You are on page 1of 9

Contents

1. Overview of Examination Pattern 1


1.1 Examination Pattern for Undergraduate and Postgraduate Students 1
1.2 List of Short and Long Cases 4
1.3 List of Spots 5

2. Mastering the Concepts of Family Study 6


2.1 Comprehensive Proforma for Family Study 6
2.2 Family Study-Related FAQs Answers 15
2.3 Antenatal Case 31
2.4 Postnatal Case 37
2.5 Infant Case 42
2.6 Adolescent Case 45
2.7 Geriatric Case 47
2.8 Under Five-Year Child (including PEM, Diarrhea and Pneumonia) 49
2.9 Noncommunicable Diseases Case 54
2.10 Tuberculosis Case 57
2.11 Fever Case 59

3. Quick Look at India’s Current Health Status 62


3.1 Data of Census—2011 and Overview of Census—2021 62
3.2 Data of Sample Registration System (SRS) 2020 (Released in 2021–2022) 64
3.3 Data of National Family Health Survey-5, 2019–2021 65
3.4 Current Status of Key Indicators of Various Diseases of Public Health Importance 68
3.5 Comparison of National Health Policy 2017 and Current Status 69
3.6 Summary of All Survey Methods 70

4. Epidemiology from the Examination’s Point of View 72


4.1 Basics of Theories of Diseases Causation 72
4.2 Basics of Epidemiology 76
4.3 Overview of Different Epidemiological Study Designs 83
4.4 Measurement of Morbidity and Mortality 91
4.5 Association and Causation (Koch’s Postulate, Hill’s Criteria) 98
4.6 Outbreak Investigation 101
4.7 Errors and Bias in Epidemiological Studies with its Solution 106
4.8 Screening (Wilson’s Criteria, Types of Screening, Calculation of Series and Parallel Screening) 108
4.9 Epidemiological Transition 111
4.10 Demography, Demographic Cycle and Demographic Transition 113

5. Statistics at a Glance 116


5.1 Types of Data and its Presentation (including Radar, Box and Whisker Plot and Stem and Leaf Plot) 116
5.2 Sampling (Definition, Types and Sample Size Calculation) 124
5.3 Measures of Central Tendency 131
5.4 Measures of Dispersion (Measures of Variability) 136
5.5 Normal Distribution and Z-Score 138
5.6 Classification of Tests of Significance 142
xii Contents

5.7 Explanation About Tests of Significance with Examples 143


5.8 Chi-Square Test 147
5.9 Probability 149
5.10 Vaccine Requirement and Vaccine Efficacy 150
5.11 Vital Statistics (including Fertility-Related Indicators) 151
5.12 Indices Related to Vector Borne Diseases 156
5.13 Bleaching Powder Requirement Calculation for Disinfection of Water 158
5.14 Lot Quality Assurance Sampling 158
5.15 Statistical Fallacies 159
5.16 Design Effect 161
5.17 Survival Analysis Including Kaplan–Meier Method 161
5.18 The Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel Test 163
5.19 Kappa Statistics and Mcnemar’s Test and Bland Altman Plot Analysis 164
5.20 Fundamentals of Regression (Linear and Logistic Regression) 167
5.21 Basics of Nonparametric Tests 169
5.22 Qualitative Research 173
5.23 List of All Important Statistical Formulas 176

6. Spots 179
6.1 Pedigree Chart 179
6.2 Medical Certification of Cause of Death 183
6.3 Spots of Instruments Related to Nutrition and Environment 186
6.4 Vaccines and Cold Chain 193
6.5 Spots Related to Methods of Contraception 204
6.6 Entomology 212
6.7 Growth Chart 221
6.8 Partograph 227
6.9 Spots Related to Common Disorders 229

7. Viva Voce 232


7.1 Golden Bullets 232
7.2 List of Diseases with their Vectors 235
7.3 List of Important Incubation Period 236
7.4 List of Important Public Health Days, Weeks and Fortnights 237
7.5 List of Important Helpline Numbers 239
7.6 Important Public Health Days with Themes (WHO) 240
7.7a List of Important Indian Public Health Institutions with their Headquarters 241
7.7b List of Important International Public Health Institutions with their Headquarters 242
7.8 ASHA Incentives under NHM 243
7.9 Diet and Exercise-Related Information 246
7.10 Syndromic Approach 254
7.11 Glycemic Index 256
7.12 List of Eliminated Diseases 257

8. Differences between Important Public Health Terms 258


8.1 Sanitation and Hygiene 258
8.2 Source and Reservoir 258
8.3 Incubation Period/Serial Interval/Generation Time/Period of Communicability/Latent Period/Prepatent Period/Window
Period 258
8.4 Preclinical Case/Subclinical Case/Latent Case/Case/Carrier 259
8.5 Contamination/Pollution/Infestation 259
8.6 Communicable Disease and Infectious Disease 259
8.7 Isolation and Quarantine 260
8.8 Endemic/Outbreak/Epidemic/Pandemic/Sporadic 260
8.9 Infection and Intoxication 260
Contents xiii

8.10 Pasteurization, Sterilization and Disinfection 260


8.11 Disease Control/Elimination/Eradication/Extinction 261
8.12 Relapse and Recrudescence (in Malaria) 261
8.13 Stable Malaria and Unstable Malaria 261
8.14 Antibiotic Resistance and Antimicrobial Resistance 261
8.15 Vaccination and Immunization 262
8.16 Cold Chain/Warm Chain/Reverse Cold Chain/Clean Chain 262
8.17 Active Immunity vs Passive Immunity 263
8.18 Active Immunization vs Passive Immunization 263
8.19 Killed Vaccine vs Live Vaccine 263
8.20 Left-Outs vs Dropouts 263
8.21 Vaccine Efficacy/Vaccine Effectiveness/Vaccine Efficiency/Vaccine Hesitancy/Vaccine Confidence 264
8.22 Anaphylaxis Kit vs AEFI Kit 264
8.23 Monitoring and Surveillance 264
8.24 Monitoring vs Evaluation 265
8.25 Screening and Diagnostic Test 265
8.26 Vision/Mission/Policies/Goal/Objective/Target 265
8.27 Propaganda and Health Education 266
8.28 IEC and BCC 266
8.29 Community Participation and Community Involvement 266
8.30 Social Insurance and Social Assistance 266
8.31 Need, Want and Demand 266
8.32 Developing Countries and Developed Countries 267
8.33 Human Development Index (HDI) vs Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) vs Multidimensional Poverty Index (MDPI) 267
8.34 Socialized Medicine and Social Medicine 267
8.35 Organized Sector and Unorganized Sector 268
8.36 Quantitative Methods and Qualitative Methods 268
8.37 Strategic Plan and Implementation Plan 268
8.38 Pull vs Push System 269
8.39 Bibliography and References 269
8.40 Fabrication vs Falsification vs Plagiarism 269
8.41 Instant Food vs Fast Food vs Street Food vs Junk Food 269
8.42 Levels of Prevention 270
8.43 Expanded Program on Immunization vs Universal Immunization Program 270
8.44 National Tuberculosis Control Programme vs Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme vs National Tuberculosis
Elimination Programme 271
8.45 Active/Passive/Intensified Case Finding (in TB) 271
8.46 Prescriptive Screening vs Prospective Screening 271
8.47 Association vs Causation 271
8.48 Precision vs Accuracy 272
8.49 Antigenic Shift vs Antigenic Drift 272
8.50 Street Virus vs Fixed Virus (in Rabies) 272
8.51 Opt-out vs Opt-in 273
8.52 BEmONC vs CEmONC 273
8.53 Newborn Care Corner vs Newborn Stabilization Unit vs Special Newborn Care Unit 273
8.54 Ujala vs Ujjwala vs Ujjawala Scheme 274
8.55 Drug Distribution Center vs Fever Treatment Depot 274
8.56 Growth Monitoring vs Nutritional Surveillance 274
8.57 Counseling vs Advice 275
8.58 Eugenic vs Euthenic 275
8.59 Food Additive vs Food Fortification 275
8.60 Average Nutrient Requirement/Recommended Nutrient Intake/Estimated Average Requirement/Recommended Dietary
Allowance 275
8.61 Preterm Babies vs Small for Date Babies 276
8.62 Standard Deviation vs Standard Error 276
xiv Contents

8.63 Direct Standardization vs Indirect Standardization 276


8.64 Heat Cramp/Heat Syncope/Hyperpyrexia/Heat Stroke/Heat Exhaustion 276
8.65 Lecture/Demonstration/Symposium/Group Discussion/Panel Discussion/Workshop 277
8.66 Crowd/Mob/Herd 277
8.67 Consent vs Assent 278
8.68 Comprehensive Lactation Management Center/Lactation Management Center/Lactation Support Unit 278
8.69 Health Expenditure/Total Health Expenditure/Government Health Expenditure/Out of Pocket Expenditure/Catastrophic
Health Expenditure 278
8.70 ODF/ODF+/ODF+ Model Villages 279
8.71 Intention to Treat (ITT) Analysis vs Per Protocol Analysis 279
8.72 Drug/Drug Abuse/Drug Dependence 279
8.73 Essential Medicines/Aware Classification of Antibiotics/Orphan Drugs/Over the Counter/Off Label/Counterfeit 280
8.74 VBM vs VOI vs VOC vs VOHC 280
8.75 Biosafety vs Biosecurity 280

9. Gist of Important Communicable Diseases 282


9.1 Respiratory Infections [Smallpox, Chickenpox, Measles (Rubeola), Mumps (Rubula), Rubella (German Measles), Influenza,
Diphtheria, Pertussis (Whooping Cough), Tuberculosis, Meningitis, COVID 19, Monkeypox] 282
9.2 Intestinal Infections [Cholera, Typhoid (Enteric Fever), Food Poisoning, Poliomyelitis, Viral Hepatitis, Amoebiasis, Soil
Transmitted Helminths, Ascariasis (Round worm), Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm)] 294
9.3 Arthropod Infection [Malaria, Dengue, Chikungunya, Filariasis, Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar), Japanese Encephalitis,
Chandipura virus disease] 303
9.4 Zoonotic Infections/Diseases [Rabies, Plague, Anthrax, Leptospirosis, Brucellosis, Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), Rickettsial
Diseases (Epidemic Typhus, Endemic Typhus, Scrub Typhus, Q fever), Taeniasis, Hydatid Disease, Hanta Virus, Nipah Virus,
Ebola Virus, Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF)] 311
9.5 Other Important Diseases [HIV/AIDS, STD, Trachoma, Tetanus, Leprosy, Yaws, Scabies, Pediculosis] 323

10. Recent Updates in Various National Health Programs and Guidelines 330
10.1 National Framework for Malaria Elimination (2015–2030), Global Technical Strategy (2015–2030) 330
10.2 National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) 333
10.3 National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP) 345
10.4 Polio Endgame Strategy and Polio Vaccine Certification 350
10.5 National AIDS Control Programme (NACP Phase V) 355
10.6 National Action Plan for Dog Mediated Rabies Elimination from India by 2030 363
10.7 National Viral Hepatitis Control Programme 366
10.8 National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) 368
10.9 Reproductive Maternal Newborn Child Adolescent Health Plus Nutrition (RMNCAH+N) 369
10.10 Anemia Mukt Bharat (I-NIPI) 373
10.11 Mission Balam Sukham 376
10.12 Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) 379
10.13 Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) 381
10.14 National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP) 384
10.15 Intensified Mission Indradhanush 5.0 384
10.16 Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) 385
10.17 Mother’s Absolute Affection Programme (MAA) 388
10.18 Social Awareness and Actions to Neutralize Pneumonia Successfully (SAANS) 389
10.19 Home Based Newborn Care (HBNC) and Home Based Care for Young Child (HBYC) 390
10.20 Surakshit Matritva Aashwasan (SUMAN) 392
10.21 Brief About Important RCH Schemes (JSY, JSSK, NSSK, RBSK) 393
10.22 Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK) 395
10.23 Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) 397
10.24 Daksh (Skills Lab) 397
10.25 Mamta Abhiyan and Mamta Taruni Abhiyan 398
10.26 Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls (RGSEAG) ‘SABLA’ 400
10.27 National Sickle Cell Anemia Elimination Mission 402
Contents xv

10.28 Intensified Diarrhea Control Fortnight 404


10.29 Maternal Death Surveillance and Response 406
10.30 Child Death Review 408
10.31a Basics of Common Noncommunicable Diseases 411
10.31b National Programme for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases: NP-NCD (2023–2030) 424
10.32 National Programme of Health Care of the Elderly (NPHCE) 428
10.33 National Mental Health Programme (including Tele-MANAS) 430
10.34 National Tobacco Control Programme 432
10.35 National Cancer Control Programme 434
10.36 National Programme for Palliative Care (NPPC) 435
10.37 National Programme for Control of Blindness and Visual Impairment (NPCBVI) 436
10.38 National Programme for Prevention and Control of Deafness (NPPCD) 437
10.39 National Oral Health Programme 438
10.40 National Programme for Prevention and Control of Fluorosis (NPPCF) 439
10.41 Climate Change and National Programme on Climate Change and Human Health (NPCCHH) 440
10.42 National Clean Air Program 443
10.43 National Programme for Prevention and Management of Trauma and Burn Injuries (NPPMT and BI) 444
10.44 National Health Policy–2017 445
10.45 Sustainable Development Goals (2015–2030) 448
10.46 Universal Health Coverage 452
10.47 Neglected Tropical Diseases 454
10.48 Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in India 455
10.49 Kayakalp 456
10.50 Jansankhya Sthirata Kosh/Population Stabilization Fund 459
10.51 Mission Parivar Vikas 460
10.52 National Family Planning Indemnity Scheme (NFPIS) 461
10.53 Swachh Swasth Sarvatra 462
10.54 Village Based Initiative to Synergise Health, Water and Sanitation (VISHWAS) 462
10.55 The Umbrella Scheme of Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi (RAN) 464
10.56 National Policy for Rare Diseases, 2021 465
10.57 Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) and Integrated Health Information Platform (IHIP) 467
10.58 National One Health Programme for Prevention and Control of Zoonoses 469
10.59 Drug De-Addiction Programmes Including Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan 470
10.60 Tribal Health in India 471

11. Government Schemes Related to Health 474


11.1 Ayushman Bharat—Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) 474
11.2 Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan (PMSMA) 477
11.3 Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY) 478
11.4 Pradhan Mantri Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana 479
11.5 Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Yojana 479
11.6 Ujjawala Scheme (MWCD) 480
11.7 Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Scheme 480
11.8 Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana 481
11.9 Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana 482
11.10 Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana 483
11.11 Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana 483
11.12 Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY) 483
11.13 Atal Pension Yojana (Old Age Income Security Scheme) 484
11.14 Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) 485
11.15 Pradhan Mantri Gramin Awas Yojana 485
11.16 Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana 486
11.17 Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana 486
11.18 Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) 486
11.19 Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-Dhan Yojna (PM-SYM) 487
xvi Contents

11.20 Pradhan Mantri National Dialysis Programme (PMNDP) 488


11.21 Soil Health Card Scheme (Under National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture) 489
11.22 Swachh Bharat Mission 2.0 489
11.23 Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) 492
11.24 Smart Cities Mission 492
11.25 National Rurban Mission (Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission) 493
11.26 POSHAN Abhiyaan and Mission POSHAN 2.0 494
11.27 Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman (PM POSHAN) 495
11.28 PM Ayushman Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM) 496
11.29 Jal Jeevan Mission 497
11.30 Summary of All Schemes 498

12. Public Health Legislation in India 499


12.1 The Clinical Establishments Act, 2010 499
12.2 Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 500
12.3 The Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 501
12.4 Birth and Death Registration Act, 1969 503
12.5 The Preconception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT Act) (Prohibition of Sex Selection Act), 1994 504
12.6 Transplantation of Human Organ Act, 1994 505
12.7 The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP Act, 1971) 506
12.8 Biomedical Waste Management (BMW) Handling Rules, 2016 507
12.9 The Cigarette and Other Tobacco Products (Prohibition of Advertisement and Regulation of Trade and Commerce,
Production, Supply and Distribution) Act 2003 or COTPA Act, 2003 510
12.10 The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 512
12.11 The Factory Act, 1948 513
12.12 The Employees State Insurance (ESI) Act, 1948 514
12.13 Food Safety and Standards Act (FSSA), 2006 and Food Safety and Standards Rules, 2011 516
12.14 The Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 517
12.15 Consumer Protection Act (CPA), 1986 and Amended in 2019 518
12.16 Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 519
12.17 The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 520
12.18 The Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles and Infant Foods (Regulation of Production, Supply and Distribution) Act,
1992 (Amended in 2003) 521
12.19 Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 521
12.20 The Juvenile Justice Act, 2015 522
12.21 The Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 and Amendment 2016 524
12.22 The Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929 [The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 (Amended in 2016)] 524
12.23 Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 525
12.24 Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 526
12.25 The Mental Healthcare Act, 2017 527
12.26 The Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897 529
12.27 The HIV and AIDS (Prevention and Control) Act, 2017 530
12.28 The Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923 530
12.29 National Food Security Act, 2013 531
12.30 Disaster Management Act, 2005 532
12.31 E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022 533
12.32 Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 535
12.33 The Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Act, 2021 and Surrogacy Bill, 2016 536
12.34 The Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPWD) Act, 2016 539
12.35 Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007 541

13. Health Management and Social Sciences 543


13.1 Healthcare Delivery System in India 543
13.2 IPHS 2022 551
13.3 Brief Introduction of Different Management Techniques 557
Contents xvii

13.4 District Health Action Plan and Log Frame Analysis 563
13.5 Health Economics 567
13.6 Inventory Control: ABC-VED Analysis 568
13.7 Haddon’s Matrix 571
13.8 Public Private Partnership for Health in India 571
13.9 Tanahashi Model: Health Service Coverage Evaluation Model 574
13.10 Leadership 576
13.11 Johari Window 577
13.12 Sociometry 579
13.13 Child Abuse 580
13.14 Community-Based Rehabilitation Matrix 581
13.15 Social Marketing 582
13.16 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 583
13.17 Behavior Change: Basics and Relevant Theories 584
13.18 Epidemiology of Suicide and its Prevention 588

14. Miscellaneous 590


14.1 Gantt Chart 590
14.2 Systematic Review and Meta Analysis 591
14.3 ROC Curve 594
14.4 Evidence-Based Public Health 596
14.5 Remote Sensing and GIS in Public Health 597
14.6 Concept of Poverty (HPI) and Poverty Alleviation Program 598
14.7 Global Hunger Index 602
14.8 International Health Regulations (IHR 2005) 603
14.9 Bioterrorism 605
14.10 Biosafety 606
14.11 Healthcare-Associated Infections 608
14.12 Fundamentals of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) 609
14.13 Disaster Management Including Humanitarian Emergency 610
14.14 Basics of e-Health and Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission 614
14.15 Medical Tourism 623
14.16 Carbon Footprint 624
14.17 Genetically Modified Foods 625
14.18 Basic Concept of Reference Writing and Publication 626
14.19 Pedagogy 627
14.20 Recent Reforms in Medical Education in India 631
14.21 Adult Immunization 635

15. Imagica 639

16. Case Based Discussion (Clinico-Social Case Assessment) 667


Part I Case Studies with Answers 667
Part II Case Studies for Self-Learning 679

17. National and International Agencies Related to Health 682


17.1 WHO (World Health Organization) 682
17.2 UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund) 683
17.3 Important UN Agencies 684
17.4 International Bilateral Agencies or NGOs 686
17.5 National Voluntary Health Agencies 687

Annexures 691
Annexure 1 Famous Acronyms 691
Annexure 2 Chronology of Indian Public Health 696
xviii Contents

Annexure 3 History of Traditional Medicine 699


Annexure 4 Summary of All Health Planning Committees 701
Annexure 5 Food Adulteration and Pasteurization 703
Annexure 6 Pneumoconiosis 704
Annexure 7 Color Matters in Community Medicine 705
Annexure 8 Some Important Tables 706
Annexure 9 Phases of Clinical (Drug) Trial and Vaccine Trial 709
Annexure 10 RDA and EAR for Indians (NIN Recommendation, 2020) (Updated 2024) 710
Annexure 11 Overview of Training Schedule of Different Healthcare Provider 712
Annexure 12 SWOT Analysis of Important National Health Programme 713
Annexure 13 Golden Tables of Important Communicable Diseases 716

Index 723

You might also like