Ethics Handbook 1

GS Paper IV
ETHICS HANDBOOK
Ethics Core Definition & Examples
for UPSC CSE Mains
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OnlyIAS ETHICS HANDBOOK: MAINS 2021
GENERAL STUDIES 4: ETHICS, INTEGRITY, AND APTITUDE
1. ETHICS & HUMAN INTERFACE ......................................................................................................................................................4

ETHICS ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
VALUES ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
ETHICS VS VALUES ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
MORALS....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
ETHICS VS MORALS ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
ETHICS VS LAW ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
BELIEF ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
VOICE OF CONSCIENCE ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
CRISIS OF CONSCIENCE ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
COURAGE OF CONVICTION ................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
APPROACHES TO ETHICS: ................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS ................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
TELEOLOGICAL ETHICS ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS ................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
BIOETHICS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
BUSINESS ETHICS ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
MEDIA ETHICS.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
INTERNATIONAL ETHICS.................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
ETHICS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ........................................................................................................................................................ 8
DIMENSIONS OF ETHICS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
ETHICS IN INDIA AND SOURCES OF ETHICS: .............................................................................................................................................. 8
CONSEQUENTIAL ETHICS ................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
ETHICS IN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC RELATIONSHIPS................................................................................................................................. 9
VALUES IN PUBLIC RELATIONSHIP: NOLAN COMMITTEE ................................................................................................................. 10
LESSONS FROM THE LIVES AND TEACHINGS OF GREAT LEADERS................................................................................................ 10
ROLE OF FAMILY IN INCULCATING VALUES ............................................................................................................................................. 11
ROLE OF SOCIETY IN INCULCATING VALUES ........................................................................................................................................... 11
ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN INCULCATING VALUES .............................................................................................. 11
CONSEQUENCES OF LOSS OF ETHICS: ......................................................................................................................................................... 11
MORAL MUTENESS .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
MORAL MYOPIA ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
COGNITIVE BIAS .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
BOUNDED ETHICALITY ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
CONFORMITY BIAS............................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
ETHICAL FADING .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
MORAL COGNITION ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
ROLE MORALITY ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
MORAL ABSOLUTISM .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
2. ATTITUDE.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
WHAT IS ATTITUDE? ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
OPINION VS ATTITUDE ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
BELIEF VS ATTITUDE .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
EXPLICIT ATTITUDE VS IMPLICIT ATTITUDE.......................................................................................................................................... 13
VALUE VS ATTITUDE ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
SOCIAL ATTITUDE ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
POLITICAL ATTITUDES ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
MORAL ATTITUDE................................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
BUREAUCRATIC ATTITUDES ........................................................................................................................................................................... 14
DEMOCRATIC ATTITUDES ................................................................................................................................................................................ 14
SOCIAL INFLUENCE ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
PERSUASION ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
PREJUDICE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
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3. APTITUDE AND FOUNDATIONAL VALUES FOR CIVIL SERVICES .................................................................................... 16

APTITUDE ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 16
APTITUDE AND INTELLIGENCE ..................................................................................................................................................................... 16
APTITUDE AND ABILITY .................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
APTITUDE AND INTEREST ............................................................................................................................................................................... 16
ATTITUDE VS APTITUDE ................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
FOUNDATIONAL VALUES FOR CIVIL SERVICES ...................................................................................................................................... 17
INTEGRITY ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
INTEGRITY PACT................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
HONESTY .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 17
IMPARTIALITY ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
NON-PARTISANSHIP ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
NEUTRALITY ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
POLITICAL NEUTRALITY ................................................................................................................................................................................... 18
OBJECTIVITY ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
OBJECTIVITY VS NEUTRALITY ........................................................................................................................................................................ 19
ANONYMITY ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 19
DEDICATION TO PUBLIC SERVICE................................................................................................................................................................. 19
EMPATHY ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 20
COMPASSION .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20
TOLERANCE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 20
ACCEPTANCE .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
PERSEVERANCE .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
RESPONSIVENESS................................................................................................................................................................................................. 21
PRUDENCE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
CONFIDENTIALITY............................................................................................................................................................................................... 21
OPENNESS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 21
SELFLESSNESS ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
HOLISTIC COMPETENCE: 4ES.......................................................................................................................................................................... 22
4. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE........................................................................................................................................................ 23
EMOTIONS ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EMOTIONS AND FEELINGS ............................................................................................................................ 23
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ........................................................................................................................................................................... 23
SELF-AWARENESS ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
SELF-REGULATION .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 23
INTERNAL MOTIVATION ................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EQ AND IQ.............................................................................................................................................................. 23
SOCIAL COMPETENCE ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 24
SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
5. PUBLIC/CIVIL SERVICE VALUES AND ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION............................................................ 25
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ............................................................................................................................................................................... 25
ADMINISTRATIVE ETHICS ................................................................................................................................................................................ 25
DILEMMA AND ETHICAL DILEMMA ............................................................................................................................................................. 25
ACCOUNTABILITY ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 25
LAWS, RULES AND REGULATIONS AS SOURCE OF ETHICAL GUIDANCE...................................................................................... 25
CONSCIENCE ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25
GOVERNANCE ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
GOOD GOVERNANCE ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
ETHICAL GOVERNANCE ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 26
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................................................................................................. 26
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ....................................................................................................................................................... 26
ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: ....................................................................................................................................................... 26
6. PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................................................... 28
PUBLIC SERVICE .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
PROBITY.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28

PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................................................................................................... 28

SOCIAL CONTRACT............................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
TRANSPARENCY.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
INFORMATION SHARING................................................................................................................................................................................... 28
WHISTLE BLOWING............................................................................................................................................................................................. 29
CODE OF ETHICS.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
CODES OF CONDUCT............................................................................................................................................................................................ 29
CITIZEN’S CHARTER ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 29
WORK CULTURE .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
SERVICE DELIVERY .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 30
RIGHT TO SERVICE ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
CORRUPTION .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
SOCIAL AUDIT ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 30
CONFLICT OF INTEREST .................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
E-GOVERNANCE .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30

1. ETHICS & HUMAN INTERFACE
ETHICS
• Ethics is a system of moral principles that is concerned with human conduct. It studies the norms or
standards of right and wrong used to judge actions; it studies what is morally right or wrong, just or unjust.
• In simple words ethics refers to what is good and the way to get it, and what is bad and how to avoid it.
Religions, philosophies, cultures, human conscience and intuition, role model, Family and Friends, Schools
and Colleges, Rational thinking, Personal experience. Constitution, judiciary etc are some sources of ethics.
• "A man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon this world." - Albert Camus
• “In just about every area of society, there’s nothing more important than ethics”- Henry Paulson
VALUES
• Values can be defined as qualities that are instrumental to us. Values are benchmarks or standards on which
the desirability of an action can be measured. Values act as an internal compass which help a person evaluate
different choices of conduct and behaviour.
• Examples: love, truth, and freedom, caring & respecting elders, Dignity of Labour, Sensitivity, Cleanliness,
Politeness, Honesty, etc.
• Constitutional Values: Justice, Liberty, Equality, Non- discrimination, secularism, tolerance, fraternity,
compassion towards weaker sections etc.
• Examples of Value Erosion: Vaccine hoarding & booking beds in advance without need during the COVID
pandemic, Chinese expansionism, Fake news and sensationalism, Drug Abuse, Disrespecting elders and,
women, Greenwashing.
Core Values • Universal across the time and space

• Examples: Love, selflessness, Compassion
Peripheral values • Changes with time and space
• Examples: Truthfulness, Impartiality
• “Values are defined as a set of standards of Human Conduct which are important for humans based on
human preferences, beliefs & Knowledge “
• “All Ethics Are Values. All Values Are Not Ethics”
PERSONAL VALUES SOCIAL VALUES

• Important for individual wellbeing. • Important for other people’s wellbeing.
• Examples: self-respect, comfortable life, freedom • Examples: equality, social justice, national
etc. security, world peace etc.
ETHICS VS VALUES
ETHICS VALUES
Set of principles which are accepted by the society Values are nothing but Choices of Individuals
Macro in Nature Micro in Nature
Basically, at societal level Individual level
It can be only good choices made by individuals It can be either good or bad
MORALS
• Morals are principles of right and wrong held by an individual. Unlike ethics, morals are standards of
behaviour pertaining to an individual and not social conduct. Morals arise from personal experience,
character, conscience and so on.

