mentality objective tactics
native tongue qualify (for something) group mentality self-confidence
1. ________________ is a feeling you have for someone because of their personal qualities, their achievements,
or their status. You show this by treating them in a polite and kind way. (title)

2. A ________________ is an official meeting where someone makes a formal statement to journalists and
answers questions. (para 3)
3. When you are on time, you are ________________. (para 4)
4. Thinking like a team: ________________. (para 4)
5. Thinking positively and expecting to succeed: ________________. (para 5)
6. When things happen or are done at the same time, they are ________________. (para 7)
7. Your ________________ is the language you first learnt and spoke at home while you were growing up.
(para 7)

8. An ________________ is something that you plan to achieve, especially in business or work. (para 8)

9. These are particular methods or plans you have to achieve something: ________________. (para 9)

10. When you have ________________, you have the feeling that you can do things well and that people
respect you. (para 10)
11. When you ________________ something, you bring it back to the condition it was before. (para 10)

12. When you _____________, you reach the next stage of a competition by winning in an earlier stage.
(para 10)

Skim-read the article to find the answers to these questions.
1. What is the name of the England football team’s new manager?

2. Which Spanish and Italian teams has he managed in the past?
3. What language does he speak at press conferences?
4. What language does he speak with the England team players?
5. Which country will England play in a World Cup qualifying match in September 2008?
292
Rules and respect
Level 1 Elementary
Rules and respect are the buzz words native tongue were given headphones. “I will
as Capello seeks winning mentality speak English with you when I am sure that I
Richard Williams know all the terms and all the right words,” he
February 6, 2008 said. “You are good at twisting things, so I want
to be very careful. But with the players I can
explain and communicate in English and I’m
1 At Milan, Juventus and Real Madrid the players happy about that.”
called Fabio Capello ‘Mister’, the name given
to generations of managers in Italy and Spain 8 Capello’s objective is to create a strong team
by British football coaches around the world. In in time for the first World Cup qualifying game
England, however, he will have another title. The against Andorra in September. In the meantime,
players can call him ‘Boss’, Capello said. he will be watching videos of each England
match and talking about them with the players.
2 The England football team will have to do
9 “We’ve worked very hard on tactics for the last
exactly what the Italian says. And that means no
computer games, no having breakfast whenever few days in order to create a group mentality and
they feel like it, and absolutely no golf before a different way of moving on the pitch,” he said.
international football matches. “I’ve seen some English clubs move on the pitch
in the way I want my team to move. So for some
3 At a press conference Capello explained the players it won’t be anything new. Others who
need for strict rules. “After the match they aren’t used to moving this way will have to learn.”
can play all the golf they like,” he said with a
serious smile. 10 Psychologically, his main task will be to restore
the players’ self-confidence which was lost when
4 “We are only together for a short time,” he the England team failed to qualify for Euro 2008.
said, “and in that time we need to find a way But that, as he said, is not an overnight job.
of working. To do that you need rules. Eating
together and getting up from the table at the 11 “I want the team to regain their winning mentality
same time and being punctual – these things by being confident and by playing bravely. I
are about respect for other people and for each believe we need to leave the past behind. We
other. We don’t have a long time to create need to look ahead positively. But we can’t
a group mentality, so it’s important to spend perform miracles. We’ve only just started our
time together.” work. Give us time to show what we can do.”
5 Capello said: “Compared to football clubs, we 12 So, after a month in England, what was his
don’t have many days together. Therefore we view of England’s players? “I think players are
need strict rules. If we follow those rules, we’ll the same everywhere,” he concluded. “My first
create a specific winning mentality, which is impressions of these players are very good and I
what I want.” believe we will be able to do very well.”
6 He said: “People make mistakes but, if they want

to be part of this group, they will follow the rules.
If someone doesn’t, then we will look at why the
rules were broken and do something about it.”
7 At the press conference, journalists who needed

a simultaneous translation from the manager’s
293
Rules and respect
Level 1 Elementary
1. Capello wants the England players… … to beat Andorra.
2. Before matches, Capello wants the players… … to a better team mentality.
3. He believes that strict rules will lead… … in English.
4. Capello still speaks Italian… … to call him ‘Boss’.
5. He is able to communicate with the players… … all over the world.
6. He wants the players to move differently… … at press conferences.
7. His first aim is for England… … to eat together.
8. He says football players are the same… … on the football pitch.
4 Vocabulary: Collocations
Look through the article to find nouns that can follow football. Can you think of more?
pitch
football...
294
Rules and respect
Level 1 Elementary
5 Discussion: Football small talk
Hold mini conversations about football. Start with these questions and continue the conversation for as
long as you can.
Which football team do you support?

Have you ever been to a football match?
Who won the last European Cup / World Cup?
Did you watch any of the matches? If yes, where?
6 Webquest
Watch a short video about Capello on www.fabiocapello.org.uk and find the answers to these questions on
the website.
When did Fabio Capello begin the job as England manager? ________________________
How much does he earn? ________________________
You can see more video clips on http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/internationals/7229823.stm
What language does Capello speak in the videos? ________________________
295
Shark species face extinction
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
Fill the gaps in the sentences using these key adjectives from the text.
endangered scallop extinct migration conservation

habitat fin species ban resolution
1. An _______________ animal, plant or language no longer exists.
2. An _______________ species is one that may soon become extinct.
3. A _______________ is a type of shellfish that many people like to eat.
4. An animal’s natural _______________ is the place it normally lives in.
5. A _______________ is a thin flat part of a fish’s body that sticks out.
6. _______________ is a period when animals, fish or birds travel in large numbers to a different part of the world
to seek warmer or cooler weather.
7. A _______________ is an official statement ordering people not to do something.
8. A _______________ is a formal proposal at an official organisation.
9. A _______________ is a group of animals whose members are all similar.
10. _______________ is the protection of the environment and the animals and other creatures in it.
Look in the text and find the following information as quickly as possible.
1. How much do shark fins cost in China?
2. How many species of shark are on the World Conservation Union’s list of endangered species?
3. How many years does it take a scalloped hammerhead shark to grow to adult size?
4. How much have shark populations fallen along the US east coast?
5. How much have shark populations fallen in the oceans of the world as a result of fishing?
6. What is the IUCN?
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Level 1 Elementary
Shark species face extinction amid 5 Studies have shown that all shark populations in
overfishing and appetite for fins the north-west Atlantic Ocean have fallen by an
average of 50% since the early 1970s. Numbers
Call for marine reserves to protect migration
of sharks can fall very quickly because they take
hotspots as scientists fear decline will affect
a long time to grow to adult size - 16 years in the
other species
case of a scalloped hammerhead. The fins of
Alok Jha in Boston hammerhead sharks are a very popular food in
February 18, 2008 China and can cost as much as £140 a kilogram.
Until 20 or 30 years ago only rich people ate
1 The number of sharks in the world’s oceans is shark fin in China, said Baum, but in the last
falling rapidly. Scientists say that fishing and 25 years the middle class in China has grown
hunting sharks for their fins, known as ‘finning’, and so has the market for shark fins. Shark
are the main reasons for the fall in the shark populations in the oceans of the world have fallen
population. Nine more species of shark will by 90% as a result of fishing and by almost 99%
soon be on the list of endangered species. One along the US east coast.
of these species is the scalloped hammerhead
shark. Its numbers have fallen by 99% over 6 When the number of sharks falls in a particular
the past 30 years in some parts of the world. region this can have a very bad effect on the
The World Conservation Union (IUCN) list local marine ecology. In one example, Baum
of endangered species will list the scalloped found that a major fall in the numbers of
hammerhead shark as endangered worldwide. sharks in the north Atlantic after 2000 allowed
populations of the sharks’ main food, cownose
2 “Sharks are definitely at the top of the list of rays, to increase rapidly. Then the large numbers
marine animals that could become extinct during of cownose rays destroyed the bay scallop
our lifetimes,” said Julia Baum of the Scripps populations around North Carolina. “There was
Institution of Oceanography in California and a a fishery for bay scallops in North Carolina that
member of IUCN shark specialist group. “If things operated for over a hundred years but it closed
don’t change, some of these shark species will down in 2004 because of cownose rays.”
become extinct in the next twenty or thirty years.”
7 People are free to catch sharks in international
3 At a meeting of the American Association for the waters, but Baum supports a United Nations
Advancement of Science in Boston, Baum said resolution for immediate limits on catching sharks
that as well as the scalloped hammerhead, other and a ban on shark finning. Sonja Fordham, of
shark species will be on the IUCN endangered the Shark Alliance said: “Fishing has a really bad
list later this year. They include the smooth effect on shark populations. Worried citizens can
hammerhead, short-fin mako, common thresher, really help by telling their fisheries ministers that
big-eye thresher, silky, tiger, bull and dusky. they support limits on catches.”
There are already 126 species of shark on the
IUCN’s list. 8 Conservation efforts for sharks will focus on
hotspots where sharks gather during migrations.
4 “People think that a worldwide species can’t Peter Klimley of the University of California found
become extinct because if they are in danger that scalloped hammerhead sharks migrate along
in one part of the world, surely they’ll be fine fixed ‘superhighways’ in the oceans, swimming
in another part,” said Baum. “But fisheries now between a series of sites near coastal islands
cover all corners of the earth and the fishing is from Mexico to Ecuador. “Hammerhead sharks
so intensive that these species are in are concentrated at underwater mountains
danger everywhere.” and offshore islands,” he said. “So, if we have
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Level 1 Elementary
reserves around these areas, it will help to Jorgensen, a researcher at Stanford University’s
protect these species and will provide the public Hopkins Marine Station. “When they leave the
with places where they can see sharks in their cafe they return year after year to the same
natural habitat.” exact spot along the coast, just as people return
to a favourite fishing hole.”
9 One site between Hawaii and Mexico attracts
so many sharks that scientists call it ‘the white © Guardian News & Media 2008
shark cafe’, Klimley says. “We started calling First published in The Guardian, 18/02/08
it the cafe because that is where you might go
to have a snack or maybe just to ‘see and be
seen’. We are not sure which,” said Salvador
1. The shark population is falling rapidly because of…
2. The scallop fishery in North Carolina closed because…
3. People catch sharks for their fins because…
4. Scientists call one place “the white shark café” because…
5. Shark numbers can fall very quickly because…
6. Scientists are going to put scalloped hammerhead sharks on the list of endangered species because…
a. … sharks return there again and again.
b. … there is a real danger that they will become extinct.
c. … there were no sharks to eat the cownose rays.
d. … they can sell them for a lot of money.
e. … fishing and finning.
f. … they take a long time to grow to adult size.
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Level 1 Elementary
4 Chunks
Rearrange the words to make phrases from the text
1. the years over 30 past

2. next the in or twenty years thirty
3. early the 1970s since
4. years in last the 25
5. hundred a over years for
6. of by 50% average an
5 Vocabulary 1: Synonyms
Match the words from the text in the left-hand column with the words in the right-hand column that have a
similar meaning.
1. rapidly a. grow
2. worldwide b. because of
3. fine c. wealthy
4. rich d. light meal
5. as a result of e. all over the world
6. increase f. environment
7. habitat g. very quickly
8. snack h. alright
6 Word building: Irregular verbs
Complete the table using forms from the text.
past simple past participle

grow grew
fall fell
became become
show showed
cost cost
find found
left left
saw
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The Oscars
Level 1 Elementary
1 Team quiz: And the winner is...
In the past, these actors won an Oscar for best actor.

Match each actor with a film and the year the film was in the cinemas.
Russell Crowe The Godfather 1944

Daniel Day-Lewis Gladiator 1948
Ben Kingsley My Left Foot 1951
Marlon Brando The Last King of Scotland 1972
Bing Crosby Going My Way 1975
Humphrey Bogart Life is Beautiful 1982
Roberto Benigni Hamlet 1989
Forest Whitaker Ghandi 1998
Jack Nicholson The African Queen 2000
Laurence Olivier One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest 2006
One of the actors won the Oscar for best actor again this year. Who? ________________________
2 Key words
Write these key words from the article into the definitions.
astonishing acceptance speech victory prospector sapling

portrayal touching sentiment animated triumphant nominee
1. When you are __________________, you win or have much success. (para 2)
2. The way that you show or describe someone is your __________________ of him/her. (para 3)
3. A __________________ is someone who searches an area of land or water for gold, oil etc. (para 3)
4. A __________________ is someone who has been officially suggested for a position or prize. (para 4)
5. An __________________ is what you give (say) when you win a prize or award. (para 4)
6. Something that is __________________ is very surprising. (para 5)
7. A __________________ is another word for a win. (para 7)
8. An __________________ film consists of a series of drawings that are shown quickly one after another so that
they look as if they are moving. (para 8)
9. A __________________ is a young tree. (para 9)
10. A __________________ is an emotional expression of sympathy, sadness, or love. (para 10)
300
The Oscars
Level 1 Elementary
Coens alone as No Country time, opened the show by saying, “You’re here! I
dominates Oscars can’t believe it! You’re actually here!”
Dan Glaister, Los Angeles 7 One of the evening’s biggest surprises came
February 25, 2008 when Marion Cotillard won the best actress
award for her portrayal of Edith Piaf in La Vie
1 The Coen brothers’ brutal thriller No Country For
en Rose. Most people had expected either
Old Men won the Oscars for best director and
Julie Christie or Ellen Page to win the award,
best film at the 80th Academy Awards in Los
but Cotillard followed her victory at the BAFTAs
Angeles last Sunday.
(the British Academy of Film and Television Arts
2 Javier Bardem also won the best supporting awards) by winning the Oscar.
actor Oscar for his role as the hitman Anton
8 British winners included Alexandra Byrne for her
Chigurh in the same film. And, in a triumphant
costume designs for Elizabeth: The Golden Age,
night for the film, its directors Ethan and Joel
Jan Archibald, along with Didier Lavergne for La
Coen won the Oscar for best adapted screenplay.
Vie en Rose, and Suzie Templeton and Hugh
3 In a night of few surprises, Daniel Day-Lewis won Welchman for the animated short film Peter and
the Oscar for best actor for his portrayal of an oil the Wolf.
prospector in There Will Be Blood. He accepted
9 Daniel Day-Lewis was the only winner to
his award on his knees from Helen Mirren who
use over-the-top sentimental and emotional
won the best actress Oscar last year for her
language. He said during his acceptance speech
portrayal of the British Queen.
that There Will be Blood had, “sprung like a
4 There was a British feeling to much of the golden sapling out of the mad, beautiful head of
evening, with six Oscars going to British [director] Paul Thomas Anderson.”
nominees. British actress, Tilda Swinton won the
10 But best actress winner Cotillard probably came
award for best actress in a supporting role for her
up with the most touching sentiment of the night
performance in the legal thriller Michael Clayton.
when she said, “It is true, there are some angels
Swinton also surprised many people with her
in this city.”
45-second acceptance speech when she used
the words nipple and buttock.
5 Speaking backstage after her win, Swinton

said she was surprised to win. “I’m so excited,
I think it’s fantastic. It’s completely astonishing,
and I’m amazed I’m still standing, but I’m not
complaining. It’s good.”
6 The 80th annual Academy Awards took place

even though there were problems: the weather
was bad, and the writers’ strike had only just
ended. The Golden Globes, Hollywood’s other
major celebration, was cancelled because of the
writers’ strike. The strike ended less than two
weeks before the Academy Awards and so the
show’s writers had very little time to prepare. Jon
Stewart, who hosted the awards for the second
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The Oscars
Level 1 Elementary
3 Skimming for information
Skim-read the text to find out who won these 80th Academy Awards:
a) Best actor – ____________________ for There will be Blood
b) Best actress – ____________________ for La Vie en Rose
c) Best supporting actress – ____________________ for Michael Clayton
d) Best supporting actor – ____________________ for No Country For Old Men
e) Best director – ____________________ for No Country For Old Men
1. The most successful film at this year’s Oscars was... ... a French actress.
2. No Country for Old Men was directed... ... of an oil prospector.
3. Daniel Day-Lewis won the best actor Oscar for ... by Jon Stewart.
his portrayal...
4. Javier Bardem won the best supporting actor ... a British actress.
Oscar for his portrayal...
5. The Oscars ceremony was hosted... ... won by Europeans.
6. Tilda Swinton is... ... No Country for Old Men.
7. Marion Cotillard is... ... by the Coen brothers.
8. This year’s Oscars for best actor, best actress, ... of a hitman.
best supporting actor and best supporting actress
were all...
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The Oscars
Level 1 Elementary
Fill in the missing prepositions. Check your answers in the article.
1. the Oscar ______ best director

2. ______ the Academy Awards ______ Los Angeles
3. his portrayal ______ an oil prospector
4. He accepted his award ______ his knees ______ Helen Mirren
5. best actress ______ a supporting role
6. there are some angels ______ this city
6 Speaking: My favourite film
What is your all-time favourite film? Tell members of your class about the film and why you like it.
6 Webquest
Go to www.oscar.com and watch the short interviews on the ‘Thank you cam’.
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The Turkmen cockroach
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
cockroach /ˈkɒkrəƱtʃ/ noun [countable]

An insect similar to a large beetle that lives in places where food is kept.
Find words in the article that mean:
1. To get rid of an employee. (sub-title and para 4)

2. A short news programme or official statement. (para 1)
3. The people who watch a TV programme at home. (para 1)
4. To be shown again. (para 2)
5. Shocked. (para 3)
6. Something that happens that is (in this case) embarrassing. (para 5)
7. To show a TV or radio programme. (para 6)
8. Changes, especially to make a system work fairly. (para 8)
9. To give something back to someone. (para 9)
10. To do something in front of an audience, especially in a theatre. (para 9)
11. A situation in which a country is alone. (para 10)
12. Someone has completed their studies at a university. (para 11)
2 Vocabulary: Word beetle
Skim the article to find media and TV jobs. Write them onto the word beetle.
d__________
c_______ o________ j_________
media/TV jobs
t_________
n_________
TV e_________
D •
TE DE E
SI A L
EB LO B
W N IA

M W P
O DO O
FR BE C
N T
O
NEWS LESSONS / The Turkmen cockroach / Elementary

O
H
•P
CA
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Level 1 Elementary
And finally... how a cockroach put 30 8 Berdymukhamedov has begun a series of
people out of work mild liberal reforms in Turkmenistan. He has
said that Internet cafes will open in Ashgabat,
Luke Harding in Moscow
Turkmenistan’s capital, and he has said that
February 22, 2008
school children should start learning foreign
Turkmen president sacks staff after an insect languages again.
walks onto a TV news bulletin
9 Last March the president restored pensions to
1 For the people watching the news in more than 100,000 old people. In January he
Turkmenistan, it was another normal bulletin. But announced that opera and ballet are allowed to
as the newsreader began reading the news at be performed once again in Turkmenistan .
9pm, viewers across the central Asian country
saw something unusual crawling across the 10 Berdymukhamedov wants to end Turkmenistan’s
studio table: a large brown cockroach. isolation from the rest of the world in other ways
too. He wants to attract more foreign tourists to
2 The cockroach ran the whole way across the Turkmenistan, especially to the new multibillion
desk and then disappeared. The programme, pound tourist resort on the Caspian Sea. The
complete with cockroach, was repeated at 11pm president has also visited Washington.
that night.
11 Berdymukhamedov’s dislike of cockroaches may
3 Horrified officials from Turkmenistan’s ministry of have something to do with his previous career
culture knew nothing about the cockroach until as a dentist. He graduated from Turkmenistan’s
9am the next day. The results of the cockroach’s state medical institute in 1979, he has a PhD in
five minutes of fame were immediate and severe. medical sciences from Moscow, and he worked
as a dentist from 1980 to 1995. In December
4 The country’s president, Kurbanguly 1997, he was made minister for health.
Berdymukhamedov immediately sacked 30
workers from the main state TV channel, the news Cockroach notes
website Kronika Turkmenistan reported yesterday.
• 4,500 cockroach species are known, but
5 Before the cockroach incident, Berdymukhamedov there may be at least twice as many species
had ordered Turkmenistan’s minister of culture, not yet discovered around the world.
Gulmurat Muradov, to modernise the country’s TV • Although people some people think that
channel. However, the new ministerial committee in cockroaches would be the only survivors of
charge of the modernization only works from 9am nuclear war (because they 15 times more
to 6pm. This allowed the cockroach to run around resistant to radiation than humans), other
at 9pm unnoticed. insects such as fruit flies can survive even
higher doses of radiation.
6 Berdymukhamedov became leader of the oil-rich • A cockroach can live without a head for
former Soviet republic in December 2006. The several weeks before it starves to death; the
previous president, Saparmurat Niyazov, sacked head by itself can survive several hours.
several TV executives after drunken technicians • The world’s largest species of cockroach is the
forgot to broadcast his New Year’s speech to the wingless Australian rhinoceros (Macropanesthia
nation. They eventually broadcast the speech at 3am. rhinoceros), it weighs up to 33.5 gms and can
measure up to 90 mm in length.
7 Those sacked in the cockroach incident included
journalists, directors, camera operators, and © Guardian News & Media 2008
technical staff. First published in The Guardian, 22/02/08
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Level 1 Elementary
Join the sentence halves to re-tell the story.
a) A cockroach ran across... ... the state TV channel.

b) Ministry officials knew nothing until... ... the cockroach incident funny.
c) The news bulletin, with the cockroach, was shown again on TV... ... the newsreader’s desk on live television.
d) The president did not find... ... international image.
e) The president sacked 30 staff at... ... the same evening.
f) Turkmenistan wants to improve its... ... opera and ballet performances.
g) Turkmenistan has built a new multibillion pound tourist resort at... ... the next morning.
h) Turkmens can now go to Internet cafes and... ... the Caspian Sea.
4 Vocabulary: Countries
Write the country names under their correct pronunciation pattern.
Turkmenistan Kazakhstan Ukraine Uzbekistan

Russia Afghanistan Iran Pakistan

oOoo oO Oo Ooo
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Level 1 Elementary
5 Questions and answers
Write your answers to the questions. Then ask and answer the questions in groups.
What you would do if you saw a cockroach:

• in the street?
• in your home?
• in a restaurant?
E.g. If I saw a cockroach in the street, I would...

• ... walk away.
• ... call the authorities.
• ... scream.
6 Webquest: Cockroach quiz
Do cockroaches bite? How big is a cockroach baby? What do cockroaches eat?

