A CASE STUDY ON UNDERSTANDING THE AIRPORT

OPERATIONS OF SRINAGAR INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by
ABHYUDYA KATOCH

ABHYUDYA KATOCH
(20211BAV0028)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BBA in AVIATION MANAGEMENT

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 SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT,

PRESIDENCY UNIVERSITY
Private University established in Karnataka, under the Karnataka Act No 41 of 2013
Itgalpur, Rajanakunte,
Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064
MARCH 2024

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled as a case study on understanding the airport
operations of Kangra Airport submitted by Abhyudya Katoch to Presidency University
Bangalore, in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of BBA in Aviation Management is
a bona fide record of project work carried out by him under my/our supervision. The contents of
this report, in full or in parts, have not been submitted to any other Institution or University for
the award of any degree or diploma.

Mr. Rakshith
Bangalore
June, 2023

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 DECLARATION

I declare that this project report titled case study on understanding the airport operations at
Kangra Airport submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of BBA in Aviation Management,
is a record of original work carried out by me under the supervision of , and has not formed the
basis for Mr. Rakshith the award of any other degree or diploma, in this or any other Institution
or University. In keeping with the ethical practice in reporting information, due
acknowledgements have been made wherever the findings of others have been cited.

Abhyudya Katoch

20211BAV0001
Bangalore-560054
DATE

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me great pleasure to thank Mr. Rakshith (the guide), Department of Commerce, for
the constant support and guidance given to us throughout the course of this project. He/she
has been a constant source of inspiration for us. We also take the opportunity to
acknowledge the contribution of Professor and Head, Aviation, for his support and
assistance during the development of the project. We also take this the opportunity to
acknowledge the contribution of all faculty members of the department for their assistance
and cooperation during the development of our project. We also thank all the non-teaching
Staff of the Department who helped us in the course of the project. Last but not the least, we
acknowledge our friends for their encouragement in the completion of the project

Abhyudya Katoch
20211BAV0001

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 ABSTRACT

This case study examines the operational aspects of Kangra Airport, situated in the laps of
Himalyas. The study aims to understand the airport's operations, identify key challenges, and
propose solutions for improvement. The research reveals that while the airport serves as a critical
gateway to the culturally rich region, it faces several challenges, including limited terminal
capacity, outdated infrastructure, and inadequate cargo handling facilities.

To address these challenges, the study proposes a comprehensive system analysis and
recommends specific enhancements. These include expanding and modernizing the terminal,
upgrading runway and taxiway infrastructure, improving cargo handling processes, and
integrating advanced technologies. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of
addressing security concerns, weather-related disruptions, competition from nearby airports, and
environmental sustainability.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DESCRIPTION Page no

CERTIFICATE 2
DECLARATION 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4
ABSTRACT 5
LIST OF FIGURES 7
LIST OF TABLES 8
1. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 9
1.1 Introduction 9
1.2 Motivation for the work 10
1.3 Background 10
1.4 Objective of the work 12
1.4.1 Second level section heading 14
2. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY 20
2.1 Introduction 20
2.2 Research issues/observations from literature Survey 35
2.3 Summary 39
3. CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM ANALYSIS 41
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 disadvantages / limitations in the existing system 44
3.3 Proposed System 47
3.3.1 Second level section heading 50
3.4. Summary 54
4. CHAPTER 4 EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS 58
4.1 Summary 61
5. CHAPTER 5 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT& CONCLUSION 62
5.1 Future Enhancement 62
5.2 Suggestions and Conclusion 54
REFERENCES 70

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 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No Title Page No

1.4.1.1 Introduction 15
2.1.1 Literature Survey (Introduction) 20
2.1.2 Literature survey (Introduction) 23
2.1.3 Embarkation 24
2.1.4 Disembarkation 27
2.1.5 Passenger Check-In 30
2.2.1 Seasonal Variation 35
2.2.2 Environment Impact 38
5.1.1 Future Enhancement 63

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 LIST OF TABLES

Tables
Title Page No
No
2.1.1 Passenger Facilities 22

CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION
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1.1 Introduction:

Airport operations encompass the day-to-day activities that keep an airport running smoothly, all
while upholding the highest industry standards. A dedicated team of employees ensures that
everything, from baggage handling to security checks to flight scheduling, operates seamlessly.
These operations are all aimed at one overarching goal: to provide passengers with a stress-free
and efficient travel experience.

It's essential because it ensures that passengers can move through the airport with ease, flights
remain on schedule, and security measures are maintained. Without effective operations
management, the airport experience could be chaotic and unpredictable, emphasizing the
importance of providing excellent customer service and implementing best practices for the
satisfaction of all customers.

Airport operations oversees everything—from aspects of public relations, marketing and finance
to the running of the airport,” Torres says. “Planning is crucial for airport operations.”

A good airport experience involves several factors, including efficient check-in and security
procedures, a wide range of dining and shopping options, clean and comfortable facilities, clear
signage, and helpful staff. It's about making the journey as smooth and enjoyable as possible,
leaving travelers with a positive impression of the airport.

1.2 Motivation Behind the work:

The motivation behind selecting my project topic stems from a deep-rooted passion for aviation
and a keen interest in the intricate workings of airport management. I have always been
fascinated by the bustling activity and seamless coordination required to ensure the safe and
efficient

operation of flights.

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As a BBA student majoring in aviation management, I have come to appreciate the pivotal role
that airports play in the aviation industry. Airports serve as the lifeline of air travel, connecting
people and goods across the globe. The complexity of airport operations, encompassing areas
such as terminal management, ground handling, security, and air traffic control, presents a rich
field for exploration and learning.

My motivation to delve into this topic further was further fueled by my internship experience at a
Kangra Airport, where I had the opportunity to shadow airport managers and gain insight into the
day-to-day challenges they face. This experience not only deepened my understanding of airport
operations but also highlighted the importance of effective management practices in ensuring the
smooth functioning of an airport.

Moreover, I believe that studying airport operations in-depth will equip me with the necessary
knowledge and skills to pursue a successful career in aviation management. By conducting a
detailed case study, I aim to not only analyze the operational strategies of a specific airport but
also draw lessons that can be applied to improve airport operations worldwide.

In conclusion, my motivation to undertake this project stems from a genuine interest in airport
operations and a desire to gain valuable insights that will shape my future career in aviation
management. I am excited about the opportunity to contribute to the existing body of knowledge
in this field and look forward to the learning journey ahead."

1.3 Background:
Airports are the most important component of the air transport system which provides all the
infrastructure required to transfer passengers and freight by air. Airport is a created space where
an aircraft is parked, refueled, and serviced for take off and land. It is a large organized and
maintained area that not only facilitates the aircraft to take off and land but also provides

passengers all the necessary services and comfort required for their travel by air.

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The number of services provided at airport for the airlines and aircrafts as well as the services for
the passenger are manifold. A team of personals are required to ensure smooth operations at
airport keeping in mind all the security, air traffic control and customer satisfaction. At the same
time an airport requires all necessary infrastructure and facilities to meet the guidelines given by
International Civil Aviation Organization for Airports, especially International Airports; in order
to be deemed suitable for international and domestic flights of different airlines.

This is where Airport Authority of India (IAA) role is vital. The Airports Authority of India
(AAI) is a public sector enterprise entrusted with the operation and oversight of airports in India.
AAI provides Air Traffic Management Services (ATMS) over the entire Indian airspace and
adjoining oceanic areas with ground installations at all Airports and 25 other locations to ensure
the safety of Aircraft operations. The authorities are often governed by a group of airport
commissioners appointed to lead the charge by a government official. In a few counties, airport
authorities usually refer to private (non-government owned or affiliated) not-for-profit
companies. Aéroports De Paris is the authority responsible for the operation of airports in
France. Similarly, Airport Authority Hong Kong, Dubai Airports Company, Airport Authority of
India manages the operation in Hongkong, UAE and India respectively. The Airports Council
International is the world trade association of airport authorities.

Airports Authority of India (AAI) was constituted by an Act of Parliament and came into being
on 1st April 1995 by merging erstwhile National Airports Authority and International Airports
Authority of India. The merger brought into existence a single Organization entrusted with the
responsibility of creating, upgrading, maintaining, and managing civil aviation infrastructure
both on the ground and air space in the country. The AAI Act enables AAI to grant a concession
to a private entity that has been given the tasks of financing, development, operation, and
maintenance of the airport by AAI. AAI manages a total of 137 airports which include 24
International airports (3 Civil Enclaves), 10 Custom Airports (4 Civil Enclaves) and 103
Domestic airports (23 Civil

Enclaves).

