Topographic survey

1.1 Conduct Topography survey by using T-105 Theodolite

Theory: To conduct topographic survey of a site, you need to have the survey controls from
where bearing orientations will be picked and instrument setup. In the absence of survey
controls, you can use handheld GPS receiver to pick a chosen point as the first instrument station
and another as the orientation station.
Aim: To gather data necessary for the construction of topographic maps which are very
essential for the planning and designing of the most engineering projects such as location of
highways, railways, design of irrigation and drainage systems, the development of hydroelectric
power, layout of city planning and industrial plant.

Apparatus:-
a) Theodolite
b) Tripod
c) Levelling staff
d) Tape and marking arrows
e) Ranging rods
f) Pegs and Hammer
g) Levelling book,
Procedure:-
1. Make a reconnaissance of the area and select a suitable framework and stations.
2. Use the handheld GPS receiver to pick the grid coordinates of the first points.
3. Determine / Establishment control points by using traversing relative to the reference point
and Mark them physically on the ground; you may use iron rods, pegs etc.
4. Set up the instrument at one of the point which you need to determine the distance and
level it accurately.
5. Measure all the base lines once in each direction using the direct measurement method.
6. Measure the azimuth of one of the first base lines by using the compass.
7. Erect leveling staff exactly and Record all the information and measurements properly in
the booking papers as explained in below.
▪Instrument height
 ▪Stadia reading ( Upper, middle and lower)
▪ Horizontal angle

▪ Vertical angle
▪ Code

▪ Station number

Table for Stadia Methods of Topographic Surveying

Instrument type __________________Observer________________date________________
Instrument station_______Station height (BM) =_____ Instrument height_______
S=U−L s = staff intercept HD = (KS + C)COS2V V = Vertical angle
∆H = (KS + C) sin V
H = BM + HI ± ∆h − middle hair reading HD = (KS + C)Sin2V V = Zenith angle
H = Height of new point HD = Horizontal Distance
C = 0 Additive constant K = multiplying factor
Inst. stn Target S HD ∆H H Remark
Horizontal Vertical Angle Stadia Reading

Angle

ᶱ , ,, ᶱ , ,, U M L

Table 1: Table format for topographic surveying

8. Make the necessary calculations and corrections.
9. Plotting the traverse
10. Draw the topography and special data in a suitable scale to produce a detailed map of the area.
11. Finishing the map
Comments/Inference:
Write your comments and observations on the result obtained.
 Discussion
Conclusion

Traverse Survey
Establish Control points by Closed loop Traverse
Theory : Control surveys are surveys for the establishment of survey control networks.
Control surveys can be done by different methods:
a) Traversing
b) Triangulation
c) Trilateration
d) Global Positioning System (GPS) etc.
Types of Traverse:
There are many different types of traverse:

Close Link traverse: Starts at a known survey point, with a known open orientation, and ends
at another known survey point, always forming a polyline.
Closed Polygonal/Loop traverse: Starts and finished on the same known point, with a
known opening orientation, always forming a polygon.
Open/Free traverse: Starts at a known survey point, with a known opening orientation, and
ends at unknown point.
Aim: the main aim of traverse is to provide control points for different kinds of surveying such
as chain surveying, plane table and photogrammetric surveys in flat areas, to fix the alignments
of roads, canals, rivers, boundaries etc. When a better accuracy is required and to ascertain the
coordinate of boundary pillars.

Apparatus:-
1. Theodolite with battery
2. Tripod
3. Staff and Ranging pole
4. Hammer
5. Pegs or any other box concrete structure to fix traverse station
6. Tape or meters
 7. Compass
8. Field books
Procedure for closed traverse
1. Select the area to which the traverse is performed by reconnaissance.
2. Select the traverse station accurately.
3. Check the consecutive stations are inter-visible
4. Set the theodolite at the beginning of the traverse station and level it accurately
5. Sight the telescope to the back station
6. Set the horizontal angle zero at the back station
7. Read the horizontal angle and stadia reading at the back station
8. Turn the sight of the telescope to the fore station and read the horizontal angle and stadia
readings
9. Shift the instrument to the other stations and repeat the procedure 5-8 till you finish all
stations that you establish.
st
10. Take the azimuth for the 1 traverse legs only at convenient station before you finish
your work.
Field book of closed loop traverse survey
Page…………….. Weather……… Date…..../……. /…….
Observer…………… Recorder…………

Station Measured Adjusted Azimuths Horizontal Unadjusted Correction Adjusted Coordinates

H. angle H. angle distance
dep. lat. dep. lat. dep. lat. x y

sum
Table Error! No text of specified style in document.-2: Field book of traverse survey
 Calculations
a. Determine directions of traverse side
b. Fill in the traverse computation table
a. Adjust the angular error of closure for the polygon and adjust the angles
b. Find the azimuth of the remaining traverse legs.
c. Compute the length of the traverse legs by indirect distance measurements.
d. Calculate the latitude and departure of traverse legs
e. Find the errors of closure in latitude and departure
f. Calculate the corrected latitude and departure of the traverse legs
g. Find the independent coordinate of the traverse stations
h. Compute the area of the traverseenclosed using the two methods (Bowditch and transit rule)
Problems:
1.What is the need to put traverse stations on approximately of the same length?
2. What do you do if the error on your work is beyond the limit?
Comments/Inference:
Write your comments and observations on the result obtained

• Discussion?
• Conclusion?