Go to http://www.bio.umass.edu/biology/kunkel/cockroach_faq.html to find the answers to these and
many other questions.
Make a class quiz. Each student should write at least one question (plus answer).
307
After 49 years of Fidel, Cuba ushers in the era of Raúl
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
Fill the gaps in the sentences using these key words from the text
unanimous hardliner ovation assembly single-handedly

appointment recover dislike task consult
1. A national ____________ is another word for a country’s parliament.
2. An ____________ is a situation in which someone is given a new job, especially an important one.
3. A ____________ decision is one that everyone agrees with and supports.
4. A ____________ is someone who is strict or extreme in their beliefs or opinions.
5. ____________ is the opposite of ‘like’.
6. A standing ____________ is when the members of an audience stand up and clap their hands to express their
admiration or enjoyment.
7. A ____________ is something that you have to do.
8. If you ____________ someone, you ask them for their advice or opinion.
9. If you do something ____________, you do it yourself without help from other people.
10. If you ____________ , you become fit and healthy again after an illness or an operation.
Find this information in the text as quickly as possible.
1. How old is Fidel Castro?
2. Is Raúl Castro younger or older than his brother?
3. When did Fidel Castro undergo surgery?
4. When was the Cuban revolution?
5. What is the population of Cuba?
6. How many members of the Cuban parliament are there?
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Level 1 Elementary
After 49 years of Fidel, Cuba ushers in 4 The members of the Cuban parliament
the era of Raúl gave Raúl, who was head of the temporary
government, a standing ovation before they
Rory Carroll, Latin America correspondent confirmed him as head of state and government.
February 25, 2008 The assembly also named a 31-member council
of state. The Cuban authorities control the island
1 Cuba’s national assembly has unanimously and its 11 million people carefully and the calm
named 76-year-old Raúl Castro as the new head atmosphere in the streets showed how strict
of state, and formally ended almost 50 years of that control is. Many Cubans want an end to a
rule by his older brother Fidel Castro. The Cuban situation in which they are poorer than people in
constitution had already named Raúl as the man eastern Europe before the fall of the Berlin wall.
who would follow Fidel as head of state so his
appointment was not a surprise. However, the 5 The American government called on Cuba to
appointment of a hardliner as his deputy was move towards democracy. “We call on the Cuban
a surprise. José Ramón Machado, a 77-year- government to begin a process of peaceful,
old who was a comrade of Fidel in the Cuban democratic change by freeing all political prisoners,
guerrilla war, became deputy head of state when respecting human rights and creating a clear road
many people thought a younger man would get towards free and fair elections,” Condoleeza Rice,
the job. the secretary of state, said in a statement.
2 Raúl made his first speech as leader wearing a 6 It is still not clear how much influence Fidel will
suit and tie instead of his usual army uniform. He have. He is still leader of the Communist party
promised to consult Fidel on important decisions and an assembly member and writes newspaper
of state. “The leader of the Cuban revolution articles under the name Comrade Fidel. When
is a special man. Fidel is Fidel, as we all know someone mentioned his name in the assembly,
well, no-one can replace him,” he said. The new there was a standing ovation. Fidel ruled Cuba
president said socialism would continue after almost single-handedly since the revolution in
Fidel and his generation. “Our task is clear ... 1959 and the members of the assembly always
to continue to make the revolution stronger at approved his decisions.
a historic moment. This is particularly important
when the generation which led the revolution is 7 Raúl likes to consult his colleagues before he
disappearing,” he said. makes decisions so under his rule the council of
state will probably have more power. The new
3 The Cuban authorities wanted to show that president, who dislikes publicity, is in favour of a
everything in the country was normal so there Chinese-type economic liberalization to improve
was no drama in the 614-seat parliament when living standards without weakening political
the historic appointment was made. The streets control. He has encouraged people to criticize
of the Cuban capital Havana were quiet as the system and some people hope that he will
people followed the latest step in 81-year-old deliver better food, transport and housing and will
Fidel’s departure from public life. He began not just make speeches.
the process of leaving public life 19 months
ago when he left power for a short time for 8 With Raúl as president the military has taken
emergency medical treatment. Last week Fidel, control of much of the economy – managing
who is still recovering from his operation, said he farms, tourist resorts and other businesses and
did not want to accept another term as president. giving senior military officers political power. But
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Level 1 Elementary
the younger Castro has not introduced many
reforms, possibly because the hardliners in the
government have prevented them, saying that
support from oil-rich Venezuela will allow Cuba
to return to basic communism.

1. The streets of Havana were quiet because…

2. Fidel Castro has left power because…
3. There was a standing ovation in the national assembly because…
4. Raúl is different from Fidel because...
5. People hope Raúl…
6. Money from Venezuela…
a. … will deliver better food, transport and housing.

b. … someone mentioned Fidel Castro’s name.
c. … will allow Cuba to return to basic communism.
d. … the Cuban authorities control the island and its people carefully.
e. … he prefers to consult his colleagues before he makes decisions.
f. … he has been ill.
Fill the gaps in the phrases from the text using prepositions. Check your answers in the text.
1. _____ favour of
2. head _____ state
3. instead _____
4. departure _____
5. recover _____
6. secretary _____ state
7. take control _____
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Level 1 Elementary
5 Vocabulary 2: Verb + noun collocations
Fill the gaps in the sentences using these verbs from the text.
make free consult respect have improve
1. It is not clear how much influence Fidel Castro will ____________.
2. The new president wants to ____________ living standards.
3. He says he will ____________ his colleagues before he makes decisions.
4. Politicians ____________ a lot of speeches.
5. All governments should ____________ human rights.
6. They should also ____________ political prisoners.
6 Word building: Adjectives
Complete the table using adjectives from the text.
Noun Adjective
history
democracy
peace
economy
politics
medicine
Cuba
basis
311
Welcome to UK’s poshest veg shop
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
posh estate orchard chutney florist

leek competitive benefit highlight vase
1. A ________________ is a long, thin vegetable that tastes a bit like an onion.
2. ________________ prices are cheaper than many others.

3. A ________________ is someone whose job is to arrange or sell flowers.
4. A ________________ is a container for flowers.
5. An ________________ is a large area of land belonging to one person, usually with a very big house on it.
6. A ________________ is the most exciting, interesting or impressive part of something.
7. An ________________ is an area of land where fruit trees grow.
8. If a person is ________________, he or she is from a high social class.
9. If you ________________ from something you get an advantage or a profit from it.
10. ________________ is a cold food made from fruit, spices and vinegar and eaten with meat or cheese.
1. How old will Charles be at his next birthday?
2. What is the name of his wife?
3. What is the name of Prince Charles’s country house?
4. How much does the expensive vase cost?
5. How much does a bunch of leeks cost in Charles’s shop?
6. How much does a bunch of leeks cost in the supermarket opposite?
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Level 1 Elementary
Welcome to UK’s poshest veg shop say that this is not true – but they do say that
he is thinking of exporting some of the food he
Prince and duchess launch latest royal business
produces on his estate.
venture – and rival retailers say they don’t mind
at all. 5 The advance publicity says that the shop reflects
Steven Morris Charles’s interests. So the first things that the
March 18, 2008 visitor sees when he or she enters the shop are
chinaware and stationery designed by a student
1 Prince Charles will be the next king of England. at the prince’s School of Traditional Arts in East
He is also a businessman and a champion of London. And the wooden boxes for storing the
the environment. And now he is probably also chutney are made by people learning skills in
the poshest greengrocer in Britain. Charles has one of the projects Charles supports. But for
opened a shop called Highgrove (the name of most people the highlight is probably the organic
his country estate) on the main high street of his vegetables. There is no greengrocer in Tetbury
local town, Tetbury. It is the latest in the prince’s so the people of the town are very excited that
list of businesses, which have earned millions of they will be able to buy Charles’s vegetables at
pounds in profit over the last few years. his new shop.
2 In the Highgrove shop, the prince will sell 6 The prince’s florist, Sarah Champier-Lowe, said:
everything from fresh vegetables from his country “When people came to the shop before the
estate to apple juice from his wife Camilla’s official opening they were most interested in the
orchards in nearby Wiltshire. There will be jams, vegetables.” In truth, the vegetable prices were not so
jellies, chutneys, honeys and mustards, as well expensive. A bunch of organic leeks from Highgrove
as handmade biscuits and chocolates. But the costs £1.35. A bunch of leeks from the Netherlands
thousands of visitors, tourists and shoppers that was £1.10 in the supermarket opposite.
will come to his store should not expect to find
cheap prices. For example, a vase marking the 7 Members of the prince’s staff say that any profits
prince’s 60th birthday later this year costs £395. from the shop will go to the prince’s Charities
You could also spend £30 on a pair of gardening Foundation, which manages the money which his
gloves or for £45 you could buy a bird box. The social enterprises generate. Most shopkeepers
best thing to buy might be a collection of Prince in Tetbury welcomed the new business. A few
Charles’s drawings which costs just £6.95. metres from Charles’s shop, David Herbert, who
has a food and drinks shop, said: “Everybody
3 A small crowd came to the official opening. tells me my business is going to suffer. It’s
Charles and Camilla also came but there was not – it’s good for the town. We will all benefit.
no official ceremony. The royal couple chatted to The shop will bring more visitors to the town.”
the staff, met a few local people and had a look Chocolate shop owner Hortensia Oates looked at
round the shop. “He doesn’t really look like a the prices of the food in Charles’s shop. “I must
shopkeeper, does he?” said Steve Gray, one of say that his prices are quite competitive,” she said.
the people in the crowd. “Why is he doing this?
He doesn’t need the money and a member of the 8 Butcher John Newman sells beef from Charles’s
royal family running a shop seems a bit strange.” estate. “This will bring more people to the town
so that’s good for us.” The shopkeepers don’t
4 Some people might think the prince is doing it to want to criticize their royal neighbour – this town
promote the Prince Charles brand name. Others likes the royal family. When Charles and Camilla
say that Highgrove in Tetbury is the first one of left the shop yesterday, Camilla shook hands
a chain of stores. Members of Charles’s staff with people in the crowd – and recommended the
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Level 1 Elementary
shop. “It’s got some lovely things,” she said. The

prince was busy looking at another shop, the
Chef’s Table. “I hear it’s good,” he said to one of
the local people. “It’s not as good as your shop,”
she replied. In places like Tetbury, it is best to
have a good relationship with members of the
royal family.

1. Local shopkeepers think Prince Charles’s new shop is good for the town because…
2. Charles’s organic vegetables are more expensive…
3. People are excited about the vegetables because…
4. The shopkeepers don’t want to criticize Prince Charles because…
5. Any profits from the shop…
6. The vase marking the prince’s 60th birthday…
a. … people in Tetbury like the royal family.
b. … is very expensive.
c. … than the vegetables in the supermarket opposite.
d. … will go to the prince’s Charities Foundation.
e. … there is no greengrocer in the town.
f. ... it will bring more visitors to the town.
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Level 1 Elementary
4 Chunks
1. few the years over last

2. the to thing buy best
3. in crowd the of one people the
4. doing why he is this?
5. the opposite in supermarket
6. Charles’s a shop metres from few
5 Vocabulary: Compound words
Match the words in the left-hand column with those in the right-hand column to make words from the text.
1. green a. keeper
2. super b. made
3. hand c. ware
4. shop d. market
5. business e. grocer
6. china f. man
6 Word stress
Put these words from the text into one of the two groups depending on their word stress.
local estate business biscuit advance highlight
reply promote produce reflect royal neighbour
A 0 o B o 0
315
Addiction to Internet ‘is an illness’
Level 1 Elementary
1 Warmer: Brainstorming
addiction – a strong need that someone feels to regularly take an illegal or harmful drug:
There is a growing problem of drug addiction in our cities.
addiction to – a strong need or wish to spend as much time as possible doing a particular activity:
Many people have an addiction to nicotine.
His addiction to the Internet is taking over his life.
Source: Macmillan English Dictionary Online
What things might people become addicted to?

How many can you write down in one minute?
2 Key words and phrases
Write the key words and phrases from the article into the sentences.
withdrawal symptoms isolation psychiatrist clot estimate

groceries repercussions self-help group case recovery
discussion boards components excessive admit treatment
1. When something is _____________________ it is much more than is reasonable or necessary. (subtitle)

2. When you are alone and separated from other people you are in _____________________. (subtitle)
3. _____________________ are the unpleasant physical and mental effects suffered by someone who stops
taking a substance that they are addicted to. (subtitle)
4. A _____________________ is a doctor who treats people with mental disorders. (para 1)
5. _____________________ are parts, or features of something. (para 2)
6. _____________________ are the bad effects that something has, usually lasting for a long time. (para 2)
7. A _____________________ is a lump of blood in your veins that can be dangerous. (para 3)
8. An _____________________ is a guess at a number. (para 3)
9. _____________________ is another word for medical care. (para 3)
10. When you _____________________ to something, you agree that it is true. (para 5)
11. _____________________ are food and other goods you buy regularly for the home. (para 5)
12. _____________________ is another term for online forums. (para 6)
13. _____________________ is the process of getting better after an illness or health problem. (para 6 )
14. A _____________________ is a legal matter often decided at court. (para 6)
15. A _____________________ is a group of people who discuss their similar problems and find ways to deal with
them. (para 8)
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Level 1 Elementary
Addiction to Internet ‘is an illness’ 4 Dr Block, a psychiatrist at the Oregon Health and
New evidence shows that excessive use of Science University in Portland, writes that it is
the Internet causes isolation, tiredness and more difficult to estimate how bad the problem
withdrawal symptoms is in America because people go online at home
instead of in Internet cafes. “Unfortunately it is
David Smith, technology correspondent not easy to treat Internet addiction,” he said.
March 23, 2008 “The problem is with the relationship with the
computer,” he said. “If you try to remove the
1 Tense? Angry? Can’t get online? Internet computer, they feel they’ve lost their best friend.
addiction is now a serious health problem says a That can lead to depression or rage.”
leading psychiatrist.
5 Harry Husted, a single 51-year-old from New
2 In the American Journal of Psychiatry, Dr Jerald
York, spends 16 hours a day on the Internet.
Block writes that Internet addiction is caused by He says that he is not addicted, but admits that
excessive gaming, looking at online pornography, he used to be. “I used to work with computers
emailing and text messaging. He says that for eight hours, then get home and go online for
the disorder is now so common that it should another seven hours. I was online until two or
be included in medical text books. According three o’clock in the morning or until I got so tired
to Block, Internet addiction has four main that I had to go to bed. I didn’t go out to get the
components: groceries and I didn’t care about friends, TV, or
• Excessive use, and not realizing how long anything. When I realized what was happening I
you spend on the Internet; did something about it. Now I only use MySpace
• Withdrawal symptoms, including feelings of to advertise my business.”
anger, tension and/or depression when there
is no access to the Internet; 6 Internet addiction clinics are opening all around
• The need for better computers, more the world, and many people have joined web
software or more hours of use; discussion boards such as Internet Addicts
• Negative repercussions, including Anonymous. The Centre for Internet Addiction
arguments, lying, not doing well at school or Recovery in Bradford, Pennsylvania, says
work, social isolation and tiredness. Internet addiction is often a factor in criminal,
divorce and employment cases.
3 Block says that in South Korea 10 people died
from blood clots because they sat for long 7 Robert Freedman, the editor of the American
periods in Internet cafes and another was Journal of Psychiatry, said Internet addiction
murdered because of an online game. South is different from person to person. “In Korea,
Korea now sees Internet addiction as one people are mostly addicted to gaming sites. In
of its most serious public health issues. The America, it is Facebook. They are also addicted
government estimates that around 210,000 to online pornography, games, gambling, chatting
South Korean children need treatment. 80 per with friends. All these things existed before the
cent of them might need medicines that help the Internet, but now they’re a lot easier.”
brain and nearly a quarter might need to go to
8 His advice to addicts is: “A self-help group is a
hospital. High school pupils there spend about
good place to start, but maybe a real group is
23 hours per week gaming, so another 1.2 million
better than an online one.”
need basic counselling about Internet addiction.
Many people are also worried about the number © Guardian News & Media 2008
of addicts who stop going to school or leave their First published in The Observer, 23/03/08
jobs to spend more time on computers. In China,
there might be 10 million teenage Internet addicts.
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Level 1 Elementary
1. Internet addicts don’t realize how... ... lonely and tired.
2. Leading psychiatrists think... ... spends 23 hours a week playing online games.
3. The average South Korean high school student... ... difficult to treat.
4. People have died because of their... ... many hours they spend online.
5. South Koreans go online... ... social networking websites.
6. Internet addiction is... ... Internet addiction.
7. Facebook and MySpace are... ... better computers and software.
8. In the USA, most people... ... at Internet cafes more often than Americans.
9. Internet addicts are often... ... Internet addiction is a real illness.
10. Internet addicts think they need... ... surf the Internet at home.
Fill in the missing prepositions. Check your answers in the article.
on (x2) from (x2) at (x2) to of in by
1. Internet addiction is caused _________ excessive gaming

2. looking _________ online pornography
3. it should be included _________ medical text books
4. feelings _________ anger
5. not doing well _________ school
6. 10 people died _________ blood clots
7. need to go _________ hospital
8. a single 51-year-old _________ New York
9. spend16 hours a day _________ the Internet
10. spend more time _________ computers
318
Level 1 Elementary
5 Discussion: Addicted to
Do you agree with either of these sentences?
Many people are addicted to something and it is a big problem these days.
Being addicted to something is not a new problem.
6 Webquest
Go to the website www.netaddiction.com. Here you can take tests, read about real-life cases of Internet
addiction, listen to podcasts and watch videos.
319
Smashing Pumpkins sue record label
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
download promote back catalogue sue label

brand contract give away refuse split up
1. A record _________________ is a company that produces records.
2. A _________________ is a computer file obtained from the Internet.
3. If you _________________ to do something that someone has asked you to do, you say that you will not do it.
4. A _________________ is a written legal agreement between two people or businesses.
5. If the members of a rock group _________________, they decide to stop working together.
6. If you _________________ a product, you advertise it to make people buy it.
7. A _________________ is a product or group of products that has its own name, e.g. Pepsi.
8. If you _________________ someone, you make a legal claim against them, usually to get money from them
because they have done something bad to you.
9. If a company _________________ something _________________, they let you have it without paying for it.
10. An artist’s _________________ is all the books, films or records he or she has produced in the past.
1. When did EMI buy Virgin Records?
2. When did the Smashing Pumpkins split up?
3. When did the Smashing Pumpkins re-form?
4. For how long did the Smashing Pumpkins have a contract with Virgin Records in the US?
5. How much did the Smashing Pumpkins’ 2000 album cost?
6. Which two companies were advertised using the Smashing Pumpkins’ music?
320
Level 1 Elementary
Smashing Pumpkins sue record relationship with the big record companies.
label over use of songs in Pepsi Although they sold millions of copies of albums
promotional deals such as Siamese Dream and Mellon Collie
and the Infinite Sadness, they also gave their
• Band says Virgin had no agreement to use name
music away for nothing on the Internet. In 2000,
• Tensions growing as labels seek new
they gave away their album for free after a
revenue streams
disagreement with Virgin.
Owen Gibson, media correspondent
March 26, 2008 5 Disagreements between artists and their record
labels are nothing new but many people believe
1 Rock bands often have a difficult relationship that problems will increase because the music
with the world of big business and a new legal industry is looking for new sources of income.
case in the US is an example of this relationship. The Beatles famously did not give permission for
American rock group the Smashing Pumpkins their music to be used in advertising but Sony
are suing their record label because they say it Publishing, which now owns the rights to the
used their name and music without permission in Beatles back catalogue, said it will allow Beatles
promotional deals with Pepsi and Amazon. The songs to be used.
group had a contract with Virgin Records in the
US for 17 years. However, they have now said 6 The links between advertisers and music labels
that the only agreement they have now covers have become stronger in recent years because
the right to sell digital downloads and not the music labels need licensing fees to replace falling
right to use the band’s image in CD sales. Record labels and artists also use
advertising campaigns. advertisers to promote new artists, particularly
in areas where it is difficult for new groups to get
2 The group has taken their record company to their music played on the radio. Levis has helped
court in Los Angeles for breaking their contract. to make the music of a lot of old and new artists
Band members said they had “worked hard for popular, José González had a worldwide hit with
over twenty years to build up a good image with Heartbeats after it appeared in a Sony advert, and
the public”. Virgin used their name and music Moby’s Play album became a hit when every track
in a promotion with Amazon.com and PepsiCo was licensed to an advertising agency.
called Pepsi Stuff. The Smashing Pumpkins say
that this was bad for their image and their “artistic 7 The big record companies have found that their
integrity”. They said they would “never give profits are falling because CD sales are falling,
permission like this to Virgin, or any people are illegally copying CDs, and digital
other company”. downloads are not making enough money. As
a result they are trying to create partnerships
3 Some big name artists, like Michael Jackson and between big brands and their artists. Guy Hands,
Robbie Williams, have happily signed deals with who bought the record label EMI last year,
soft drinks brands and mobile phone networks says the relationship between big brands and
to be part of their advertising campaigns and to artists is important if the company is going to be
advertise their products on their tours, but other successful again.
artists have always refused to sign such deals.
8 EMI did not want to comment on the court case.
4 The Smashing Pumpkins split up in 2000. Sales It has owned Virgin Records since 1991, when
of their records had stopped rising and band Richard Branson sold it to get money for his
members were arguing with each other. They airline business. Earlier this month, Warner Music
re-formed in 2006 but have always had a difficult International announced its first partnership
321
Level 1 Elementary
between an artist and a brand. Scottish singer

songwriter Paolo Nutini will have a long-term
relationship with Puma, which will use his song
New Shoes in its global advertising campaigns.

1. The Smashing Pumpkins are suing their record company because...
2. Music labels want to work with advertisers because...
3. Richard Branson sold Virgin Records because…
4. The Smashing Pumpkins split up because…
5. Record companies’ profits are falling because…
6. Sony can allow Beatles songs to be used in advertising because…
a. … it now owns the rights to the Beatles’ back catalogue.
b. … he needed money for his airline business.
c. … sales of their records had stopped rising.
d. … they say it used their name and music in advertising without permission.
e. … CD sales are falling and they need money from other sources.
f. … CD sales are falling and people are copying CDs illegally.
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Level 1 Elementary
4 Verb + noun collocations
Match the verbs in the left-hand column with the nouns and noun phrases in the right-hand column. Then
check your answers in the text.
1. sign a. a product
2. advertise b. a partnership
3. give c. someone to court
4. create d. a deal
5. have e. a relationship
6. take f. permission
5 Words and definitions
Match the words and expressions with their definitions.
1. advertising campaign a. a song that sells a very large number of copies
2. income b. the difference between what you earn and what you spend
3. licensing fee c. a planned series of advertisements to promote something
4. profit d. a professional performer in music, dance or the theatre
5. hit e. money someone gets for working or for selling something
6. artist f. money paid for permission to use something
6 Word building
verb noun
1 permit
2 disagree
3 promote
4 announcement
5 belief
6 advertisement
7 increase
8 produce
323
Passengers fume in the chaos of Terminal 5’s first day
Level 1 Elementary
1 Pre-reading
1. Do you like flying?