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AAI provides air navigation services over 2.8 million square nautical miles of air space. During
the year 2019-20, AAI handled aircraft movement of 1314.23 thousand [International 156.0 &
Domestic 1158.23], Passengers handled 159.59 million [International 22.26 & Domestic 137.33]
and the cargo handled 909.32 thousand MT [International 452.46 & Domestic 456.85]. Further,
all Indian airports taken together have handled aircraft movement of 2587.05 thousand
[International 431.85 & Domestic 2155.20], Passengers handled 341.05 million [International
66.54& Domestic 274.51] and the cargo handled 3328.63 thousand MT [International 2003.12 &
Domestic 1325.51].

AAI also provides Air Traffic Management Services (ATMS) over entire Indian Air Space and
adjoining oceanic areas with ground installations at all Airports and 25 other locations to ensure
safety of Aircraft operations. All major air-routes over Indian landmass are Radar covered (29
Radar installations at 11 locations) along with VOR/DVOR coverage (89 installations)
collocated with Distance Measuring Equipment (90 installations). 52 runways are provided with
ILS installations with Night Landing Facilities at most of these Airports and Automatic Message
Switching System at 15 Airports. AAI has its corporate headquarters in New Delhi. The five
regional headquarters are Eastern Regional Headquarter at Kolkata, West Bengal Western
Regional Headquarter at Mumbai, Northern Regional Headquarter at Delhi, Southern Regional
Headquarter at Chennai North Eastern Regional Headquarter at Guwahati, Assam.

1.4 Objective of the work:

1.4.a Primary Objectives

1. Conduct a comprehensive case study on airport operations, focusing on a specific airport.

2. Analyze the operational strategies, challenges, and best practices employed by the selected

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airport.

3. Gain a detailed understanding of airport management practices through the case study.

4. Identify areas for improvement in airport operations based on the findings.

5. Propose practical recommendations for enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of airport
operations.

6. Contribute to the existing body of knowledge in aviation management by offering insights and
recommendations applicable to the industry.

1.4.b Secondary Objective

7. Explore the impact of technological advancements on airport operations and management.

8. Examine the role of regulatory frameworks and international standards in shaping airport
operations.

9. Investigate the influence of environmental sustainability practices on airport operations and

management

10. Compare and contrast the operational strategies of the selected airport with those of other
airports, both regionally and globally.

11. Assess the importance of customer experience and satisfaction in airport operations and
management.

12. Evaluate the financial aspects of airport operations, including revenue generation, cost

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management, and investment strategies.

1.4.1 Second level section heading:

Airports spanning over a large area, provide a wide range of facilities and services which
facilitates air transport. Every part of the airport has a specific purpose and function. Two
distinct areas that can be identified separately in an airport as discussed below:

Airside: Airside areas include all the areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways,
and ramps. Airside describes the movement of the airplanes on the airport’s surface. It is in this
area the movements like boarding, parking, maintenance, landing, and take-off of the aircrafts
take place. It is highly a restricted area and only the authorized people are supposed to enter it:

Airside area primary consists of:

i) Apron or Ramp (Region for Aircraft Maintenance and Parking): This is the area where
the aircrafts are parked and handled. It is in this space, the offloading /loading /boarding of
luggage and cargo as well as passengers take place before the next flight to the destination
airport.

ii) Taxiway: Taxiway is the route through which the aircraft move from the runway, after
landing, to park, for deplaning and boarding purposes. Taxi way connects Apron to the main
runway for landing and take-off.

iii) Runway: A runway is the most important part of the airside. It is on which the aircraft
landing and take-off takes place. Minimum one runway is essential for an airport and bigger
airports will have more runways.

iv) Air Traffic Control: Air Traffic Control facilities and tower are there which provide the
necessary information to the pilot for landing, flying, and taking off. Air traffic control is

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responsible for providing the safe, orderly, and expeditious flow of air traffic at airports which
directs aircraft on ground and in the air.

Landside (Ground Side): Landside areas cover the arrival/departure of the passenger in the

airport terminal building and the movements through the terminal building to board the airplanes.
Landside areas include parking lots, fuel tank and access roads. This is the side of the airport
where the land transportation takes place, that ensures the connectivity of the airport with the
nearby city and the rest of the places in the region. Road/rail access system, parking area,
security mechanism, etc. are also seen in the landside of the airport. Commercial services like
taxi services, bus/rails services, refreshment centers, etc. are also there in this area.

FIGURE 1.4.1.1
Functions and Operations in an Airport

A wide range of operations take place within an airport. Most of them take place in a sequential
order

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a. Ground handling: It is the most crucial function happening in an airport. A range of
activities are involved in this and they aim at making the aircraft to be ready for the next
flight. Ground handling encompasses the varied services provided to facilitate an aircraft
to get prepared for the next flight, preparation for and upon completion of a flight which

will include both customer service and ramp service functions. Passenger deplaning,
cargo and baggage offloading, passenger boarding for the next flight and cargo and
baggage loading are the primary tasks involved. The ground handling activities in the
airside includes various services like aircraft marshalling, toilet and water services,
refueling,

aircraft check/routine maintenance ground power supply, cleaning of windows, ensuring

in-flight entertainment, minor servicing of cabin fittings, unloading and loading of cargo,
safety measures, air conditioning support, loading catering services, deplaning and
boarding of passengers, pushback of aircraft with the help of tractors, and so on.

Turnaround time is the term used for indicating the whole period between the landing and
take-off of a flight. Airlines wish to have less turnaround time to utilize the aircraft
maximum. Refueling is another task undertaken while the flight is there within the
turnaround time. Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF) is used for flights, usually and stationary
fueling platform or a mobile refueling mechanism is used to refuel the aircraft.
Passenger Baggage and cargo loading is also a crucial activity. Cargo is loaded first into
Unit Load Devices (ULDs) and then, they are loaded according to priority/weight basis.
Rescue and firefighting constitute another important activity within an airport. Chances
of fire related incidents are more within the airside and quick actions are inevitable.
Usually, fire and safety vehicles shall be ready for action at every point of time inside an
airport, particularly at the time of landing. While the aircraft is parked for boarding,
additional power supply is also given, to meet the power requirements when the inbuilt
power generating mechanism is not working.

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 Push back is done when the boarding is complete and ready to move to the runway for
the next flight. Push back denotes the action of moving an airplane from a passenger
terminal to a runway or taxiway, into a position where it can use its own engines.

 Passenger handling: Passenger is the most important person in an airport and major
activities regarding passenger handling take place within the terminal building. The
stages in passenger handling in the departure and the arrival area are:

 Departure area: Departure area refers to the area a passenger enters and stays in prior to
the boarding a flight. The services available and offered to a passenger prior to departure
are:

 Entry: The passenger, upon arrival has at the airport gets to travel documents verified to
enter the terminal building.

 Baggage Screening: In some airports, there will be a mechanism to screen/ check the
baggage, especially check-in baggage by security agencies.

 Passenger Check in: A passenger can enter the airport with a valid ticket and id
verification documents. The hand baggage and check-in baggage of passengers are
weighed by airline staff separately and a counterfoil given for checked in baggage.

 Security check: Detailed personal body and hand baggage check is undertaken by
authorized personnel. Security check in almost all the airports of India is undertaken by
CISF personnel.

Emigration/Passport Control Centre: This is an important area as far as the entry and
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 exit from a country is concerned. Once the documents are verified, the travel will be
recorded in the official system of the country and exit stamp shall be entered in the
passport
Boarding: Usually there is time gap between check in and boarding of a flight. Security
check and Travel documents will be verified again performed before transfer to or for
boarding airplane. Some of the airports are silent and there will not be announcements
while in others passengers can move to the gate area after hearing the announcement of
the boarding. Once boarding is completed by the passenger, the services in the terminal
building is completed and the inflight service providers take over. The inflight staff may
verify that the right passenger has boarded the flight and help the passengers to occupy
the right seat and help them to keep hand baggage properly, at the right space.

ii) Arrival area: Arrival area refers to the services a passenger avails on arriving at the
destination. The services available and offered to a passenger on arrival are:

 Deplaning: Once the flight is landed, it will be moved to the ramp and come to a
complete stop. Passengers are permitted to deplane and can enter the terminal area.