• For instance, Homosexuality might be moral form individual’s perspective. But it might be unethical in a
society’s point of view
• Constitutional Morality: Constitutional Morality means adherence to or being faithful to bottom line
principles of the constitutional values. It includes commitment to inclusive and democratic political process
in which both individual and collective interests are satisfied.
ETHICS VS MORALS
ETHICS MORALS
• Ethics are standards of human conduct that • These are principles of right and wrong held by an
society adopts for itself. individual.
• Ethics are a set of dos and don’ts that govern • Self-regulation in a personal life
human conduct in a social setting.
• Ethics is the standards of “good and bad” • Morality as something that’s personal and
distinguished by a certain community or social normative
setting.
• ethics is the term used in conjunction • Moral connotation linked theology and spirituality
with business, medicine, or law
• Uniform across the cultures • Vary person to person and culture to culture
• Examples: Ethically adultery is wrong • But at personal level you may either support to
adultery or you feel it’s wrong.
ETHICS VS LAW
ETHICS LAW
Ethics means the science of a standard human The law is defined as the systematic body of rules that
conduct. governs the whole society and the actions of its
individual members
Ethics comprises of guidelines and principles that The law consists of a set of rules and regulations
inform people about how to live or how to behave in a
particular situation.
Ethics are governed by an individual, legal or The law is created by the Government, which may be
professional norm, i.e., workplace ethics, local, regional, national or international
environmental ethics and so on.
It cannot be found in written form. The law is expressed in the constitution in a written
form or statute books
It is internal – Intrinsic It is externally driven – Extrinsic
Breach or violation may not result in immediate The breach of law may result in punishment or
punishment. penalty, or both
Ethically acceptable can also be acceptable to the law Legally acceptable need not be Ethical
Ethics has no such binding on the people Legally binding
Ethics that are the code of conduct that helps a person The objective of the law is to maintain social order and
to decide what is right or wrong and how to act. peace within the nation and protection to all the
citizens.
BELIEF
• A belief is most common term used to explain the behavioural component of a person. It is an internal feeling
that something is true, even though that belief may be unproven and irrational.
• Example: My belief is that god plays important role in success and achievements in life. Gandhiji believed
that swaraj can be attained within one year of launching non-cooperation movement.
VOICE OF CONSCIENCE

• It’s part of sub conscious state that which instructs us to act in a particular way. Power to think decisions
about value system. Here Ends have given more importance than means. Voice of Conscience is our
ability to make a practical decision in light of ethical values and principles.
• Voice of Conscience is a person's moral compass of right and wrong as well as the consciousness of one's
actions.
• Examples: When appointing Vivekananda as chief disciple of Ramakrishna paramahamsa he asked to steal
rice from home with condition of nobody watching but Vivekananda replied that, “his inner conscience
always watching himself”.
CRISIS OF CONSCIENCE
• It is a situation in which it is very difficult to decide what is the right thing to do. It’s one of the ethical
dilemmas but in strong sense.
• Example: To withdraw Non-cooperation movement Gandhiji underwent such situation.
Aristotle’s Golden Mean Principle:

Moral behaviour is the mean between two extremes - at one end is excess, at the other deficiency. Find an
optimum position between those two extremes, and you will be acting morally.
COURAGE OF CONVICTION
• It means you will do what you believe and have that courage to accept what you believe. If you have
the courage of your convictions, you have the confidence to do what you believe is right, even though other
people may not agree or approve.
• Examples: Gandhiji fought against discrimination happened to Indians and blacks in South Africa.
APPROACHES TO ETHICS:
• Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that determines right from wrong by focusing

on outcomes. It is a form of consequentialism. Utilitarianism holds that the most
Utilitarian ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest
Approach number.
• “The ethical action is the one that provides the greatest good for the greatest
number.”
• Proposed by Immanuel Kant and similar thought of philosophers, who focused on
the individual's right to choose for herself or himself.
Rights Approach • According to this school of philosophers, what makes “human beings different
from mere things is that people have dignity based on their ability to choose
freely what they will do with their lives, and they have a fundamental moral
right to have these choices respected”.
• The fairness or justice approach to ethics has its roots in the teachings of the
Justice Approach ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, who said that "equals should be treated
equally and unequal unequally."
• This approach to ethics assumes a society comprising individuals whose own good
is linked to the good of the community. Community members are bound by the
Common Good pursuit of common values and goals.
Approach • The common good is a notion that originated more than 2,000 years ago in the
writings of Plato, Aristotle, and Cicero. More recently, contemporary ethicist John
Rawls defined the “common good as certain general conditions that are
equally to everyone's advantage."
• In this approach, certain ideals strive towards full development of our humanity.
Virtue Approach These ideals are discovered through thoughtful reflection on what kind of people
we have the potential to become. Virtues are attitudes or character traits that
enable us to be and to act in ways that develop our highest potential.

• Virtues are like habits - that is, once acquired, they become characteristic of a
person. Moreover, a person who has developed virtues will be naturally disposed
to act in ways consistent with moral principles. The virtuous person is the ethical
person.
DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS
• Derived from the word “Deont” means duty. The MEANS or instruments adopted to achieve outcome is very
much important along with the desired END. Both MEANS and ENDS both should be good.
• Thinkers like Gandhiji, Vivekananda, Kant, Nehru Comes under this category.
• Example: Gandhiji’s recalling of Non-cooperation movement is example of Deontological Ethics. After the
Chauri Chaura incident he called off the movement before it gets more violent. Gandhiji always believed in
Non-Violence.
TELEOLOGICAL ETHICS
• Derived from the Greek philosophy. Telos means Ends/Goals. According to this school of thought if the
outcome is good then the actions followed to reach that goal or objectives or ends are also considered as good
actions.
• Thinkers like Epicurus, Thomas Aquinas, Aristotle, Thomas Hobbes, JS Mill and Bentham’s Utilitarian
principle, Karl Marx etc who are considers ends are more important than means.
• Example: Robbin Hood – He Plunders the food and distributes it to poor.
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
• Environmental Ethics deals with the ethical problems surrounding environmental protection. It aims to
provide ethical justification and moral motivation for the cause of global environmental protection.
Environmental ethics guides us for sustainable development, conservation of biodiversity, mutual existence
avoiding human-animal conflict, non-harming to animals etc.
• Examples: Uttarakhand High Court declared River Ganga as living entity where it has equal rights along with
Human beings.
Thomas Aquinas: If there is a Conflict between Primary laws (Natural Laws) and Secondary laws (Manmade),
We shall always prioritize Primary laws.
BIOETHICS
• Bioethics is the study of the ethical issues emerging from advances in biology and medicine. The field of
bioethics has addressed a broad swathe of human inquiry; ranging from debates over the boundaries of life
(e.g. abortion, euthanasia), surrogacy, the allocation of scarce health care resources (e.g. organ
donation, health care rationing), to the right to refuse medical care for religious or cultural reasons. The scope
of bioethics expanding with biotechnology, including cloning, gene therapy, life extension, human genetic
engineering, Astro ethics and life in space.
BUSINESS ETHICS
• Business ethics refers to implementing appropriate business policies and practices with regard to arguably
controversial subjects. Some issues that come up in a discussion of ethics include corporate governance,
insider trading, bribery, discrimination, social responsibility, and fiduciary responsibilities.
• Examples: Panama and Pandora papers which revealed how politicians and public figures created offshore
shell companies to hide money in tax havens.
MEDIA ETHICS
• Media ethics is concerned about the question of what is right or wrong, good or bad, acceptable or
unacceptable about the means and ways that the media collects and presents information and news. Media
ethics tries to prevent any monopoly over information diffusion; upholds pluralism instead of the uniform
gloss over media content that is typically brought on by authoritarian regimes; maintains objectivity by

providing different sides of an issue, which empowers audiences to formulate their own judgments and
increases levels of truthfulness in reporting.
• Examples: Recent TRP scandal involving some media houses/TV channels of rigging TRP via some of their
relationship managers, underscore the need of media ethics. Journalist crime investigation in the actress
suicide case.
INTERNATIONAL ETHICS
• It refers to upholding ethical values and application ethical principles in the international relations. It directs
us for making decisions and choices ethically in the international and global sphere. International ethics helps
to resolve some of the major international problems, issues, and provide insight into international conflicts.
It directs us in the direction of building an international community in which every other community can
actively and fruitfully participate and flourish.
• Examples: Refuge crisis across the world due to Conflict in Syria, Yemen, Congo, Myanmar etc, Human Rights
violations of Rohingya in Myanmar, Uyghurs in China - As of 2019, it was estimated that Chinese authorities
may have detained up to 1.5 million people, mostly Uyghurs.
ETHICS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

• According to the European Commission, ethics of AI focuses on the ethical issues raised by the design,
development, implementation, and use of AI. It involves issues like facial recognition bias, prejudices etc.
• Examples: many studies revealed discrimination against people of colour, women, and other minorities.
DIMENSIONS OF ETHICS
BRANCH OF ETHICS DESCRIPTION

• Metaethics, the sub-discipline of an ethics concerned with the nature
Meta Ethics of ethical theories and moral judgments.
• Metaethics investigates the origin and meaning of ethical concepts. It studies
where our ethical principles come from and what they mean. It tries to analyse the
underlying principles of ethical values.
• Normative ethics is concerned with the norms, standards or criteria that define
Normative principles of ethical behaviour.
(Prescriptive) • It examines standards for the rightness and wrongness of actions and it is more
Ethics concerned with 'who ought one be' rather than the ethics of a specific issue.
• The central question of normative ethics is determining how basic moral
standards are arrived at and justified.
• Descriptive ethics is the study of people's beliefs about morality. It tries to explain
the moral and ethical practices and beliefs of certain societies and cultures.
Descriptive Ethics • It aims to uncover people's beliefs about such things as values, which actions are
right and wrong, and which characteristics of moral agents are virtuous. It also
investigates people's ethical ideals or what actions societies reward or punish
in law or politics.
• The applied dimension of Ethics is known as “Applied Ethics’ that falls within the
Applied Ethics broad field of Ethics.
• Evans and Macmillan (2014, p.27) define applied ethics as “theories of ethics
concerned with the application of normative ethics to particular ethical issues.”
ETHICS IN INDIA AND SOURCES OF ETHICS:
SOURCE ETHICS
Historic Texts • Ashoka’s giving up war and spreading dharma
• Harshvardhan’s Charity and truthfulness
Ramayana & Mahabharat • Ideal governance, consequences of bad intentions, Nishkam karma