2. Have you ever had any problems at an airport?
3. How would you feel if your luggage didn’t arrive?
4. How would you feel if your plane didn’t leave?
This article is about what happened when London Heathrow Airport opened its new terminal.
2 Key words
Match some key words from this story with the meanings below.
fume chaos collapses backlog carousels

complained apologize handlers disaster teething problems
1. ___________________: told somebody that they were not satisfied
2. ___________________: say that you are sorry
3. ___________________: breaks down and stops working
4. ___________________: problems that only happen at the start of a new system
5. ___________________: people who move things by hand from place to place
6. ___________________: a lot of work you have to do before you start the next job
7. ___________________: terrible situation
8. ___________________: complete confusion
9. ___________________: become very angry
10. ___________________: where you look for your luggage when it comes into the airport
Now read the article quickly to check.
324
Level 1 Elementary
Passengers fume in the chaos of customers who had not yet checked-in for travel
Terminal 5’s first day could get their money back or rebook.
Flights cancelled and baggage system collapses 9 A lot of things caused yesterday’s disaster:
at BA’s £4.3bn showpiece • Computers did not recognize the IDs of the
Dan Milmo, transport correspondent baggage handlers and they could not log on
March 28, 2008 to work, so three flights took off without bags
• Also, the handlers could not get where they
1 It took 20 years to plan, cost £4.3bn to build and were supposed to go because they could not
its staff had six months’ training before it opened. get into the car parks or get security clearance
• Baggage handlers could not send luggage to
2 But that didn’t stop the problems at Heathrow the right place because they didn’t know the
Terminal 5 when it first opened yesterday, and layout of the new terminal, so passengers
the baggage system stopped working. arriving had to wait hours for their luggage to
3 British Airways had to cancel at least 34 flights leave the plane
in and out of the terminal, and thousands of • There weren’t enough baggage storage bins
passengers couldn’t travel. to load luggage onto planes, which made
things worse. Carousels loading luggage
4 Things still looked bad today as BA staff hurried also broke down
to clear an enormous baggage backlog and work • By the afternoon, the system became
out exactly what had gone wrong. overloaded and no more luggage could be
checked in
5 This terrible first day was very embarrassing for
• Delays in loading and unloading planes led
both Heathrow owner BAA and British Airways.
to delays in departures and arrivals, forcing
Travellers were only allowed to take hand
BA to cancel 34 flights so that its jets could
luggage, and they were told that their checked-in
get ready for a normal timetable today
bags would arrive later, or they could rebook their
flights. Delays at luggage carousels increased as 10 BA blamed the disaster on ‘teething problems’,
queues got longer and longer in the departure hall. but got little sympathy from many of the 40,000
people who passed through T5 yesterday.
6 The situation got worse in the afternoon as
the baggage handling operation broke down 11 Kate Adamson, 39, travelling from Frankfurt with
completely, leading to angry scenes at BA desks her daughter Olivia, five, stopped expecting her
as hundreds of passengers complained to staff. luggage after waiting more than an hour-and-
a-half in the morning. She said: “I am furious.
7 Just hours after BA’s chief executive, Willie
We had a 50-minute flight from Frankfurt and
Walsh, had toured the terminal promising a new
then we had a 90-minute wait. The luggage
beginning for Heathrow travel, the airline had to
system seemed to have stopped completely.
apologize once again for terrible conditions at
Staff have been really rude and there has been
Britain’s biggest and busiest airport.
no announcement. One BA woman in there was
8 “British Airways flights from Heathrow Terminal saying there was a technical problem. I’ve given
5 will depart with hand luggage only due to up. They can send my bags on.”
problems associated with processing customers’
12 Producer Sir George Martin, famous for his
baggage,” said the airline in a statement.
work with The Beatles, was also affected by the
“British Airways apologizes to customers for
difficulties. He said: “When I came here I was very
the problems during Terminal 5’s first day of
excited about the new terminal, but not now.”
operations following one of the most complex
and largest airport moves in history.” BA said 13 Matt Duffy had to wait on a flight arriving into
325
Level 1 Elementary
Terminal 5 from Glasgow for more than an passengers until next month, when it hopes all
hour – and then when he was transported to the problems will be solved. In the meantime,
the terminal, his wheelchair couldn’t get up hundreds of daily BA flights will continue to
the step. “I couldn’t even get into the building go from Heathrow’s terminals 1 and 4, which
without getting up a step,” he said. “It is totally reported no serious problems yesterday.
unbelievable as far as I am concerned.”
16 BA had promised that the new system would
14 BA is the only airline that can use Terminal reduce the number of bags that were late or
5, which was designed by Lord Rogers and lost at the airline by 50%, which, at 26.5 bags
opened by the Queen earlier this month. for every 1,000 passengers, is the worst of any
major European airline.
15 The 34 cancelled flights represented almost
10% of the total timetabled to fly in and out of © Guardian News & Media 2008
the terminal yesterday but, luckily, BA didn’t First published in The Guardian, 28/03/08
plan to use the terminal’s full capacity of 70,000
Look through the text quickly and underline these numbers.
£4.3bn 34 39 90 10% 70,000 20% 26.5
Now match each number with its explanation below.
1. __________________: the flights that couldn’t come in or out of Terminal 5
2. __________________: the percentage of cancelled flights on yesterday’s timetable
3. __________________: the money spent on the terminal
4. __________________: the passengers who will use T5 next month
5. __________________: the years needed to plan T5
6. __________________: the age of the passenger from Frankfurt
7. __________________: the number of bags usually late or lost for every thousand BA passengers
8. __________________: the minutes Ms Adamson waited and still didn’t get her luggage
326
Level 1 Elementary
Match the beginnings and endings of these sentences about the story.
1. Terminal 5... a. ... they were sorry.

2. A lot of flights... b. ... because the computers didn’t accept their ID.
3. A lot of people’s... c. ... had a bad first day.
4. People could only take... d. ... were timetabled to leave yesterday.
5. British Airways said... e. ... did not take off.
6. BA offered to give... f. ... luggage did not arrive.
7. Some staff could not work... g. ... their hand luggage onto the plane.
8. About 340 flights... h. ... some people their money back.
5 Vocabulary development: Meanings of get
Get has a lot of meanings in English. In this story it is used a lot, with three basic meanings.
Mark each of the extracts below with one of these letters.
H if you think it means something like: have, take or receive

G if you think it means go, move or arrive
B if you think it means become
1. Customers … could get their money back... (para 8) _____________________
2. ... the handlers could not get where they were supposed to go... (para 9) _____________________
3. ... they could not get into the car parks... (para 9) _____________________
4. ... or get security clearance (para 9) _____________________
5. ... so that its jets could get ready... (para 9) _____________________
6. BA ... got little sympathy... (para 10) _____________________
7. ... his wheelchair couldn’t get up the step. (para 13) _____________________
8. “I couldn’t even get into the building... (para 13) _____________________
9. ... without getting up a step,”... (para 13) _____________________
327
The week the crisis hit home
Level 1 Elementary
1 Warmer: Borrow and lend
1. Write borrow or lend into the gaps:

a. Can I __________________ your pen, please?
b. Can you __________________ me your pen, please?
c. Would you like to __________________ my pen?
d. Shall I __________________ you my pen?
2. What’s the difference between borrow and lend?

Tip: It might help to draw pictures and translate the words into your own language.
3. In pairs, practise situations in which you lend and borrow things.
Credit crunch: A shortage of available loans. This could simply mean a rise in interest rates, but
it often means that some borrowers cannot get loans at all.
2 Key words and phrases
Write in the missing vowels (a,e,i,o,u).
1. A legal agreement in which you borrow money from a bank to buy a house. Repayments are usually made
monthly. m _ r t g _ g _
2. To remove an offer. p _l l _ d_ _ l
3. What you have when your house has lost value and you are now paying more than what it’s worth.
n_g_t_v_ _q__ty
4. A period when trade and industry are not successful and there is a lot of unemployment. r _ c _ s s _ _ n
5. Someone who buys and uses goods and services. c _ n s _ m _ r
6. An amount of money that a person, business or country borrows, especially from a bank. l _ _ n
7. An agreement with your bank that allows you to spend money when you have no money left in your account.
_v _ r d r _ f t
8. An expert in financial matters, especially one who advises a government department, business, or
organization. _ c _ n _ m _ s t
9. The member of the British government who is responsible for taxes and for deciding how the government
spends its money. c h _ n c _ l l _ r
10. An economic process in which prices increase so that money becomes less valuable. _ n f l _ t _ _ n
Source: Macmillan English Dictionary Online
328
Level 1 Elementary
The week the crisis hit home 9 The average rate on a two-year fixed-rate
mortgage has increased from 6.15% to 6.29%
Graeme Wearden
over the last two weeks. This means that people
April 3, 2008
who have a £150,000 mortgage now have to pay
Introduction £160 more a year.
1 Mortgage rates increase as banks remove their The housing market

deals! Millions face nightmare of negative equity!
US recession a possibility, says top banker! 10 ‘Negative equity is a threat to 3 million homes’
was the headline in a recent edition of the Daily
2 Recently, the British people have been hearing Mail newspaper. But Labour politicians do not
and reading a lot of bad news about the current believe that that there will be another recession.
financial crisis; and the financial future does not However, official statistics disagree.
look good.
11 In parliament, Liberal Democrat, Vince Cable,
3 People are borrowing more and more money. warned that a 10% fall in house prices would
Economists warn that many of them could be leave 3 million households with negative equity.
heading for financial disaster.
12 Government Minister Angela Eagle was quick to
4 Federal Reserve chairman Ben Bernanke also disagree. But house prices have fallen for the last
warned that the US could fall into a recession, five months and economists warn that this trend
which is bad news for the world economy. is likely to continue.
Credit The economy
5 The Bank of England has reported that consumer 13 The chancellor, Alistair Darling, insists the UK
borrowing is growing at its fastest rate for five economy will still grow this year. The Bank of
years. The amount of money lent via loans, England is under pressure to cut interest rates.
overdrafts and credit cards jumped by £2.35
billion in February. 14 It’s unclear what will happen in the US, but
Ben Bernanke warned that the world’s largest
6 Economists worry that many people are economy could shrink in the first half of 2008.
borrowing money to pay for essential costs such
as the monthly mortgage bill. A similar situation Further bad news
happened across the Atlantic last year when the
15 Oil is still selling at over $100 a barrel which
US economy began to have problems.
suggests that petrol prices will stay at their
Mortgages current level of about a pound a litre.
7 The news about mortgages is getting worse day 16 Food inflation is rising. The cost of milk, bread
by day, and banks are pulling hundreds of deals and sugar has been going up for many months.
every week. One of the reasons for the problem The latest food to come under pressure is rice
is the credit crunch, which has forced banks to – the UN has warned that 36 countries could run
keep their cash and not lend money to everyone. short of essential food stocks.
8 Bank of England figures show that the amount of

new mortgages has dropped to 73,000 a month;
half as many as a year ago.
329
Level 1 Elementary
Match the halves of these ‘bad news’ sentences.
1. People are paying more money... ... doesn’t look good.

2. The financial future... ... fall into recession.
3. The US economy might... ... many loans.
4. Food is becoming more... ... for their homes in Britain.
5. Banks are not giving... ... money on their credit cards.
6. People are borrowing... ... expensive worldwide.
4 Vocabulary: Describing trends
Draw arrows ↑ ↓ → (upward, downward or steady) next to these phrases from the text to show what kind of
trend they describe.
1. Mortgage rates increase

2. Consumer borrowing is growing
3. The amount of new mortgages has dropped
4. House prices have fallen
5. Petrol prices will stay at their current level
6. The cost of milk, bread and sugar has been going up
5 Discussion
Brainstorm as many different ways to save money as you can (e.g. stop smoking; walk to work).
Talk in groups. Which of these things would you be willing to do to save money?
5 Webquest
Skim-read the following article to discover what advice some financial professionals gave.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2008/apr/13/consumeraffairs.householdbills
330
Celebrity scandal and Anne Frank
Level 1 Elementary
1 Pre-reading 1
1. How old are you?
2. Are you a teenager? (between 13 and 19)
3. Do you like reading?
4. What kind of thing do you read?
5. If you are older, what do you think teenagers like reading best?
Find words in the box to match the definitions below.
celebrity scandal favourite gossip cheats

blog fan fiction literature skinny current affairs
1. ___________________: a ‘web log’, like a diary on the Internet, that anyone can read
2. ___________________: untrue stories about popular stars and famous people
3. ___________________: unfair ways to win a game or pass a test
4. ___________________: somebody who is often in the news or on TV, like a pop star or actor
5. ___________________: the one you like best
6. ___________________: important things happening now
7. ___________________: a situation that everybody thinks is terrible or wrong
8. ___________________: talking about other people’s private lives
9. ___________________: very, very thin
10. ___________________: books, plays and poems that people think are very well written
Now read the article and check.
331
Level 1 Elementary
Celebrity scandal and Anne Frank: the pages and stories about skinny celebrities in
reading diary of British teenagers magazines – although the cover and pages six
to 12 of this week’s favourite read Heat are all
Shakespeare and homework lose out as
about that.
Internet competes with books and magazines for
attention of young readers 8 Perhaps the amazing success of Facebook may
Mark Brown, arts correspondent be over, because it is the ninth most hated read,
March 27, 2008 although the report shows a big rise in online
reading. Wilson-Fletcher says we should be
1 Many parents won’t like it, but a report published glad that they read so much online, which earlier
today shows young teenagers’ favourite reading generations didn’t have the chance to do.
is Heat magazine. Parents may be happier to
9 The report also shows that 45% of young
see that Anne Frank’s diary, books by Anthony
teenagers’ parents criticize them for reading
Horowitz and CS Lewis’ The Lion, the Witch and
something they think is bad for them. But Wilson-
the Wardrobe are also in the top ten.
Fletcher thinks that parents are too critical, and
2 The celebrity gossip and news magazine comes reading is not just about reading books.
top when 11 to 14-year-olds are asked to name
10 The schools minister, Jim Knight, said: “It is vital
their favourite read. This is followed by teenage
that young people have the opportunity to read
girls’ magazine Bliss, which comes joint second
widely. It is wonderful that 80% of the teenagers
with reading song lyrics online. They are followed
surveyed write their own stories and keep
by reading computer game cheats advice online,
up-to-date with current affairs by using sites like
and then reading your own blog or fan fiction.
BBC Online.”
3 The first books in the list are the Harry Potter
11 The report also shows a big difference between
series at number five. But not all teenagers
boys and girls. 41% of boys put online computer
agree, because Harry Potter is also number eight
game cheats as their favourite read, and put
in the most hated reading material top ten.
online song lyrics second. Nearly a third of boys
4 The results are in a report called Read Up, Fed said they loved reading because it helped them
Up: Exploring Teenage Reading Habits in the UK get better at hobbies. 39% of girls said they loved
Today, as part of the National Year of Reading, reading because it provided an escape, or quiet
which Gordon Brown set up in January. time to enjoy on their own.
5 Other books on the favourites list are Anne 12 Young people were surveyed to find the 20
Frank’s diary at number six, Anthony Horowitz most loved and 20 most loathed reads. Then
novels at eight, the CS Lewis classic at number teenagers logged on to the teen website Pizco to
nine and books by Louise Rennison – author of vote on the lists.
the Confessions of Georgia Nicolson series – in
joint tenth place with BBC Online.
6 Honor Wilson-Fletcher, director of the National
Year of Reading, said she was more interested in
the variety of the list than the order. She said that
adults read different kinds of things too and not
many read serious literature.
7 Predictably, the most hated read is homework. It

is followed by Shakespeare, books of over 100
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Level 1 Elementary
The lists:
Most loved reads Most hated reads

1. Heat magazine 1. Homework
2. Bliss magazine / online song lyrics 2. Shakespeare
3. Online computer game cheats 3. Books of over 100 pages
4. My own blog or fan fiction 4. Magazine articles about skinny celebrities
5. The Harry Potter series 5. Books set by school/teachers
6. Anne Frank’s diary 6. Encyclopedias and dictionaries
7. Film scripts 7. The Beano
8. Books by Anthony Horowitz 8. Music (scores) / the Harry Potter series /
9. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, by maps/directions
CS Lewis 9. Facebook
10. BBC Online / the Confessions of Georgia 10. Financial Times / anything in another
Nicolson books by Louise Rennison language
3 Quiz
What do you know about the teenagers’ favourites? Match the words on the left with their explanations on
the right.
1. Anthony Horowitz a. Born in 1898; serious writer of imaginative books for children
2. Bliss b. Stories written like a modern teenage girl’s diary
3. Georgia Nicolson books c. Writer of books about Alex Rider, a 14-year-old spy
4. Heat d. Real teenage girl who wrote a diary about hiding from the Nazis in World War Two
5. CS Lewis e. A magazine with lots of stories about famous people
6. Anne Frank f. A magazine about pop music, television, and stories about famous people
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Level 1 Elementary
4 Language and understanding: Comparatives
Look at the list of most loved reads, and mark the sentences True (T) or False (F).
1. Teenagers like Harry Potter more than Georgia Nicolson.

2. They like Anne Frank’s diary less than Georgia’s.
3. They don’t like CS Lewis as much as Anthony Horowitz.
4. They like fan fiction as much as their own blogs.
5. They like online computer game cheats more than film scripts.
6. They don’t like Bliss magazine as much as online song lyrics.
Now write true sentences about the list of most hated reads.
Example: Teenagers hate homework more than Shakespeare.
7. The Financial Times / The Beano

8. encyclopedias / dictionaries
9. maps and directions / homework
10. Music (scores) / the Harry Potter series
11. Anything in another language / books set by schoolteachers
5 Pronunciation: Key sounds
/eɪ/ as in play /iː/ as in see /e/ as in red

The title of the report was ‘Read Up, Fed Up’. The word read can be pronounced /riːd/, in the infinitive, or
/red/ like the past tense. Which do you think it is here?
Here are some more words from the article. Put them in the columns for their vowel sound.
make eight cheat fed name heat many say said set
teenagers helped web teens media any Shakespeare pleased
334
John Prescott admits bulimia
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
disorder anorexia bulimia consultant stress

autobiography exhausted embarrassed vomit throw up
1. A ___________________ is a senior doctor who specializes in a particular area of medicine.
2. An ___________________ is a book about your life that you write yourself.
3. If you are ___________________, you feel very, very tired.
4. A ___________________ is an illness or medical condition.
5. If you ___________________, food comes up from your stomach and out through you mouth.
6. ___________________ is another way of saying vomit.
7. ___________________ is a serious illness that makes you want to stop eating.
8. ___________________ is a worried or nervous feeling that stops you relaxing.
9. If you feel ___________________, you feel ashamed of something and worried about what other people will think.
10. ___________________ is a serious illness in which a person makes himself or herself vomit after eating in
order to control his or her weight.
1. How old is John Prescott?
2. What job did he do?
3. When did he begin suffering from bulimia?
4. How many people in Britain suffer from eating disorders?
5. What percentage of them are women?
6. What is the age of 80% of new cases of eating disorders?
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Level 1 Elementary
‘I took refuge in stuffing my face...’ in the whole world ... I could eat everything on
John Prescott admits bulimia the menu.”
• Eating disorder experts praise ‘brave’ confession 5 Prescott tried to hide the illness from his wife
• Former deputy PM blames stress for binge eating but she realized what was happening. “I could
Sam Jones see the signs in the toilet and a lot of food was
April 21, 2008 missing.” She told him to see a doctor and a
consultant finally told him he was suffering from
1 Anorexia and bulimia are both illnesses where bulimia. “I arrived at the consultant’s and his
people have problems with eating – problems waiting room was full of young women. I was the
known as eating disorders. People who suffer only man there. I felt like an idiot. Luckily none
from anorexia do not eat enough food and they of the women told the newspapers about me.” In
soon become very thin. People who suffer from the book, he also says that although he preferred
bulimia eat a large amount of food but they food to alcohol, he would sometimes drink
usually vomit after eating it. Both these eating because of stress and to let people know how
disorders can be very dangerous for your health. bad he was feeling.
2 The former deputy prime minister of the United 6 “Once or twice a year, when I was absolutely
Kingdom, John Prescott, has published his exhausted, I used to get out a bottle of vodka
autobiography. In the book he says that he and put it on my desk. The people in the office
suffered from bulimia for twenty years. He says hated it when they saw what was happening.
that the stress of political life made him eat large They knew I’d drink it really quickly and finish the
amounts of food and then force himself to throw whole bottle. But that was very rare.”
up. He says he began suffering from bulimia in
the 1980s, when he was under a lot of stress in 7 The charity Beat, which helps people with eating
his work as a politician. He suffered from bulimia disorders, said Prescott’s decision to talk about
during his time as a member of the government, his illness was very brave. “It will help other
eating large amounts of burgers, chocolate, people to realize that men can suffer from eating
crisps and fish and chips. But he now says he has disorders, and you can get help and treatment
been free of the problem for more than a year. – even if you have been ill for a very long
time,” said the charity’s chief executive, Susan
3 “I’m sure it was a question of stress,” he wrote Ringwood. “It is a brave thing to do because
in the Sunday Times newspaper. “I wasn’t doing people often feel ashamed and find it difficult to
it all the time, and sometimes I didn’t do it for talk about, even to family members.”
weeks and months, but when I had too much
work to do I use to eat a lot and then throw 8 80% of new cases of eating disorders are girls
up.” He added: “I’ve never told anyone before. and young women aged between 12 and 20 but
Probably because I was ashamed or embarrassed boys and men also suffer. “Even some doctors
– or just because it’s such a strange thing for don’t believe it can affect a boy or a man,” said
someone like me to suffer from. People normally Ringwood. “Anybody can have this illness,
associate eating disorders with young women including the well-known,” she said. “People
– anorexic girls, models trying to stay thin, or shouldn’t be ashamed or embarrassed if they
women in stressful situations, like Princess Diana.” have an eating disorder.”
4 He also said he used to eat sweet things and 9 Dr Ty Glover, a consultant psychiatrist and expert
Chinese food when life became stressful. “I could on eating disorders, said Prescott was very brave
drink a whole tin of condensed milk, just for the to talk about his eating problems. He added: “It’s
taste, stupid things like that. And when I went to difficult for a young girl to say she has an eating
Mr Chu’s in Hull, my favourite Chinese restaurant disorder, but for a well-known male politician who
336
Level 1 Elementary
is nearly 70 years old, it’s especially difficult.” 10 It is believed that there are more than one
Glover said he had never before heard of a man million people in Britain with an eating disorder
of Prescott’s age with bulimia. “It makes me such as bulimia or anorexia. 90% of these
think that maybe there are a large number of people are women.
middle-aged men who are too frightened to tell
anyone they have a problem. “I hope they will
stop suffering in silence and seek treatment.”
1. People who suffer from bulimia...
2. People who suffer from anorexia...
3. John Prescott began to suffer from bulimia because…
4. He says he felt like an idiot because…
5. His case is unusual because…
6. The chief executive of Beat thinks Prescott is brave because…
a. … young women usually suffer from eating disorders, not middle-aged men.
b. … don’t eat enough food and become extremely thin.
c. … he was the only man in the consultant’s waiting room.
d. … eat large amounts of food and then throw up.
e. … people often feel ashamed and find it difficult to talk about eating disorders.
f. … he was under a lot of stress in his job.
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Level 1 Elementary
4 Word building
Complete the table. Check your answers in the text.
adjective noun
1 silent
2 stress
3 brave
4 embarrassment
5 exhaustion
6 danger
5 Prepositions
1. suffer _____________ an illness
2. dangerous _____________ your health
3. be _____________ a lot of stress
4. free _____________ a problem
5. associate _____________ something