 Transit Passenger: Passengers with connecting flight for an ongoing journey are
permitted to move to the transit area. Once the next flight is ready for boarding, the
transit passengers can move to the gate area for boarding for the next flight.

 Immigration/Passport Control Centre: In the case of international passengers, they

must move to the immigration area for getting the permission to enter the destination
country. If a foreigner is arriving, their documents and visa will be verified and entry
permit shall be given. The date and time of arrival are recorded properly.

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 Baggage Claim: The incoming passengers with check-in baggage collect their baggage
from the baggage conveyer belt.

 Customs: Customs department is vested with the authority to control the flow of goods,
transports, foods, personal effects, illegal items, and hazardous items, into and out of a
country.

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CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 INTRODUCTION
Kangra Airport (IATA: DHM, ICAO: VIGG), also known as Kangra Airport , is an domestic
airport serving Kangra disrtict, the winter capital of Himachal Pradesh, India. It is owned by the
I Airports Authority of India operates a civil enclave at the airport. It was inaugurated in 1986 by
Himachal Pradesh’s chief minister Virbhadra Singh. It has an integrated terminal and one asphalt
runway.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

FIGURE 2.1.1

Kangra Airport (IATA; DHM, ICAO; VIGG) officially known as Kangra Airport, is a regional
airport serving areas of Kangra including Dharamshala, the winter capital of Himachal Pradesh,
India. It is located at Gaggal, which is situated 12km from the city, 8km from Kangra and 14km
from Kangra railway station. Kangra Airport is located on National Highway154, that runs
between Pathankot and Mandi, and is the largest airport in Himachal Pradesh in terms of
Passengers and aircraft movement.

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The foundation of Kangra Airport was laid down by Virbhadra Singh, the then chief minister of
Himachal Pradesh, on 15 october 1986. The first scheduled operation at this airport was by
Vayudoot with a Dornier 228 in the 1990.

Subsequently other airlines like Jagson, Air Deccan and Kingfisher also operated from this
airport. In march 2007, the runway was extended from 910 to 1370m and a new terminal
building was innaugrated.

The airport spread over 1269 acres at an altitude of 2492 ft has one asphalt runway, oriented
15/33, 1376 by 30m. Its 91 by 61m apron provides parking space for two turboprop aircraft, like
ATR72 and Dash 8 Series 400, while its terminal building can handle 100 passengers, 50 in the
arrival area and 50 in the departure area.

Due to its shorter runway as well as high altitude, the airport has a load penalty and aircraft at
this airport are not allowed to takeoff with full capacity, leading to under utilization and higher
air fare in this route.

(PAPI) lights and VHF omnidirectional range (DVOR) are also installed in the airport as an
navigational aid. The DVOR was installed in 2016, which reduced the the minimum runway
visibility requirement for aircraft landing at airport from 5,000 to 2,400m. The airport falls in
category II(C) of ICAO standards due to limited ILS capabilities.

Currently Kangra Airport is under the expansion phase, expansion of airport brings lot more
opportunity. If airport will expand, employement will be generated for people, Development
nearby Kangra Airport will be improved which will also bring revenue to the airport. ILS will
also be installed which can bring lot more connectivity. Despite of being in a hill area the airport
boundry is in a plain terrain where expansion can take place easily.

Due to security reasons, Baggage services Kangra Airport are hi-tech and have various check

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points in between.

Trolley services are complimentary from the Airport authority. Baggage conveyer belts are
equipped with x-ray scanners to check the baggage to maintain the security in the premises.

Places to Shop and Eat: Various eating joints are available on Srinagar Airport which serve
delicious food to customers. There are various shops which provide reading material, stationery
and clothing items including some traditional clothing too. No duty-free shops are available at
the Srinagar Airport. But you can get various other items on retail prices from outside the airport.

SBI Bank & ATM, PNB Bank ATM are also available at this Airport.

S. No. Facilities Provider

1. WIFI/INTERNET AAI

GOVT OF J&K (UT)

2. MEDICAL AID DIRECTORATE OF HEALTH
SERVICES

3. INFORMATION COUNTER AAI

4. FOREIGN REGISTRATION COUNTER

POLICE

EMIGRATION COUNTERS FOR SPECIAL BRANCH J&K

5.
INTERNATIONAL PASSENGERS POLICE

6. CHILD CARE ROOM AAI

WASHROOM FOR BOTH MEN/

7. AAI
WOMEN/ HANDICAPPED

TABLE 2.1.1

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Srinagar International Airport connects Kashmir valley with several national and international
destinations. Air India, Air Asia, IndiGo, Vistara and SpiceJet are the airlines operate from
Srinagar International Airport, with IndiGo having the highest no. of flights per day. The popular
destinations of these airline are Jammu, Chandigarh, Delhi, Mumbai etc. During the Hajj, several
airlines provide direct flights to Jeddah.

FIGURE 2.1.2

Passenger Handling

A passenger with respect to air travel is someone who travels in the aircraft of an airline but is
neither piloting it nor working on it. A passenger needs to have valid documents and contract of
carriage to be permitted into enter the airport as well as to board a flight or disembark from the
flight and enter the destination city. The contract of carriage between the airline and the
passenger is referred to as a passenger ticket.

Information reflected in the ticket / contract of carriage between passenger and airline include the

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necessary information and notices for travel, such as the Passenger's Name, Itinerary, Fare, PNR
(Passenger Name Record), Departure/Arrival Gate (Optional), Value Added Services if any
(Free
Meals, etc.), Code Share Flight if applicable, Stop Over Details if applicable, etc. These tickets
may or may not be refundable but they are nontransferable.

Embarkation:
Embarkation is the process of loading passengers onto a passenger ship or aeroplane. The
boarding and stationing of passengers in accommodations (cabins) by personnel and crew
members is known as boarding or embarkation.

Embarkation Procedure

FIGURE 2.1.3

We can break down this procedure into smaller steps for better understanding:

Step 1:

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Arrival to the airport – As the passenger arrives at the airport, they need to produce a photo
identity proof. Along with the boarding pass if they have done web check in else need to produce
ticket either in a digital form or a printout.

Step 2:

Check-in- Once the passenger has successfully entered the airport, they need to head towards the
check-in counters. With the modern facilities many airports have self-check-in kiosks set up by
respective airlines for the ease of the passengers. Passengers who have had web checked in may
proceed to the fast backdrop of counters and further to the next step however, other passengers
may need to check in at the counter/kiosk, get their baggage labelled, tagged and checked-in
before proceeding towards Security Check. Here the passengers would also be provided with
proper boarding passes.

Step 3:

Security Check- this is an important step when it comes to embarkation procedure. All
passengers irrespective of their status, privileges, etc. are required to undergo a Security Check.
Under the step all the belongings of the passenger and he/she, themselves need to be scanned
before moving on to embarkation.

Step 4:

Immigration check- a vital step when it comes to international travel is immigration check. The
passenger is required to show their valid travel documents in order to be allowed by the
respective government/authority to fly to the desired destination. This step involves a major step
of documentation check. To ensure efficient and smooth flow of services for the best of the
passengers travelling experience, proper travel documents are not only necessary but an
important

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aspect. Based on the latest trends and industry best ractices, passengers’ assessment and
exceptional handling techniques involve proper documentation to be handed over to the
respective airline representative in order to save time, costly delays, and penalties The passenger
is responsible for obtaining the correct entry permits at the airport of not only the origin city but
also

of the destination.
These documents are:
• Photo ID proof (Aadhar/Passport in India is preferred)
• Valid ticket
• Boarding Pass
• Passport (For international travels)
• Visa (If Applicable)
• Travel Insurance (If Applicable)
• Health Certificate (If Applicable)
• Travel permits to sensitive areas (If Applicable)
• Custom declaration form
• Forex Card/ Forex Currency
• Proof of accommodation/ Hotel booking
• Invitation / Sponsorship Letter

Step 5:

Boarding lounge- It is a significant step when it comes to the embarkation procedure where
passengers wait at the lounge area when the specific boarding gate has either not been confirmed
or is already in operation with another flight. Here the passengers can wait peacefully while
being informed about their specific flight arrival and departure status.

Step 6:
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Boarding Gate- This is an important step of the embarkation procedure. Help the passengers are

called for boarding on flight through transport vehicles or ramps in order of their seat allotment,
privileges, status, or special requirement requests. The passengers boarding passes are checked in
accordance with the manifest.

Disembarkation
The act of passengers and crew disembarking from an aeroplane is known as disembarkation. It
is the procedure for exiting an aircraft or removing goods/baggage from the aircraft’s holding
area.