Gandhi Ethics • Non-Violence, Self-sustenance, swaraj, satyagraha, Courage of conviction,

sustainable development
Constitution • Liberty, Equality and fraternity, secularism, justice etc.
Buddhist Ethics • Four Nobel truths, middle path, non-violence
Jain Ethics • Not harm to anyone including small creatures
Sikh Ethics • Langar, brotherhood
Islamic Ethics • Collectivism, code of conduct
Laws • Laws lay down the basic framework for ethical action, and indicate the
• guidelines for such action.
Society • It plays a crucial role in laying down the norms for acceptable community
behaviour.
• Our inner conscience perhaps serves as the final point, where the actual
Conscience decision-making about what is ethical, and what is not, are eventually
made.
Human values • The determinants of ethics are often regarded as the universal human
values such as truthfulness, honesty, integrity, etc.
CONSEQUENTIAL ETHICS
• Where an act can be considered as good if it’s able to produce positive results.
At Individual level it will builds self-confidence, courage of conviction, trust and

credibility.
Examples:
At Individual • Court ruled out accusation charges against Ex Chairperson of ISRO Madhavan Nair
level and also asked govt to pay compensation for his mental suffer.
• Edward Snowdon’s leaking of highly classified CIA personal data monitoring across
the world
• Wiki leaks founder Julian Assange’s home arrest by Leaking US army’s intelligence
mischief.
At organizational Level, its brand quality improves, creates trusts among people. But
whistle blowers may face life threat for leaking mischief happening in the organisation
Examples:
• Election Commission of India – Even after seven decades it conducting elections
At organizational free and fair manner. People and political parties posed tremendous faith on ECI for
Level conducting elections
• TATAs known for their social service. Its brand never become as history even after
independence.
• Recent Infosys whistle-blower’s letter to SEBI regarding mischief happening in
management salary structure. Such an organisation protects such whistle blowers.
• At societal level, it creates social capital, communal harmony, absence of greed,
At societal level distributive justice.
• Examples: Bhutan is one the happiest nation across the countries because they
measure wealth in terms of Gross National Happiness
ETHICS IN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC RELATIONSHIPS
PRIVATE RELATIONSHIPS PUBLIC RELATIONSHIPS

It is between the people we personally connected It is between the people that we externally connected
out of personal space like community, Colleagues at
office, govt-citizen
Relations build in a closed space called Family, Builds at office, society, community.
friends, spouse.
Based on personal values, morality and family values Based on societal and personal norms

Not codified generally Generally Codified

Violation generally goes unpunished but can have Legal, social, professional and such implications if
social consequence e.g. Loss of reputation in society norms are violated
Relations here permanent in nature Temporary in nature in the form of transfers, moving
different company
There is no limit to express our emotions here. For There should be a desirable way of emotion
example, we can get anger on between family expression. Example, there is a limit to express our
members anger on subordinates
There are expectations between closely connected There won’t be any expectations between members of
people the public life
Regulated by emotional bonding Regulated by rules, regulations, laws
Get punished by parents if we hurt others or apology Penal provisions there for wrong doings
in words
Partiality between members can be shown No partiality and no discrimination unless specifically
made by law.
Ethics For Private Relationship: Love and care, Ethics For Public Relationship: Openness, Honesty
Confidentiality, Truthfulness, Responsibility, and integrity, Respect, Rule of law, Equality and
Perseverance uniformity, Accountability.
VALUES IN PUBLIC RELATIONSHIP: NOLAN COMMITTEE

1) Selflessness: Holders of public office should take decisions solely in terms of public interest. They should
not do so in order to gain financial or other material benefits for themselves, their family or their friends.
2) Integrity: Holders of public office should not place themselves under any financial or other obligation to
outside individuals or organizations that might influence them in the performance of their official duties.
3) Objectivity: In carrying out public business, including making public appointments, awarding contracts or
recommending individuals for rewards and benefits, holders of public office should make choices on merit.
4) Accountability: Holders of public office are accountable for their decisions and actions to the public and
must submit themselves to whatever scrutiny is appropriate to their office.
5) Openness: Holders of public office should be as open as possible about all the decisions and actions they
take. They should give reasons for their decisions and restrict information only when the wider public
interest clearly demands.
6) Honesty: Holders of public office have a duty to declare any private interests relating to their public duties
and to take steps to resolve any conflicts arising in a way that protects the public interest.
7) Leadership: Holders of public office should promote and support these principles by leadership.
LESSONS FROM THE LIVES AND TEACHINGS OF GREAT LEADERS
PERSONALITIES WHAT THEY VALUEs

Mahatma Gandhi • Simplicity, Minimalism, Satyagraha, Sarvodaya, Secularism, Ahimsa, Non-
Violence, Truth, Forgiveness, Self-Sufficiency, Dignity of labour etc.
Jawaharlal Nehru • Democracy, institution building, consensus building, socialism, secularism, self-
determination, internationalism etc.
Nelson Mandela • Service, dignity, self-belief, equality of the human race, freedom, fairness, justice,
etc.
Abraham Lincoln • Humanism, equality of the human race, integrity, idealism, honesty, freedom etc.
Martin Luther King Jr • Self-belief, equality of the human race etc.
Raja Rammohan Roy • Social equality, equality of the human race, women empowerment, scientific
thinking etc.
Swami Vivekananda • Self-belief, equality of the human race, patriotism, compassion etc.
B R Ambedkar • Self-belief, equality of the human race, radical thinking, compassion etc.
Mother Teresa • Compassion, altruism, helpfulness, kindness, cleanliness, determination.
Verghese Kurien • Self-belief, co-operative societies, entrepreneurship, innovation, farmer welfare
etc.
E. Sreedharan • Punctuality, self-belief, integrity, high-quality standards etc.
M.S. Swaminathan • Sustainable development, green revolution, poverty alleviation, farmer welfare
etc.
ROLE OF FAMILY IN INCULCATING VALUES

• "If a man carefully cultivates values in his conduct, he may still err a little but he won't be far from the
standard of truth." - Confucius
• Family is a social institution where we will spend our half of life together with family members. During
formative years of his/her age our behaviour gets it shapes where our family values and morals have an
impact on it. These formative years shapes personality development. Being ethical or not is nothing but a
part of personality and this, family plays a critical role in determining ethics in human action.
ROLE OF SOCIETY IN INCULCATING VALUES

• Constructive role of society: Society can play an important role in development of individual’s personality.
By widely upholding ethical values it can encourage individuals to be an ethical. For example, community
serving during COVID, Langar (food serving) in Gurudwara strengthens the ethics in the society.
• Destructive role of society: Similarly society may play a deciding role in developing a crime as a sub cultural
phenomenon. If it does not disapprove the unethical behaviours/acts, it may lower the standards of ethics in
the society and it may result into increase in criminal activities. For ex: supporting extra judicial
killings/encounters for fast justice paves way for mob lynching.
ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN INCULCATING VALUES

• “Education without values, as useful as it is, seems rather to make man a cleverer devil.” - C. S. Lewis
• “A serious defect in the school system is the absence of provision for education in social, moral and spiritual
values” - Kothari Commission (1964-66)
• “Every effort must be made therefore to teach students true moral values from the earliest stage of their
educational life” - Sri Prakash Committee on Religious and Moral Instruction
• “The aim of the teacher should be to build character; human values enhance the learning capacity of children
through technology and build the confidence among children to be innovative and creative which in turn will
make them competitive to face the future." – A P J Kalam
• “If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel there are three
key societal members who can make a difference. They are the father, the mother and the teacher.” - A P J
Kalam
CONSEQUENCES OF LOSS OF ETHICS:
DIMENSION CONSEQUENCES
Individual level Petty crimes, domestic violence, urinating and spitting on public spaces, abusive
and filthy language, crime against aged, jumping rad light.
Social level Corruption, Rise in crime rate, acknowledging goons and mafias, joint family,
parent’s respect, drug addiction, regionalism, castes.
Nepotism, Corruption, rise in inequalities, loss of trust, decrease in efficiency,
Organizational level economy and effectiveness, destruction of work culture, loss of trust in the
administration, lawlessness.
Political level Hung parliament, corruption, criminalization of politics, Coalition govt.
Trust deficit, frictions, disputes, unhealthy competition, damage to the
International level environment and unsustainable development, disregard to international
conventions and laws.
Bioethical level Abortion, animal rights, cloning, artificial intelligence, consent, confidentiality, GM
organisms, Suicide.
Loss of flora and fauna, unsustainable development, polluter shall pay principle is
Environmental level diminishing, increase in pollution levels, disregard to Common But Differentiated
Responsibility (CBDR)

MORAL MUTENESS
• Moral muteness occurs when people witness unethical behavior and choose not to say anything. It can also
occur when people communicate in ways that obscure their moral beliefs and commitments.
MORAL MYOPIA
• Moral myopia refers to the inability to see ethical issues clearly.
• The term, coined by Minette Drum wright and Patrick Murphy, describes what happens when we do not
recognize the moral implications of a problem or we have a distorted moral vision. An extreme version of
moral myopia is called moral blindness.
COGNITIVE BIAS
• People generally believe that they are mostly rational in their thinking, decisions, and actions. But even the
smartest and best educated people often commit cognitive errors as they make financial, medical, personal
and ethical decisions. These errors in thinking, also called cognitive bias, affect all people in virtually every
situation.
BOUNDED ETHICALITY
• Bounded ethicality is the idea that our ability to make ethical choices is often limited or restricted because of
internal and external pressures. For example, outside pressures, such as the tendency to conform to the
actions of those around us, can make it hard to do the right thing. So can internal biases, such as the self-
serving bias, which often causes us to subconsciously favor ourselves at the expense of others.
CONFORMITY BIAS
• The conformity bias is the tendency people have to behave like those around them rather than using their
own personal judgment. For ex- When we see others succeed by cheating, it makes us more likely to cheat as
well.
ETHICAL FADING
• Ethical fading occurs when the ethical aspects of a decision disappear from view. This happens when people
focus heavily on some other aspect of a decision, such as profitability or winning.
MORAL COGNITION
• It is the study of the brain’s role in moral judgment and decision-making. As a social science, it involves
understanding the rationalizations and biases that affect moral decision-making. Moral cognition also
involves the scientific study of the brain that is evolving along with technology.
ROLE MORALITY
• It is the notion that people sometimes fail to live up to their own ethical standards because they see
themselves as playing a certain role that excuses them from those standards. For example, say a person views
herself as a loyal employee of a company. In that role, she might act unethically to benefit her employer in
ways that she would never do to help herself.
MORAL ABSOLUTISM
• Moral absolutism asserts that there are certain universal moral principles by which all peoples’ actions may
be judged. It is a form of deontology.

2. ATTITUDE
WHAT IS ATTITUDE?
• “Attitude is the State of mind or a set of views or settled way of thinking or feeling about something in a
particular way which have an evaluative feature (Positive, Negative or Neutral)” Attitude is part of social
Psychology.
• Examples: Having attitude on health that Eating junk food unhealthily, Smoking causes cancer, Optimistic Vs
Pessimistic attitude, Demographic Dividend vs Population burden, Economic Development Vs Environmental
Protection.
“Attitude is a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of
favour or disfavour.” - Eagly and Chaiken
OPINION VS ATTITUDE
OPINION ATTITUDE
• It is the expression of judgement. • It is predisposition to act in a certain way.
• It is restricted to verbal expression - spoken or • Attitude is inferred from both verbal & non-verbal
written. expressions.
• Example- An author expressing positive opinion • Example- The author having positive attitude about
on democracy through an article. democracy by studying various forms of
government.
BELIEF VS ATTITUDE
BELIEF ATTITUDE
• It is an idea that a person holds as true. • It is a mental disposition that result in a particular
behaviour.
• It can arise from past experience, cultural & • It arises out of values and beliefs, we hold
societal norms or education. internally.
• Changing belief can change attitude. • Changing attitude can also lead to change in belief.
• Example- A person may have belief in a • Example- The person will regularly pay obeisance
particular God. to that God.
EXPLICIT ATTITUDE VS IMPLICIT ATTITUDE
EXPLICIT ATTITUDE IMPLICIT ATTITUDE

• A person is aware of his attitudes. • A person in unaware of implicit beliefs.
• It is formed consciously. • It is subconscious attitude.
• It is less spontaneous. • It is more spontaneous.
• It reflects values, beliefs and desired responses. • It reflects experiences based on social conditioning.
• Example- positive attitude towards a product • Example- positive attitude towards products used
because it was manufactured in an environment by parents during childhood days.
friendly manner.
VALUE VS ATTITUDE
VALUE ATTITUDE
• It helps to guide our behaviour. • It is the response that is the result of our values.
• It helps in deciding what is right and wrong. • It is our likes, dislikes for things, people and objects.

• It is derived from social and cultural • It is more of personal experience.

conventions.
• Example- A civil servant possessing the value of • Example- The civil servant will have positive
openness. attitude towards RTI act.
SOCIAL ATTITUDE
• It is behaviour pattern, a conditioned response or anticipatory tendency towards a social stimulus.
• Example- attitude of mainstream society towards the LGBTQ community.
POLITICAL ATTITUDES
• Political Attitudes are a set of with which an individual approaches a political problem and which
determines his line of conduct towards that problem.
• It’s also a set of rules & regulations, customs, traditions, beliefs that influences the political system of that
country.
• The sum total of political attitudes of an individual reveals that person’s outlook on the aspect on the
political aspect of social living. They define the relationship between the citizen, govt and functions of
political system.
• Examples: Voting behaviour of voters in an Elections decided by political attitudes followed by individual
and political parties.
At Individual Level Political Attitudes towards At Political Party level

specific social issues
Attitude of People towards Employment, Gender equality, Political attitudes of parties
political system - Reactionary, social behaviour, poverty, etc. towards state - Leftist, Centrist,
Conservative, Progressive. Rightist.
MORAL ATTITUDE
• It is based on the moral conviction of what is right and wrong. It is associated with strong emotions. Activities
like altruism, volunteerism, social service etc emanates from moral attitude.
• On the negative side, moral attitude can be used to justify violent acts of terrorism. It is shaped by family,
society, religion, education etc.
• Examples – Positive attitude for honour killing is justified on the grounds of saving pride of the family.
BUREAUCRATIC ATTITUDES
• Some of the Bureaucratic attitudes which an official should possess are: Honesty; Integrity; Commitment to
the ideals of the Constitution; Transparency & Accountability; Abide to the rules & regulations but one should
possess empathy and compassion; Courage of Conviction; 4E – Economy, Efficiency, Effectiveness & Equity;
Objectivity; Impartiality; Non – Partisanship; Proactive & Dynamic.
DEMOCRATIC ATTITUDES
• Democratic attitudes are a set of values which strengthens the democracy. Some of the common examples
of democratic attitudes are: Freedom and Liberty; Equality & Rule of law; Fraternity; Rights and Duties etc.
SOCIAL INFLUENCE
• Social influence is the process through which a person’s Behaviour, attitudes, views or thoughts gets
influences by social communication.
• Example: College institution brought a rule to ban on brining mobile phones to college. Students collecting
signatures of students to remove the ban. If I sign it will go against my own opinion but if I don’t sign it
disturbs student’s unity.
PERSUASION

• Social influence and persuasion both are interchangeable, so whatever the concepts applicable to social
influence same applicable to persuasion also.
• Persuasion is just method of social influence. Social influence and persuasion, both are same but social
influence at group/community level influencing one’s views or beliefs or attitudes and persuasion at
individual level to pursue him to believe in something.
PREJUDICE
• It involves prejudgements that are usually negative about members of group.
• It is baseless and often negative attitude towards members of group. It has strong influence on how people
behave. People holding prejudicial attitude paints every member of the group as same. It often translates into
discrimination.
• Examples: Prejudice that women can’t drive, Dalits don’t have merit, tribals are unhygienic etc.
STEREOTYPE PREJUDICE
• It is a thought about a person or group of people. • It is attitude and feelings about a person or
group.
• It is both positive and negative. • It is negative attitude.
• Example- Stereotype about Indian community in • Example- Prejudice against the black community
America that they are intelligent and good in maths. in America that they are drug addict.