6. hide something _____________ someone
7. prefer food _____________ alcohol
8. feel ashamed _____________ something
6 Word stress
Divide these words into two groups according to their stress.
illness amount suffer ashamed treatment frightened
believe throw up menu prefer expert Chinese
A 0 o B o 0
338
The demand for natural cures soars
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
alternative medicine: medical treatment which uses methods that are different from the usual
Western scientific methods.
Which of the following do you think are examples of alternative medicine?
aromatherapy physiotherapy herbal medicine (phytotherapy)

acupuncture homeopathy plastic surgery
2 Key words
Write the key words from the article into the sentences.
remedy stigma outlet treatment placebo minute

counter boom addiction legitimate insomnia
1. A ___________________ is a sudden increase in sales or profits.
2. When you get ___________________, you are getting medical care.
3. A ___________________ is another word for cure.
4. A ___________________ is a substance that is not medicine but that a patient who takes it believes is
medicine, so they get better.
5. When something is ___________________, it is very, very small.
6. ___________________ is the strong need that someone feels to regularly take an illegal or harmful drug.
7. When something is ___________________, it is legal.
8. A ___________________ is the long, flat surface in a shop that the shop assistant stands behind.
9. An ___________________ is a shop or store where a particular product is sold.
10. A ___________________ is a feeling that something is wrong or embarrassing in some way.
11. ___________________ is a medical condition in which people cannot sleep.
339
Level 1 Elementary
£200m boom as demand for ‘natural’ to tell their doctors, as they don’t want to have
cures soars black marks on their medical records. Others
don’t want people to know that they take
Leap in sales of alternative medicines led by
antidepressants, while others worry that they
women over 35
might develop an addiction to pharmaceutical
Caroline Davies drugs. For many, alternative medicines are the
April 20, 2008 natural answer.
1 Alternative medicines are more and more popular 6 Edzard Ernst, professor of alternative medicine
in Britain. Sales of herbal and homeopathic at Exeter University, said he was not surprised
remedies in chemists, health stores and at the increase in sales. “The last time I checked
supermarkets have doubled in the last ten years there were 40 million websites promoting
and are now worth £200m a year. alternative medicine, and many herbal medicines
do work.”
2 And there is no sign that this trend is going to
change. The majority of the people who buy 7 “But homeopathy doesn’t work,” he said. “And
alternative medicines are women aged 35 years people should know what they are taking,
and over. Sales will probably reach £265m in the otherwise they could cause more harm than
next four years. The British Lifestyles report by good. Some remedies don’t work well with
Mintel says that natural cures now have “a better prescribed medicines.”
reputation for offering legitimate alternatives to
pharmaceutical-based treatments”. 8 While researching his latest book about
alternative medicine, Ernst said his co-author, Dr
3 One reason for the increase in sales is that the Simon Singh, visited ten homeopathic outlets and
British government wants people to get advice asked for protection from malaria. “All the outlets
from pharmacists. Because of this more people offered some, and the people were all very nice,
are trying alternative treatments instead of going but the nightmare begins when you return home
to doctors. New EU laws require all over-the- from your holiday with malaria.”
counter herbal medicines in the UK to have
either Traditional Herbal Medicines Registration
or full Marketing Authorization. These standards
make people feel it is safer to buy alternative
medicines.
4 Herbal medicines, which are made from plants

and minerals, account for the fastest increase
in sales. Scientific tests have shown there
is evidence that some have positive effects.
Homeopathic remedies are more controversial
as critics say that they offer nothing more than
a placebo effect. Homeopathy is a system of
therapy based on the idea that illness can be
treated with drugs in minute doses.
5 Modern lifestyles, longer working hours and

stress have all made people turn to alternative
medicine. Although one in five people suffer
from stress and insomnia, many do not want
340
Level 1 Elementary
Match the sentence halves to give information from the article.
1. More and more women over the age of 35... ... can treat illnesses.
2. Sales of alternative remedies have... ... standardize the quality of herbal medicines.
3. New EU laws aim to... ... are buying medicines for themselves and not going to a doctor.
4. There are over 40 million websites... ... protect people from Malaria.
5. Some herbal medicines... ... on alternative medicine.
6. Homeopathic remedies cannot... ... increased rapidly in the last ten years.
4 Vocabulary: Pronunciation
Write the country names under their correct pronunciation pattern.
homeopathic government prescription pharmacist legislation

registration authorization controversial complementary regulations

oOo ooOo Ooo oooOo
Can you find any more words in the article with these stress patterns?
341
Level 1 Elementary
5 Discussion
Ask and answer these questions.
• Do you sometimes buy alternative medicines?
• Do you think herbal remedies work?
• Do you think homeopathic remedies work?
6 Webquest
What are these plants called in your language? Put the Latin name into a search engine to find out.
• purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea)
• yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
• chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile or Matricaria recutita)
• hops (Humulus lupus)
Which could you take…

a) … for a headache or migraine?
b) … to help your immune system?
c) … to help you sleep?
d) … when you have a cold or a fever?
342
Medvedev sworn in as Russian president
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
corruption secure inflation utilities constitution

praise step down negotiate KGB ban
1. The _________________ of a country is the set of basic laws that describe the rights and duties of its citizens.
2. If you _________________ from an official position or job, you leave it formally.
3. If you feel _________________, you are safe from attack, harm or damage.
4. If you _________________ someone, you say very positive things about them.
5. The _________________ was the state security service of the former Soviet Union.
6. _________________ is dishonest or illegal behaviour by officials or people in positions of power.
7. _________________ is an economic process in which prices increase and money becomes less valuable.
8. _________________ are public services such as gas, water and electricity.
9. If you _________________ something, you say officially that people must not do it.
10. If you _________________ an agreement, you discuss it in a very formal way first until both sides are happy with it.
1. Who is the new president of Russia?
2. How old is he?
3. What is the level of inflation in Russia?
4. How long was Vladimir Putin president of Russia?
5. How much money do Russian pensioners receive each month?
6. Which foreign countries will the new president visit first?
343
Level 1 Elementary
Medvedev sworn in as Russian foreign policy problems. He has to decide what

president to do about the region of Abkhazia, where Russia
has a disagreement with Georgia, and he has
Luke Harding
to negotiate a new co-operation and partnership
May 8, 2008 agreement with the European Union.
1 Dmitry Medvedev is the new president of Russia. 5 Medvevev has announced that his first foreign
He is the third president since the end of the trips will be to China and Kazakhstan. But one of
Soviet Union. Medvedev became president at a his first tasks will be to try to have good relations
ceremony at the Kremlin which ended Vladimir with the next president of the United States – and
Putin’s eight years in power. Standing next to improve Moscow’s problematic relationship
Mr Putin, Medvedev gave a speech in which with Washington.
he promised to improve the lives of ordinary
Russians, fight corruption and strengthen the law. 6 Some experts say that Medvedev’s biggest
He said: “I’m going to pay special attention to the problem is to stop the Kremlin’s powerful military
basic role of the law. We must have true respect intelligence group from moving against him.
for the law and we must remove those problems Medvedev – a former St Petersburg lawyer – was
with the law which are preventing the modern never in the KGB, whose ex-members have a
development of our country.” He also promised to lot of power in the Russian government. Putin
make life “comfortable, confident and secure” for was in the KGB and had a good relationship with
ordinary Russians. these people. “He has got enough problems to
make his hair go grey,” says Sam Greene, an
2 Medvedev also praised Mr Putin. People expect expert at the Moscow Carnegie Centre.
that Medvedev will name Putin as Russia’s new
prime minister and head of the government. “I 7 The question is who will be the real leader of
would like to thank Vladimir Putin for his personal Russia, the new president or the new prime
support, which I have always had,” he said. minister? Medvedev or Putin? Greene says: “The
Putin and Medvedev will probably run Russia current situation will probably continue, so Putin
together – and Putin will probably still have a lot will be the person that everyone talks to. This
of power as prime minister of Russia in his new government is flexible and has informal power
prime ministerial office in Russia’s White House. relations. I don’t think this is going to change in
the future. Putin was different from Boris Yeltsin
3 Putin arrived at the Kremlin palace first. He because he was able to make different factions
walked along a long red carpet in front of 2,400 inside the ruling class agree. This isn’t something
important guests and diplomats. Medvedev, a that’s written in the constitution and you can’t
small man, arrived in the Kremlin’s huge gold easily pass this to Medvedev,” he said.
Andreyevsky Hall next and nervously stared at
his feet. Afterwards both men stood together 8 Political analysts cannot agree whether Putin
side by side in the Kremlin’s cold, windy palace is planning to return as president in 2012, or
courtyard. Aged just 42, and the youngest whether he is planning to disappear gradually
Russian leader for more than a hundred years, from politics. Russia’s constitution says that
Medvedev now faces a series of problems – both Putin had to step down after two four-year terms
at home and abroad. as president. But there is nothing to stop him
returning after a four-year break. Today Putin
4 One of the biggest problems for the new said that he had followed the law – even though
president is how to stop Russia’s rising inflation many powerful people in the government wanted
– which is around 12% or more. Another problem him to change the law and continue as president.
is that people are angry about the rising costs “I said I would work openly and honestly, to
of food and utilities. Medvedev also has several faithfully serve the people and the state. And I
344
Level 1 Elementary
did not break my promise,” he said in a short 10 “MPs earn 40 times more than our pensions. We
speech. have to live on 4,000 roubles (£88) a month,”
said Zoya Vasilyevna, a 77-year-old retired
9 Meanwhile, Medvedev’s promise to turn Russia teacher at the demonstration. “My generation
into a society based on law is an interesting defended this country in the war, but now these
one. Yesterday, the authorities banned an people have stolen everything. “Putin only likes
anti-government demonstration in Moscow by billionaires. He’s not interested in us,” she said.
supporters of The Other Russia movement,
even though the constitution says that people
have the right to protest.
1. One of the new president’s biggest problems is...
2. The new president is planning...
3. He also has to decide...
4. The constitution says people have the right...
5. Putin was able...
6. The new president promised...
a. … to make life comfortable and secure for ordinary people.
b. … what to do about Abkhazia.
c. … how to stop Russia’s rising inflation.
d. … to make different factions agree.
e. … to protest.
f. … to visit China and Kazakhstan.
345
Level 1 Elementary
4 Adjectives
Match the adjectives in the left-hand column with the nouns in the right-hand column. Check your answers
in the text.
1. red a. people
2. foreign b. relations
3. good c. policy
4. current d. support
5. ordinary e. carpet
6. personal f. situation
5 Prepositions
Fill the gaps in the phrases using prepositions. Check your answers in the text.
1. not interested ___________ us

2. pay attention ___________ something
3. respect ___________ the law
4. head ___________ government
5. a disagreement ___________ someone
6. different ___________ someone else
7. ___________ a four-year break
8. a society based ___________ law
6 Word building
verb noun
1 agree
2 develop
3 strength
4 promise
5 speak
6 oppose
7 move
8 improvement
346
Mortgage crisis sees suburbs slump
Level 1 Elementary
1 Suburbia
Have you ever seen the US TV series Desperate Housewives?
Describe the area where the main characters live (or describe what you imagine ‘suburbia’ to be like).
2 Key words
Write in the missing vowels (a e i o u) to complete the key words from the text. The paragraph numbers
have been given to help you.
1. The money you pay back to the bank for your house is your m _ rtg _ g _. (title)
2. When banks f _ r _ cl _ s _, they take away someone’s house property because they didn’t pay back the
money they borrowed to buy it. (subtitle)
3. People who live in an area are the c _ mm _ n _ ty. (para 1)
4. A c _ l-d _ -s _ c is a short street closed at one end so cars can’t drive through it. (para 2)
5. An _ ss _ c _ _ t _ _ n is a group of people with similar interests and aims.
6. A l _ wn is an area of grass, usually in a garden. (para 4)
7. People who live in a house are the _ cc _ p _ nts. (para 4)
8. Illegal writing sprayed or painted onto walls is called gr _ ff _ t _ . (para 6)
9. A t _ sk f _ rc _ is a group of people who deal with a particular problem. (para 6)
10. An _m _ ss _ _ n is a gas that goes into the air. (para 9)
11. If you can _ ff _ rd something, you have enough money to pay for it. (para 10)
12. Something that is c _ st _ m-m _ d _ is made for one particular person or purpose. (para 10)
347
Level 1 Elementary
There goes the neighbourhood: 5 Susan McDonald moved to Elk Grove four years
mortgage crisis sees suburbs slump ago. She wanted a new home in a new location,
with good schools and a friendly, family-oriented
As the banks foreclose on loans across the US,
community – she wanted the perfect suburban
worried householders watch their tree-lined
life. But when the mortgage crisis started,
streets change
McDonald began to notice changes.
Dan Glaister in Elk Grove
April 28, 2008 6 “I took my kids for a walk in the park and
saw some graffiti,” she says. Soon after,
1 Susan McDonald drives a nice car, wears McDonald and seven others decided to start a
smart clothes and during office hours is the neighbourhood association. Today, the group has
neighbourhood personal banker. But after 400 members, a lawn-mowing task force, and a
work McDonald has another life. It is then lively online message board.
that the mother of three children turns into a
neighbourhood organizer, encouraging people in
7 But long grass is only one of suburbia’s
her community to fight for a way of life that many
problems, according to Christopher Leinberger.
believe is in danger.
He says that the end of suburbia is in sight.
“For 50 years we left the city and headed to the
2 McDonald is president of the Franklin Reserve suburbs. Now people are moving back to the
Neighbourhood Association in the city of Elk cities, helped by the high gas prices, currently $4
Grove, 15 miles south of the Californian capital, per gallon gas.”
Sacramento. Franklin Reserve is a collection of
large houses on cul-de-sacs with unusual names
8 The move back to the towns and cities has also
– Snow Leopard Circle, Fox Trotter Way. Here,
been helped by other changes, says Leinberger.
McDonald and her neighbours are fighting for
People are having children later in life, so they
their suburban way of life.
don’t need a suburban house with five bedrooms
and a huge garden. Many house buyers also
3 The mortgage foreclosure crisis, along with rising prefer to be able to walk to where they want to
fuel prices and other factors such as more people go; in suburbia they have to drive everywhere.
moving back to towns and cities, could mean the
end for the suburbs. Newspapers have already
9 “19% of household costs go on transport.
started talking about ‘slumburbia’.
A hundred years ago it was only 3%,” says
Leinberger. “At some point this country has to get
4 At Franklin Reserve, a walled community of serious about reducing carbon emissions.”
15,000 people, there are signs that all is not well.
Some front lawns are overgrown and untidy,
10 But what worries urban theorists is what might
and there are many ‘for sale’ signs and signs
happen to places like Franklin Reserve when
offering houses for rent. On Caprezzo Way
people can no longer afford to live there. “These
a five-bedroom, three-bathroom house, with
areas are custom-made for people to live in,”
swimming pool, is on sale for $550,000, probably
says Leinberger. “It’s not easy to turn them into
$100,000 less than a year ago. Across the street
shops or offices or hotels.”
another sign is taped to the gate of a house on
Cortino Way. It says ‘Notice to quit,’ and tells the
occupants, who couldn’t pay their mortgage, that
they have three days to leave.
348
Level 1 Elementary
1. Susan McDonald is an activist,... ... have to drive everywhere.
2. She is the president of the Franklin Reserve... ... household costs now go on transport.
3. She moved to Franklin Reserve because of its... ... gardens of empty houses tidy.
4. Some of her neighbours cannot afford to... ... pay their rent or mortgage.
5. Susan and her neighbours keep the... ... a mother and a businesswoman.
6. These days many people don’t want to... ... Neighbourhood Association.
7. People have started... ... safe, family-friendly reputation.
8. Nearly twenty per cent of people’s... ... moving back to the cities.
4 Vocabulary: Financial English
Complete the crossword with financial words from the article.
1 2
ACROSS 3 4
DOWN
3. When a bank takes away R S 1. The amount of money you
your house because you have to pay to buy something
can’t pay T 2. Money you pay back to the
5
5. Money you pay to the T bank when you buy a house
owner of a house so that you 4. Money you pay regularly
can live there 6
G for something
7. Someone who works in 7 6. When something is
B K
a bank or other financial available and people can buy
L
organization it, it is for...
These websites and PDFs may help you when you need to look up specific financial terms in English.
• http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/financialguide.pdf
• http://handsonbanking.org/nav_elements/teachers_guide_PDF/HOB_Dictionary.pdf
• http://www.ubs.com/1/e/about/bterms.html
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Level 1 Elementary
5 Discussion
Tick the statement that is most true for you and compare answers in your group. Say why you chose
your statement.
a) I prefer to live in a town or city.
b) I prefer to live near a town or city, in the suburbs.
c) I prefer to live in the country.
6 Webquest: New words
In paragraph three of the article there is a new word made by joining two other words:
slum + suburbia = slumburbia
Do you know what these new words are?
• iPod + broadcast = ___________________
• smoke + fog = ___________________
Write ‘new words’ into a search engine or check http://www.macmillandictionaries.com/resourcenew.htm to

find other new words.
350
Mice eating rare seabirds alive
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
species extinct endangered ornithologist rare

chick poison conservation defend nest
1. If a creature is ____________________, it no longer exists anywhere in the world.
2. If something is ____________________ , it is not often seen or found.
3. An ____________________ is someone who studies birds.
4. A ____________________ is an animal group whose members have the same features and can produce
young together.
5. ____________________ is a substance that can kill you if you eat it.
6. ____________________ is the opposite of attack.
7. An ____________________ species is one that may soon become extinct.
8. ____________________ is the protection of the environment and the animals in it.
9. A ____________________ is a home that birds make to keep their eggs and babies in.
10. A ____________________ is a baby bird.
1. Where is Gough Island?
2. How far is Gough Island from the coast of South America?
3. How many species of birds live on the island?
4. How many mice are there on the island?
5. How much will it cost to remove all the mice from the island?
6. How much do the albatross chicks weigh?
351
Level 1 Elementary
From stowaway to supersize predator: The mice will eat the poison and just go to their
the mice eating rare seabirds alive nests and die. We think it will be quite easy
to do and it will cost about £2.6m,” an RSPB
John Vidal, environment editor
spokeswoman said.
May 20, 2008
6 “Things are getting worse on Gough,” said Dr
1 Gough Island is a small hilly island in the cold Geoff Hilton, an RSPB scientist who has been
South Atlantic, 2,000 miles from the coast of studying conservation problems in the UK’s
South America. It is home to tens of thousands overseas territories. “The presence of house
of seabirds. For tens of thousands of years mice means that rare birds have no chance
the birds of Gough Island lived safely on their of survival. The only hope for these birds is to
rocky island, which some people say is the remove the mice completely. The mice are eating
most important home for seabirds in the world. this island alive. Without help Gough Island will
Today there are still 22 species of birds and probably lose most of its seabirds,” said Hilton.
Gough Island is protected by the World Heritage
Committee of UNESCO. 7 People who have seen the mice in action say
they attack at night either alone or in groups,
2 But now something terrible is happening to the eating through the nests to attack the baby
birds on Gough Island. When the first whaling birds. The birds’ parents can’t defend them.
ships landed there 150 years ago, a number of Studies show that about 60% of all the baby
mice escaped from the ships and made their birds on Gough Island die in their nests. “It’s
home on the island. Now there are more than disastrous. The albatross chicks weigh ten
700,000 mice on an island which is only 25 kilograms but they are easy to attack. The mice
square miles in size. weigh 35 grams; it is like a pet cat attacking a
3 Ornithologists are shocked that the British house hippopotamus,” said Hilton.
mouse has somehow changed and now grows 8 The RSPB’s spokeswoman added: “The study
to almost three times the size of normal house shows there is some hope. The UK government
mice. House mice usually eat insects and seeds has helped us to discover the problem, to
but the mice on Gough Island have changed conduct the study, and now to finalize our plan to
and are now meat-eaters. They eat baby birds destroy the mice. The big question is whether the
alive in their nests and they are now the largest UK will provide the big money needed to actually
mice in the world. Birdlife International, a global destroy the mice. Without this money, we can’t
conservation group, says that the mice on Gough help these endangered bird species.”
Island are out of control and could make several
of the world’s rarest bird species extinct. 9 Richard Cuthbert, a professional ornithologist
who spent a year on the island in 2001, was
4 Birdlife International keeps a list of endangered the man who first discovered that the mice had
bird species and has now put two of Gough changed their diet and increased in size. “It
Island’s bird species on the list of the world’s sounds incredible that a mouse could attack a
most endangered species, the highest level of baby bird, but these birds are so fat and big that
danger. There is also a danger that five other bird they cannot defend themselves,” he said.
species on the island will become extinct.
5 The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds

(RSPB) has suggested using helicopters to
drop thousands of tonnes of rat poison on
Gough Island. “New Zealand has removed rats
completely from many islands, so it is possible.
352
Level 1 Elementary
1. It will cost about £2.6 million…
2. The UK government helped the RSPB...
3. The problem is that…
4. Helicopters…
5. More than half the baby birds on Gough Island…
6. The mice on Gough Island…
a. … die in their nests.
b. … the chicks cannot defend themselves.
c. … to kill all the mice on Gough Island.
d. … are the biggest mice in the world.
e. … will drop thousands of tonnes of rat poison on the island.
f. … to discover the problem and conduct the study.
4 Word building: Nouns and adjectives
noun adjective
1 rock
2 shock
3 profession
4 globe
5 disaster
6 hill
353
Level 1 Elementary
5 Verbs
Match the verbs in the left-hand column with the words in the right-hand column to make expressions from
the text. Check your answers in the text.
1. spend a. £2.6 million
2. finalize b. a list
3. keep c. time (a year)
4. weigh d. in size
5. cost e. ten kilograms
6. increase f. a plan
6 Irregular plural forms
Complete the table.
singular plural
1 mice
2 louse
3 sheep
4 deer
5 fish
6 geese
354
Families struggling as bills begin to bite
Level 1 Elementary
1 Warmer: What do you think?
a) How much do these items cost in your local supermarket?
• a loaf of bread _______________