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 FIGURE 2.1.4

Responsibilities of Passenger Handling

Passenger handling for an airline in the airport involves a lot of activities which can be as
mundane as giving directions to special request like meal or carrying medicines or even
accessibility issues. All the activities undertaken for the passenger may not be under the domain
of airline management. We can therefore broadly classify services offered and responsibilities of,
passenger handling into two broad groups.

Responsibilities of Airline Management:

When it comes to passenger handling, the most normally utilized services provided by airlines
include airline bookings, check-in facilities, instructions at the boarding gate for passengers
taking the departing flights, addressing passengers at the gate for arriving flights, checked
baggage transfer, and the processing of various other inquiries.

Customers who require assistance with wheelchairs, strollers, and other items can request special
requirements services from airlines. Services that are the responsibility of airline management
are:

1: Issuing Ticket – Issuing a ticket is the primary function of Passenger Handling Procedure.
This involves the function of providing airline representatives who are \ responsible for handling
ticket reservations, cancellations, rescheduling/rebooking, and informing customers when a flight
has been delayed or cancelled.

2: Cancellation and refunds – This function involves not only cancelling tickets and processing

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refunds but also taking the requests of rescheduling and rebooking tickets. In case of cancellation
or rescheduling of flights, if the policy allows, the passenger can claim their full refund or
compensation. Generally, any cancellation from the airline's end attracts full refund to the

customers; however, in case of cancellation from the passenger a certain percentage of fee may
be charged as cancellation fee.

3: Special requests – The primary services of this function involve taking meal requests, special
service requests and even refund processes of the special request made before.

4: Passenger Check-In – This service comprises trained staff members delivering check-in
counter services such as boarding pass issuing and paperwork checks. When a customer arrives
at the airport, the first thing they should do is check-in. According to airline regulations, check-in
must be completed within a certain time-frame prior to boarding. This time period might range
from 30 minutes to 4 hours before the departure time for different airline. Passengers are given a
boarding pass that includes their name, PNR (Passenger Name Record), route leg, seat number,
boarding gate, special services requested, flight number, code share flight data, and stopover
information. It may also contain meal details, or upgrades as may have been requested.

5: Baggage - This function of baggage handling covers several services and is a very broad term.

Baggage can be roughly categorized into three sections:

30
a) Check in baggage: This type of Baggage is the one which passengers’ hand over to the airline
staff members at the checking point. It is their labelled and transported for the loading on the
flight. This service also involves weighing checked bags, and charging for excess baggage.

b) Cabin baggage:

This category of baggage includes small size bags and suitcases of specific dimensions which
can be easily stored in the overhead cabinets on a flight.

c) Carry - on baggage:

Baggage of this kind generally include laptop bags, purses, handbags, et cetera. These are
smaller in size and can be easily carried by the passenger and even kept with them while on the
flight as they do not hinder the passenger area.

Once the baggage has been checked-in, labelled, they are sent over to the Baggage loading area,
where the baggage is segregated as per the flight, reconciled by the employees, and consolidated

in trolleys to be dispatched to the RAMP (Region of Aircraft Movement and Parking). The
baggage is hence loaded in the cargo section of the aircraft to be transported at the destination.

31
 FIGURE 2.1.5

6: Boarding Gate – Once the passenger has gone through check – in and baggage drop, they
move towards the boarding gate. This function involves smooth transition of passengers from
gate to the respective seats allotted in the aircraft. The boarding gate staff of the airline
announces the boarding of passengers as per the privileges or seating plan where in their
boarding passes are checked and compared to the manifest, transported safely on the vehicle /
ramp for onboarding.

Responsibilities of Externally Managed Teams

There are other responsibilities with regard to the services that are offered to the passengers that
are not offered in the airport by externally managed team, other than airline management.

These responsibilities are:

1: Security Check – This function is of utmost importance when it comes to safety and security
of the passengers as well as the crew/ staff members and airport. It requires thorough scrutiny of
passenger’s belongings along with physical scanning of the passenger himself/herself. The
authority of permitting or not permitting a passenger inside the airport or transferring to the gate
for boarding remains with the security personnel. He/she may demand for the opening of all the
baggage for a re-check, in case of any suspicion. This function carries a great responsibility to

ensure safety of all. In most of the airports, after the security check, a stamp shall be placed on
the boarding pass and/or hand baggage tag. Security check in almost all the airports of India is

32
undertaken by CISF personnel.

2: Baggage Screening – In some airports, there will be a mechanism to screen/ check the
baggage, especially check-in baggage X-Ray scanner is there to screen the baggage with the
prime objective to check whether any object that could be used as a weapon, or a bomb or
otherwise pose a threat to flight security is not in the baggage.

3: Immigration – This function is not required in domestic sector flights however, plays a vital
role when it comes to international travels. The personnel assigned with immigration
responsibility have a great skill of understanding body language with attention to detail when
scanning the travel documents. Immigration is permission for a passenger to travel from a
country to another. In the passenger handling procedure, this process is performed twice, at the
origin country and at the arrival country. By the virtue of job description, the immigration
personnel have the authority to not permit the passenger to carry on his travels further.

4: Customs – Although this function is primarily performed by a separate police force, the
airline staff members are there to assist in case required. The cabin crew is also responsible
partially for provision of smooth custom clearance service by informing the passengers prior to
landing, to fill

in the custom declaration form and provide assistance if required. The passenger, after collecting
the baggage, move to the customs area and verify the baggage that is being carried does not have
unlawful items into the country.

For the passengers, there are two ways to move ahead through customs:

A: Green channel: This is for the passengers who do not have any dutiable goods. Though
Green channel passengers are not subject to any customs formalities, spot-checks are undertaken
occasionally.

33
B: Red channel: It is for passengers who bring in dutiable goods from other countries.
Passengers accomplish the formalities required by the Customs and required duty amount is
remitted for the identified dutiable items.

5: Air Traffic Control – The personnel performing air traffic control services have great
technical
know-how and they support by providing real time updated information of weather, facilities
status

at departure and arrival airports appropriately informing about aircraft parking spot with taxi-in
and taxi-out route and any other services as may be required for hassle free arrival and departure
of flights.

Challenges of Passenger Handling

When carrying on Passenger Handling Procedure there are some challenges that the airline staff,
management, airport authorities or the governing bodies might face. Since the airline staff are the
first responders in Passenger Handling Procedure, it is imperative that they are trained, informed
and provided with adequate authority to resolve issues as and when they may arise, if possible.

A few of the common challenges are:

1. Difficult Passengers – It is not an uncommon case where the airline staff has to deal with one
or more difficult passengers. At the given time of the incident, whosoever may be at fault, the
airline staff needs to maintain patience, a warm smile while providing possible solutions.

2. Technical Glitches –As the aviation industry is largely dependent on technology, right from
issue of ticket to departure, most of the services under Passenger Handling Procedure need
34
technical assistance. In such incidents of technical glitches, respective employees/administration
should act promptly in informing the passengers and providing with most viable alternatives.

3. Increasing Air Traffic – With increased flight numbers there comes an increased number of
passengers with limited manpower to perform the services as needed under Passenger Handling

Procedure. It not only creates pressure of performance with limited resources but also physical
and

mental fatigue, tight schedules, and even more stress of controlling air traffic especially in times
such as bad weather.

4. Ensuring Sustainability -Aviation industry is one of those which creates tons of carbon
footprint along with noise pollution. With rising climate change issues and constant pressure
from the governing bodies such as UNWTO, it is difficult for the airlines and its staff members
to ensure sustainability when the industry is ever growing.

35
2.2 RESEARCH ISSUES

Some potential research issues of Srinagar International Airport's operations:

 Security Concerns:
Srinagar International Airport faces significant security concerns due to its
location in a region prone to political unrest and terrorism. The airport has
implemented stringent security measures, including enhanced screening
procedures and increased surveillance. Despite these efforts, security incidents
have occurred, leading to disruptions in airport operations and heightened anxiety
among passengers. Collaboration with security agencies and continuous
assessment of security protocols are essential to ensuring the safety and security
of the airport.

 Seasonal Variations:

36
 The airport experiences extreme seasonal variations, with harsh winters affecting
operations. Snowfall and fog often lead to flight delays and cancellations,

FIGURE 2.2.1

impacting passenger travel. To mitigate these effects, the airport has invested in
snow clearing equipment and trained staff to manage winter weather conditions.
Despite these efforts, seasonal variations remain a challenge, requiring ongoing
monitoring and adaptation of operational strategies.

 Infrastructure Development:
Srinagar International Airport has undergone significant infrastructure
development in recent years to cater to the growing demand for air travel. This
includes the expansion of terminals, runway upgrades, and the addition of new
facilities. These developments have improved the airport's capacity and
efficiency, enhancing the overall passenger experience. However, further
infrastructure development is required to meet future growth projections and
ensure the airport remains competitive in the region.
37
 Weather Disruptions:
The airport is prone to weather disruptions, particularly during the winter months.
Snowfall and fog often lead to flight delays and cancellations, impacting
passenger travel plans. The airport has implemented weather monitoring systems
and contingency plans to manage these disruptions. However, the unpredictability
of weather patterns remains a challenge, requiring constant monitoring and
adaptive strategies.

 Operational Challenges:
Operational challenges at Srinagar International Airport include congestion,
limited resources, and fluctuating demand. These challenges impact the airport's
ability to provide efficient services and meet passenger expectations. To address
these challenges, the airport has implemented measures such as improved ground

handling procedures and optimized flight schedules. Continued efforts to enhance

operational efficiency are essential to ensuring a seamless travel experience for
passengers.

 Technological Advancements:
The airport has embraced technological advancements to improve operational
efficiency and passenger experience. This includes the use of automated check-in
systems, biometric security screening, and smart baggage handling solutions.
These advancements have reduced wait times, enhanced security, and improved
overall passenger satisfaction. Continued investment in technology is crucial to
maintaining the airport's competitiveness and meeting evolving passenger
expectations.

38
 Regulatory Environment:
Srinagar International Airport operates within a complex regulatory environment
governed by national and international aviation laws.

Changes in regulations can impact airport operations and planning, requiring the
airport to adapt quickly to remain compliant. The airport's compliance with
regulations is monitored regularly, with audits and inspections conducted to
ensure adherence to safety and security standards. Strong regulatory oversight is
essential to maintaining the airport's safety record and reputation.

 Environmental Impact:
The airport has implemented various initiatives to mitigate its environmental
impact, including waste recycling programs, energy-efficient lighting, and green
building practices. These efforts have reduced the airport's carbon footprint and
promoted sustainable operations. However, challenges remain, particularly
regarding noise pollution from aircraft operations. The airport continues to
explore

innovative solutions to minimize its environmental impact and promote

sustainable practices.

39
 FIGURE 2.2.2
 Passenger Experience:
Srinagar International Airport offers a range of facilities and services to enhance
the passenger experience, including lounges, dining options, and shopping
facilities. The airport has also implemented measures to improve passenger flow
and reduce wait times, such as automated check-in and boarding processes.

Feedback from passengers is regularly collected and used to make improvements

to facilities and services, ensuring a positive passenger experience.

 Collaboration and Stakeholder Management:

The airport collaborates closely with various stakeholders, including airlines,
government agencies, and local communities, to address common challenges and
achieve shared goals. Regular communication and coordination with stakeholders
are essential to ensuring smooth airport operations and resolving issues promptly.
The airport's proactive approach to stakeholder management has contributed to its
reputation as a reliable and efficient airport in the region.

2.3 SUMMARY

Srinagar International Airport plays a vital role in connecting the picturesque valley of
Kashmir with the rest of India and the world. The airport, situated at an altitude of 5,297
feet.

Srinagar International Airport faces a range of challenges and opportunities in its

operations and management. Security concerns, including the threat of terrorism and
political unrest, are significant, leading to enhanced security measures and collaboration
with security agencies. The airport also experiences seasonal variations, particularly
harsh winters, which impact flight operations and passenger travel.

40
Infrastructure development has been a focus area, with the airport expanding terminals,
upgrading runways, and adding new facilities to accommodate growing demand. Despite
these improvements, operational challenges such as congestion and limited resources
remain, requiring ongoing efforts to enhance efficiency.

Technological advancements have played a crucial role in improving operational

efficiency and passenger experience, with automated systems and smart solutions being
implemented. The airport has also prioritized environmental sustainability, implementing
initiatives to reduce its carbon footprint and promote sustainable practices.

Regulatory compliance is closely monitored, with the airport adhering to national and
international aviation laws and standards. Collaboration with stakeholders, including
airlines, government agencies, and local communities, is key to addressing common
challenges and achieving shared goals.

Despite these challenges, Srinagar International Airport has seen significant growth in

recent years, with an increase in passenger traffic and infrastructure development. The
airport has undergone expansions and upgrades to improve its capacity and facilities,
enhancing the overall travel experience for passengers.

As a key transportation hub in the region, Srinagar International Airport is not only
important for tourism but also for the local economy. It provides essential air connectivity
for residents and plays a crucial role in the development of the region's economy and
infrastructure.

Overall, Srinagar International Airport has made significant strides in improving its
operations and services, but continued efforts are needed to address remaining challenges
and ensure a seamless travel experience for passengers.

41
42
3. CHAPTER- SYSTEM ANALYSIS

3.1 INTRODUCTION
The system analysis of airport operations at Srinagar International Airport reveals a complexl
challenges and opportunities.

Infrastructure Analysis:
The airport's terminals, originally designed to accommodate a certain volume of passengers, are
facing capacity constraints during peak travel seasons. Expansion plans for terminal facilities are
underway to address this issue.
Runway and taxiway conditions are generally good but require regular maintenance due to the
harsh winter weather conditions. Runway resurfacing and taxiway lighting upgrades have been
scheduled to ensure safe operations.

Process Analysis:
Passenger check-in processes are relatively smooth, but security screening procedures often
result in long queues, especially during peak hours. Implementing advanced security screening
technologies could help reduce wait times and improve passenger flow.
Baggage handling processes are efficient, but there is room for improvement in baggage claim
areas to reduce wait times for passengers.

Technology Analysis:
The airport's information management systems are effective in providing real-time flight
information to passengers and stakeholders. However, there is a need to

upgrade communication systems to ensure seamless operations.

Automation tools, such as self-service kiosks and automated baggage handling systems, have
been successfully implemented, enhancing operational efficiency and passenger experience.

43
Regulatory Compliance Analysis:
The airport is compliant with national and international aviation regulations, including safety and
security standards. Regular audits and inspections are conducted to maintain compliance and
address any non-conformities promptly.

Stakeholder Engagement Analysis:

The airport has established effective communication channels with airlines, government
agencies, and local communities. Regular meetings and forums are held to address concerns and
collaborate on improving airport operations.
Passenger feedback mechanisms, such as surveys and suggestion boxes, are in place to gather
input on passenger experiences and identify areas for improvement.

Risk Analysis:
A risk assessment has identified potential threats, such as security breaches and natural disasters.
Mitigation strategies, including enhanced security measures and disaster preparedness plans,
have been implemented to reduce risks to airport operations.

Performance Metrics Analysis:

Key performance indicators (KPIs), including on-time performance, baggage handling
efficiency, and passenger satisfaction, are monitored regularly. Target KPIs are set to improve
operational performance and enhance passenger experience.

Cost-Benefit Analysis:
Proposed operational improvements, such as terminal expansion and technology upgrades, have
undergone cost-benefit analysis to assess feasibility and return on investment. The analysis
indicates that the benefits outweigh the costs, justifying the proposed changes.

In conclusion, the system analysis of airport operations at Srinagar International Airport

highlights areas for improvement, such as terminal expansion, technology upgrades, and process

44
optimization, to enhance operational efficiency and passenger experience. Implementing the
proposed changes will position the airport for continued growth and improved service delivery.

45
3.2 DISADVANTAGES / LIMITATIONS IN THE
EXISTING SYSTEM

DISADVANTAGES:

Capacity Constraints:
The current terminal facilities are not sufficient to handle the increasing passenger volume,
especially during peak seasons. This leads to congestion, long queues, and discomfort for
passengers.

Security Concerns:
Despite enhanced security measures, the airport still faces security challenges due to its location
in a sensitive region. Security breaches and threats remain a significant risk.

Weather Disruptions:
The airport's operations are often disrupted during harsh winter weather, leading to flight delays
and cancellations. This impacts passenger travel plans and overall airport efficiency.

Limited Technology Integration:

While some automation tools are in place, there is room for further integration of technology to
improve operational efficiency and passenger experience.

Environmental Impact:
The airport's operations have an environmental impact, particularly regarding noise pollution
from aircraft. More sustainable practices could be implemented to reduce this impact.

Regulatory Compliance Challenges:

Meeting and maintaining compliance with evolving aviation regulations can be challenging,
requiring continuous monitoring and adaptation.

Stakeholder Management Issues:

46
Despite efforts to engage stakeholders, there may be challenges in effectively addressing all
concerns and maintaining positive relationships.

Operational Inefficiencies:
Some processes, such as baggage handling and passenger flow, could be optimized further to
reduce wait times and improve overall efficiency.

LIMITATIONS:
The limitations of the existing system at Srinagar International Airport include:

Infrastructure Constraints:
The airport's current infrastructure, including terminals and runways, may not be able to
accommodate future growth in passenger traffic and aircraft movements.

Weather Dependency:
The airport is highly dependent on weather conditions, especially during winter, which can lead
to frequent disruptions and flight delays.

Security Vulnerabilities:
Despite security measures in place, the airport remains vulnerable to security threats due to its
location in a sensitive region.

Limited Connectivity:
The airport's connectivity to other parts of India and the world is limited, which can impact
tourism and economic development in the region.

Environmental Impact:
Airport operations, particularly aircraft emissions, contribute to environmental pollution, which
can have long-term effects on the region's ecosystem.

47
Operational Efficiency:
Some processes, such as baggage handling and passenger flow, may not be optimized for
efficiency, leading to longer wait times and reduced customer satisfaction.

Regulatory Compliance:
Keeping up with changing aviation regulations and standards can be challenging and may require
significant resources.

Stakeholder Management:
Maintaining effective communication and collaboration with airlines, government agencies, and
local communities can be complex, especially in a region with diverse interests.

48
3.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM
A proposed system for Srinagar International Airport could include the following improvements:

Enhanced Passenger Services:

Introduce new passenger services and amenities, such as lounges, dining options, and
entertainment facilities, to improve the overall passenger experience.

Digital Transformation:
Embrace digital technologies such as mobile apps, self-service kiosks, and biometric systems to
enhance convenience and efficiency for passengers.

Collaboration with Local Authorities:

Work closely with local authorities to address infrastructure challenges outside the airport, such
as road access and public transportation, to improve connectivity and access for passengers.

Disaster Preparedness:
Develop comprehensive disaster preparedness plans and emergency response strategies to ensure
the airport can quickly and effectively respond to any crisis or emergency situation.

Training and Development:

Invest in training and development programs for airport staff to enhance skills and capabilities,
ensuring a high level of service and operational efficiency.

Community Engagement:
Engage with local communities to address concerns and ensure that airport development projects
are conducted in a socially responsible manner, respecting local culture and environment.

Continuous Improvement:
Establish a culture of continuous improvement, where feedback from passengers, staff, and
49
stakeholders are used to identify areas for enhancement and drive ongoing improvement efforts.

Infrastructure Expansion:
Expand terminal facilities and upgrade runways to accommodate the increasing passenger
volume and improve overall operational efficiency.

Weather Resilience:
Implement weather-resistant infrastructure and technology to minimize disruptions during harsh
winter weather, ensuring smoother operations.

Enhanced Security Measures:

Introduce advanced security screening technologies and increase security personnel to enhance
safety and security measures.

Improved Technology Integration:

Integrate advanced automation tools and information management systems to streamline
processes and improve passenger experience.

Environmental Sustainability:
Implement sustainable practices such as energy-efficient lighting, waste recycling programs, and
noise reduction measures to minimize environmental impact.

Regulatory Compliance:
Establish a dedicated team to monitor and ensure compliance with aviation regulations, ensuring
the airport meets all safety and security standards.

Stakeholder Engagement:
Enhance communication and collaboration with airlines, government agencies, and local
communities to address concerns and ensure smooth operations.

50
Operational Optimization:
Optimize baggage handling, passenger flow, and other operational processes to reduce wait times
and enhance overall efficiency.

Runway and Taxiway Improvements:

Upgrading runways and taxiways to handle larger aircraft and improve operational efficiency.

Navigation Aids:
Installing modern navigation aids such as Instrument Landing System (ILS) to improve aircraft
approach and landing in adverse weather conditions.

Parking and Access:

Improving parking facilities and access roads to handle increased passenger and vehicle traffic.

Cargo Handling:
Upgrading cargo facilities and equipment to enhance the handling and processing of cargo.

51
3.3.1 SECOND LEVEL SECTION HEADING
Implementation Strategies for Proposed System Enhancements:

Terminal Expansion:
Objective: Increase terminal capacity to accommodate growing passenger numbers and enhance
facilities.

Scope: Expand terminal building, add new gates, and upgrade amenities such as seating, restrooms, and
retail outlets.

Benefits: Improve passenger comfort, reduce congestion, and enhance overall airport experience.

Runway and Taxiway Improvements:

Objective: Upgrade runways and taxiways to handle larger aircraft and improve operational efficiency.

Scope: Repair and resurface runways, widen taxiways, and improve lighting and signage.

Benefits: Ensure safe and efficient aircraft movements, reduce delays, and accommodate larger
aircraft.

Navigation Aids:
Objective: Install modern navigation aids to improve aircraft approach and landing in adverse
weather conditions.

Scope: Install Instrument Landing System (ILS), precision approach radar, and other aids.

Benefits: Enhance safety, enable aircraft to operate in low visibility conditions, and reduce flight
delays.

Terminal Facilities:
52
Objective: Upgrade terminal facilities including check-in counters, baggage handling systems,
security checkpoints, and passenger lounges.

Scope: Replace outdated equipment, enhance security screening processes, and improve
passenger amenities.

Benefits: Increase operational efficiency, enhance passenger experience, and improve overall
airport service quality.

Parking and Access:

Objective: Improve parking facilities and access roads to handle increased passenger and vehicle
traffic.

Scope: Expand parking areas, improve road infrastructure, and enhance signage and wayfinding.

Benefits: Reduce congestion, improve traffic flow, and enhance passenger convenience.

Cargo Handling:
Objective: Upgrade cargo facilities and equipment to enhance the handling and processing of
cargo.

Scope: Install new cargo handling equipment, upgrade storage facilities, and improve cargo
handling processes.

Benefits: Increase cargo handling capacity, improve efficiency, and enhance overall cargo
operations.

Safety and Security:

53
Objective: Enhance safety and security measures through the installation of advanced security
systems and training programs for airport personnel.

Scope: Install CCTV cameras, access control systems, and conduct regular security drills and
training.

Benefits: Improve airport security, reduce security risks, and ensure the safety of passengers and
staff.

Environmental Sustainability:
Objective: Implement environmentally friendly practices such as energy-efficient lighting, waste
management systems, and sustainable water usage.

Scope: Install solar panels, implement recycling programs, and use eco-friendly materials in
construction and operations.

Benefits: Reduce environmental impact, lower operating costs, and demonstrate commitment to
sustainability.

Technology Integration:
Objective: Integrate technology such as automated check-in kiosks, biometric security systems,
and real-time flight information displays to improve efficiency and passenger convenience.

Scope: Implement self-service check-in kiosks, biometric boarding systems, and digital signage.

Benefits: Streamline passenger processes, reduce queues, and enhance overall airport efficiency.

Collaboration with Stakeholders:

Objective: Collaborate with airlines, government agencies, and other stakeholders to ensure

54
smooth operations and enhance the overall airport experience.

Scope: Establish communication channels, coordinate on infrastructure projects, and align on

service standards.

Benefits: Improve operational coordination, enhance customer service, and foster a positive
airport ecosystem.

Each component of the proposed system is designed to improve the overall functionality,
efficiency, and passenger experience at Srinagar International Airport.

55
3.4 SUMMARY

The system analysis of Srinagar International Airport's operations reveals several key challenges.
One of the most pressing issues is the airport's limited terminal capacity. The existing terminal is
unable to handle the increasing number of passengers, leading to congestion, long queues, and a
lack of adequate amenities. Additionally, the airport's runway and taxiway infrastructure are
outdated and in need of modernization. The current infrastructure limits the types of aircraft that
can operate at the airport and hampers operational efficiency.

Another significant challenge is the lack of modern navigation aids at the airport. The absence of
instruments such as Instrument Landing System (ILS) and precision approach radar makes it
difficult for aircraft to land safely, especially in adverse weather conditions. This not only poses
safety risks but also leads to delays and disruptions in flight schedules

Furthermore, the airport's terminal facilities are inadequate and do not meet the needs of modern
travelers. Check-in counters are limited, baggage handling systems are inefficient, and security
checkpoints are congested. Passenger lounges are also lacking in terms of comfort and amenities,
further adding to the poor passenger experience.

In terms of cargo handling, the airport faces challenges due to its outdated facilities and
equipment. The current cargo handling processes are inefficient and do not meet the demands of
modern air freight operations. This hampers the airport's ability to handle cargo effectively,
limiting its potential as a logistics hub.

Additionally, the airport's safety and security measures need improvement. While efforts have
been made to enhance security, there is still room for improvement in

terms of installing advanced security systems and conducting regular security drills. This is
crucial for ensuring the safety of passengers, aircraft, and airport personnel.
56
Finally, the airport's environmental sustainability practices are lacking. There is a need to
implement energy-efficient lighting, waste management systems, and sustainable water usage
practices to reduce the airport's environmental impact and promote sustainable operations.

To address these shortcomings, a proposed system has been developed, comprising several key
components aimed at transforming the airport into a modern, efficient, and passenger-friendly
facility. One of the primary components of the proposed system is terminal expansion. The
current terminal is unable to handle the increasing number of passengers, leading to congestion
and long queues. By expanding the terminal and adding new gates, check-in counters, baggage
handling systems, and security checkpoints, the airport can improve passenger flow and enhance
the overall passenger experience.

Another critical component of the proposed system is runway and taxiway improvements. The
current infrastructure is outdated and limits the types of aircraft that can operate at the airport. By
upgrading runways, taxiways, and lighting systems, the airport can accommodate larger aircraft
and improve operational efficiency, reducing delays and disruptions.

Additionally, the proposed system includes the installation of modern navigation aids such as
Instrument Landing System (ILS) and precision approach radar. These navigation aids are
essential for ensuring safe aircraft approach and landing, especially in adverse weather
conditions, reducing the risk of accidents and flight delays.

Terminal facilities are also a key focus of the proposed system. Upgrading amenities such as
seating areas, restrooms, and retail outlets can significantly enhance the passenger experience.
Improvements in baggage handling systems and security checkpoints can further streamline
airport operations and reduce passenger wait times.

Parking and access improvements are also included in the proposed system. Expanding parking
areas and improving access roads can accommodate increased passenger and vehicle traffic,

57
reducing congestion and improving traffic flow around the airport.

Furthermore, the proposed system includes upgrades to cargo handling facilities and equipment
to enhance the handling and processing of cargo. This is crucial for improving the airport's
efficiency as a logistics hub and supporting economic growth in the region.

Enhancing safety and security measures is another critical component of the proposed system.
Installing advanced security systems and conducting regular security drills can improve airport
security, reduce security risks, and ensure the safety of passengers and airport personnel.

Implementing environmentally sustainable practices is also a key focus of the proposed system.
This includes implementing energy-efficient lighting, waste management systems, and
sustainable water usage practices to reduce the airport's environmental impact and promote
sustainable operations.

Integrating advanced technologies such as automated check-in kiosks, biometric security

systems, and real-time flight information displays is another important component of the
proposed system. These technologies can streamline passenger processes, reduce queues, and
enhance overall airport efficiency.

Collaboration with stakeholders is also essential for the successful implementation of the
proposed system. Collaborating with airlines, government agencies, and other stakeholders can
ensure smooth operations and enhance the overall airport experience.

In conclusion, the proposed system for Srinagar International Airport represents a comprehensive
approach to addressing the airport's current challenges and improving its operations, facilities,
and services. By implementing the proposed improvements, the airport aims to enhance its
operational efficiency, passenger experience, safety, security, and environmental sustainability.
However, the successful implementation of the proposed system will require careful planning,

58
coordination, and

investment. With the right approach, Srinagar International Airport has the potential to become a
world-class facility that not only serves as a gateway to the Kashmir Valley but also contributes
to the region's economic growth and development.

59
CHAPTER 4 - EVALUATION AND ANALYSIS

Srinagar International Airport, situated in the picturesque Kashmir Valley, serves as a vital
transportation hub for the region. A detailed evaluation and analysis of the airport's operations
reveal several key strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.

Strengths:
Strategic Location: The airport's location in the Kashmir Valley makes it a gateway to one of
India's most beautiful and culturally rich regions, attracting tourists and travelers.

Government Support: The airport receives strong support from the government, recognizing its
strategic importance and committing to its development and improvement.

Cultural Significance: Srinagar International Airport plays a crucial role in connecting the
region's rich cultural heritage with the rest of the world, facilitating cultural exchange and
tourism.

Increasing Tourism: The airport benefits from the growing popularity of Kashmir as a tourist
destination, presenting an opportunity for increased passenger traffic and economic growth.

Weaknesses:
Limited Terminal Capacity: The airport's terminal is small and outdated, unable to efficiently
handle the increasing number of passengers, leading to congestion and a poor passenger
experience.

Outdated Infrastructure: The airport's runway and taxiway infrastructure are outdated and in
need of modernization, restricting the types of aircraft that can operate at the airport and
impacting operational efficiency.

Inadequate Navigation Aids: The absence of modern navigation aids such as Instrument
60
Landing

System (ILS) and precision approach radar makes it challenging for aircraft to land safely,
especially in adverse weather conditions.

Poor Cargo Handling: The airport's cargo handling facilities are inadequate and inefficient,
limiting its potential as a logistics hub and impacting the region's trade and economic growth.

Opportunities:
Expansion and Modernization: There is an opportunity to expand and modernize the airport's
infrastructure, including the terminal, runway, and taxiway, to accommodate larger aircraft and
improve operational efficiency.

Tourism Growth: The growing tourism industry in Kashmir presents an opportunity for the
airport to increase its passenger traffic and revenue, especially with improved facilities and
services.

Cargo Potential: Improving cargo handling facilities and processes could position the airport as
a key logistics hub, facilitating trade and economic growth in the region.

Technology Integration: Integrating advanced technologies such as automated check-in kiosks

and real-time flight information displays could improve passenger experience and operational
efficiency at the airport.

Threats:
Security Concerns: The airport faces security threats due to its location in a sensitive region,
requiring enhanced security measures to ensure the safety of passengers and airport personnel.

Weather Disruptions: The airport is susceptible to weather disruptions, especially during the

61
winter months, which can lead to flight delays and cancellations, impacting both operations and
passenger satisfaction.

Competition: Nearby airports such as Jammu Airport and Leh Kushok Bakula Rimpochee
Airport pose competition for Srinagar International Airport, especially in terms of attracting
airlines and passengers.

Environmental Challenges: The airport's operations could face environmental challenges,

including waste management and sustainable water usage, which require effective solutions to
mitigate their impact and ensure environmental sustainability.

In conclusion, Srinagar International Airport has significant potential for growth and
development, but it also faces several challenges that need to be addressed. By leveraging its
strengths, addressing its weaknesses, and capitalizing on opportunities, the airport can enhance
its competitiveness, improve its operations, and contribute to the economic and social
development of the region.

62
4.1 SUMMARY

The research on the evaluation and analysis of airport operations, focusing on Srinagar
International Airport, provides a comprehensive overview of the airport's current status,
challenges, and opportunities for improvement. The research highlights the airport's strategic
location, cultural significance, and government support as key strengths. However, it also
identifies several weaknesses, including limited terminal capacity, outdated infrastructure, and
inadequate cargo handling facilities.

To address these weaknesses, the research proposes a series of improvements, such as expanding
and modernizing the terminal, upgrading runway and taxiway infrastructure, and improving
cargo handling facilities. The research also emphasizes the importance of integrating advanced
technologies, enhancing safety and security measures, and implementing environmentally
sustainable practices.

Furthermore, the research identifies various opportunities for improvement, including tourism
growth, expansion of cargo handling facilities, and integration of advanced technologies.
However, it also highlights several threats, such as security concerns, weather disruptions,
competition from nearby airports, and environmental challenges.

In conclusion, the research underscores the importance of addressing these challenges and
leveraging opportunities through a comprehensive approach. By capitalizing on its strengths,
addressing its weaknesses, and seizing opportunities, Srinagar International Airport can enhance
its competitiveness, improve its operations, and contribute to the economic and social
development of the region.

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5. CHAPTER - FUTURE ENHANCEMENT& CONCLUSION

5.1 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

Future Enhancement of Airport Operations in India:

A Comprehensive Analysis
India's aviation sector has witnessed significant growth over the past decade, driven by
increasing passenger traffic, expanding airline fleets, and government initiatives to improve air
connectivity. As the country aims to become the third-largest aviation market by 2024, there is a
growing need to enhance airport operations to meet the demands of this burgeoning industry.
This article explores the future enhancements of airport operations in India, focusing on key
areas such as infrastructure development, technology integration, sustainability, and regulatory
reforms.

Infrastructure Development:
Expansion and Modernization: India's airports are experiencing congestion due to the growing
number of passengers. Future enhancements should focus on expanding and modernizing airport
infrastructure to accommodate the increasing demand. This includes expanding terminal
buildings, runways, and taxiways, as well as improving baggage handling and security systems.

Regional Connectivity: Enhancing regional connectivity is crucial for promoting tourism and
economic development in remote areas. Developing smaller airports and improving air
connectivity to tier 2 and tier 3 cities will be a key focus in the future.

Cargo Handling Facilities: With the growth of e-commerce and international trade, there is a
need to enhance cargo handling facilities at airports. Future enhancements should focus on
improving warehousing, customs clearance, and logistics to facilitate faster and more efficient
cargo handling.

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Technology Integration:

Smart Airports: Future airports in India are likely to be "smart airports" that leverage
technology to enhance passenger experience and operational efficiency. This includes the use of
biometric identification, automated check-in kiosks, and real-time flight information systems.

Air Traffic Management: Implementing advanced air traffic management systems will be
crucial for improving airspace utilization and reducing congestion. This includes the use of
satellite-based navigation systems and automated air traffic control.

Baggage Tracking: Enhancing baggage tracking systems using RFID technology will reduce
the risk of lost luggage and improve passenger satisfaction.

FIGURE 5.1.1
Sustainability:

Green Initiatives: Future airport developments should focus on sustainability, including the use
of renewable energy sources, energy-efficient buildings, and waste management systems.
Implementing green building standards such as LEED and BREEAM will be essential.

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Carbon Offsetting: To mitigate the environmental impact of air travel, airports can introduce

carbon offset programs that allow passengers to offset their carbon footprint by investing in
renewable energy projects or tree planting initiatives.

Regulatory Reforms:

Airline Competition: Promoting competition among airlines will lead to better services and
lower fares for passengers. This can be achieved by liberalizing air traffic rights and promoting
open skies agreements.

Regulatory Framework: Streamlining regulatory processes and reducing bureaucratic hurdles

will facilitate faster airport development and operational improvements.

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5.2 SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION

Terminal Enhancements:
Expansion and Modernization: Many Indian airports are facing capacity constraints
due to increased passenger traffic. Expanding and modernizing terminal buildings is
essential to accommodate the growing number of passengers. This includes adding more
check-in counters, security lanes, and boarding gates to reduce congestion.

Automated Processes: Implementing automated processes such as self-check-in kiosks,

baggage drop systems, and e-gates for security checks can significantly improve
passenger flow and reduce waiting times.

Retail and Dining Options: Enhancing retail and dining options within terminals can
improve passenger experience and generate additional revenue for airports. This includes
offering a variety of shops, restaurants, and lounges to cater to diverse passenger needs.

Passenger Amenities: Providing comfortable seating, clean restrooms, and ample

charging points for electronic devices can enhance the overall passenger experience and
satisfaction.

Signage and Wayfinding: Clear signage and wayfinding systems are essential for
guiding passengers through the terminal efficiently. Improving signage and wayfinding
can reduce confusion and improve passenger flow.

Security and Safety Measures: Enhancing security and safety measures, such as
installing CCTV cameras, increasing security personnel, and implementing advanced
screening technologies, is crucial for ensuring the safety and security of passengers and
airport staff.

Airside Enhancements:
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Runway and Taxiway Upgrades: Upgrading runways and taxiways with modern materials and
technologies can improve operational efficiency and safety. This includes ensuring proper
lighting, signage, and markings for pilots and ground crews.

Apron Expansion: Expanding the apron area to accommodate more aircraft can reduce
congestion and improve turnaround times. This includes adding more aircraft parking stands and
taxiways.

Ground Handling Services: Improving ground handling services, such as baggage handling,
fueling, and aircraft cleaning, can reduce turnaround times and improve overall efficiency.

Aircraft Maintenance Facilities: Enhancing aircraft maintenance facilities and hangars can

attract more airlines to use the airport for maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) services.

Air Traffic Management: Implementing advanced air traffic management systems can improve
airspace utilization and reduce congestion. This includes using satellite-based navigation systems
and automated air traffic control.

Environmental Sustainability: Integrating sustainable practices, such as using renewable

energy sources, implementing waste management systems, and reducing emissions, can make
airports more environmentally friendly.

Technology Integration:
Smart Airport Solutions: Implementing smart airport solutions, such as Internet of Things
(IoT) devices, sensors, and data analytics, can improve operational efficiency and passenger
experience.

Biometric Identification: Using biometric identification technologies, such as facial recognition

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and fingerprint scanning, can streamline passenger processing and enhance security.

Real-time Information Systems: Providing real-time flight information, gate updates, and
baggage tracking information to passengers can improve their overall experience and reduce
stress.

Mobile Applications: Developing mobile applications for passengers to book flights, check-in
online, and access airport information can enhance the overall passenger experience and
convenience.

Contactless Technology: Implementing contactless technologies, such as contactless payments

and self-service kiosks, can reduce physical contact and improve hygiene, especially in light of
the COVID-19 pandemic.

Passenger Experience:
Customer Service Training: Providing customer service training to airport staff can improve
interactions with passengers and enhance the overall passenger experience.

Queue Management Systems: Implementing queue management systems can reduce waiting
times at check-in, security, and boarding gates, improving passenger flow and satisfaction.

Accessibility: Ensuring that terminals and airside areas are accessible to passengers with
disabilities can improve inclusivity and the overall passenger experience.

Lounge Facilities: Enhancing lounge facilities for premium passengers can improve their
experience and provide additional revenue for airports.

Operational Efficiency:
Collaborative Decision Making: Implementing collaborative decision-making processes among
airlines, airports, and air traffic control can improve operational efficiency and reduce delays.

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Integrated Planning: Integrating planning processes for terminal and airside operations can

improve overall efficiency and reduce conflicts between different stakeholders.

Performance Monitoring: Implementing performance monitoring systems can help identify

bottlenecks and inefficiencies in terminal and airside operations, allowing for timely intervention
and improvement.

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CONCLUSION

The case study on understanding the airport operations of Srinagar International Airport
provides valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities facing the airport.
Located in the picturesque Kashmir Valley, the airport serves as a crucial gateway to one
of India's most scenic and culturally rich regions. However, the airport faces several
challenges that impact its operational efficiency and passenger experience.

One of the key challenges facing Srinagar International Airport is limited terminal
capacity, which leads to congestion and a poor passenger experience. The airport's
infrastructure, including the runway and taxiway, is outdated and in need of
modernization, affecting operational efficiency. Additionally, the airport's cargo handling
facilities are inadequate, limiting its potential as a logistics hub.

To address these challenges, the case study proposes a comprehensive system analysis
and a set of proposed improvements. These include expanding and modernizing the
terminal, upgrading runway and taxiway infrastructure, improving cargo handling
facilities, and integrating advanced technologies. The case study also emphasizes the
importance of addressing security concerns, weather disruptions, competition from
nearby airports, and environmental challenges.

The proposed improvements aim to transform Srinagar International Airport into a

modern, efficient, and passenger-friendly facility. By capitalizing on its strengths,
addressing its weaknesses, and leveraging opportunities, the airport can enhance its
competitiveness and contribute to the economic and social development of the region.

In conclusion, the case study underscores the importance of addressing the challenges
facing Srinagar International Airport through a comprehensive approach. By
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implementing the proposed improvements and leveraging its strategic location and
cultural significance, the airport can position itself as a leading aviation hub in the
region.

REFERENCES

 HTTPS://WWW.AAI.AERO/EN/AIRPORTS /SRINAGAR

 HTTPS://WWW.IATA.ORG/EN/TRAINING/COURSES/AIRPORT-OPERATIONS

 HTTPS://EN.WIKIPEDIA .ORG/WIKI/SRINAGAR_AIRPORT

 HTTPS://EN.M.WIKIPEDIA .ORG/WIKI/AIR_INDIA

 HTTPS://WWW.RESEARCHGATE .COM

 HTTPS://DOCS.GOOGLE.COM

 HTTPS://WWW.ACADEMIA.EDU

 HTTPS://WWW.SLIDESHARE .COM

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