3. APTITUDE AND FOUNDATIONAL VALUES FOR CIVIL SERVICES
APTITUDE
• Dictionary meaning of Aptitude is natural ability to do something. Here Natural means sum total of
experiences a person had rather than simply by birth. It is neither acquired but nor inherent. It is simply sum
total of skills he learns during his lifetime along with inborn aptitude.
1. UPSC tests civil services aspirants’ aptitude through CSAT (Civil services Aptitude Test)
during preliminary exam.
2. If a student doesn’t have maths skills, he doesn’t fit for application areas of maths like
Examples: statistics, data management.
3. A certain aptitude for public service is inherent in the decision to join the civil services.
4. To become sport person, one requires psycho motor coordination
5. Defence services or police services requires mental as well as physical aptitude
APTITUDE AND INTELLIGENCE

• Intelligence is generic and refers to a broad range of mental abilities, such as comprehension etc., whereas
Aptitude has narrow scope involving personal strengths & weaknesses and reflects specialised nature of that
intelligence that is directed towards something.
• Example: Two people may have same intelligence quotient (IQ) but may have different aptitude, i.e. one to
become doctor and another to become engineer.
APTITUDE AND ABILITY

• Aptitude indicates an individual’s potential, i.e. what an individual will be able to learn/do, whereas ability
presents the evidence of what the individual is able to do now.
• Example: A person might have a good aptitude for acting, but presently able to find roles as supporting artist
only.
APTITUDE AND INTEREST

• Interest is an individual’s preference for engaging in one or more specific activities relative to others while
aptitude is the potential to perform that activity.
• Example: Sushant Singh Rajput had interest in cosmology but aptitude for acting.
ATTITUDE VS APTITUDE
• Example: An administrator may have a good aptitude in resolving the communal issues (aptitude part) but
may have a negative attitude towards a particular community (attitude part) which will naturally influence
his/her overall decisions.
Aptitude without attitude is blind; and attitude without aptitude is lame. — Richard Marcel I.
ATTITUDE APTITUDE
It is positive or negative or indifferent feeling towards It is competency to do certain kind of work.
a person, object, event or idea.
It defines how do you work or proceed towards a goal. It defines how much potential do you have to learn
specific skills to achieve a goal.
Associated with character or virtues and can be Associated with competence or talent, e.g.
negative, positive or neutral. quantitative aptitude, mental aptitude etc.
Largely mental Mental as well as physical
It is related with existing abilities and skills with It is the potential ability to acquire skills, abilities and
certain perceptions. knowledge.
Relatively permanent Changed and developed

Components of attitude include cognitive, affective Components of aptitude include attitude, skills,
and behavioral. knowledge.
FOUNDATIONAL VALUES FOR CIVIL SERVICES

• Foundational values are those values that are basic and fundamental in nature, determines the core identity
of a civil servant and are essential to achieve the objectives or goals, such as integrity, compassion etc.
• Example: The foundational value of compassion led IAS Officer Prashant Nair to start Compassionate
Kozhikode project.
INTEGRITY
• Integrity means adopting similar standards or moral principles in similar situations across time and
interested parties.
• According to Ministry of Personnel, a person with integrity "Consistently behaves in an open, fair and
transparent manner, honours one's commitments and works to uphold the Public service values."
• It is a four-step process:
1. Choosing a right course of conduct;
2. Acting consistently with that choice, even if that is inconvenient;
3. Openly declaring where one stands; and
4. The results of one’s actions.
• Example: Senior IAS officer, Ashok Khemka has shown professional integrity with consistency in his thought,
actions and has chosen a right course of conduct.
• Personalities with highest degree of integrity are T N Sheshan, Ashok Khemka, Abdul Kalam.
Abraham Lincoln said “I am not bound to win, but I am bound to be true. I am not bound to succeed, but I
am bound to live by the light that I have I must stand with anybody that stands right, and stand with him while
he is right, and part with him when he goes wrong.”
• It refers to consistency and honesty in the application of standards of morality or right

Moral and wrong; used for judging others as well as our self.
Integrity • Example: Buddha emphasized on the purity of ‘thoughts, words and deeds’ and
showed unconditional commitment to this ethical principle.
• Intellectual integrity is defined as recognition of the need to be true to one's own
thinking and to hold oneself to the same standards one expects others to meet. It
Intellectual requires one to overcome self-deception and temptation and act in accordance with
Integrity one’s truthful conscience.
• Example: Gandhi revoked Non-Cooperation Movement after Chauri-Chaura incident
etc.
• It refers to acting in accordance with professional values, standards and norms with
Professional consistency and willingness; even in the face of criticism or allurements.
Integrity • Example: Sanjiv Chaturvedi showed professional integrity during his tenure as the
Chief Vigilance Officer of AIIMS, Delhi and uncovered several large scams.
INTEGRITY PACT
• Integrity Pact is a vigilance tool that envisages an agreement between the prospective vendors/bidders and
the buyer, committing both the parties not to exercise any corrupt influence on any aspect of the contract.
• Its implementation is assured by Independent External Monitors (IEM) who are people of unimpeachable
integrity.
HONESTY
• It simply means representing the same what exactly they are in convergence of thoughts and actions.
➢ Upholding the truth
➢ Non manipulation of facts
➢ Providing unbiased, rational and meritorious decisions.
HONESTY INTEGRITY
Being truthful and standing what we say Consistency in value system, thoughts and actions
Telling lie may or may not break our Honesty Being truthfulness is the first pre-condition for
Integrity
May or May not reflect actual conduct Must be reflected in actual conduct
Can be Honest without integrity – Just words no action It can’t be possible without Honesty – Words and
actions are in sync
Honesty is One of the components of Integrity Honesty is subset of Integrity
Example: Lal Bahadur shastri known for his honesty Example: TN Sheshan who reformed elections was
and moral commitment. He resigned when rail known for his integrity
accident happens during his tenure as railway
minister
IMPARTIALITY
• Impartiality refers to the fact of not supporting one person or a group more than the other. It holds that
decisions should be based on objective standards, instead of on the basis of bias, prejudice, or preferring the
advantage to one person or another for unsuitable reasons.
• Example: A judge cannot presume a person guilty simply because he/she belongs to a particular community
or based on the social media reports and has to follow due process of law.
NON-PARTISANSHIP
• Non-partisanship infers that the officer is to do his task without any fear of, or favour to any political party.
The values of the administrator will flow from the constitution not from the philosophy of any political party.
• Although the primary concern for the public service is “political partisanship”, other types of partisanships
such as support for an interest group etc. are also included in this.
• Example: TN Seshan is remembered for his non-partisan role as Chief Election Commissioner. Former
President of India, Mr. K. R. Narayanan underscored his non-partisanship by declining the United Front Prime
Minister’s recommendations to dismiss the BJP government of UP.
NEUTRALITY
• Neutrality is with specific reference to political neutrality, i.e. relationship between the civil servants and the
political executives. Neutrality refers to not being biased in providing facts, feedbacks, opinions etc. to the
political executives and diligently carrying out tasks ordered by the political executives, irrespective of which
political party is in power.
POLITICAL NEUTRALITY
• Non-partisanship should be apolitical behaviour and non-prejudice and no stereotypes.
• Impartiality and Non-partisanship can be used interchangeably. It is non-discriminatory and being fair and
unbiased. It is based on principle of Equal justice and based on merit.
POLITICAL IMPARTIALITY PUBLIC IMPARTIALITY

Political neutrality that is showing any kind of Being partial towards weaker section of people but
impartiality towards any political party impartiality should be first step in achieving equality
Can’t use public resources for any political party like Can’t use public resources for self-interest or
donating public land for ruling party office personal interest. Everyone should be treated
equally while allocating resources of govt
End result will be politicization of Bureaucracy if not End result will be nepotism, favoritism if not
impartial impartiality in public duty
Does not allow civil servants personal political views to Does not allow civil servant to have personal
determine any advice you give or your actions to opinions on contemporary issues like reservations,
political parties quota system. It’s the duty of govt to frame policies
and its duty of civil servant to implement them.

OBJECTIVITY
• Objectivity refers to the ability to judge fairly, without bias or external influence. It is the quality of being true
even outside of a subject, individual biases, interpretation and feelings.
• Objectivity means decisions and actions are based on empirically verifiable facts. The Nolan Committee has
mentioned objectivity as one of the seven foundational value in public life.
• Example: Drugs Controller General of India ensured sufficient data for approval of COVID-19 vaccine against
public pressure.
OBJECTIVITY SUBJECTIVITY
Based on verifiable facts Based on assumed facts
We look things from the perspective of how they are We look things from our perspective
Scientifically valid and rationally reasonable Nothing proved like that
No personal opinions influence our decision making Personal opinions play a role in decision making
On ground reality and filed visits Based on assumptions and imagination
No ground for prejudices and stereotypes There is ground for generalization
OBJECTIVITY VS NEUTRALITY
OBJECTIVITY NEUTRALITY (PASSIVE NEUTRALITY)

Based on strong evidence May or may not be based on evidence (but based on
political executive’s order)
Helps maintain equity and inclusivity Sometimes, may have to implement appeasement
policies of government, despite knowing it.
It will instill confidence in public and ensure public Particular section of the society might not approach
cooperation civil servants (facing issues due to policies of the
govt.)
Policies beneficial for larger sections of the society Policies might find a backseat
will be implemented irrespective of govt of the day.
Might lead to poor implementation of policies in case Ensures effective implementation of policies.
of civil servant’s disagreement with the govt of the
day.
ANONYMITY
• It means that the civil servants work from the behind the screen and avoid media limelight and public gaze.
Civil servants do not get credit for the success and nor blamed for the failure. It is the responsibility of the
political executive.
• Example: In the Mundhra deal scam (1957), Chagla commission held that “Minister T.T. Krishnamachari is
constitutionally responsible for the actions of his secretary (H. M.Patel) and he can’t take shelter behind them
or disown reasonability.” Consequently, Minister resigned.
DEDICATION TO PUBLIC SERVICE

• Dedication is the quality of being committed to the certain task. Commitment is the formal obligation but
dedication is guided by sense of duty and values. Therefore, Dedication is defined as quality of commitment
with perseverance.
• It is different from commitment, which is formally obligated/bound, whereas dedication is commitment
with passion and is guided by sense of duty, inspired by some ideals.
• S. R. Sankaran was an Indian civil servant, social worker and the Chief Secretary of
S. R. Sankaran the State of Tripura, known for his contributions for the enforcement of Abolition
of Bonded Labour Act of 1976 which abolished bonded labour in India.
T. N. Sheshan • Brought several reforms in elections: Introduction of Photo voter ID cards, stringent
implementation of Model Code of Conduct etc.

• Known and respected for his high levels of honesty and integrity. He is best known
Ashok Khemka for cancelling the illegal land deal in Gurgaon and also brought several irregularities
in the govt. Due to this he transferred more then 50 times in his career.
Vinod Rai • During his tenure as CAG chief he brought several scams like 2G scam, coal scam etc.
Mahesh Bhagwat • Known for his friendly policing and also trains civil services exam aspirants free of
cost.
Armstrong pame • Awarded with most eminent IAS awardee for his dedication to public service.
Durga shakti • She came into public view after launching a massive drive against corruption and
Nagpal illegal sand mining within her jurisdiction.
Praveen Kaswan • An IFS officer, known for his efforts to make people aware of conservation and
forestry through social media.
Bhagwad Gita: “We should perform our duties diligently and piously, but without expectation of what the
results will be.”
EMPATHY
• Empathy and Compassion mostly used interchangeably. Empathy is about
thinking and feeling from others perspective. As Swamy Vivekananda said, • Apathy - indifference
“Prefer a man with kind heart rather than intelligent mind”. • Sympathy - kindness
• Empathy is considered as one of the important values that should be • Empathy - experience
possessed by any civil servant. If a civil servant having empathy nothing else • Compassion - action
matters but if he doesn’t have empathy again nothing else matters
COMPASSION
• Compassion takes empathy and sympathy a step further. When you are compassionate, you feel the pain of
another or you recognise that the person is in pain and you do your best to alleviate the person’s sufferings.
• Civil servants help to bring socio-economic change in the society. Compassion is important for citizen friendly
governance. Social justice can’t be possible without being compassionate towards weaker section of people.
SYMPATHY EMPATHY COMPASSION

Understands others feelings Understanding others feelings by Unconditional love applied towards
without feeling at yourself feeling personally others sufferings
Self – Oriented Self – Oriented – “I am Hurt too” Look from Humanity Perspective
There is a gap between words and Words and actions are in sync It eliminates the gap between what
actual conduct is desirable and what is actual
conduct. It is action oriented.
It is essential for creating Essential for eliminating Essential to bring social justice
kindness in the society stereotypes and prejudices
Behaving with kindness Behaves with sympathy Behaves with respecting human
dignity and human rights
Example: When someone met Example: Few youngsters, who Example: Good Samaritan who
with accident, everyone show faced hunger problem in their joins in hospital who hit with
sympathy but majority of people childhood formed as a team in accident and even ready to donate
don’t come forward to take that Hyderabad and distributing to blood if necessary
person to hospital hungry kids from left out food from
events
TOLERANCE
• Tolerance refers to fair, objective and permissive attitude toward those whose opinions, practices, race,
religion, nationality etc. differ from one's own. It is fostered by knowledge, openness, communication, and
freedom of thought, conscience and belief.

LEVEL ROLE
• Teaches one to respect others and not to impose our will on others.
Individual Level • Example: Beef may be prescribed for one community in the society but if it is part
of someone’s culture then it helps in broadening our perspective and thinking.
• Promotes peace.
Societal Level • Example: Imposition of Urdu in former East Pakistan led to division of Pakistan,
whereas linguistic tolerance has strengthened unity in India.
Government • Increases legitimacy and provides a holistic view of various issues.
Level • Example: Tribal Panchsheel has been largely beneficial in promotion of democracy
in North-eastern region.
International • Promotes peace and security.
Level • Example: The lack of tolerance between Israel and Arab countries has led to
frequent conflicts in the region.
ACCEPTANCE
• Acceptance refers to the assent of an individual or group to the reality of a situation or any condition (usually
negative and unpleasant) and recognising it without protest or trying to change it.
TOLERANCE ACCEPTANCE
It is a permissive attitude towards differing opinion, It goes beyond tolerance and there is assent and
attitude etc. and willingness to tolerate them. recognition of differing opinion, attitude etc.
There is passive resignation and dislike may With acceptance, there is active effort to get rid of
continue to exist dislike
Akbar’s Ibadat Khana discussions The philosophy of Vasudhaiv Kutumbakam
PERSEVERANCE
• It means continued effort and determination in doing something in which someone is facing difficulties or
delay in achieving success.
• Example: efforts that attempt to bring behavioural transformation (removal of open defecation, vaccine
hesitancy) in the society takes time and requires perseverance.
RESPONSIVENESS
• Responsiveness refers to the quality of being attentive and responding to whatever new opportunities and
challenges arises in every day and also to the emerging needs of the public.
• Example: Steve Jobs used to share his email id with his employees.
PRUDENCE
• It refers to the ability to govern and discipline oneself by the use of reason. Wisdom, insight and knowledge
are often associated with prudence.
CONFIDENTIALITY
• It refers to maintaining or keeping secrecy of certain information, matters from the public view for larger
public interest.
• Example: Section 8 of Right to Information Act, 2005 and Official Secrets Act provide for confidentiality in
larger public interest.
OPENNESS
• It refers to sharing of information along with transparent decision-making. In another sense, it includes
characteristics such as imagination and attitude of ready accessibility.
• Nolan Report on Openness: Holders of public office should be as open as possible about all the decisions
and actions that they take. They should give reasons for their decisions and restrict information only when
the wider public interest clearly demands.

SELFLESSNESS
• Selflessness signifies serving public interest and keeping it above self-interest.
• Nolan Report on Selflessness: Holders of public office should act solely in terms of public interest. They
should not do so in order to gain financial or other benefits for themselves, their family or their friends.
• Example: Mother Teresa dedicated herself to the selfless service of the suffering and tortured humanity.
HOLISTIC COMPETENCE: 4Es
HOLISTIC COMPETENCE: 4Es

Exhibits citizen centricity and inclusiveness, promotes public good and long-term interests
ETHOS of the Nation, People First, Strategic Thinking, Organizational Awareness, Commitment to
the Organisation, Leading Others
ETHICS Self Confidence, Attention to Detail, Taking Accountability, Demonstrates integrity,
transparency, openness and fairness
Promotes operational excellence and value for money, manages human capital and nurtures
capability, Results Orientation, Conceptual Thinking, Initiative and Drive, Seeking
EFFICIENCY Information, Planning and Coordination, Desire for Knowledge, Innovative Thinking,
Problem Solving, Developing Others, Self-Awareness and Self-Control, Communication
Skills, Team-Working.
EQUITY Treats all citizens alike, ensures justice to all, with empathy for the weaker section,
Consultation and Consensus Building, Decision Making, Delegation.

4. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
EMOTIONS
• Emotions are generally understood as intense feelings, favourable or unfavourable that are directed at
someone or something.
• Emotions are irrational. Emotions are unproductive. Emotions are subjective. Emotions should never guide
administrative actions.
• Example, happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, surprise etc.
As much as 80% of adult’s “success” comes from EQ – Daniel Goleman
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EMOTIONS AND FEELINGS

• Even though both the terms are used similarly, but feeling is used to refer to a person’s private emotional
experience or self-perception of a specific emotion. When an event occurs, one first responds automatically
at a physical level even without awareness (emotion) and then registers or evaluates this (feeling). Feelings
are created by emotions.
• Example: when one sees a snake nearby, their heartbeat, breathing, perspiration (physiological arousal)
might increase immediately, causing the action of running away. Only later might one realise that the feeling
they experienced was fear.
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
• Definition: Emotional intelligence is the ability of the individual to identify one’s own emotions and those of
others, apply them in thought and action, regulate and manage them.
• Aristotle has said that “Anyone can become angry- that is easy, but to be angry with right person at right
time and for the right purpose – that is not within everyone’s power and that is not easy”.
SELF-AWARENESS
• It is the ability to form an accurate model of oneself, knowledge of one's strength and weaknesses and
understanding how to utilise one's strength and weaknesses to encash the opportunities that comes in one's
way. It includes self-confidence, realistic self-assessment and self-deprecating sense of humour.
• Example: In a company, if a manager is competent but not good at his behaviour and he is not aware about
this then he can offend others with his behaviour.
SELF-REGULATION
• It is the ability to regulate one’s emotions, thoughts and behaviours effectively in different situations. It
includes trustworthiness and integrity; self-control; ability to adapt; openness to change etc.
• Example: If a person working in a company, is excited about some good news and want to take leave but the
boss is angry at the moment then he/she has to regulate his/her emotions for some time to ask for leave. Due
to self-regulation, Gandhiji was able to handle the situation after Chauri-Chaura incident even after facing
criticism.
INTERNAL MOTIVATION
• It refers to finding internal reasons to work beyond external rewards like money and status. It includes strong
passion for the work, ability to counteract disappointment that results from occasional failure and thrive
under adversity.
• Example: The COVID-19 pandemic has put enormous stress on the doctors and they had to find internal
motivation for keep working for patients.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EQ AND IQ

• Emotional quotient (EQ), also called emotional intelligence quotient is a measure of one’s emotional
intelligence, i.e. a measurement of one’s ability to monitor his/her emotions, to cope with pressures and
demands, and to control his or her thoughts and actions.
EMOTIONAL QUOTIENT INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT

Measure of person’s emotional intelligence. Score derived from one of several standardised tests
designed to assess an individual’s intelligence.
Refers to a person’s ability to perceive, control, Refers to an individual’s abilities such as visual and
evaluate and express emotions. spatial processing, knowledge of the world, working
memory etc.
A high EQ means someone is self-confident, self-aware A person with high IQ may be able to learn certain
and able to handle difficult emotional experiences. subjects very quickly and make connections between
ideas that others miss.
Example: It will help in developing consensus around Example: It will help to understand the policy and
any government policy. requirements.
SOCIAL COMPETENCE
• It is the ability to handle social relations effectively. Given the complexity of social interactions, social
competence is the product of a wide range of cognitive abilities, emotional processes, behavioral skills, social
awareness, and personal and cultural values related to interpersonal relationships. It depends on age to age
or person to person and situation to situation it varies.
• Example:
o To do friendship with kids we may have to behave like kids and do childish things before them
o To inculcate different cultures, we have to learn and practice their cultural practices .
SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE
• Social intelligence (SI) is the ability of a person to tune into other people’s emotions and read the subtle
behavioural cues to choose the most effective response in a given situation. It aids people to successfully
build relationships and navigate social environments.

5. PUBLIC/CIVIL SERVICE VALUES AND ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
“It is not merely bigger government that ultimately matters: what is significant is that morality in
administration alone could ensure better government. One would not doubt that the morality in
administration is sustained by patience, honesty, loyalty, cheerfulness, courtesy and like traits.” - Paul H.
Appleby
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
• It consists of all those operations having for their purpose the fulfilment or enforcement of public policy. It
includes military as well as civils affairs, as much of the work of courts and all the special fields of government
activity-police, education, health, construction of public works, conservation, social security, and many
others.
ADMINISTRATIVE ETHICS
• Public administration is a profession that offers and unusually array of opportunities to make moral or
immoral decisions, to make ethical or unethical choices, to do good or evil things to people. Ethics provide a
framework for accountability between the public and administration.
• Ethics and values have key role in smooth functioning of public administration system.
“In the happiness of his subjects lies the happiness of the king” – Kautilya
DILEMMA AND ETHICAL DILEMMA

• It refers to a situation in which a problem is offering two solutions, neither of which is practically acceptable.
• Ethical dilemma refers to a situation that necessitates a choice between competing set of principles neither
of which is absolutely ethical. Ethical dilemmas are question of right or wrong.
• The list of ethical dilemmas in public and private life are: Secrecy Vs Transparency, Conflict of interest, Duty
Vs Personal relationships, Conservation Vs Tribal rights, Non-Discrimination Vs Preferential treatment.
ACCOUNTABILITY
• Accountability implies both ‘answerability’ (or giving an ‘account' of actions taken) and ‘enforceability’ (or
punitive measures for illegal, inadequate, and improper performance).
• Accountability is the lifeblood of democracy. Openness of governmental operations and a system of holding
the civil servants accountable for their actions make democracy real and functional.
LAWS, RULES AND REGULATIONS AS SOURCE OF ETHICAL GUIDANCE

• Laws are usually based on an ethical framework and aim to bring social order while controlling the immoral
and unethical behaviour of individuals in the society.
• Rules are elaborated framework that are usually framed with an aim to bring simplification, facilitation,
convenience etc. in the order to guide the behaviour of individual or organisations.
• Example: Information Technology Act, 2000 is a law and Information Technology Intermediary Guidelines
Rules 2021 are framed to give effect to the law.
RULES LAW
Rules usually focus on individual good Law seeks to increase public good and serve public
interests
Rules can be set by individuals, or by organizations Laws are enacted only by those in exercise of
sovereignty or government
Rules are more flexible and have lighter consequences Laws are inflexible and carry stiff penalties including
when broken imprisonment and, in some cases, death
CONSCIENCE

• Conscience refers to the Inner listening. It guides us what to do and what not do in any ethical dilemma
situations. If we listen to our conscience we can behave ethically and morally right.
• “There is a higher court than courts of justice and that is the court of conscience. It supersedes all other
courts.” - Mahatma Gandhi
• “Silence is both a physical and a spiritual necessity for me…In the attitude of silence, the soul finds the
path in a clearer light…For me the voice of God, of conscience, of Truth or the “still small voice” means the
one and the same thing...The Inner Voice defies description. It has been increasingly audible as years have
rolled by” - Mahatma Gandhi
• Swami Vivekananda said “If you talk to yourself daily you can bring a better person out of yours”.
Therefore, it is vital to make a space somewhere in his life.
LAW CONSCIENCE
Law applies principles of morality outside human Conscience acts within human beings and checks the
beings morality of human actions.
Law states a general rule Conscience provides practical rule for specific action
and applies law and rules to that specific action.
GOVERNANCE
• According to UNDP, Governance is the exercise of political, economic and administrative authority to
manage a country’s affairs.
• According to World Bank, Good Governance refers to the manner in which power is exercised in the
management of a country’s economic and social resources for development.
GOOD GOVERNANCE
• Good Governance means eliminating poverty by empowering the poor, unprivileged and the exploited and
also a system and a structure that are democratic, transparent, clean, efficient, equitable, sensitive and
accountable.
ETHICAL GOVERNANCE
• Ethical governance is formulating, implementing and complying with the policies, rules, laws and orders in
an organisation in such a manner that it does not merely concentrate on administrative efficiency but uphold
universal values such as truth, honesty, integrity, dedication to duty etc.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
• Corporate governance is the system of rules, laws, mechanisms, procedures by which businesses are
operated, regulated or controlled. The term Corporate governance includes internal as well as external
stakeholders like employees, directors and shareholders of the company and customers, government.
• According to Uday Kotak committee on corporate governance “Corporate governance deals with the ways
in which suppliers of capital to corporations, especially faceless, powerless small investors, can assure
themselves of getting fair treatment as stakeholders.”
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

• According to World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Corporate Social Responsibility is the
continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while
improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society
at large.
ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION:

1. Maxim of Legality and Rationality: An administrator will follow the law and rules that are framed to govern
and guide various categories of policies and decisions.

2. Maxim of Responsibility and Accountability: An administrator would not hesitate to accept responsibility
for his decision and actions. He would hold himself morally responsible for his actions and for the use of his
discretion while making decisions.
3. Maxim of Work Commitment: An administrator would be committed to his duties and perform his work
with involvement, intelligence and dexterity.
4. Maxim of Excellence: A bureaucrat would ensure the highest standards of quality in administrative
decisions and action and would not compromise with standards because of convenience or complacency.
5. Maxim of Fusion: An administrator would reasonably bring about a combination of individual,
organisational and social goals to help evolve agreement of ideals and imbibe in his behaviour a commitment
to such a fusion.
6. Maxim of Responsiveness and Resilience: An administrator would respond successfully to the demands
and challenges from the external as well as internal environment. He would adapt to environmental
transformation and yet sustain the ethical norms of conduct.
7. Maxim of Utilitarianism: While devising and implementing policies and decisions, an administrator will
certify that these lead to the greatest good (happiness, benefits) of the greatest number.
8. Maxim of Compassion: An administrator, without violating the prescribed laws and rules, would establish
compassion for the poor, the disabled and the weak while using his discretion in making decisions.
9. Maxim of National Interest: Though universalistic in orientation and liberal in outlook, a civil servant, while
performing his duties, would keep in view the impact of his action on his nation’s strength and prestige.
10. Maxim of Justice: Executives who are responsible for formulation and execution of policies and decisions of
governance would ensure that respect is shown to the principles of equality, equity, fairness, impartiality and
objectivity and no special favours are given on the criteria of status, position, power, gender, class, caste or
wealth.
11. Maxim of Transparency: An administrator will make decisions and implement them in a transparent
manner so that those affected by the decisions and those who wish to evaluate their rationale, will be able to
understand the reasons behind such decisions and the sources of information on which these decisions were
made.
12. Maxim of Integrity: An administrator would accept an administrative action on the basis of honesty and not
use his power, position and discretion to serve his personal interest and the illegitimate interests of other
individuals or groups.

6. PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE
PUBLIC SERVICE
• Public service refers to the broad framework under which government employees extend services with
the aim of advancing greater public good. The term is linked with a social agreement. It includes the
services provided, the contiguous interactions and the grievance redressal linked with those services.
• In 1996, United Nations adopted an international code of conduct for public officials. As per the
document, a public service is defined as “the class and the tasks of officials who act as delegates of
elected officials”. The elected representatives embody the legitimacy to define public interest, while public
service ensures that public interest is served and public trust is maintained.
PROBITY
• Probity literally means “the quality of having strong moral principles; honesty and decency.”
• It is more than avoiding corrupt or dishonest conduct, for it implies values such as impartiality, accountability
and transparency. It is regarded as strict adherence to code of ethics.
• Example: M. Vishvesvaraya never used his office for personal favours. He never went late anywhere. He
never spoke without prior preparation. He took dress formalities seriously. He worked hard and he was
efficient. The qualities of having strong moral principles, honesty and integrity was reflected in every sphere
of his activities.
PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE
• It is concerned with procedures, processes and systems rather than outcomes. It is essential for efficient and
effective system of governance and for socio-economic development.
• Important requisites for ensuring probity in governance are:
o Effective laws, rules and regulations.
o Effective and fair implementation of these laws.
o Absence of corruption.
“No responsibility of government is more fundamental than responsibility of maintaining higher standards
of ethical behaviour” - John F Kennedy
SOCIAL CONTRACT
• The philosophical basis of Social Contract finds mention in the writings of Hugo Grotius, Thomas Hobbes,
John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and John Rawls.
• According to this theory, people surrender some of their rights to a state or authority for protection of
remaining rights.
• The rights and responsibilities are not fixed and can be changed if the members so desire.
TRANSPARENCY
• It is the openness of decision-making process and freedom of information to the public and media.
• Lack of transparency makes the government slow, inefficient and corrupt.
• Resolution 59 of UN General assembly of 1946 recognised freedom of information as integral part of freedom
of expression.
“A lack of transparency results in distrust and a deep sense of insecurity” – Dalai Lama
INFORMATION SHARING
• Information sharing is a disclosure of information related to govt policies, schemes, list of beneficiaries,
status ongoing projects, fund utilisation etc. Whereas transparency refers to actions of the govt which are not
kept hidden from public scrutiny and can’t be opaque.

“Information is the currency of democracy” - Thomas Jefferson
“Truth never damages a cause that is just." - Mahatma Gandhi.
WHISTLE BLOWING
• It is done by an employee where he finds that ethical rules are broken knowingly or unknowingly and there
exists an imminent danger to the company, consumers or the public.
• It creates conflicts of interests between personal, societal and organisational spheres.
• For example: Frances Haugen, a former data scientist at Facebook, testified before the US senate that
Facebook harms children, sows division and undermines democracy in pursuit of breakneck growth and
"astronomical profits."
CODE OF ETHICS
• It is a written set of guidelines issued by an organisation to its employees to guide their conduct. It contains
general principles and values that the organisation tries to achieve. Violation of code of ethics involves no
penalties. There is no code of ethics prescribed for civil servants in India.
• Generally, it includes values such as: Integrity, Impartiality, Commitment to public service, Accountability,
Devotion to duty, Exemplary behaviour.
CODES OF CONDUCT
• It is set of rules outlining expected behaviour from members of the organisation. Its violation constitutes
breaches of officially prescribed rules. It is explicitly mentioned as compared to code of ethics which is
implicit.
• In India, Central government has issued conduct rules for government employees known as Central Civil
Service Conduct rules, 1964.
CODE OF ETHICS CODE OF CONDUCT

Set of values which influences our decision making Set of rules and regulations which governs our actions
Guides our behaviour Seeks the expected behaviour
Promotes positive behaviour Prevents negative behaviour
Scope is wider Scope is very narrower
Wide ranging and non-specific Limited range and Specific in nature
Addressed to anyone Addressed to only organisations members
Universal Varies from organisation to organisation
Morally binding and Voluntary in Nature. There is no Legally enforceable by civil services conduct rules
formal mechanism to implement to it.
Examples: Integrity, Honesty, Empathy, Compassion Examples: Guidelines for accepting private gifts,
social media usage, habitual lending and
indiscriminate borrowing, accepting commercial
employment after retirement etc
CITIZEN’S CHARTER
“A customer is the most important visitor on our premises. He is not dependent on us; we are dependent on
him. He is not an interruption on our work; he is the purpose of it. He is not an outsider on our business; he
is part of it. We are not doing him a favour by serving him; he is doing a favour by giving us an opportunity
to do so”. - Mahatma Gandhi
• “A Citizens' Charter represents the commitment of the Organisation towards standard, quality and time
frame of service delivery, grievance redress mechanism, transparency and accountability.” - Department of
Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances.

• It is an undertaking by a public institution to provide certain level of service to its customers. It contains
specific provisions and sets out specific obligations for public services. It is the means of solving day to day
problems which citizens experience. It places the citizens at the centre of administration instead of treating
him as passive recipient.
WORK CULTURE
• It is regarded as set of practices, values and shared beliefs within an organisation and in its employees.
• It decides the way employees interact with each other and how the organisation functions.
• It is the product of the organisation’s history, traditions, values and vision.
SERVICE DELIVERY
• Public Service Delivery is the most important aspect of good governance as it touches lives of millions of
people.
• Through better public service delivery inclusive and sustainable socio-economic development can be
achieved.
• It helps in achieving equity based governance as enshrined in our preamble.
RIGHT TO SERVICE
• It is mechanism to ensure time bound delivery of services by public officials. It has grievance redressal
mechanism and to make public officials punishable for delays. It makes service a right from what was
considered an act of benevolence.
• It is aimed to reduce corruption among government officials and increase transparency and accountability.
CORRUPTION
• Corruption is an important manifestation of the failure of ethics. The word ‘corrupt’ is derived from the
Latin word ‘corruptus’, meaning ‘to break or destroy’.
• It is the use of one’s position, status or resources directly or indirectly for personal benefits. It can be material
gain or non-material like enhancement of power or prestige beyond what is legitimate for him.
• World Bank have identified corruption as 'the single greatest obstacle to economic and social development'.
• Second ARC report on Ethics in Governance came up with formula to define what is corruption in public life.
Corruption (C) = Monopoly (M) + Discretion (D) + Secrecy (S) – Accountability (A)
SOCIAL AUDIT
• Social audit generally refers to engagement of the stakeholders in measuring the achievement of
objectives under any or all of the activities of a government organization, especially those pertaining to
developmental goals.
• The basic aim here is to have an understanding of an activity from the perspective of the vast majority
of people in society for whom the institutional/administrative system is designed and to improve upon it.
• It is an instrument of social accountability for an organisation.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
• A conflict of interest is a situation when there is a clash between person’s public duty and private
interests. Conflict of interest comes under the principle of natural justice and is not codified.
E-GOVERNANCE
• It is the application of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) to the process of government
functioning to achieve simple, accountable, speedy, responsive and transparent governance. Its essence is to
reach the beneficiary at the doorstep. It is a tool to achieve good governance. It represents a journey from
passive information giving to active citizen’s involvement.

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GENERAL STUDIES 4: ETHICS, INTEGRITY, AND APTITUDE

1. ETHICS & HUMAN INTERFACE ......................................................................................................................................................4

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3. APTITUDE AND FOUNDATIONAL VALUES FOR CIVIL SERVICES .................................................................................... 16

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PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................................................................................................... 28

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1. ETHICS & HUMAN INTERFACE

Core Values • Universal across the time and space

PERSONAL VALUES SOCIAL VALUES

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Aristotle’s Golden Mean Principle:

• Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that determines right from wrong by focusing

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ETHICS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

BRANCH OF ETHICS DESCRIPTION

ETHICS IN INDIA AND SOURCES OF ETHICS:

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Gandhi Ethics • Non-Violence, Self-sustenance, swaraj, satyagraha, Courage of conviction,

At Individual level it will builds self-confidence, courage of conviction, trust and

ETHICS IN PRIVATE AND PUBLIC RELATIONSHIPS

PRIVATE RELATIONSHIPS PUBLIC RELATIONSHIPS

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Not codified generally Generally Codified

VALUES IN PUBLIC RELATIONSHIP: NOLAN COMMITTEE

LESSONS FROM THE LIVES AND TEACHINGS OF GREAT LEADERS

PERSONALITIES WHAT THEY VALUEs

ROLE OF FAMILY IN INCULCATING VALUES

ROLE OF SOCIETY IN INCULCATING VALUES

ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN INCULCATING VALUES

CONSEQUENCES OF LOSS OF ETHICS:

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EXPLICIT ATTITUDE VS IMPLICIT ATTITUDE

EXPLICIT ATTITUDE IMPLICIT ATTITUDE

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• It is derived from social and cultural • It is more of personal experience.

At Individual Level Political Attitudes towards At Political Party level

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3. APTITUDE AND FOUNDATIONAL VALUES FOR CIVIL SERVICES

APTITUDE AND INTELLIGENCE

APTITUDE AND ABILITY

APTITUDE AND INTEREST

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FOUNDATIONAL VALUES FOR CIVIL SERVICES

• It refers to consistency and honesty in the application of standards of morality or right

POLITICAL IMPARTIALITY PUBLIC IMPARTIALITY

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OBJECTIVITY NEUTRALITY (PASSIVE NEUTRALITY)

DEDICATION TO PUBLIC SERVICE

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SYMPATHY EMPATHY COMPASSION

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HOLISTIC COMPETENCE: 4Es

HOLISTIC COMPETENCE: 4Es

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As much as 80% of adult’s “success” comes from EQ – Daniel Goleman