• a litre of milk _______________
• a dozen eggs _______________
• a packet of pasta _______________
b) Skim-read the article to find out (on average) how much the items currently cost in Britain.
Note: Tesco and Asda are two of the largest supermarket chains in the UK.
2 Key words
Match the key words from the article with the definitions. The paragraph numbers are given to help you.
free range increases cupboard stuff hardly anything

fridge pesticides organic struggling
trolley freezer battery odd throw away
1. Fighting, or experiencing financial difficulties: ____________________. (title)

2. Three words (para 3) that describe places in the kitchen where you can keep different kinds of food:
cold food ____________________
frozen food ____________________
tins and packets of food ____________________
3. A word you can use to talk about a variety of different things: ____________________. (para 4)
4. A phrase meaning almost nothing. ____________________ (para 4)
5. Rises in the number, amount or degree of something: ____________________. (para 5)
6. Another word for strange or unusual: ____________________. (para 7)
7. A wire basket on wheels that you push in a supermarket: ____________________. (para 8)
8. An adjective used to describe birds that are kept together in small spaces: ____________________. (para 9)
9. The opposite of 8 above: ____________________. (para 9)
10. Chemicals used for killing insects, especially those that eat crops: ____________________. (para 10)
11. An adjective to describe food that is produced naturally and without using 10 above: _________________.
(para 10)
12. To get rid of something you no longer want, e.g. by putting it in a dustbin: ____________________. (para 12)
355
Level 1 Elementary
Global food crisis rises in food prices since records began.
7 “The odd thing is that a lot of people have only
Esther Addley
just noticed,” says Alex Beckett, a food journalist.
May 29, 2008
“In fact, food prices have been going up for quite
some time, but they have gone up dramatically in
1 Jim Wall works on oil rigs in the North Sea
the last 18 months.”
and is away for two weeks at a time. His wife,
Sharon, stays at home with their four young
8 In his small local Asda, Jim Wall pauses in front
children. Sharon cannot drive and there are no
of a shelf of bread. Warburton’s farmhouse
good quality food shops nearby, so feeding her
loaves, the family’s favourite, are £1.12 each. He
children is complicated.
puts two loaves of Asda Baker’s Gold, 95p each,
in his trolley. “When your family eats a loaf of
2 On his way home from the oil rigs, Jim Wall stops
bread a day, that 17p does make a difference.”
at a large Tesco supermarket in Aberdeen to
buy “a bit of everything”. The family has a box of
9 Jim also has to decide which eggs to buy: “I
vegetables delivered from a local farmers’ market
really don’t like the way battery chickens are
every week, but they look forward to Jim coming
kept, but six eggs from battery chickens are just
home with the rest of the food.
88p, and 12 free range cost £2.92.” In the end he
buys a dozen ‘barn eggs’ for £2.52.
3 “I always fill up the fridge and freezers before I
go, and then when I come back I have to do it all
10 Sharon Wall says that they think about food
over again,” he says. “I know the cupboards will
miles, pesticides and fair trade, but these days
be almost empty by then.” The couple say their
‘green’ shopping is an expensive luxury. “We
weekly food bill is usually around £150, however,
try to buy organic food and I try to get fair trade
in the last four days they’ve spent £220. A few
coffee but sometimes I just can’t afford it.”
years ago they spent about £100 a week on food.
11 Supermarkets do have many promotions and

4 “Bread and milk are good examples,” says
special offers but as Jim says, “The things that
Jim Wall. “I think it was about 75p for a loaf of
aren’t good for you, the cookies and the cakes
Asda bread two months ago, now it’s almost
and the crisps, are the things that are on offer”.
£1.” “I usually get a little bit of shopping when
he’s away, but what used to cost me £20 to £25
is now £35 to £40, for pretty much the same 12 The Scottish parliament is looking at the problem
amount of stuff,” says Sharon Wall. “I was in of providing good healthy food to the people
Asda the other day and I thought, oh, I’ve got in Scotland. This is a topic that needs to be
hardly anything here and it’s £20!” discussed not only in Scotland, say experts.
Currently people in Britain throw away £10bn-
worth of food a year, including, every day,
5 Many families in Britain have the same problems
550,000 chickens and 5.1m potatoes.
as the Walls. For many people, food price
increases are starting to hurt.
6 Bread costs 20% more than it did a year ago
and rice 60% more. Pasta has gone up by 81%
in some shops, and in Tesco it was 113% more
expensive. Butter costs 60% more than it did and
meat prices are up too. These are the sharpest
356
Level 1 Elementary
1. Jim Wall works on... ... has risen by 50%.
2. Sharon Wall looks after... ... people to eat more healthy food.
3. Sharon cannot drive so Jim... ... their four children.
4. The Walls’ food bill... ... over half a million chickens a day.
5. When they can afford it, the Walls... ... usually for unhealthy food.
6. Promotional offers in supermarkets are... ... buy organic food.
7. People in Britain throw away... ... does the main shopping.
8. The Scottish parliament wants... ... oil rigs in the North Sea.
4 Vocabulary: Packaging and quantities
In the article you can read about a loaf of bread, a litre of milk, a dozen eggs, and a packet of pasta.
What other items come in packets or litres? Write your ideas into the word wheels.
a
packet a litre
of... of...
357
Level 1 Elementary
5 Language: Word games
alliteration is the use of the same letter or sound at the beginning of words in a sentence,
especially in poetry
Source: Macmillan English Dictionary
There is a nice example of alliteration in the title of the article: bills begin to bite.
In pairs or teams, see who can think of the best or funniest example of alliteration using words from
the article:
pasta bread eggs milk rice butter supermarket children
Example: pink pasta is prettier. !

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6 Webquest
How does www.mysupermarket.co.uk help British shoppers save money and calories? Go to the website
and watch the demo video to find out.
358
The man who will free-fall to Earth
Level 1 Elementary
1 Key words
helmet spacesuit embolism paratrooper gondola
stuntman belongings free-fall altitude resistance
1. ______________________ is a force that slows down a moving object.

2. An ______________________ is a medical condition in which a blood vessel in your body becomes blocked by
a mass of blood.
3. ______________________ is the height of a place or thing above sea level.
4. A ______________________ is a set of clothes that allows people to move and breathe in space.
5. A ______________________ is someone whose job is to perform dangerous actions in a film.
6. A ______________________ is a hard hat that you wear to protect your head.
7. ______________________ is the part of a parachute jump where the parachutist falls very quickly before the
parachute opens.
8. A ______________________ is the part of a hot-air balloon that people travel in.
9. A ______________________ is a soldier trained to jump out of an aeroplane wearing a parachute.
10. ______________________ are the things a person owns.
1. How old is Michel Fournier?
2. How long will it take him fall back down to Earth?
3. How long has he been preparing for this jump?
4. How many world records will he break if he succeeds?
5. What is the speed of sound?
6. What altitude did Joe Kittinger jump from?
359
Level 1 Elementary
The man who will free-fall to Earth atmosphere to test possible methods of escape
From over 130,000ft, the ultimate parachute for astronauts. After physical and psychological
jumper will break the sound barrier while on his tests, they chose Fournier but then they stopped
way down the programme. So he decided to do it himself.
He sold his home and most of his belongings and
Caroline Davies
tried to raise the $20m he needed for training
May 25, 2008
and equipment. He has tried twice before, but
1 For twenty years Michel Fournier has been bad weather or technical problems stopped him
planning an amazing adventure. He is planning getting off the ground.
to fly to the edge of the Earth’s atmosphere.
6 But from today there is a small window of
There he will experience the weightlessness
opportunity when the weather conditions are
and deep blackness of space, look down at the
perfect and Fournier and his 40-strong team want
Earth – and then jump. Now the 64-year-old
to use that opportunity. Fournier will breathe pure
retired French army officer is finally going to live
oxygen for two to three hours before take-off to
that dream. Today, if the weather is good, he will
prevent decompression sickness. He will then
attempt a parachute jump from almost 25 miles
rise in the giant balloon to the edge of space.
(40 km) above Saskatchewan in Canada.
Then the pressure will gradually decrease to
2 Fournier will sit inside the pressurised gondola allow him to make his jump.
of a 650ft balloon and make a two-hour journey
7 He will be in free-fall for around eight minutes
up to 130,000ft (nearly 40,000 metres). Then,
and will be travelling faster than the speed of
wearing only a special spacesuit, helmet and
sound (770mph) inside 40 seconds. He will
parachute, he will jump out of the gondola and fall
continue to a speed of around 1,000mph. At
back down to Earth. It will take 15 minutes and he
lower altitude, wind resistance will slow him down
will travel at speeds faster than the speed of sound.
and his parachute will open at around 20,000ft.
3 It is extremely dangerous and he might die. At
8 If he succeeds, he will break records for the
40,000ft there is not enough oxygen to breathe
fastest free-fall, the longest free-fall, the highest
and he could suffer an embolism, which would
altitude for a human balloon flight, and the
kill him. At a height of 12 miles above the Earth,
highest parachute jump. The previous record
if there is a problem with his spacesuit, his blood
jump from a balloon was in 1960 by Joe Kittinger,
might start to boil because of the air pressure.
now aged 79, a former US Air Force pilot who
If his skin becomes open to the air, he will lose
jumped from 102,800ft and travelled at more
consciousness and suffer brain damage within a
than 600mph. He has been writing to Fournier. “I
few minutes.
told him many years ago, it’s definitely beautiful
4 But if he succeeds, he will break four world but very dangerous. If there is a problem with the
records, falling longer, further and faster than any spacesuit, you will die,” he said.
human has ever fallen before. “It’s not a question
9 Fournier is not the only man who is trying to
of world records,” he said from his base in North
break the records. Steve Truglia, a 45-year-old
Battleford. “What is important is to see what the
stuntman from London, is planning to jump from
results of the jump are and if it can help to make
an even higher altitude than Fournier in July.
space travel safer. But the main question all the
Jean Harel, a member of Fournier’s team, says
scientists are asking is, can a man survive when
that he believes Fournier will succeed. “It is
travelling faster than the speed of sound?”
impossible not to be involved in this dream, no
5 Fournier used to be a paratrooper. He has been matter how difficult it seems.”
preparing for this jump for 20 years. In 1988 the
French space agency wanted someone to free-
fall and parachute from the edge of the Earth’s
360
Level 1 Elementary
1. If there is a problem with his spacesuit… a. … it will not be possible for him to jump.
2. If his skin becomes open to the air… b. … another man will try to break them again in July.
3. If the weather is good… c. … he will break four world records.
4. If the weather is bad… d. … he will suffer brain damage.
5. If he succeeds… e. … he will die.
6. If Fournier breaks the records… f. … he will attempt the jump today.
4 Expressions and meanings
Match these words and expressions from the text with their meanings.
1. consciousness
2. decompression sickness
3. window of opportunity
4. weightlessness
5. brain damage
6. astronaut
a. a serious medical condition caused by a sudden decrease in pressure around your body
b. physical harm to your brain as a result of illness or an accident
c. when you have no weight because you are outside the Earth’s atmosphere
d. someone who travels and works in space
e. a chance to do something that you only have for a very short time
f. the state of being awake and able to hear, see and think
361
Level 1 Elementary
5 Prepositions
Fill the gaps in these phrases from the text using prepositions. Then check your answers in the text.
1. ____________ 40,000 feet there isn’t enough oxygen
2. the speed ____________ sound
3. a window ____________ opportunity
4. ____________ more than 600 mph
5. a problem ____________ his spacesuit
6. he has been preparing for this jump ____________ 20 years
7. for two ____________ three hours
8. Kittinger jumped ____________ 102,800 feet
6 Adjectives and nouns
adjective noun
1 sick
2 weightless
3 conscious
4 black
5 high
6 pressure
7 danger
8 difficulty
362
Is this the end of budget travel?
Level 1 Elementary
1 Warmer
Which is the odd one out? Why?
BA / Air France – KLM / Credit Suisse / Qantas
2 Key words
Match the key words and phrases from the article with the definitions. The paragraph numbers are given to
help you.
charge bankrupt cover costs profit economy

raise budget break even rely on alliance
1. An adjective meaning very cheap: ___________________. (title)

2. An adjective used to describe a company or person who has admitted they have no money:
___________________. (para 1)
3. When you ___________________ something, you increase its number, amount or level. (para 2)
4. When a company does this they neither make a profit nor lose money: ___________________. (para 2)
5. Companies ___________________ something (often profits or customers) in order to stay in business. (para 2)
6. An ___________________ is an arrangement between two or more people, groups, or businesses who agree
to work together. (para 3)
7. To ask someone to pay money for something you are selling to them or doing for them:
___________________. (para 3)
8. ___________________ travel is the cheapest type of air travel available. (para 4)
9. A word meaning money that a business makes: ___________________. (para 6)
10. To have enough money to pay for something: ___________________. (para 9
363
Level 1 Elementary
Is this the end of budget travel? 5 Extra fees for bags and food and drinks
are usual in the budget airline industry, but
Bankruptcies increase as major airlines consider
long-established airlines have, up to now, not
charges for baggage and food
charged for these services.
Dan Milmo, Houston
June 6, 2008 6 Agreeing with BA boss, Willie Walsh, McCulloch
said fares would also have to rise if airlines
1 The list of bankrupt airlines is growing every were going to stay in business. With oil prices at
week, but the biggest change in the airline around $130 a barrel, most airlines cannot make
industry could be the end of cheap fares. In a profit.
the last ten years, low ticket prices have meant
that people can fly easily to other countries for 7 According to analysts at the investment bank
cheap holidays and weekend breaks. But airline Credit Suisse, budget airlines will have to do
executives warn that fares have to rise. something. Not even easyJet and Ryanair will be
able to make a profit if they don’t buy up fuel in
2 On Tuesday, Ryanair warned that it would have advance, said Credit Suisse.
to raise air fares by about 5% this year because
of the high cost of oil. The budget airline said that 8 Ryanair’s chief executive, Michael O’Leary, said
it will only break even this year if oil remains at on Tuesday that his airline, which cut fares by
around $130 a barrel. European budget airlines, around 1% last year, would survive this difficult
such as Ryanair and easyJet, rely on low fares time. “People are thinking more about money,
to fill their aircraft. They then get more money so they fly with us instead of with the more
out of passengers by charging for extras such as expensive business-only airlines which are going
luggage check-in and hotel bookings. bankrupt,” said O’Leary, referring to Silverjet’s
financial problems. Silverjet is (or was) a
3 British Airways, Air France – KLM and Qantas UK-based business-only transatlantic airline.
hope to find their way out of the problems
caused by high oil prices by raising fares. But 9 “In the long term no industry can exist if it doesn’t
a leading industry executive warned that, if this cover its costs,” said Toby Nicol, easyJet’s
isn’t successful, they might also start to charge director of communications. Airlines spend about
passengers for baggage check-in and food. a third of their budgets on fuel, and the recent
The boss of one of the world’s biggest airline price increase is causing enormous problems for
alliances, oneworld, whose members include an industry that is still recovering from the
BA and Qantas, said the group would consider 9/11 attacks.
changing their rules to allow national airlines to
charge for extras similar to the way that budget
airlines do.
4 John McCulloch, oneworld’s managing partner,

said that if other airlines decide to charge for
drinks in economy class, oneworld alliance will
have to do the same. Speaking about baggage
check-in charges, he said: “Airlines would say
that it’s the right thing to do. Some already
charge £20 for a bag and £10 for a meal. We are
going to see much more of that.”
364
Level 1 Elementary
Match the sentence halves to give a summary of the article.
1. Ryanair and easyJet are… … airlines won’t make any money.
2. British Airways and Qantas are… … high oil prices.
3. Airlines are increasing their fares because of… … stopped operating this year.
4. Some airlines are charging passengers for… … go on fuel.
5. If oil prices go above $130 a barrel, many… … food and baggage.
6. About 33% of airlines’ costs… … budget airlines.
7. More passengers are travelling with… … national carriers.
8. Some airlines, e.g. Silverjet, have already… … budget airlines to save money.
4 Vocabulary: Trends
Do these phrases from the article mean: to go up ↑, go down ↓, or stay the same →? Draw arrows next to
each phrase to show the trend it describes.
• raise air fares
• break even
• the list is growing
• cut fares
• price increase
• cover costs
Do you know any other ways to describe trends?
5 Discussion
How often do you fly? If air fares go up, do you think you will go on fewer holidays or business trips?
6 Webquest
BA and Qantas are members of the oneworld alliance. Who are the other eight members?
Who or what is Skyteam?
365
KEY
1 Key Words
1. hut
2. shelter
3. rebel
4. warden
5. capture
6. patrol
7. bush
8. aid agency
9. slave
10. pregnant

1. (northern) Uganda
2. 14
3. the Lord’s Resistance Army / a rebel group
4. 40,000
5. 1.5 million
1. c; 2. e; 3.a; 4. d; 5. b; 6. f
4 Vocabulary 1 Collocations
1. e; 2. h; 3. a; 4. f; 5. c; 6. d; 7. b; 8. g
5 Vocabulary 2 Prepositions
1. in
2. over
3. for
4. by
5. at
6. away
7. of
8. with
6 Vocabulary 3 Verbs related to wars

1. captured
2. escaped
3. attacked
4. killed
5. destroyed
6 3
366
Key
1. Pre-reading 1 5. Vocabulary 2 Word Building
The text is mainly about the fact that the workers are 1. (a grower)
badly paid, though it’s also stated that they aren’t 2. a manager
allowed to eat the strawberries (see paragraph 9). 3. a picker
4. a worker
2. Pre-reading 2 Key Words 5. (a buyer)
6. a farmer
1. a contract
7. a prisoner
2. to cheer
8. a smoker
3. a migrant
9. a cleaner
4. to clap
10.a drinker
5. to afford
6. a yellow card
7. leisure facilities
3. Reading for information

1. 5,000
2. £200
3. £150
4. £35 a week
5. 4
6. £30
(£ is the symbol for British pounds – also, GBP.)
4. Vocabulary 1 Collocation
1 white bread
2 full-time work
3 football pitch
4 country village
5 internet café
6 strawberry farm
7 eastern Europe
8 badly paid
9 Czech Republic
10 extra money
367
Modern pirates
KEY
1 Key vocabulary 5 Vocabulary – ships
1. grenade 1. vessel
2. crew 2. ship
3. armed 3. vessel
4. chaos 4. tanker
5. cargo 5. vessel
6. safe 6. ship
7. pirate 7. ship
8. navy 8. liner
9. cabin
10. target
6 Vocabulary – prepositions
1. across
2 Find the information 2. by
1. the South China Sea 3. on
2. 3,583 4. on
3. 340 5. on
4. the 17th century 6. on
5. 90% 7. by
6. $20,000 8. off
.
1. d
2. f
3. a
4. e
5. b
6. c
4 Sequence of events
1. b
2. g
3. e
4. a
5. d
6. f
7. c
368
Key:
1. Before you read 1 Key words 5. Vocabulary development 2 Past tenses
1. slum VERB PAST SIMPLE
2. threaten come came
3. asylum seekers leave left
4. refugee status be was, were
sleep slept
5. militia
won’t wouldn’t
6. appeal
go went
7. deport
can’t couldn’t
8.vouchers send sent
give gave
have had
2. Before you read 2 Scanning
make made
No. He has permission to stay and ask for asylum,
take took
but he hasn’t got refugee status, so he can’t get a job. spend spent
let let
3. Reading for detail will would
win won
1. Manchester, Liverpool, Glasgow, East Anglia
hear heard
2. Friends’ floors, an empty factory, the bus station,
beat beat
two different hostels.
meet met
3. He was afraid they would report him to the become became
government.
4. Three brothers and three sisters.
5. Because the government destroyed her house.
4. Vocabulary development 1
terrified
frightened
afraid
scared
nervous
369
KEY
1 Key Words 5 Vocabulary – Opposites

1. widower; 1. nervous;
2. wedding; 2. quiet;
3. cleric; 3. common;
4. arranged marriage; 4. happy/pleased;
5. cousin; 5. pleasant;
6. bride; 6. modern;
7. bridegroom; 7. harder;
8. conflict; 8. impossible
9. divorce;
10. common 6 Vocabulary – Women and men
2. bride;
2 Find the information 3. wife;
1. 22; 4. aunt;
2. she’s a cook; 5. daughter;
3. he’s a farmer; 6. girlfriend;
4. central Java (Indonesia); 7. cousin;
5. Jakarta; 6. 15 8. sister
9. aggressive
6 3
d; a; e; b; f; c
1. e;
2. c;
3. a;
4. f;
5. b;
6. d
370
KEY
1 Key Vocabulary 4 Vocabulary Collocations – Verbs + Nouns

1. sporty; 1. e;
2. archive; 2. f;
3. dictator; 3. b;
4. gradually; 4. c;
5. informer; 5. a;
6. secret police; 6. d
7. recruit;
8. spy;
9. blackmail;
1. for;
10. complex
2. to;
3. on;
2 Find the Information 4. with;
1. Nicolae Ceausescu; 5. about;
2. December 1989; 6. in;
3. He was shot; 7. for;
4. The Securitate; 8. about
5. Sibiu;
6. 170
6 Vocabulary Word Stress
A process, secret, agent, complex, blackmail, punish;
3 Comprehension Check B support, police, except, recruit, about, believe
1. c;
2. f;
3. e;
4. a;
5. d;
6. b;
7. h;
8. g
371
KEY
2. Pre-Reading 2 Key Words 5. Vocabulary development 2
1. Male chauvinism Political Anagrams
2. the left 1. government
3. Social inequalities 2. socialists
4. unemployed 3. ministries
5. riots 4. policies
6. a trade union 5. diplomatic
7. provinces 6. society
8. a clique
6. Prepositions practice
3. General comprehension 1. in
1. f 2. of
2. h 3. against
3. e 4. for
4. g
5. a 5. against
6. b 6. in
7. c 7. for
8. d 8. of.
4. Vocabulary development 1
Find the word
1. brutally
2. poverty
3. suburbs
4. vines
5. vaguely
6. genetically modified
372
KEY
1 Key words 5 Vocabulary 2 – Crime
1. Apartheid 1. convicted
2. A regime 2. guilty
3. A race 3. trial
4. A murderer 4. released
5. A folk hero 5. sentence, convicts
6. evidence 6. freed
7. Revenge 7. jail
8. support 8. prison
9. A sin 9. prisoners
10.Human rights 10. evidence
2 Find the information 6 Vocabulary 3 – Words related to

Possible answers: apartheid
1. South Africa’s most famous murderer 1. regime, white, black
2. the author of a book about Van Schoor and his 2. Blacks, whites
family 3. Human rights, racial
3. Louis Van Schoor’s daughter 4. mixed-race
5. racist
6. races
1. True
2. False
3. False
4. False
5. True
6. True
7. False
8. True
4 Vocabulary 1 – Synonyms
killer, murderer
jail, prison
freed, released
convicted, found guilty
apologise, say you are sorry
prisoner, convict
373
KEY
1 Key words 4 Vocabulary: Noun+noun collocations
1 cracker poker tables
2 decorations Christmas decorations
3 container leather sofa
4 port catfood
5 goods dogfood
6 waste container ship
7 export waste plastic
8 import
9 gift
5 Vocabulary: Phrases
10 cargo
1 on the way
2 in history
2 Find the information 3 as well as
1 A boat 4 more and more
2 China 5 in the past
3 Britain and Europe
4 Christmas gifts, decorations and other goods
6 Vocabulary: Globalisation Puzzle
5 Not everyone – some think it’s bad for the
environment and the economy. 1 export
2 import
3 trade
3 Comprehension check 4 capital
1 e 5 goods
2 g 6 labour
3 d 7 market
4 f
5 b
6 a
7 e
374
Another country
KEY
1 Key Words 5 Vocabulary:Word Building
1. emigrate 1. successful
2. pacifist 2. shocking
3. faith 3. angry
4. insult 4. religion
5. tragedy 5. worried
6. comfort 6. dramatic
7. buggy 7. violence
8. van 8. freedom
9. expel
10. gadget
normal/unusual
2 Find the information better/worse
1. Pennsylvania, USA complicated/simple
2. five easy/difficult
3. Lancaster county old-fashioned/modern
4. 80km dead/living
5. in the 1730s
6. 80%
1. d
2. f
3. c
4. a
5. e
6. h
7. b
8. g
4 Vocabulary: Noun + Noun Collocations

1. g
2. h
3. f
4. a
5. d
6. b
7. c
8. e
375
KEY
1 Key Words 5 Vocabulary: Definitions
1. illegal 1. d
2. legitimate 2. f
3. rare 3. h
4. conflict 4. a
5. civil war 5. g
6. jeweller 6. b
7. rebel 7. e
8. victim 8. c
9. resources
10. benefit
6 Vocabulary: Word Bbuilding
1. dangerous
2 Find the information 2. natural
1. Leonardo DiCaprio 3. worried
2. 75,000 4. careful
3. $15m 5. peaceful
4. 25% 6. weak
5. the government 7. professional
6. $2.3bn 8. true (truthful)
1. c
2. f
3. d
4. b
5. e
6. a
industry
company
mining
trade
mines
smuggling
376
KEY
1 Key Words 4 Vocabulary Numbers
1. suburb 1. one thousand two hundred and fourteen
2. controversial 2. sixty-nine percent
3. urban 3. two thousand and seventy
4. population 4. four hundred million
5. slightly 5. nineteen seventy
6. myth 6. twelve point one percent
7. immigrant
8. census
5 Grammar Irregular Past Tenses
9. environment
10. dramatically 1. rose
2. thought
3. became
2 Find the information 4. built
1. 300 million 5. lost
2. 200 million 6. fell
3. around 2070 7. saw
4. in 37 years time (2043) 8. left
5. 25%
6. 80%
6 Pronunciation Word Stress
A population, generation, controversial
3 Comprehension check B dramatically, environment
1. F C suburban, according, director
2. T
3. T
4. F
5. F
6. F
7. T
8. F
377
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 5 Vocabulary: Prepositions
1. bad-tempered 1. in
2. stressed 2. to
3. motorway 3. until
4. side-street 4. to
5. traffic-jam 5. of
6. advice 6. of
7. avoid 7. from/to
8. crossword 8. of
2 Find the information 6 Vocabulary: Collocations

1. Caracas 1. e
2. 150,000 2. h
3. 300,000 3. f
4. Hugo Chávez 4. b
5. 16 miles 5. g
6. mayor of London 6. a
7. d
8. c
1. a, d, e, f, g
2. a, b, d
3. a, b, d
1. worst
2. early
3. negative
4. worse
5. easy
6. rich
7. heavy
8. less
378
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 6 Money crossword
1. Santa Claus Across
2. reveal 2. make
3. deputy 5. dollar
4. withdraw 8. pound
5. duties 9. giveout
6. generosity
7. identity Down
8. fired 1. bills
3. expensive
4. coins
2 What do you know? 6. poverty
c 7. cost
1. T
2. T
3. F
4. T
5. F
6. F
7. T
8. F

1. meet; make; keep; tell; think; say; mean
2. give; become; rise; begin; be; write; have; go; know;
withdraw; drive
5 Vocabulary: Adjectives and opposites

better : worse
big : small
cold : warm
jobless employed
poor : rich
secret : public
unhappy : happy
unlucky : lucky
379
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 5 Vocabulary 2: Adjective + Noun

1. vessel collocations
2. solar 1. f
3. desalinated 2. h
4. grid 3. e
5. enormous 4. a
6. power station 5. c
7. shade 6. g
8. energy 7. d
9. turbine 8. b
10. source

2 Find the information 1. provide
2. production
1. concentrated solar power
3. reduce
2. wind power
4. disagree
3. 400C
5. recommend
4. $60
6. agreement
5. $13.5bn
7. building
6. 3.1%
8. grow
1. c
2. f
3. a
4. b
5. d
6. e
4 Vocabulary 1: Types of energy

1. hydro-electric
2. nuclear
3. biomass
4. geo-thermal
5. wind
6. solar
380
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Vocabulary: Verbs
1. false 1. f
2. gangster 2. d
3. prostitute 3. c
4. orphan 4. b
5. nightmare 5. a
6. lie 6. e
7. street children
8. spear
9. poverty 5 Vocabulary: Irregular verbs
10. angel
1. heard
2 Find the information 2. told
3. cut
4. shot
1. the Ithutheng Trust school
5. fed
2. $1 million
6. brought
3. 45
7. left
4. Bill and Hillary Clinton
8. knew
5. Carte Blanche
6. 2001 (five years ago)
1. of
2. for
1. f
3. with
2. a
4. in
3. d
5. of
4. c
6. for
5. b
7. on
6. e
8. from
7. h
8. g
381
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Vocabulary 1: Noun + noun collocations
1. debate 1. g
2. partnership 2. f
3. heated 3. e
4. struggle 4. b
5. broadcast 5. d
6. bulletin 6. h
7. channel 7. a
8. launch 8. c
9. competitor
10. rival
5 Vocabulary 2: Prepositions in phrases
2 Find the information 1. at

2. through
1. 170 3. of
2. €1.2 billion 4. in
3. 10 minutes 5. with
4. each half hour 6. against
5. in the late 1980s 7. to
6. 75 million households 8. between
6 Word building
1. F
2. F 1. disagreement
3. T 2. explanation
4. F 3. discussion
5. F 4. criticism
6. T 5. announcement
7. T 6. management (manager);
8. F 7. belief
8. success
382
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Vocabulary 1: Opposites
1. bill 1. the first

2. stalemate 2. majority
3. redeploy 3. to defend
4. reject 4. domestic politics
5. take office 5. to ban
6. hail or proclaim 6. maximum
7. jet 7. opposed to
8. lobbyist
9. minimum wage
10. stem cell research 5 Vocabulary 2: Word building
1. energetic
2 Find the information 2. politics
3. historic (or historical)
1. b 4. responsibility
2. f 5. available
3. e 6. security
4. d
5. c
6. g 6 Vocabulary: American politics
7. a
The hidden words are:
3 Comprehension check Democrat and Republican

Congress
1. a Speaker
2. b White House
3. a
4. a
5. b
383
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Pre-reading 1 5 General understanding
3. We need 6,000 more women to equal the number of 1. (Too many / not enough / quite a lot of) women get
men in boardrooms, politics and courts. top jobs in Britain.
2. (Only four / about one in ten) judges are women.
3. When successful women want promotion, they have
2 Pre-reading 2 (more difficulty than / less difficulty than / as much
difficulty as) low-paid women do.
Britain 4. 20 year-old men in Britain earn more than (20 year-
old women / 30 year-old men).
5. Women in Britain usually earn (less / more / the
3 Key words same) after they have children.
6. Ms Watson thinks that (only women / only men /
both men and women) should be able to ask for
1. glass ceiling
flexible working hours.
2. thrive
3. boardrooms
4. attitudes
5. promotion
6 Pronunciation: word stress
6. discrimination
7. civil service
8. respresentative parliament assembly
flexible professions
4 Scanning for information attitudes successful
company commission
1 19.5% a Women in parliament powerful elections
2 10.4% b Women running top companies politics promotion
3 9.8% c Women judges everyone directors
4 40% d Women in Scottish assembly

5 51.7% e Women in Welsh assembly
6 3.7% f Male/female pay gap in their 20s 7 Language development: word order
7 10.7% g Male/female pay gap in their 30s
8 17% h UK pay gap full-time 1. There are still not nearly enough women.
2. But they still can’t go far.
9 38% i UK pay gap part-time
3. They don’t want women to choose.
4. There are only two black women MPs.
5. Life at the top is white and male.
6. There is so much more to be done .
384
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Vocabulary: Ships and sailing
1. litter 1. anchor
2. swarm 2. liner
3. wildlife 3. voyage
4. pest 4. cruise
5. rat 5. ashore
6. infrastructure
7. conservationist
5 Vocabulary: Word building
8. unique
9. species
10. graffiti 1. arrival
2. discovery
3. damage
2 Find the information 4. instruction
5. operation
1. Pacific 6. increase
2. Ecuador 7. protection
3. about 1,000 km 8. proof
4. 460
5. 40,000
6 Word game
6. 100,000
1. passenger
3 Comprehension check 2. visitor
3. tourist
1. d 4. director
2. f 5. environment
3. b
4. a
5. g
6. e
7. h
8. c
385
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 5 Vocabulary 2: Word building
1. slum 1. complaint
2. viewer 2. demonstration
3. fake 3. criticism
4. petition 4. investigation
5. celebrity 5. behaviour
6. contestant 6. argument
7. racism 7. discussion
8. complain 8. disagreement
9. tolerant
10. investigate
6 Vocabulary 3: Word game
2 Find the information 1. complaint

2. investigate
1. A reality TV programme 3. argument
2. Channel 4 4. behaviour
3. 20,000 5. journalist
4. 4.5 million
5. 30
6. 22,000
1. d
2. f
3. a
4. c
5. b
6. e
1. on
2. with
3. about
4. about
5. in
6. on
7. with
8. of
386
Into the aurora
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Vocabulary 1: Prepositions
1. astronaut 1. in
2. atmosphere 2. into
3. solar system 3. of
4. spacecraft 4. from
5. satellite 5. from
6. particle 6. into/with
7. orbit 7. of
8. meteorologist 8. in
9. reliable
10. deadly
2 Find the information 1. prediction

2. measurement
1. five 3. forecast
2. 10,000 km 4. protection
3. twenty 5. record
4. violet 6. appearance
5. aurora borealis 7. improvement
6. above the Arctic Circle (in the night sky) 8. production
1. F
2. T A: measure; forecast; damage; orbit; happen; cover
3. F B: predict; appear; produce; protect; record; improve
4. T
5. T
6. F
7. F
8. T
387
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Pre-reading 1 5 General understanding
2. A woman astronaut loses her job when she is 1. d

accused of attempted murder 2. a
3. e
4. b
3 Key words
5. g
6. i
1. an astronaut 7. c
2. disguise 8. f
3. shuttle 9. j
4. a rival 10. h
5. a colleague
6. alleged
7. bail 6 Vocabulary development: Compound
8. a nappy words
9. a tracking device
10. stalking 1. car park
2. a folding knife
3. an airport lounge
4 Scanning for information 4. the moon landing
5. the air force
1 $25,000 a money Mrs Nowak had to 6. a love triangle
pay the court 7. pepper spray
2 321 b total number of NASA
astronauts
3 $600 c money Mrs Nowak took with
her 7 Grammar development: Past tense
4 30 d days Mrs Nowak cannot
endings
work for NASA
5 43 e Mrs Nowak’s age 1. took, taken
2. thought
6 1959 f when the US started going 3. chosen
into space 4. become
7 950 g miles from Houston to 5. drove
Orlando 6. wore
8 41 h Mr Oefelein’s age 7. found
8. flown
9 5,300,000 i miles Mrs Nowak flew in 9. met
space 10. threw

388
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Collocations
1. unique 1. c
2. sample 2. d
3. client 3. b
4. offspring 4. a
5. siblings 5. h
6. donor 6. e
7. happy-go-lucky 7. f
8. sperm 8. g
9. profile
10. choke
2 Find the information 5 Prepositions
1. in the 1980s 1. of
2. 17 2. to
3. $50 to $100 3. in
4. over 7,000 4. from
5. around 30,000 5. at
6. 60 to 80 6. on
7. with
8. in
1. c 6 Word stress
2. f
3. b A. sample; profile; travel; website; nervous; humour
4. a B. unique; receive; guitar; advice; control; surprised
5. e
6. d
389
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1. earthquake 1. quiet
2. reward 2. negative
3. hero 3. unwelcome
4. manhunt 4. senior
5. cave 5. strong
6. cleric 6. hard
7. huge 7. complicated
8. remote 8. clever
9. bold
10. corrupt
2 Find the information 1. as far as we know

2. at about the same time
1. 50 3. a quiet mountain area
2. Afghanistan 4. all over the world
3. $25 million 5. somewhere in the mountains
4. 2001 6. this is the same
5. nine out of 10
6. more than 20
6 Vocabulary 3: Find the nouns
3 Comprehension check 1. smile

2. hunt
1. c 3. report
2. h 4. attack
3. e 5. proof
4. b 6. vote
5. d 7. action
6. g 8. leadership
7. f
8. a
390
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Pre-reading 1: Key words 6. hover

7. panic
1. a catastrophe 8. secrecy
2. a blast
3. an asteroid
5 Vocabulary development 2: Word
4. a tug
building
5. dust
6. gravity
7. total extinction adjective adverb
8. a tractor 1. direct directly
9. to release 2. psychological psychologically
10. crops 3. secret secretly
4. immediate immediately
2 Pre-reading 2: Prediction 5. possible possibly
6. careful carefully
1. No. The first paragraph is just saying what could 7. unnecessary unnecessarily
happen.
8. official officially
2. They have found several possible solutions, but
they haven’t decided which one to use.
6 Practice
1. direct
1. 6 km 2. psychological
2. Apophis 3. secret
3. Washington 4. immediately
4. 2004 5. possibly
5. 390 6. careful
6. NEOs 7. unnecessary
7. 2036 8. official
8. 600
9. 10
7 Language development: Useful
10. 800
expressions
4 Vocabulary development 1: Find the 1. if the worst comes to the worst

word 2. in known history
3. though no one has actually tried it yet
1. unstoppable 4. it was the right thing to do
2. planetary
3. worldwide
4. occur
5. robotic
391
Celebrity boot camp
Level 1 Elementary
Key
1. Pre-reading 1: Key words 4. Vocabulary 1: Find the word
a. garbage 1. elegantly
b. assault 2. costume
c. a warehouse 3. stitches
d. a community sentence 4. a fine
e. a boot camp 5. leggings
f. combats 6. locker rooms
g. sanitation 7. fluorescent
h. duties 8. offenders
i. a shift
j. stilettos
5. Vocabulary 2: Compound words
1. supermodel
2. Pre-reading 2 2. bodyguards
3. makeup
b
4. dressmakers
5. downtown
3. General understanding 6. housemaid
1 Naomi Campbell had to go to work 7. sunglasses
e in a poor part of Manhattan. 8. indoors
2 Ana Scolavino
g worked in Naomi Campbell’s house. 6. Vocabulary 3: Compound words in
context
3 Ms Campbell got angry with her maid
1. sunglasses
f and threw her phone at her.
2. downtown
4 Ms Scolavino’s head was badly cut and 3. housemaid
h the doctor had to put four stitches in it. 4. bodyguards
5. indoors
5 Ms Campbell was punished
6. supermodel
d for hurting her maid.
7. dressmakers
6 Ms Campbell also had to go and learn
8. makeup
b how to stop getting so angry.
7 Boy George had a lot of trouble
a from newspaper photographers.
8 Ms Campbell lived in a poor part of London
c when she was a child.
392
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Vocabulary 1: Verbs and nouns
1. journalist 1. e
2. century 2. d
3. agreement 3. a
4. deadline 4. f
5. era 5. b
6. commitment 6. c
7. conflict
8. share
9. suffer
10. restart
1. agreement
2. government
2 Find the information 3. meeting
4. statement
1. May 8 5. beginning
2. Gerry Adams 6. preparation
3. More than 10 years 7. announcement
4. Democratic Unionist Party 8. commitment
5. Ian Paisley
6. Just over an hour
6 Vocabulary 3: Spelling game
3 Comprehension check 1. agreement

2. statement
1. F 3. atmosphere
2. T 4. optimistic
3. F 5. government
4. T 6. conflict
5. F
6. T
7. F
8. T
393
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Vocabulary 1: Phrases in context
1. gang 1. doing really well

2. to bury 2. a world away
3. to grip 3. referred to
4. mayhem 4. all the signs are there
5. a crackdown 5. running away
6. a summit 6. that’s over now
7. to despair 7. it’s only a fantasy
8. an injunction
9. to ruin
5 Vocabulary 2: Law and order
10. a probation officer
1. police
2 General understanding 2. jail
3. crime
A 4. crackdown
2 5. court
6. FBI agents
B 7. injunction
1. para 14
2. para 4
3. para 5
4. para 11
5. para 8 adjective noun
6. para 1 1. glamorous glamour
2. violent violence
3 Comprehension check 3. racial race
4. exciting excitement
1. a 5. difficult difficulty
2. b 6. poor poverty
3. a
7. real reality
4. b
5. b
6. c
394
Level 1 Elementary
1 Pre-reading 1: Introduction
You are going to read an article about ‘genetically modified’ (or GM) mosquitoes.
When a living thing is genetically modified, it means that scientists have changed its ‘genes’. These are the basic
units of life that decide what things are like. They can be passed down from parent to child. Scientist change some
species (or types) of plants to make them more productive, or to resist (or fight) diseases or insects that destroy
them. In this case, they are changing a species of insect – mosquitoes.
To help you to understand the article, here are some of the important words. Match these keywords from
the text with the meanings below.
release malaria parasite habitat

predators prey hemisphere mammals
1. Larger animals that attack and kill other animals for food. ____________
2. To allow something to be free, to let something go. ____________
3. A smaller animal that is used as food by a larger one. ____________
4. The place where a plant or animal usually lives. ____________
5. Animals that have babies; they don’t lay eggs like birds. ____________
6. Half of the earth; the north or the south. ____________
7. A plant or animal that lives on or in another, usually larger one, and feeds on it. ____________
8. A disease with a fever that keeps coming back. It is common in hot countries, and you can catch it if an infected
mosquito bites you. ____________
Before you read the article, think about these questions.
1. How do you think the scientists have changed the mosquitoes?

2. Why do you think they have changed them?
3. Why could this be dangerous?
The words you have looked at should give you some ideas. Now read the article quickly, to see if it you
were right. (Don’t worry about the names of special plants and animals – you can still understand the
general idea).
395
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Pre-reading 2: Key words 6 Vocabulary development 2:

Pronunciation
1. release
2. malaria
3. parasite dangerous mosquitoes
4. habitat parasite malaria
5. predators
scientists importance
6. prey
7. hemisphere habitat explorers
8. mammals accident extinction
predators aggressive
hemisphere destructive
4 Reading for information multiplied expensive
occupies effective
1. Johns Hopkins example
2. The dodo opinion
3. 300 million
4. James Randerson
5. Andre Farrar
6. Guam
7. 1935
8. the 19th century
9. Deborah Long
10. 72%
5 Vocabulary development 1: Word

building
noun adjective
1 danger dangerous
2 science scientific
3 nature natural
4 care careful
5 south southern
6 aggression aggressive
7 destruction destructive
8 effect effective
396
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1. widow 1. at
2. chaos 2. from
3. bury 3. of
4. funeral 4. from
5. coffin 5. in
6. cemetery 6. by
7. farewell 7. in
8. sympathy 8. on
9. mourner
10. generous
2 Find the information 1. rich

2. negative
1. 76 3. enormous
2. 1894 4. complicated
3. Seven and a half years 5. drunk
4. 1994 6. strong
5. Near the Kremlin Wall 7. kind
6. Two 8. senior
1. d
2. f
3. b
4. e
5. c
6. a
4 Vocabulary 1: Words and definitions
1. d
2. e
3. f
4. a
5. g
6. h
7. b
8. c
397
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1. polarized 1. f
2. beggar 2. h
3. shanty town 3. b
4. suburb 4. e
5. savings 5. c
6. investment 6. g
7. estate 7. a
8. recovers 8. d
9. kidnap
1. of
1. More than 400 2. in
2. 40% 3. by
3. December 2001 4. at
4. 2003 5. from
5. 40 6. at
6. 160 7. with
8. out of
6 Vocabulary 3: Adjective + noun
1. f collocations
2. c
3. e 1. e
4. b 2. h
5. d 3. d
6. a 4. b
5. g
6. c
7. a
8. f
398
Online fraudster
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Vocabulary 1: Money words
1. fraudster 1. expensive b)
2. spending spree 2. bank a)
3. mortgage 3. cash d)
4. bouquet 4. loan e)
5. prosecute 5. refund c)
6. conviction 6. account f)
7. victim
8. scam
2 What do you think? key symbol

prison sentence
2. An interview shows that many people think it’s credit card
easy to steal money online. university schedule
video shop
bank loan
cash machine
1. F
2. T
3. T
4. T
5. F
6. F
7. T
8. F
399
Shock of the
Breathing new
lessons
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 5 Vocabulary 2: City words
1. A substance that has a negative effect of 1. citizen

the environment. 2. urban
2. An action or statement telling people there is danger. 3. skyscraper
3. The act of putting someone or something in danger. 4. suburb
4. To stay away from something. 5. street
5. A high point of pollution. 6. traffic
6. To breathe in.
7. The edge of the pavement.
8. To move fresh air around a room.
6 Grammar: Comparatives and
superlatives
2 What do you know? 1. In the spring pollution levels are at their lowest.
2. Most office workers go outside during the hottest
3, 8, and 9 are not mentioned in the article. part of a summer’s day.
3. The rain brings fresher air with it.
4. Walking in the rain is better than walking in the hot
sun.
5. If you don’t clean a face mask, it can make the air
you breathe dirtier rather than cleaner.
1. a 6. Children are smaller than adults and are closer to
2. c the pavement.
3. b 7. Cycling or jogging is three times more dangerous
4. c than walking in terms of air pollution.
5. a 8. Indoor pollution can actually be more serious than
6. b outdoor pollution.
7. a 9. Living in an airtight home makes the situation worse.
8. b 10. Living in the suburbs, away from major roads,
seems the best way to avoid urban air pollution.
less / more
urban / rural
clean / dirty
indoors / outdoors
reduce / increase
near / far
high / low
400
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1. unique 1. optimist
2. MP 2. strong
3. enormous 3. success
4. remind 4. forget
5. vacancy 5. right
6. praise 6. senior
7. globalization 7. negative
8. announce 8. enormous
9. give up
10. criticism
2 Find the information 1. d

2. f
1. 10 years 3. b
2. 13 years 4. e
3. May 1997 5. c
4. 54 6. a
5. three
6. Gordon Brown
3 Comprehension check A future; climate; leader; senior; normal; crisis

B success; mistake; Iraq; defeat; unique; believe
1. c
2. f
3. e
4. d
5. a
6. b
401
Seize the day
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Vocabulary 1: Verb + noun collocations
1. flannel 1. d
2. mug 2. f
3. foil 3. a
4. tap 4. b
5. environment 5. c
6. pollution 6. e
7. detergent
8. colleague
9. waste
10. packaging
1. after
2. to
2 Find the information 3. at
4. after
1. June 5th. 5. by
2. Up to 24 litres a minute. 6. with
3. Up to 5 litres a minute. 7. at
4. Over 200. 8. at
5. As little as 10 litres.
6. As much as 150 litres a day.
switch off switch on
1. b
turn off turn on
2. b
3. a on off
4. a
log off log on
5. b
6. a go out stay
7. a
8. b
402
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 5 Vocabulary 2: Collocations
1. migrant a. civic duty b. student loan

2. citizen jury service provide information
3. proposal settlement policy pass tests
4. feature points system criminal behaviour
5. volunteer
6. current 1. settlement policy
7. newcomer 2. civic duty
8. diversity 3. jury service
9. suspicious 4. points system
10. trend 5. provide information
6. student loan
7. criminal behaviour
8. pass tests
national, vote, report, community, points,

democracy, neighbour, extremism,
differences, workplace, integration
1. F
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. F
6. F
7. T
8. T
9. T
4 Vocabulary 1: Odd word out

newcomer, workplace, media
403
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Vocabulary 1: Types of shop
1. skill 1. c
2. experience 2. a
3. lifestyle 3. d
4. salary 4. b
5. retail
6. expat
7. booming
8. chain
9. rare senior/junior
10. average best/worst
cheap/expensive
slow/rapid
2 Find the information skilled/unskilled
easy/difficult
1. 28 private/public
2. 155
3. 50%
4. £100,000
5. 3 million
6. 14% 1. skilled
2. experienced
3. qualified
3 Comprehension check 4. powerful
5. improvement
1. b 6. management/manager
2. b 7. increase
3. a 8. invitation
4. a
5. b
6. a
7. a
8. b
404
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Popular websites and online services Down
1. reporter
1. 2. investor
A social networking website – a virtual place 3. analyst
where you can meet friends, chat, exchange 4. vice president
information, see photos and read diaries. 5. mogul
An auction house – the person who promises

to pay the highest amount of money can win an item 3 Comprehension check
A search engine – helps you find whatever you 1. True

need on the Internet 2. False – anyone can join Facebok
3. False – MySpace is still the top social
The news – information about something that has networking website
recently happened. 4. False - Mark Zuckerberg the founder of Facebook
5. True
An online shop – you can buy goods electronically 6. False – Yahoo! made an offer to buy Facebook.
and have them delivered to your home or office. 7. False - Murdoch wants to swap MySpace for a 25%
stake in Yahoo!
Video clips website – you can watch and listen 8. True
to short films. 9. True
10 True
2.
Yahoo! and Google - search engine 4 Numbers and figures
BBC & CNN - news 1.

eBay - auction house One billion - 1,000,000,000
Twenty-seven million - 27,000,000
Amazon - online shop One hundred thousand - 100,000
YouTube - video clips 2.

Facebook and MySpace - social networking a) $900 million
b) $580 million
c) 100,000
2 Keyword crossword d) 27 million
e) 60 million
f) $1 billion
Across
g) $73 billion
6. sociologist
7. co-founder
8. drop-out
9. expert
405
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
Further information
Hitwise UK - Top 20 Websites - May, 2007

This list features the most popular websites based on UK Internet usage for May, 2007,
ranked by market share of visits across all Hitwise industries.
Rank Website Market Share

1. www.google.co.uk 8.2%
2. www.ebay.co.uk 2.7%
3. www.hotmail.com 2.64%
4. www.google.com 2.44%
5. uk.msn.com 1.54%
6. www.bebo.com 1.52%
7. www.orange.co.uk 1.47%
8. www.myspace.com 1.36%
9. uk.mail.yahoo.com 1.24%
10. uk.yahoo.com 0.91%
11. news.bbc.co.uk 0.82%
12. www.bbc.co.uk 0.81%
13 www.youtube.com 0.75%
14. uk.search.yahoo.com 0.69%
15. www.amazon.co.uk 0.64%
16. www.msn.com 0.61%
17. images.google.co.uk 0.60%
18. www.facebook.com 0.57%
19. www.microsoft.com 0.54%
20. mail.myspace.com 0.53%
406
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Vocabulary 1: Comparative adjectives
1. diary 1. more religious

2. spotlight 2. more important
3. celebrity 3. better
4. role model 4. more serious
5. claustrophobia 5. harder
6. heiress 6. stronger
7. raise
8. cause
9. meditate
10. nightmare
1. c
2. d
2 Find the information 3. e
4. f
1. 23 days 5. a
2. California 6. b
3. 23 hours
4. one hour
6 Word stress
5. nothing
6. a Bible
A 0 o B o 0
3 Comprehension check prison disease
programme survive
1. d model alone
2. f nightmare before
3. c failure include
4. e
business mistake
5. a
6. b
407
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
2 Keyword word search 4 Comprehension
1. urban 1. The urban population of Africa and Asia will double

2. rural in one generation.
3. slums
4. pollution 2. Each week the number of people living in cities
5. poverty grows by nearly a million.
6. significant
7. defeat 3. Large-scale population growth will take place in the
8. demand cities of Asia, Africa and Latin America.
9. energy
10. smog 4. In Asia the number of people living in cities will
11. destructive almost double to 2.6 billion in 2030.
5. Rural populations are expected to decrease

D S I G N I F I C A N T worldwide.
M E Z M B Q N B B Y P S
D N S T A E F E D G O Q 6. There could be a rise in migration away from
X N N T N S P C E R L V poor regions.
K T A A R O L K R E L N
R E B M V U Y U H N U C 7. Extra greenhouse gas emissions could raise
temperatures in urban areas by 2-6°C.
E R R E E F C Y M E T R
U Z R Z A D X T M S I X
8. The climate changes will reduce agricultural
D T R U R A L S I C O P production and increase health risks.
Y R R J V L J M L V N G
J C X Z W Y P O L B E X
O J J V I Q T G K V R N
3 Vocabulary: Words for describing trends
upward trend h downward trend i

grow fall
more decrease
double less
growth fewer
increase halve
rise sink
raise reduce
408
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 5 Vocabulary 2: Word stress
1. household products A B
2. diet
0 o o 0
3. tragedy
4. birth rate perfume contain
5. lifestyle product effect
6. life expectancy birth-rate disease
7. death rate factor increase
8. aftershave
lifestyle compare
9. compare
10. suicide record produce

6 Vocabulary 3
1. 72%
2. 42%
past simple
3. 15.2 litres
4. 95% 1. grow grew
5. 59 2. find found
6. 72 3. choose chose
4. fall fell
5. lose lost
6. drink drank
1. c
2. f 7. try tried
3. d 8. lead led
4. b
5. e
6. a
1. men of working age

2. as a result of alcohol
3. more than anybody else in the world
4. out of work
5. a national tragedy
6. freeze to death in the snow
7. a large number of men
8. an important factor
409
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Musicians, pop artists and bands Others refused to perform as they thought it would be
hypocritical.
Touring pop stars are some of the biggest producers of
Madonna
a X
Paul McCartney
greenhouse gasses.
Some environmentalists say that offsetting your carbon
Red Hot Chili Peppers Arctic Monkeys footprint only stops you feeling guilty.
Beastie Boys Bob Geldof An increasing amount of US voters think Al Gore should
Duran Duran be their next president.
James Blunt
Snow Patrol
Genesis 4 Vocabulary: Synonyms
a. performers = acts
2 Numbers and facts b. audience = viewers and spectators
c. size / strength = intensity
a. two billion viewers worldwide d. series / row = sequence
b. eighty thousand spectators at Wembley e. concert = gig
Stadium in London f. makes / produces = manufactures
c. seven continents g. promising = pledging
d. one hundred and twenty television networks h. convincing = persuading
e. twenty-four hour concert i. initiator / founder = instigator
f. five thousand six hundred tonnes of greenhouse j. gets rid of = eliminate
gasses generated by the spectators in London and k. reason / way to understand = interpretation
New Jersey
g. 440 tonnes of carbon dioxide
h. four months – the amount of time it took one artist
to produce 440 tonnes of CO2
i. one hundred and fifty acts
The aim of the recent Live Earth concerts was to raise

awareness about global warming.
The concerts were held over a 24-hour period in all
seven continents of the world.
It was watched by over two billion viewers worldwide,
either at the concerts, on the Internet, or on TV.
It was the biggest media event in history.
The campaign was led by Al Gore.
Cynicism came from Bob Geldof who said we already
know about global warming.
Many famous international artists performed for free.
410
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Vocabulary 1: Words and expressions
1. bam 1. g
2. co-operate 2. c
3. poison 3. f
4. expel 4. h
5. reduce 5. d
6. spokesman 6. a
7. agent 7. e
8. analyst 8. b
9. trial
10. unjustified
1. on
1. Four 2. with
2. Four 3. between
3. Alexander Litvinenko 4. in
4. Andrei Lugovoi 5. in
5. The British foreign secretary 6. in
6. The Russian deputy foreign minister

1. d verb noun
2. a 1. co-operate co-operation
3. f 2. reduce reduction
4. c 3. involve involvement
5. b
4. govern government
6. e
5. discuss discussion
6. respond response
7. announce announcement
8. decide decision
411
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 5 Vocabulary 2: Word building
1. election
verb noun
2. environment
1. treat treatment
3. welfare
4. survive 2. insure insurance
5. debate 3. connect connection
6. candidate 4. elect election
7. campaign 5. organize (person) organizer
8. frontrunner
6. surround (plural) surroundings
9. emotional
10. powerful 7. broadcast broadcast
8. fight fight
1. 2,300
2. 1960
3. 25–30 A 0 o B o 0
4. 2008 question debate
5. More than 2.5 million mobile campaign
6. More than 500,000 angry disease
college event
3 Comprehension check welfare guitar
second support
1. d
2. f
3. b
4. e
5. a
6. c
1. f
2. h
3. d
4. c
5. g
6. b
7. a
8. e
412
Going under
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
2 Pre-reading B: Key words 5 Language development: Prepostions
1. drainage 1. over the weekend

2. floods 2. in the south
3. disaster 3. on June 25
4. sewers 4. raining for weeks
5. results 5. plan for possible dangers
6. absorb 6. Especially in London
7. run-off 7. designed for
8. ploughs 8. things like babies’ nappies
3 Scanning for information 6. Pronunciation: Syllable stress
1. the Victorians
2. 5pm Friday 0 o o o 0 o
3. eight people businesses disaster
4. Adrian Saul
5. 48 hours management professor
6. 121.2mm terrible protected
7. Nicola Savage possible encourage
8. June 25 nowadays extending
9. five metres carefully unusual
10. four times scientists
rainwater
4 Vocabulary development
1. trapped
2. design
3. handle
4. nappies
5. paving
6. flush
413
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1. court 1. e
2. guilty 2. h
3. constitution 3. a
4. mercy 4. f
5. imprisonment 5. b
6. evidence 6. g
7. parole board 7. d
8. appeal 8. c
9. attorney
10. execute
5 Vocabulary 2: Verbs in phrases
2 Find the information 1. get

2. try
1. August 14 1996 3. find
2. San Antonio 4. care
3. 30 5. commit
4. Last year 6. appear
5. 1974 7. make
6. 398 8. appeal
3 Comprehension check 6 Vocabulary 3: Word building
1. c
2. h verb noun
3. a 1. execute execution
4. f 2. argue argument
5. b
3. fail failure
6. e
7. g 4. agree agreement
8. d 5. recommend recommendation
6. imprison imprisonment
7. punish punishment
8. rob robbery
414
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Music quiz
artist genre nationality died in aged

(year)
Luciano Pavarotti opera Italian 2007 71
Elvis Presley rock and roll American 1977 42
Bob Marley reggae Jamaican 1981 36
Edith Piaf chanson French 1963 47
John Lennon pop English 1980 40
Johnny Cash country American 2003 71
Ibrahim Ferrer son Cuban 2005 78
Billie Holiday jazz American 1959 44
Frank Sinatra swing American 1998 82
Kurt Cobain grunge American 1994 27
2 Key words 4 Vocabulary: Synonyms
1. audience 1. Pavarotti’s voice

2. battle 2. Pavarotti
3. debut 3. The applause at the Royal Opera House
4. performance 4. Pavarotti’s battle against cancer
5. venue
6. reputation
7. tribute
8. gift
1. True
2. True
3. False (Carreras)
4. False (1990)
5. True
6. True
7. False (in a hotel suite in Edinburgh)
8. True
9. False
10. True
415
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Grammar focus: Superlatives
1. gem 1. big the biggest

2. saddle
2. good the best
3. mine
4. gift 3. expensive the most expensive
5. vault 4. important the most important
6. colourless 5. wide the widest
7. rare 6. bad the worst
8. carat
7. rare the rarest
9. amazing
10. rough 8. precious the most precious
2 Find the information 5 Vocabulary 1: Prepositions
1. As much as £15 million 1. in

2. 1985 2. for
3. 69.42 carats 3. about
4. Near Pretoria 4. near
5. 105 5. in
6. 1849 6. at
7. to
3 Comprehension check 8. to
1. d
2. f 6 Vocabulary 2: Irregular past participles
3. a
4. c 1. found
5. e 2. cut
6. b 3. seen
4. known
5. thought
6. kept
7. heard
8. bought
416
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Pre-reading task 3 Comprehension check
These are the words that appear in the text: 1. New York is often called the Big Apple.
2. A judge said that fast food restaurants don’t have to
burger write calories on their menus.
fries 3. Half of the people who live in New York are
apple overweight.
adverts 4. Americans eat out almost 50% of the time.
snacks 5. A McDonald’s deluxe breakfast contains a huge
cereal amount of calories.
breakfast 6. The amount of calories in food bought in
tray supermarkets is written on the packaging.
judge 7. Some large restaurant chains have said they will
calories stop targeting young children.
New York 8. Some fast food chains now sell healthy options.
health
home-cooked 4 Comparisons
1. A Big Mac meal has more calories than a Burger

2 Key words King triple Whopper with cheese.
2. Home-cooked food usually contains fewer calories
1. c than restaurant-bought food.
2. b 3. More than half of the Big Apple’s residents are
3. e overweight.
4. a 4. Food in fast food restaurants costs less than food in
5. d better restaurants.
6. g 5. McDonalds sells fewer salads than burgers.
7. j
8. f
9. h
10. i
11. n
12. k
13. l
14. o
15. m
417
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Pre-reading 1 4 Vocabulary development
1. False, they were in Portugal. 1. people-carrier

2. False, they have two-year-old twins. 2. cuddly
3. True. 3. trace
4. False. Not their own car; a car they rented 25 4. pursued
days later. 5. clear our name
5. False, they think he was an accomplice. 6. give up on
6. True. 7. briefly
8. shattered
1. suspects
2. exhausted 1. on
3. an accomplice 2. in
4. on suspicion 3. at, of
5. allege 4. of, of
6. toddlers 5. in
6. to
7. at
3 Reading for information
8. at
9. at
1. Rothley 10. in
2. Sean
3. 80mph
4. Renault 6 Understanding reference
5. Praia da Luz
6. April 27 1. e
7. Amelie 2. a
8. 135 3. b
9. 25 4. f
10. 12.30pm 5. c
6. d
418
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Vocabulary 1: Adverbs
1. gig 1. probably
2. release 2. hardly
3. newsletter 3. differently
4. merchandise 4. quickly
5. album 5. carefully
6. track 6. simply
7. piracy
8. deal
9. vinyl
10. booming
1. of
2. to
2 Find the information 3. for
4. of
1. In Rainbows 5. to
2. 45p 6. on
3. £40 7. with
4. through a radio station 8. for
5. October 10th
6. in December
6 Word buliding: Verbs and nouns
1. d verb noun
2. f 1. manage management
3. b 2. compete competition
4. c 3. release release
5. a 4. announce announcement
6. e
5. agree agreement
6. decide decision
419
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Pre-reading task 3 Comprehension check

}:-( My hair is blowing in the wind 1. Short forms were also used in the early days
;-) I’m only joking! of telecommunication.
8-) I’m wearing glasses 2. If people misunderstand written abbreviations, they
0:-) The writer just made a sweet or innocent remark might feel hurt, embarrassed or insulted.
:-)(-: I’m married 3. We are not so careful when we write emails.
:-\ I’m undecided 4. We often send emails off before correcting them.
5. People use emoticons to put feeling and emotion
into an email.
2 Antonyms
6. Emails are faster than letters but contain
less humanity.
1. soften 7. Even simple words like please and thank you can
2. abrupt be misunderstood in an email.
3. frown 8. The telephone is more personal and therefore better
4. love when you need to give bad news.
5. automatically 9. Emails are useful for sending routine messages
6. old-fashioned and acknowledgements.
7. imperfect 10. The majority of people like to receive letters.
8. send
9. angrier
10. routine 4 Email writing
11. remove
12. politeness
13. recipient openings closings
Dear Sir Yours sincerely
Hi gorgeous Kind regards
Bye
420
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Warmer: Gold 3 Comprehension check 1
Possible answers: 1. i
jewellery 2. f
clocks and watches 3. a
glasses 4. e
paint 5. d
gold-leaf 6. b
art 7. h
teeth (fillings) 8. c
medicines 9. g
coins 10. j
buttons
pen nibs
4 Vocabulary: Lexical fields
2 Key words Suggested answers:

jobs and professions: gold-miner, taxi driver,
Mongolia geologist, prostitute, vet, student, prospector
mine
machine legal words and terminology: black market,
human rights smuggle, police cells, arrest, evidence, legal,
soldier illegal, stealing, criminal
policemen
bowl places: land, town, plain, hills, café, police cells,
smuggle shack, disco, tent
poverty
nomad
5 Comprehension check 2: Summary
nugget
shell
wealth 3. Thousands of people are moving to Ogoomor in the
arrest hope of finding gold.
turtle
421
Extreme education
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Vocabulary 1: Verbs and nouns
1. contract 1. run
2. experiment 2. shake
3. principal 3. answer
4. recent 4. look
5. lottery 5. sign
6. behaviour 6. come
7. admission 7. take
8. funds 8. attend
9. excuse
10. proficient
2 Find the information 1. from / to

2. between
1. 10 3. on
2. about 200 4. of
3. 90% 5. in
4. 3,500 6. about
5. 1,800 7. by
6. 10 to 14 8. with

1. d verb noun
2. f 1. move movement
3. b
2. behave behaviour
4. a
3. admit admission
5. c
6. e 4. educate education
5. govern government
6. believe belief
7. equip equipment
8. begin beginning
422
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 What are they called now? 3 Comprehension check
Abyssinia Ethiopia 1. c
Benadir Somalia 2. e
French Sudan Mali 3. a
German Southwest Africa Namibia 4. g
Rhodesia Zimbabwe 5. b
Upper Volta Burkina Faso 6. h
Portuguese East Africa Mozambique 7. f
8. d
2 Key words 4 Vocabulary: Collocations / Word pairs

1. unreliable difficult times
2. diverted toilet paper
3. cut off wheat harvest
4. independence tobacco production
5. defeated shopping trip
6. collapse lose control
7. hyperinflation shrinking economy
8. bureaucracy hidden market
9. exchange rate call centres
10. harvest property developer
11. suspicious
12. admit
423
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Vocabulary 1: Compound nouns
1. manufactures 1. g
2. browser 2. d
3. launch 3. h
4. online 4. a
5. handset 5. e
6. market leader 6. c
7. media 7. b
8. purchase 8. f
9. display
10. monitor
5 Vocabulary 2: Word building (nouns
ending in -er or -or?)
1. More than 30 verb noun

2. 100 million 1. browse browser
3. 1998 2. manufacture manufacturer
4. Larry Page and Sergey Brin 3. operate operator
5. $225 billion
4. provide provider
6. Apple
5. use user
6. lead leader
1. e
2. c
A 0o B o0
3. f
4. a product display
5. d gather provide
6. b handset compete
mobile replace
software increase
market announce
424
Bye bye Belgium?
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1. impatient 1. of
2. idiotic 2. in
3. polite 3. of
4. wealthy 4. about
5. symbolic 5. to
6. arrogant 6. for
7. breaks up 7. of
8. inhabitants 8. of
9. scandal
10. constitution

verb noun
1. 177 years 1. govern government
2. 63% 2. divide division
3. Dutch 3. believe belief
4. Flanders
4. increase increase
5. Wallonia
5. assist assistant
6. 156 days (at the time the article was written)
6. argue argument
7. co-operate co-operation
8. agree agreement
1. e
2. d 6 Vocabulary 3: Word puzzle
3. b
4. f
1. majority
5. c
2. federal
6. a
3. trouble
4. district
5. independent
6. suburb
425
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Warmer 4 Vocabulary: Prepositions
A palaeontologist is a scientist who studies 1. in

2. to/of
palaeontology, learning about the forms of life
3. of
that existed in former geologic periods, chiefly by 4. at
studying fossils. 5. on
6. by
7. of
2 Keywords
8. for
1. shelf
2. fossil
3. enthusiast
4. common
5. research
6. creature
7. label
8. feature
9. undiscovered
10. specimen
1. T
2. F
3. T
4. F
5. F
6. T
7. T
8. F
9. F
10. T
426
Iceberg survivors
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Vocabulary 1: Nations and nationality
1. rescue
2. crew Country Nationality
3. deck Canada Canadian
4. life raft Australia Australian
5. survivor Switzerland Swiss
6. military base
7. cruise Norway Norwegian
8. iceberg Denmark Danish
9. investigation Belgium Belgian
10. lists The Netherlands Dutch
Ireland Irish
2 Find the answer

5 Vocabulary 2: Opposite adjectives
1. 154
2. 23 1. freezing
3. five 2. large
4. £4,000 3. lowest
5. The Philippines 4. alive
6. Chile 5. safe
6. rare
1. e 6 Vocabulary 3: Prepositions
2. d
3. c
4. b 1. in
5. f 2. in
6. a 3. on
4. with
5. before
6. on
7. out of
8. into
427
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Pre-reading task 3 Comprehension check 1

a) Kohei Nishiyama is based in Japan.
a) vague clock b) Kohei Nishiyama’s company is called
b) solar-powered glowing garden furniture Elephant Design.
c) transparent sticky memos c) Kohei Nishiyama thinks mass-produced products
d) robotic web camera are boring.
e) magnetic bathroom mirrors d) Young designers can post their ideas on
f) wastepaper bin cable tidier the website.
e) When a design gets 1,000 votes it can be produced.
f) Kohei Nishiyama wants to make
interesting products.
2 Antonyms
1) change the face

2) founder 4 Comprehension check 2
3) improvement
4) scheme
5) mass-produced 1) Designers think of new and interesting ideas.
6) vague 2) They post them with an image on the website.
7) glowing 3) People vote for the best ideas.
8) ugly 4) The most popular designs are made and sold.
9) fairly 5) The designer gets money for the items that are sold.
10) manufacture
428
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1. auction 1. e
2. celebrity 2. g
3. charity 3. d
4. crucifix 4. b
5. estimate 5. f
6. knick-knacks 6. c
7. curator 7. h
8. bid 8. a
9. bargain
10. documentary

2. for
1. Three 3. about
2. Kelly 4. in
3. $1,000 to £2,000 5. of
4. $1,000 to $1,500 6. in
5. Red 7. from
6. Elton John 8. about
1. e
2. a verb noun
3. d 1. sell sale
4. b
2. combine combination
5. f
6. c 3. decide decision
4. complain complaint
5. collect collection
6. present present
7. reproduce reproduction
8. complete competition
429
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Warmer – music genres 3 How to download the album in 10 easy

steps.
jazz
classical 1. Turn on your computer and go to
rock www.inrainbows.com.
pop 2. Click on DOWNLOAD,
country 3. then click on ‘view basket’.
rhythm & blues 4. Now type in the amount you want to pay,
reggae 5. then click on ‘pay now’
opera 6. (you might have to wait in a queue).
punk 7. Type in your details,
heavy metal 8. then download the album and save it on
soul your computer.
9. Now transfer the album to your iPod, MP3-player,
or burn it onto a CD,
10. then listen and enjoy!
2 Keywords
1. increase
2. decrease
3. illegally
4. handling charge
5. average
6. successful
7. download
8. honesty box
9. piracy
10. experiment
430
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1. poster 1. b (razor wire)

2. prosecutor 2. g (high security)
3. similar 3. d (water pipe)
4. track 4. a (concrete block)
5. jail 5. f (prison guard)
6. reward 6. h (press conference)
7. fence 7. c (plastic box)
8. squeeze 8. e (railway line)
9. tools
10. cell

2. from
1. $8,000 3. through
2. two 4. for
3. B310 and B311 5. in
4. 20cm by 40cm 6. for
5. 32 7. in
6. 1.79 metres (5ft 9in) 8. to
6 Word stress
1. d
2. f
3. b A 0o B o0
4. c section escape
5. a movie asleep
6. e metal secure
prison compare
detail remove
concrete along
431
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Vocabulary 1: Adjectives
1. motor 1. f
2. damage 2. e
3. smog 3. a
4. airbag 4. b
5. greenhouse gases 5. g
6. nightmare 6. h
7. scooter 7. c
8. boot 8. d
9. boom
10. manufacturer
5 Vocabulary 2: Cars and car travel
2 Find the information 1. traffic jam

2. air-conditioning
1. 250,000 3. windscreen wiper(s)
2. Seven or eight 4. mirror
3. 100,000 rupees (£1,260) 5. speed
4. 219 million tonnes 6. passenger
5. One billion
6. The rupee
6 Vocabulary 3: Puzzle
3 Comprehension check 1. transport

2. environment
1. b 3. traffic
2. f 4. safety
3. d 5. motoring
4. c 6. factory
5. a
6. e
432
Clinton and Obama
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 3 Comprehension check
1. controversial 1. The name of the third place candidate for the

2. bitter Democrats is John Edwards.
3. victory 2. Obama and Clinton are arguing about race issues.
4. accuse 3. There are approximately 75,000 African-Americans
5. defend in Iowa.
6. race 4. The first primary elections were in Iowa and New
7. racist Hampshire.
8. distort 5. At the moment, the polls show that the next
9. resign President could be Hillary Clinton.
10. support 6. In the race row, Edwards supported Obama.
11. autobiography
12. ain’t
13. demand
14. poll 4 Vocabulary: Pronunciation
1. ooOo Ooo oO
2 What do you know? democratic president accuse
controversial candidates defend
1. Hillary presidential teenager resign
2. The third candidate for the Democrats democrat support
3. Michelle Obama demand
4. Hillary Clinton
5. California 2. comment Oo
autobiography oooOoo
official oOo
community oOoo
433
Life through a lens
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Percentages
1. survey 1. f
2. childhood 2. a/c
3. research 3. d
4. multitask 4. e
5. decrease 5. a/c
6. sedentary 6. b
7. own
8. soap
9. percentage
5 Chunks
10. average
1. before they go to school

2. at least once a week
2 Find the information 3. before going to sleep
4. more than four hours a day
1. Four out of every five (80%) 5. after returning home
2. 63% 6. switch from one channel to another
3. One out of four (25%)
4. 1,147
5. 58%
4 Word stress
6. 85%
A 0o B o0
3 Comprehension check average amount
private return
1. d children result
2. a survey between
3. f programme because
4. e childhood report
5. c
6. b
434
A tale of two ships
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1. crew 1. Greenpeace and Sea Shepherd are trying to stop

2. rival Japan’s whaling expedition in the Antarctic.
3. battle 2. The sea battle is taking place in the Southern
4. sanctuary Ocean on the edge of Antarctica.
5. jealousy 3. Japan is using four small whaling ships to kill nearly
6. chase 1,000 whales in the Antarctic whale sanctuary.
7. capture 4. The Nisshin Maru is a large Japanese whaling
8. incident factory ship with a crew of 80 men.
9. distress flare 5. Two of the Sea Shepherd boat’s crew jumped
10. cruel aboard one of the smaller whalers.
11. trap 6. The Japanese whaler sailed away over the
12. harpoon horizon with the two Sea Shepherd crew members.
7. Sea Shepherd tries to sabotage or sink
the whalers.
8. Greenpeace puts itself between the whalers and
2 Skim-reading
the whales.
1. Seven ships (five belong to the Japanese, one

belongs to Greenpeace, one to Sea Shepherd)
2. Southern Ocean
3. Paul Watson a) huge tiny
4. Greenpeace empty full
5. Sea Shepherd leave stay
6. Sea Shepherd in front of behind
safe dangerous
smaller larger
different similar
435
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Vocabulary 1: Chunks
1. vapour 1. less than five hours

2. mach 2. cheap and reliable space travel
3. weapons 3. in less than 25 years’ time
4. message board 4. just below the speed of sound
5. incredible 5. bad for the environment
6. populated 6. cause damage to the atmosphere
7. environment
8. hypersonic
9. claustrophobia
10. cargo
1. e
2. d
2 Find the information 3. b
4. f
1. 300 5. a
2. 3,000mph 6. c
3. Four hours 40 minutes
4. 132 metres
5. 10%
6. Mach 5 (five times the speed of sound)
verb noun
3 Comprehension check 1. develop development
2. fly flight
1. d 3. discuss discussion
2. f 4. design design
3. b
5. transport transport
4. e
6. damage damage
5. a
6. c 7. react reaction
8. agree agreement
436
Rules and respect
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1. respect 1. Capello wants the England players to call

2. press conference him ‘Boss’.
3. punctual 2. Before matches, Capello wants the players to
4. group mentality eat together.
5. winning mentality 3. He believes that strict rules will lead to a better
6. simultaneous team mentality.
7. native tongue 4. Capello still speaks Italian at press conferences.
8. objective 5. He is able to communicate with the players
9. tactics in English.
10. self-confidence 6. He wants the players to move differently on the
11. restore football pitch.
12. qualify 7. His first aim is for England to beat Andorra.
8. He says football players are the same all over
the world.
1. Fabio Capello
2. Milan, Juventus and Real Madrid Possible answers:
3. Italian match, pitch, game, manager, coach, result, score,
4. English player, star, stadium, club, team, squad, hooligan,
5. Andorra competition, trophy, league
437
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Chunks
1. extinct 1. over the past 30 years

2. endangered 2. in the next twenty or thirty years
3. scallop 3. since the early 1970s
4. habitat 4. in the last 25 years
5. fin 5. for over a hundred years
6. migration 6. by an average of 50%
7. ban
8. resolution
5 Vocabulary 1: Synonyms
9. species
10. conservation
1. g
2. e
2 Find the information 3. h
4. c
1. £140 a kilo 5. b
2. 126 6. a
3. 16 7. f
4. 99% 8. d
5. 90%
6. World Conservation Union
6 Word building: Irregular verbs
past simple past participle
1. e grow grew grown
2. c
fall fell fallen
3. d
4. a become became become
5. f show showed shown
6. b
cost cost cost
find found found
leave left left
see saw seen
438
The Oscars
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Team quiz: And the winner is... 4 Comprehension check
Bing Crosby, Going My Way, 1944 1. The most successful film at this year’s Oscars was
Laurence Olivier, Hamlet, 1948 No Country For Old Men.
Humphrey Bogart, The African Queen, 1951 2. No Country For Old Men was directed by the
Marlon Brando, The Godfather, 1972 Coen brothers.
Jack Nicholson, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, 1975 3. Daniel Day-Lewis won the best actor Oscar for his
Ben Kingsley, Ghandi, 1982 portrayal of an oil prospector.
Daniel Day-Lewis, My Left Foot, 1989 4. Javier Bardem won the best supporting actor Oscar
Roberto Benigni, Life is Beautiful, 1998 for his portrayal of a hitman.
Russell Crowe, Gladiator, 2000 5. The Oscars ceremony was hosted by Jon Stewart.
Forest Whitaker, The Last King of Scotland, 2006 6. Tilda Swinton is a British actress.
7. Marion Cotillard is a French actress.
Daniel Day-Lewis won the Oscar for best actor again 8. This year’s Oscars for best actor, best actress, best
this year. supporting actor and best supporting actress
were all won by Europeans.
2 Key words
1. triumphant
2. portrayal 1. for
3. prospector 2. at / in
4. nominee 3. of
5. acceptance speech 4. on / from
6. astonishing 5. in
7. victory 6. in
8. animated
9. sapling
10. touching sentiment
3 Skimming for information
a) Daniel Day-Lewis
b) Marion Cotillard
c) Tilda Swinton
d) Javier Bardem
e) Joel and Ethan Coen
439
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1. sack a) A cockroach ran across the newsreader’s desk on

2. bulletin live television.
3. viewers b) Ministry officials knew nothing until the next
4. repeated morning.
5. horrified c) The news bulletin, with the cockroach, was shown
6. incident again on TV the same evening.
7. broadcast d) The president did not find the cockroach incident
8. reforms funny.
9. restored e) The president sacked 30 staff at the state TV
10. performed channel.
11. isolation f) Turkmenistan wants to improve its international
12. graduated image.
g) Turkmenistan has built a new multibillion pound
tourist resort at the Caspian Sea.
h) Turkmens can now go to Internet cafes and opera
2 Vocabulary: Word beetle
and ballet performances.
camera operators
directors
journalists 4 Vocabulary: Countries
newsreaders
TV executives
technicians / technical staff oOoo oO Oo Ooo
Turkmenistan Ukraine Russia Kazakhstan
Uzbekistan Iran Pakistan
Afghanistan
440
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1. assembly 1. in
2. appointment 2. of
3. unanimous 3. of
4. hardliner 4. from
5. dislike 5. from
6. ovation 6. of
7. task 7. of
8. consult
9. single-handedly
10. recover
5 Vocabulary 2: Verb + Noun Collocations
2 Find the information 1. have

2. improve
1. 81 3. consult
2. Younger 4. make
3. 19 months ago 5. respect
4. 1959 6. free
5. 11 million
6. 614
6 Word building: Adjectives
Noun Adjective
history historic
1. d
2. f democracy democratic
3. b peace peaceful
4. e economy economic
5. a politics political
6. c
medicine medical
Cuba Cuban
basis basic
441
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Chunks
1. leek 1. over the last few years

2. competitive 2. the best thing to buy
3. florist 3. one of the people in the crowd
4. vase 4. why is he doing this?
5. estate 5. in the supermarket opposite
6. highlight 6. a few metres from Charles’s shop
7. orchard
8. posh
5 Vocabulary: Compound Words
9. benefit
10. chutney
1. e
2. d
4. a
1. 60 5. f
2. Camilla 6. c
3. Highgrove
4. £395
6 Word stress
5. £1.35
6. £1.10
A 0 o B o 0
3 Comprehension check local estate
business advance
1. f biscuit reply
2. c highlight promote
3. e royal produce
4. a neighbour reflect
5. d
6. b
442
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
2 Key words and phrases 4 Vocabulary: Prepositions
1. excessive 1. by
2. isolation 2. at
3. withdrawal symptoms 3. in
4. psychiatrist 4. of
5. components 5. at
6. repercussions 6. from
7. clot 7. to
8. estimate 8. from
9. treatment 9. on
10. admit 10. on
11. groceries
12. discussion boards
13. recovery
14. case
15. self-help group
1. Internet addicts don’t realize how many hours they

spend online.
2. Leading psychiatrists think Internet addiction is a
real illness.
3. The average South Korean high school student
spends 23 hours a week playing online games.
4. People have died because of their Internet addiction.
5. South Koreans go online at Internet cafes more often
than Americans.
6. Internet addiction is difficult to treat.
7. Facebook and MySpace are social networking
websites.
8. In the USA, most people surf the Internet at home.
9. Internet addicts are often lonely and tired.
10. Internet addicts think they need better computers
and software.
443
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Verb + noun collocations
1. label 1. d
2. download 2. a
3. refuse 3. f
4. contract 4. b
5. split up 5. e
6. promote 6. c
7. brand
8. sue
5 Words and definitions
9. gives ... away
10. back catalogue
1. c
2. e
2 Find the information 3. f
4. b
1. 1991 5. a
2. 2000 6. d
3. 2006
4. 17 years
6 Word building
5. nothing (it was free)
6. Pepsi and Amazon
verb noun
3 Comprehension check 1 permit permission
2 disagree disagreement
1. d 3 promote promotion
2. e
3. b 4 announce announcement
4. c 5 believe belief
5. f 6 advertise advertisement
6. a
7 increase increase
8 produce product
444
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
2 Key words 4 General understanding
1. complained 1. c
2. apologize 2. e
3. collapses 3. f
4. teething problems 4. g
5. handlers 5. a
6. backlog 6. h
7. disaster 7. b
8. chaos 8. d
9. fume
10. carousels
5 Vocabulary development: Meanings
3 Scanning for information of get
1. 34 1. H
2. 10% 2. G
3. £4.3bn 3. G
4. 70,000 4. H
5. 20 5. B
6. 39 6. H
7. 26.5 7. G
8. 90 8. G
9. G
445
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
2 Pre-reading 2: Key words 4 Language and understanding:

Comparatives
1. blog
2. fan fiction 1. True
3. cheats 2. False
4. celebrity 3. True
5. favourite 4. True
6. current affairs 5. True
7. scandal 6. False
8. gossip
9. skinny 7. They hate the Financial Times less than the Beano
10. literature (or: They don’t hate the Financial Times as much
as the Beano).
8. They hate encyclopedias as much as dictionaries.
3 Quiz 9. They don’t hate maps and directions as much as
homework (or: They hate maps and directions less
1. c than homework).
2. e 10. They hate Music (scores) as much as the Harry
3. b Potter series.
4. f 11. They don’t hate anything in another language as
5. a much as books set by schoolteachers (or: They
6. d hate anything in another language less than books
set by schoolteachers).
5 Pronunciation: Key sounds
The word read is probably pronounced /red/ so that it

means finished reading and rhymes with fed, in fed up
– meaning bored or not interested.

make cheat fed
eight heat many
name teenagers said
say teens set
Shakespeare media helped
pleased web
any
446
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Word building
1. consultant 1. silence
2. autobiography 2. stressful
3. exhausted 3. bravery
4. disorder 4. embarrassed
5. vomit 5. exhausted
6. throw up 6. dangerous
7. anorexia
8. stress
5 Prepositions
9. embarrassed
10. bulimia
1. from
2. for
2 Find the information 3. under
4. of
1. nearly 70 5. with
2. deputy prime minister (of the United Kingdom) 6. from
3. in the 1980s 7. to; of
4. more than one million
5. 90%
6 Word stress
6. between 12 and 20
A 0 o B o 0
illness amount
suffer ashamed
1. d treatment believe
2. b frightened throw up
3. f menu prefer
4. c expert Chinese
5. a
6. e
447
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Warmer 4 Vocabulary: Pronunciation
suggested answer: aromatherapy; herbal medicine oOo ooOo Ooo oooOo

(phytotherapy); acupuncture; homeopathy
prescription complementary pharmacist homeopathic
controversial government authorization
legislation
2 Key words registration
regulations
1. boom
2. treatment
3. remedy
4. placebo 6 Webquest
5. minute
6. addiction a) for a headache or migraine = chamomile
7. legitimate (Chamaemelum nobile or Matricaria recutita)
8. counter b) to help your immune system = purple coneflower
9. outlet (Echinacea purpurea)
10. stigma c) to help you sleep = hops (Humulus lupus) and
11. insomnia maybe chamomile
d) when you have a cold or a fever = yarrow
(Achillea millefolium)
1. More and more women over the age of 35 are

buying medicines for themselves and not going to
a doctor.
2. Sales of alternative remedies have increased
rapidly in the last ten years.
3. New EU laws aim to standardize the quality of
herbal medicines.
4. There are over 40 million websites on
alternative medicine.
5. Some herbal medicines can treat illnesses.
6. Homeopathic remedies cannot protect people
from Malaria.
448
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Adjectives
1. constitution 1. e
2. step down 2. c
3. secure 3. b
4. praise 4. f
5. KGB 5. a
6. corruption 6. d
7. inflation
8. utilities
5 Prepositions
9. ban
10. negotiate
1. in
2. to
4. of
1. Dmitry Medvedev 5. with
2. 42 6. from
3. 12% or more 7. after
4. eight years 8. on
5. 4,000 roubles (£88)
6. China and Kazakhstan
6 Word building
3 Comprehension check 1. agreement

2. development
1. c 3. strengthen
2. f 4. promise
3. b 5. speech
4. e 6. opposition
5. d 7. movement
6. a 8. improve
449
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
2 Key words 4 Vocabulary: Financial English
1. mortgage 1 2
P M
2. foreclose 3 4
F O R E C L O S E
3. community
4. cul-de-sac I O R
5. association C S T
5
6. lawn R E N T G
7. occupants S A
8. graffiti 6
S G
9. task force 7
B A N K E R
10. emission
L
11. afford
E
12. custom-made
3 Comprehension check 6 Webquest: New words
1. Susan McDonald is an activist, a mother and a • podcast

businesswoman. • smog
2. She is the president of the Franklin Reserve
Neighbourhood Association.
3. She moved to Franklin Reserve because of its safe,
family-friendly reputation.
4. Some of her neighbours cannot afford to pay their
rent or mortgage.
5. Susan and her neighbours keep the gardens of
empty houses tidy.
6. These days many people don’t want to have to
drive everywhere.
7. People have started moving back to the cities.
8. Nearly twenty per cent of people’s household costs
now go on transport.
450
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Word Building: Nouns and adjectives
1. extinct 1. rocky
2. rare 2. shocked
3. ornithologist 3. professional
4. species 4. global
5. poison 5. disastrous
6. defend 6. hilly
7. endangered
8. conservation
5 Verbs
9. nest
10. chick
1. c
2. f
4. e
1. in the South Atlantic 5. a
2. 2,000 miles 6. d
3. 22
4. 700,000
6 Irregular plural forms
5. £2.6 million
6. ten kilograms
1. mouse
2. lice
3 Comprehension check 3. sheep
4. deer
1. c 5. fish
2. f 6. goose
3. b
4. e
5. a
6. d
451
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
2 Key words
1. struggling
2. fridge, freezer, cupboard
3. stuff
4. hardly anything
5. increases
6. odd
7. trolley
8. battery
9. free range
10. pesticides
11. organic
12. throw away
1. Jim Wall works on oil rigs in the North Sea.

2. Sharon Wall looks after their four children.
3. Sharon cannot drive so Jim does the main shopping.
4. The Walls’ food bill has risen by 50%.
5. When they can afford it, the Walls buy organic food.
6. Promotional offers in supermarkets are usually for
unhealthy food.
7. People in Britain throw away over half a million
chickens a day.
8. The Scottish parliament wants people to eat more
healthy food.
452
Level 1 Elementary
KEY
1 Key words 4 Expressions and meanings
1. resistance 1. f
2. embolism 2. a
3. altitude 3. e
4. spacesuit 4. c
5. stuntman 5. b
6. helmet 6. d
7. free-fall
8. gondola
5 Prepositions
9. paratrooper
10. belongings
1. at
2. of
2 Find the information 3. of
4. at
1. 64 5. with
2. 15 minutes 6. for
3. 20 years 7. to
4. four 8. from
5. 770mph
6. 102,800 feet
6 Adjectives and nouns
3 Comprehension check 1. sickness

2. weightlessness
1. e 3. consciousness
2. d 4. blackness
3. f 5. height
4. a 6. pressurized
5. c 7. dangerous
6. b 8. difficult
453

The Night-Walkers of Uganda

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The night-walkers of Uganda

Fill the gaps using these words from the text.

1. A is a small simple house with only one or two rooms.

5. If you a person, you take him or her prisoner.

8. An is an organization that gives money, food or help to people in need.

10. If a woman is , she is going to have a baby.

2 Find the information

Look in the text and find this information as quickly as possible: