RESEARCH ARTICLE

Copyright © 2021 American Scientific Publishers Journal of Medical Imaging and

All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Health Informatics
Vol. 11, 2425–2439, 2021

Truncated Inverse Lomax Generated Family of

Distributions with Applications to Biomedical Data
Ali Algarni1 , Abdullah M. Almarashi1 , Farrukh Jamal2 , Christophe Chesneau3 ∗ , and Mohammed Elgarhy4
1
Statistics Department, Faculty of Science, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21551, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Statistics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Punjab, Pakistan
3
Université de Caen, LMNO, Campus II, Science 3, Caen 14032, France
4
The Higher Institute of Commercial Sciences, Al Mahalla Al Kubra, Algarbia 31951, Egypt

Among the recent proposed continuous distributions, the truncated inverse Lomax distribution benefits of an
overall simplicity from the mathematical point of view and offers a more realistic scenario for statistical modelling
in comparison to the former inverse Lomax distribution (originally defined on the semi-infinite real line). A new
use of the truncated inverse Lomax distribution is investigated in this study; we exploit its simple structure to
generate original continuous distributions, constituting what we call the “truncated inverse Lomax generated
family.” We expose the merits of this new truncated family, proving several results on stochastic ordering, stress-
strength reliability coefficient, incomplete probability weighted moments, order statistics, and entropy. Also, some
bivariate extensions with the use of copula are discussed. Then, we derive an extension of the (type I) gener-
alized half logistic distribution having pliant probability density and hazard rate functions, making it desirable for
any lifetime data analysis. The parametric estimation of the related model is discussed by the three following
methods: maximum likelihood, least square and weighted least square methods. A simulation study is carried
out, showing the efficiency of these methods. Finally, the practical use of the new model is demonstrated by the
analyzes of two biomedical data. Furthermore, two agricultural data sets related to wheat production in Pakistan
are considered.

Keywords: Truncated Inverse Lomax Distribution, Parametric Estimation, Entropy, Copula, Biomedical Data
Analysis, Agricultural Data Analysis.

1. INTRODUCTION inverse Lomax distribution introduced by Ref. [26], and inten-

At the basis of our study, there is the truncated inverse Lomax sively studied further (see Refs. [49–51], for instance). Logically,
(TIL) distribution recently introduced by Ref. [48]. A brief the right TIL distribution is obtained by taking a = 0, and the
overview of this distribution is presented below. First of all, left TIL distribution, by taking b = +. The other functions of
the probability density function (pdf) of the TIL distribution is interest, i.e., survival, hazard rate, reverse hazard rate, cumula-
expressed as tive hazard rate and quantile functions of the TIL distribution
  are described in detail in Ref. [48]. All the involved functions
  −+1
fab x = Cab 2 1+  x ∈ ab remain simple to express and to manipulate from the mathemat-
x x ical point view. Then, in Ref. [48], it is discussed how the TIL
where ab > 0 are the bounds of the support,  > 0 is a shape model can be applied to fit data sets that are naturally bounded
parameter,  > 0 is a scale parameter, and Cab is the normal- by natural limits. An illustration is provided on data extracted
izing constant given as Cab = 1+/b− −1+/a− −1 , from Ref. [31], representing the remission times measures in
with fab x = 0 for x ∈ ab. Furthermore, the corresponding months of 128 bladder cancer patients. A simulation study shows
cumulative distribution function (cdf) is given by that different methods of estimation can be employed, with quite
     efficient results.
 −  −
Fab x = Cab 1+ − 1+  x ∈ ab (1) Instead of introducing a precise continuous distribution,
x a another branch of the field consists in developing general families
with Fab x = 0 for x ≤ a, and Fab x = 1 for x ≥ b. When of distributions based on different schemes. A complete overview
a → 0 and b = +, the TIL distribution is reduced to the former in this regard is available in Ref. [13]. A modern approach
consists in mixing a simple truncated distribution on the unit
∗ interval, often under-considered in this setting, and a family of
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

J. Med. Imaging Health Inf. Vol. 11, No. 9, 2021 2156-7018/2021/11/2425/015 doi:10.1166/jmihi.2021.3733 2425
RESEARCH ARTICLE
parent distributions based on standard distributions (exponential,
Weibull, gamma, normal, Lomax…). Among the current develop-
ments, we may refer the reader to the truncated Fréchet generated
family by Ref. [2], truncated inverted Kumaraswamy generated
family by Ref. [10], truncated Cauchy power generated family
by Ref. [6], truncated Burr generated family by Ref. [24], type
II truncated Fréchet generated family by Ref. [5], and truncated
Lomax generated family by Ref. [23]. These families have for
common points to be of moderate complexity (in terms of the
involved functions and their essential characteristics), depend on
a reasonable number of parameters and contain original distri-
butions with attractive features for statistical analysis purposes
(pliant curvature for the probability and hazard rate functions,
flexible skewness, kurtosis, and tails…).
As prime motivation, this study takes on a new direction of
research: the use of the TIL distribution over the unit interval
to define a new truncated family of continuous distributions. At
the alpha stage, two basic constructions are possible: the family
based on the cdf given as F x = F→01 Gx and the family
based on the “type II cdf” given as F x = 1−F→01 1−Gx,
where F→01 x is specified by Eq. (1) with a → 0 and b = 1,
also with  = 1 to avoid the phenomena of over-parameterization,
and Gx = Gx  is a cdf of a parent distribution, possibly
depending on one or several parameters symbolized by . After
some mathematical developments, one can show that the fam-
ily based on F x = F→01 Gx coincides with an existing
one: the so-called exponentiated M family of distributions (see
Refs. [11] and [28]). However, to the best of our knowledge, the
family defined with the type II cdf has never been evoked in
the literature, in any kind. For this reason, it will be the main
subject of this study. In the next, we call it the “truncated IL
generated (TIL-G) family.” We summarize the findings of the
paper by arguing that the TIL-G family has numerous merits for
various statistical purposes. Among the contributions, we derive
a new extension of the (type I) generalized half logistic distri-
bution, called the “truncated inverse Lomax exponentiated expo-
nential (TILEE) distribution.” We show that it possesses highly
adjustable pdf and hazard rate functions, with a myriad of non-
monotonic shapes, making it desirable for lifetime data analysis.
Also, a complete statistical treatment of the TILEE distribution
will be given, with useful results and discussions. Two biomed-
ical data sets and two agricultural data sets related to the wheat
production in Pakistan are fitted by the TILEE model with suc-
cess. Also, several challenging models are considered, but no one
supports the comparison; the TILEE model is the best with the
considered criteria.
The structure of the paper is as follows. Section 2 describes
the mathematical bases of the TIL-G family, including those of
the TILEE distribution. Their fundamental properties are stud-
ied in Section 3, developing the following subjects: stochastic
ordering, stress-strength reliability coefficient, incomplete prob-
ability weighted moments, order statistics, and (Rényi) entropy.
The inferential aspect of the TILEE model, different methods of
estimation are investigated in Section 4. Then, applications of the
TILEE model in the analysis of data are performed in Section 5.
Concluding remarks are outlined in Section 6.
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J. Med. Imaging Health Inf. 11, 2425–2439, 2021
2. THE TIL-G FAMILY
2.1. Definition
As argued in the above section, the TIL-G family is based on the
following cdf: F x = 1−F→01 1−Gx, with  = 1. By using
C→01 = 2 , and after some development, its formal definition
can be formulated as follows.
Definition 1. The TIL-G family (of continuous distributions)
is defined by the following cdf:
 −
F x = 1−2 1+1−Gx−1  x∈ (2)
where  > 0 is a shape parameter and Gx = Gx  is a cdf
of a parent distribution, possibly depending on one or several
parameters symbolized by (in the next, we will explicit only
if necessary).
Based on Definition 1, the pdf of the TIL-G family is given by
 −−1
f x = 2 gx1−Gx−2 1+1−Gx−1  x∈
(3)
where gx = gx  is the pdf of the parent distribution. Here-
after, a random variable X having the cdf given as Eq. (2)
(or, equivalently, the pdf given as Eq. (3)) will be denoted by
X∼TIL-G.
The survival function (sf), say F¯ x = F¯ x , and hazard rate
function (hrf), say hx = hx , are given by
 −
F¯ x = 2 1+1−Gx−1  x∈ (4)
and
gx1−Gx−2
hx =  x∈ (5)
1+1−Gx−1
respectively. These functions are essential for further develop-
ments of the TIL-G family in several branches of probability and
statistics, as described in full generality by Ref. [27].
The quantile function of the TIL-G family, say Qu = Qu ,
is obtained by inverting Eq. (2) as
 
Qu = G−1 1−21−u−1/ −1−1  u ∈ 01 (6)
where G−1 u = G−1 u  is the quantile function of the parent
distribution. The function Qu is at the basis of several proba-
bilistic measures (quartiles, skewness, kurtosis…) and can serve
to generate values from any special distribution of the family. It is
also of practical importance, as developed in detail in Ref. [21].
2.2. The TILEE Distribution
The main interest of the TIL-G family is to contain unlisted and
original distributions having desirable features for the overall sta-
tistical modelling. As a first remark, surprisingly, it contains the
so-called the type I generalized half logistic distribution devel-
oped by Ref. [39]; after some algebra, we obtain it by taking the
(standard) exponential distribution as parent.
Based on this remark, following the structure of the TIL-G
family, an extension of the type I generalized half logistic distri-
bution can be derived by choosing any generalized exponential
distribution as parent. A natural choice is the exponentiated expo-
nential (EE) distribution as introduced by Ref. [22], i.e., with cdf
and pdf specified by
Gx   = 1−e− x   x>0
J. Med. Imaging Health Inf. 11, 2425–2439, 2021 RESEARCH ARTICLE

with Gx   = 0, and

1.5
gx   = e− x 1−e− x −1  x>0

with gx   = 0 for x ≤ 0, respectively, where > 0 and  > 0

are both shape parameters. All the details and applications on

1.0
this distribution can be found in the survey of Ref. [34]. Thus,
based on Eqs. (2) and (3), we introduce the TILEE distribution,

hrf
defined by the following cdf and pdf:
  −1 −
F x   = 1−2 1+ 1−1−e− x 

0.5
 x > 0 (7)
α= 2 β = 0.3 θ = 0.2
with F x   = 0 for x ≤ 0, and α= 0.5 β = 2 θ = 2
α= 2 β=3 θ=1
 −2 α= 0.6 β = 0.6 θ = 2.2
f x   = 2  e− x 1−e− x −1 1−1−e− x  α= 5 β = 5 θ = 0.7

0.0
  −1 −−1
× 1+ 1−1−e− x   x > 0 (8)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
x
with f x   = 0 for x ≤ 0, respectively. Thus defined, by
taking  = 1, the TILEE becomes the type I generalized half Fig. 2. Plots of the hrf of the TILEE distribution for different values of , 
logistic distribution. Hereafter, a random variable X having the and .
cdf given as Eq. (7) (or, equivalently, the pdf given as Eq. (8))
will be denoted by X∼TILEE. with hx   = 0 for x ≤ 0, respectively. This function is plot-
As a visual approach, the pdf of the TILEE distribution is ted for different values of ,  and in Figure 2.
plotted for different values of ,  and in Figure 1. In Figure 2, we see that the hrf can be (monotonically) increas-
Thus, Figure 1 illustrates the pliant asymmetry of the TILEE ing and decreasing, concave or convex, as well as bathtub shaped.
distribution, also giving some ideas on the data that are poten- These properties are demanding for fitting various kinds of real
tially well fitted by the TILEE model. life data.
Also, the sf and hrf of the TILEE distribution are defined by Last but not least, the quantile function of the TILEE distribu-
  −1 − tion is obtained as
F¯ x   = 2 1+ 1−1−e− x   x>0  
1 1/
Qu   = − log 1− 1−21−u−1/ −1−1 
with F¯ x   = 1 for x ≤ 0, and
u ∈ 01 (10)
− x − x −1
 
− x  −2
 e 1−e  1−1−e 
hx   =  In this study, we will mainly use it for simulation purposes.
1+1−1−e− x  −1
x>0 (9)
3. FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES
The TIL-G family possesses interesting mathematical and statisti-
1.0

cal properties that deserve attention. Some of them are presented

α = 1.6 β = 0.1 θ = 0.4
α = 0.5 β = 2 θ = 2
below.
α = 0.7 β = 5 θ = 2.5
0.8

α = 9 β = 12 θ = 0.6
α = 5 β = 0.02 θ = 0.2
3.1. Stochastic Ordering Results
Two stochastic ordering results of the TIL-G family are now
proved. For further detail on the concept of stochastic ordering,
0.6

we may refer the reader to the book of Ref. [43]. The following
pdf

proposition concerns a stochastic ordering result of the TIL-G

family.
0.4

Proposition 1. Let F x be the cdf given as Eq. (2). Let 2 ≥

1 . Then, we have
F2 x ≥ F1 x
0.2

Proof. After some manipulations, since 2−Gx > 21−Gx,

we have
0.0

   
2−Gx − 2−Gx
0 1 2 3 4 F x = 2 log >0
x  1−Gx 21−Gx

Fig. 1. Plots of the pdf of the TILEE distribution for different values of ,  Therefore, F x is an increasing function with respect to ,
and . proving the desired result. 

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RESEARCH ARTICLE J. Med. Imaging Health Inf. 11, 2425–2439, 2021

With the notations and vocabulary of the stochastic ordering Remark 1. In the context of the TILEE distribution as
concept, one can say the following: Let X1 ∼TIL-G with param- described in Subsection 2.2, thanks to the above results, when x
eter 1 and X2 ∼TIL-G with parameter 2 . Then, if 2 ≥ 1 , tends to 0, we have
Proposition 1 gives the following inequality in terms of sfs:  
F¯2 x ≤ F¯1 x, meaning that X2 is smaller than X1 in the first
  
F x  ∼ x  f x  ∼ x−1 
2 2
stochastic order: X2 ≤st X1 .  
hx  ∼ x−1
2
The following result is about a likelihood ratio order property
inherent to the TIL-G family. implying different limits for f x   and hx  , i.e.,
+,  /2, or 0, depending on  < 1,  = 1 or  > 1, respectively,
Proposition 2. Let f x be the pdf given as Eq. (3). Let 2 ≥ and when x → +,
1 . Then, the following ratio function:
F x  ∼1−2  e− x  f x  ∼2   e− x 
f x
rx = 2
f1 x hx  ∼

is decreasing with respect to x. revealing that f x   tends to 0 with an exponential decay.
The shape properties of f x and hx can be analyzed via
Proof. First of all, let us notice that
mathematical formula. That is, the modes of f x are contained
 − −1 in the set of roots of the following non-linear equation:
22 2 gx1−Gx−2 1+1−Gx−1 2
rx =
21 1 gx1−Gx−2 1+1−Gx−1 −1 −1 dgx/dx gx gx
−−1 ++1 =0
   − gx 1−Gx 2−Gx
= 22 −1 2 1+1−Gx−1 1 2
1 The uni/multimodality nature depends on the number of maxi-
Therefore mum points/modes among these roots, which also depend on 
and the parent distribution. A mode, say x0 , satisfies U x > 0 for
d  gx
rx = 22 −1 2 1 −2  all x < x0 and U x < 0 for all x > x0 , where U x is the function
dx 1 1−Gx2 defined by
  − −1
× 1+1−Gx−1 1 2 < 0 d2 gx/dx2 gx−dgx/dx2
U x =
This ends the proof of Proposition 2.  gx2
dgx/dx1−Gx+gx2
With the notations and vocabulary of the stochastic ordering −−1
concept, one can say the following: Let X1 ∼TIL-G with param- 1−Gx2
eter 1 and X2 ∼TIL-G with parameter 2 . Then, if 2 ≥ 1 , dgx/dx2−Gx+gx2
Proposition 2 says that X2 is smaller than X1 in the likelihood ++1
2−Gx2
ratio order: X2 ≤lr X1 .
Propositions 1 and 2 give precious information of immediate Also, the critical points of hx are given as the roots of the
hierarchy between the statistical models derived from the TIL-G following simple non-linear equation:
family, with respect to the parameter . Also, these results are
dgx/dx gx gx
valid for any parent distribution. They are fulfilled for the TILEE + + =0
distribution in particular. gx 1−Gx 2−Gx
They depend on the parent distribution only;  has no role here.
3.2. Equivalences and Shapes The number and nature of these solutions are precious indicators
Let us now investigate some analytical properties of the main on the possible shapes of the hrf. The nature of a critical point
functions of the TIL-G family. We begin with the asymptotic of hx, say x∗ , can be determined by the analytical study of the
behavior of F x, f x and hx, aiming to identify the role of following function:
 in this regard. When Gx tends to 0, we have
d2 gx/dx2 gx−dgx/dx2
   V x =
F x∼ Gx f x∼ gx hx∼ gx gx2
2 2 2
dgx/dx1−Gx+gx2
Therefore, the parameter  has proportional influence of the limit +
1−Gx2
of these functions. On the other side, when Gx tends to 1, we
have dgx/dx2−Gx+gx2
+
2−Gx2
F x∼1−2 1−Gx  f x∼2 gx1−Gx−1 
depending on its sign according to x < x∗ and x > x∗ , or x = x∗ .
hx∼
gx Remark 2. In the TILEE distribution setting, the above equa-
1−Gx tions hold with gx = gx  , Gx = Gx  , implying
that
Hence, the parameter  impacts as a shape parameter on the limit
of f x. It remains a coefficient of proportionality for the limit d
gx   = − 2 1−e− x  e x −e x −1−2
of hx. dx

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J. Med. Imaging Health Inf. 11, 2425–2439, 2021 RESEARCH ARTICLE

and 3.4. A Series Expansion Result

As a matter of fact, tractable series expansions for the main func-
d2
gx   =  3 1−e− x  2 +1−3e x +e2 x  tions of any general family of continuous distributions are useful
dx2 to derive simple series expansions of important related measures,
×e x −1−3 and computable approximations as well. In general, they can be
expressed in terms of exponentiated functions of the parent distri-
3.3. Stress-Strength Reliability Coefficient bution. Practical issues follow by truncating the involved infinite
sum(s) by any large integer. For more detail in this regard, we
We now discuss the stress-strength reliability coefficient. For the
refer the reader to the book of Ref. [17].
complete theory and applications, we refer to Refs. [40] and [42],
Below, we propose simple series expansion for a special func-
and the references therein. In the general context of the TIL-G
tion derived to the TIL-G family. The main mathematical tool
family, it can be defined as follows. Let X1 ∼TIL-G with param- for the proof remains the generalized binomial theorem.
eter 1 and X2 ∼TIL-G with parameter 2 . Then, the stress-
strength reliability coefficient can be defined as Proposition 4. Let us assume that Gx ∈ 01. Let u ≥ 0 and
v ≥ 0. Then, the following series expansion for f xu F¯ xv holds:
+ x1 +
R = P X2 < X1  = f1 2 x1 x2 dx2 dx1 f xu F¯ xv = k uvHu x
− −
k=0

where f1 2 x1 x2  denotes the joint pdf of the random vector where Hu x = gxu Gx and
X1 X2 .  
−u+v−u
Under the independence assumption between X1 and X2 , the k uv = 2u+v u
following result shows that R can reduce to a simple expression, k
 
independently of the parent distribution. k+u+v−u
× −1 (11)

Proposition 3. Let us assume that X1 and X2 are independent.
Then, we have Proof. Let Ḡx = 1−Gx be the sf of the parent distribution.
2 Then, after some simplifications, we get
R=
1 +2 f xu F¯ xv
Proof. Let f1 x be the pdf of X1 , and F2 x, F¯2 x and  −u+1
= 2u u gxu 1−Gx−2u 1+1−Gx−1
f2 x be the cdf, sf and pdf of X2 , respectively. Then, since X1  −v
and X2 are independent, we have f1 2 x1 x2  = f1 x1 f2 x2 , ×2v 1+1−Gx−1
implying that  −u+v−u
= 2u+v u gxu 1−Gx−2u 1+1−Gx−1
+ x1 +  −u+v−u
R= f1 x1 f2 x2 dx2 dx1 = F2 x1 f1 x1 dx1 = 2u+v u gxu Ḡxu+v−u 1+ Ḡx
− − −
+ Then, it follows from the generalized binomial theorem applied
= 1− F¯2 x1 f1 x1 dx1 two times in a row that
−  −u+v−u
Ḡxu+v−u 1+ Ḡx
Now, based on Eqs. (3) and (4), we get
+  
−u+v−u
= Ḡxk+u+v−u
F¯2 x1 f1 x1  k=0
k
 −1 +2 −1 +   
= 21 +2 1 gx1 1−Gx1 −2 1+1−Gx1 −1 −u+v−u k+u+v−u
= −1 Gx
1 k=0
k 
= f x 
1 +2 1 +2 1 Hence,

where f1 +2 x denotes the pdf given by Eq. (3) with parameters f xu F¯ xv
1 +2 . Hence, +  
−u+v−u
= 2u+v u gxu
1 + 1 2 k=0
k
R = 1− f1 +2 x1 dx1 = 1− =  
1 +2 − 1 +2 1 +2 k+u+v−u
× −1 Gx

This ends the proof of Proposition 3. 
+

Proposition 3 reinforces the fact that the TIL-G family can = k uvHu x
k=0
be used for various reliability analysis. In particular, the expres-
sion of the stress-strength reliability coefficient is rather simple This ends the proof of Proposition 4. 
to make it easily estimable if necessary. One can notice that In particular, Proposition 4 can be applied to have a series
the expression of R holds for any parent distribution; it can be expansion for f x by taking u = 1 and v = 0, f xu by taking
applied for the TILEE distribution in particular. v = 0 and F¯ xv by taking u = 0.

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RESEARCH ARTICLE J. Med. Imaging Health Inf. 11, 2425–2439, 2021

Remark 3. In the TILEE distribution framework, we can Table I. Measures of X∼TILEE based on moments for some values of
express the function Hu x = Hu x   as , and at  =05 and  =05.

=05 =10 =15 =20 =25 =30

Hu x   = u
u e−u x 1−e− x +u−u  x>0
1 2.74 1.768 1.16 0.827 0.628 0.498
2 14.239 6.621 3.141 1.698 1.024 0.668
and Hu x   = 0 for x ≤ 0. That is, for x > 0, the binomial 3 91.593 34.018 12.459 5.267 2.569 1.399
theorem gives the following series expansion: 4 660.918 209.614 62.687 21.364 8.538 3.909
2 6.73 3.496 1.795 1.013 0.63 0.421
+ CV 0.947 1.058 1.155 1.217 1.264 1.304
Hu x   = m uve−m+u x
CS 0.899 1.523 1.933 2.142 2.269 2.372
m=0 CK 2.856 5.23 7.694 9.253 10.189 10.917

where  
+u−u
m uv = −1m u
u Then, the r-th incomplete moment of X can be derived
m
as r t = EX r 1X∈−t  = r0 t. The incomplete moments
Hence, we can derive a series expansion for
allow us to see the shape of the moments of a distribution, which
f x  u F¯ x  v in terms of simple exponential
is of interest for many areas, including econometrics, finance and
functions. Applications of this result will be presented in the
reliability. See, for instance, Ref. [14].
next.
Also, the r-th crude moment of X can be derived as r =
EX r  = r → +. As usual, they are used to provide some
3.5. Incomplete Probability Weighted Moments crucial characteristics of a distribution, including the mean given
This section is devoted to various kinds of moments and related as  = 1 , variance obtained as  2 = 2 −2 , in addition to some
measures of the TIL-G family. For the sake of generality, we measures such as the coefficients of variation, skewness and kur-
focus on the incomplete probability weighted moments which tosis defined by
include several other kinds of moments, and appear in the deter-
mination of the incomplete moments for order statistics, as dis-  3 −32 +23
CV =  CS = 
cussed later. That is, for any integers r and s, and t ∈ , the  3
rs-th incomplete probability weighted moment of X∼TIL-G 4 −43 +62 2 −34
can be defined by CK =
4
  t
rs t = E X r F¯ Xs 1X∈−t = xr F¯ xs f xdx respectively. Wide numerical fluctuations of these measures
− ensure the flexibility of a distribution, and pliant statistical mod-
Owing to the expressions in Eqs. (2) and (3), depending on the els can be derived as well. In this regards, Tables I and II present
complexity of the parent distribution, we can consider the direct the values of the first four crude moments,  2 , CV , CS and CK
calculation of rs t. In all the situations, we can provide a of X∼TILEE for selected values of the parameters.
numerical evaluation of it by using a mathematical software. The range of possible values in Tables I and II provide numeri-
Following the methodology presented in Ref. [17], in full gen- cal evidence of the flexibility of the TILEE distribution regarding
erality, a less opaque approach consists in using the series expan- the involved measures. Also, some monotonic comportments are
sion of f xF¯ xs as presented in Proposition 4 (with u = 1 and observed. For instance, for the considered values of the param-
v = s), which gives eters, in Table I, we see that CV , CS and CK increase as 
increases and, in Table II, we see that CS and CK decrease as 
+ increases.
rs t = k 1s rt
k=0
3.6. Order Statistics
t
where  rt = − x H1 xdx. This representation is of inter-
r For n random variables X1  Xn independent and identically
est because all the involved terms are often simply expressible distributed, the m-th order statistic is given by the m-th smallest
and, in most of the cases, a correct approximation of rs t is random variable. The order statistics are involved in the mod-
possible by replacing the infinite limit by any large integer. elling of various lifetime phenomena (see Ref. [9]). Here, some
Remark 4. An application for the TILEE distribution is results on order statistics in the context of the TIL-G family
described below. Based on Remark 3, thanks to the series expan-
sion of H1 x = H1 x  , we can express  rt as Table II. Measures of X∼TILEE based on moments for some values of
, and at  =05 and  =05.
+
−r+1
 rt = m 1vm+1−r+1  r +1m+1 t  =10  =15  =20  =25  =30  =35
m=0
1 3.365 3.704 3.918 4.063 4.165 4.238
2 18.668 21.469 23.467 24.978 26.163 27.111
where   3 123.459 144.933 161.044 173.778 184.161 192.804
+1−1
m 1v = −1m  4 903.311 1072 1202 1308 1396 1470
m 2 7.345 7.749 8.115 8.468 8.813 9.149
x CV
and ax = 0 t a−1 e−t dt is the lower incomplete gamma func- 0.805 0.752 0.727 0.716 0.713 0.714
CS 0.563 0.371 0.238 0.141 0.068 0.013
tion. Hence, a series expansion of rs t follows, depending on CK 2.321 2.123 2.019 1.953 1.903 1.861
lower incomplete gamma functions.

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are derived. As first result, the pdf of the m-th order statistic of Remark 5. In view of the previous result, the r-th incomplete
X∼TIL-G, denoted by Xm , is defined as moment of Xm for X∼TILEE can be deduced from Remark 4.
 
n−1
fXm x = n f xF xm−1 F¯ xn−m  x ∈  (12) 3.7. Rényi Entropy
m−1
The Rényi entropy is employed to quantify the overall random-
In expanded form, from Eqs. (2) and (3), fXm x can be ness of a distribution. It finds applications in various fields such
expressed as as statistics, ecology, and quantum information. We may refer the
 
n−1 1+n−m reader to Ref. [41] and the overview of the entropy concept in
fXm x = n 2 gx1−Gx−2 Ref. [8]. Formally, the Rényi entropy of X∼TIL-G is defined by
m−1
 −1+n−m−1  + 
1   1
× 1+1−Gx−1 I = log Ef X−1  = log f x dx
  − m−1 1− 1− −
× 1−2 1+1−Gx−1  x∈
where  > 0 and  = 1. For some parent distributions, thanks to
In particular, the pdf of the maximum order statistic, i.e., Xn = Eq. (3), one can hope to determine I via standard integration
supX1  Xn , is given as techniques. A numerical approximation of I is always possible,
 −−1 as soon as it exists. For further manipulation or analysis, one can
fXn x = n2 gx1−Gx−2 1+1−Gx−1 provide a series expansion of I through the use of Proposition 4
  − n−1 (with u =  and v = 0) as
× 1−2 1+1−Gx−1  x∈  
+
Also, the pdf of the minimum order statistic, i.e., X1 = 1
I = log k 0 
infX1  Xn , is obtained as 1− k=0
 −n−1  +
fX1 x = n2n gx1−Gx−2 1+1−Gx−1  where   = − H xdx. Again, by replacing the infinite
by any large integer, we obtain a possible precise approximation
x∈
of I .
For further analytical use, a series expansion of fXm x is wel- Remark 6. If the TILEE distribution is considered, based
come, which is the object of the following result. on Remark 3, thanks to the series expansion of H x =
H x  , we can express   as
Proposition 5. The following series expansion holds:
+
m−1 +
−1
fXm x = jk H1 x   = m vm+−1
m=0
j=0 k=0

where where  
   +−
n−1 m−1 m v = −1m  
jk = n −1j k 1j +n−m m
m−1 j Thus, an expression of I involving a series expansion can be
and H1 x = gxGx derived.
Table III displays some numerical values for the Rényi entropy
Proof. Owing to the standard binomial theorem and Proposi-
of X∼TILEE, i.e., I = I  , for different values of the
tion 4 (with u = 1 and v = j +n−m), we get
parameters.
fXm x Several other measures of entropy can be defined in a simi-
    lar manner, such as the Shannon entropy, q-entropy (also called
n−1 m−1 m−1   Tsallis entropy) or Mathai-Haubold entropy (see Refs. [8] and
=n −1j f xF¯ xj+n−m
m−1 j=0 j [45]). One can also mention the concept of extropy introduced by
    Ref. [30]. It represents a complementary dual of entropy, and is
+
n−1 m−1 m−1 defined by J = −1/2e−I2 . Thus, it can be easily deduced from
=n −1j k 1j +n−mH1 x
m−1 j=0 j k=0 the above results.
m−1 +
= jk H1 x Table III. Numerical results of Rényi entropy of X∼TILEE for different
j=0 k=0
values of the parameters.

This ends the proof of Proposition 5.  Rényi entropy

   =05 =12 =15
Also, the r-th incomplete moment of Xm can be expressed as
follows: 05 05 05 0.695 0.952 0.865
15 05 05 0.539 0.371 0.226
m−1
20 05 05 0.387 0.2 0.036
mr t = j rj+n−m t 05 15 05 1.26 1.133 1.104
j=0
05 20 05 1.272 1.151 1.122
where    15 15 05 0.904 0.781 0.757
n−1 m−1 20 15 05 0.813 0.693 0.67
j = n −1j 15 20 05 0.937 0.82 0.798
m−1 j
20 20 05 0.852 0.741 0.719
and rj+n−m t is given in Subsection 3.5.

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3.8. Bivariate Extensions
One can extend the TIL-G family for bivariate probabilistic or
statistical purposes through the use of several techniques. Some
of them are presented below. The most simple way is to consider
a bivariate parent distribution, defined by a bivariate cdf, say
Gxy. That is, one can define the bivariate TIL-G family by
the following cdf:
 −
F xy = 1−2 1+1−Gxy−1  xy ∈ 2
provided that the parent distribution satisfies the necessary
assumptions. Then, if a vector of random variables XY  has
this cdf, then X∼TIL-G with the parent distribution Gx→ +
and Y ∼TIL-G with the parent distribution G→ +y.
Another approach consists in using the notion of copula. Thus,
one can define the bivariate TIL-G family by the following cdf:
F xy = CF1 xF2 y xy ∈ 2
where F1 x and F2 x are defined as Eq. (2), with possible
different parent distribution, and Cuv is a copula, i.e., a bivari-
ate function defined on 012 and with values in 01 satisfying
C0u = 0, Cu0 = 0, C1u = u, Cu1 = u and Cu2 v2 +
Cu1 v1 −Cu1 v2 −Cu2 v1  ≥ 0 for all 0 ≤ u1 ≤ u2 ≤ 1 and
0 ≤ v1 ≤ v2 ≤ 1 . Then, if a vector of random variables XY  has
the cdf F xy, then X∼TIL-G with the cdf F1 x and Y ∼TIL-G
with the cdf F2 x. Also, the copula Cuv can be defined to
modulate the dependence of X and Y . As examples of copula,
there are the Farlie-Gumbel-Morgenstern copula defined by
Cuv = uv +uv1−u1−v uv ∈ 01
where  ∈ −11 (including the independence copula for  = 0),
the Clayton copula defined by
  −1/
Cuv = maxu− +v− −10
where  = 1 2 ,  = 1 2 , =  1  2  and  ∈ −11, and
F xy   = 0 for x ∈ 0+2 . This new bivariate continu-
ous distribution with seven parameters can serve to the modelling
of two dimensional phenomena or to analyze any bivariate data
with positive values. It also offers an alternative to some bivari-
ate extensions of the EE distribution, such as the one developed
by Ref. [29], for instance.
4. INFERENCE
In this section, various kinds of estimates are obtained for the
parameters of the TILEE model. We consider the three following
methods of estimation: maximum likelihood (ML), least square
(LS) and weighted least square (WLS) methods. All of them are
described in Table IV, with suggested references, and the follow-
ing notations are adopted: x1  xn are n (independent) observa-
tions from X∼TILEE, and x1  xn correspond to their values
in increasing order.
The performance of the ML, LS and WLS estimates of
the parameters of the TILEE model is assessed in terms of
the sample size n. In this regard, in addition to the esti-
mates, we evaluate the mean square errors (MSEs). The sim-
ulation procedure is achieved by using the MATHCAD (14)
package.
• A random sample x1  xn  of sizes n = 50, 100, 200, 500
and 1000 are generated from the TILEE distribution.
• Three sets of the values of parameters are considered
as Set I ( = 0 5 = 0 5 = 0 5), Set II ( = 0 8 = 0 8 =
0 5) and Set III ( = 0 3 = 0 3 = 0 5). Then, the ML, LS
and WLS estimates of the parameters of the TILEE model
are evaluated based on the different sets of parameters and
sample sizes.
• Repeat this process 5000 times and then obtain the means
and MSEs of the ML, LS and WLS estimates for the con-
sidered values of the model parameters. Empirical results are

where  ≥ −1 and  = 0, and the Joe copula defined by

Table IV. The considered methods of estimation.
 
 1/
Cuv = 1− 1−u +1−v −1−u 1−v
  
Method Estimates ˆ ˆ ˆ References
n
ML argmax f xi    [15]
where  ≥ 1. All the theory and examples of applications of cop-    i=1
n  2
ula can be found in Ref. [38]. i
LS argmin F xi    − [46]
Remark 7. A bivariate TILEE distribution can be defined    i=1
n +1
through the use of the Farlie-Gumbel-Morgenstern copula, n  2
n +1 n +2
2
i
WLS argmin F xi    − [46]
among others. That is, based on Eq. (7), the corresponding cdf    i=1
in −i +1 n +1
is given as

F xy  
Table V. Estimates and MSEs of the parameters of the TILEE model
   −1 −1 for Set I, Set II and Set III at n =50.
= 1−21 1+ 1−1−e− 1 x 1
Set I Set II Set III
   −1 −2
× 1−22 1+ 1−1−e− 2 y 2 Method Estimates MSE Estimates MSE Estimates MSE
   −1 −1 ML 0.703 0.261 1.176 0.535 0.641 0.257
+21 +2 1−21 1+ 1−1−e− 1 x 1 0.49 0.088 0.792 0.109 0.367 0.044
0.626 0.152 0.784 0.19 0.413 0.056
   −1 −2
× 1−22 1+ 1−1−e− 2 y 2 × LS 0.425 0.013 0.45 0.137 0.384 0.014
0.532 0.589 0.531 0.208 0.456 0.084
  −1 −1 0.713 0.523 0.792 0.645 0.614 0.269
× 1+ 1−1−e− 1 x 1 WLS 0.356 0.041 0.427 0.149 0.391 0.036
  −1 −2 0.423 0.062 0.544 0.961 0.331 0.272
× 1+ 1−1−e− 2 y 2  xy ∈ 0+2 1.167 1.344 0.809 1.35 0.416 0.377

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Table VI. Estimates and MSEs of the parameters of the TILEE model Table IX. Estimates and MSEs of the parameters of the TILEE model
for Set I, Set II and Set III at n =100. for Set I, Set II and Set III at n =1000.

Set I Set II Set III Set I Set II Set III

Method Estimates MSE Estimates MSE Estimates MSE Method Estimates MSE Estimates MSE Estimates MSE
ML 0.659 0.254 1.211 0.481 0.64 0.217 ML 0.706 0102 1.13 0.245 0.541 0.158
0.43 0.068 0.821 0.074 0.361 0.038 0.506 0022 0.825 0.016 0.302 0.018
0.591 0.14 0.788 0.169 0.44 0.044 0.744 0121 0.683 0.146 0.496 0.013
LS 0.425 0.013 0.453 0.135 0.374 0.013 LS 0.427 00098 0.466 0.121 0.39 0.012
0.494 0.141 0.528 0.187 0.456 0.056 0.462 0056 0.573 0.261 0.463 0.041
0.713 0.523 0.772 0.491 0.603 0.257 0.673 0288 0.489 0.374 0.543 0.161
WLS 0.36 0.035 0.453 0.126 0.389 0.028 WLS 0.431 0021 0.765 0.104 0.345 0.013
0.433 0.043 0.607 0.305 0.324 0.234 0.472 0025 0.807 0.094 0.309 0.124
1.072 1.223 0.485 0.496 0.418 0.325 0.771 00621 0.498 0.368 0.433 0.147

reported in Tables V–IX, for n = 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000, We follow the same numerical setting as above (same sam-
respectively. ple sizes, same sets of parameters…). Various values for 
are considered ( = 1 2, 1 5 and 1 8), and the relative bias
From Tables V–IX, the following observations can be formu-
(RB) is used as a benchmark. The obtained numerical results
lated. The MSEs decrease as sample sizes increase, for all the
are collected in Tables X–XII for Set I, Set II and Set III,
estimates, illustrating the efficiency of the methods. Globally, the
respectively.
three methods perform well; it is hard to identify the best one.
From Tables X–XII, we observe that the ML estimates are
However, in the next, thanks to its well-known desirable statisti-
close to the corresponding values of the Rényi entropy, at least
cal features (consistency, asymptotic normality…), we adopt the
for n large. Also, the RBs decrease as sample sizes increase,
ML method for further developments with the TILEE model.
in all cases. This illustrates the nice behavior of the proposed
We complete this part by a simulation study on the Rényi
method.
entropy of X∼TILEE. Here, we estimate I = I   by Iˆ =
ˆ ˆ, where ,
ˆ 
I  ˆ ˆ and ˆ denote the ML estimates of , 
and , respectively. Owing to the invariance property of the ML 5. APPLICATIONS
estimator, it is worth mentioning that Iˆ is also the ML estimate Four data sets are now analyzed in order to assess the
of I , and all the standard properties of the ML estimators can goodness-of-fit of the TILEE model compared with some strong
be applied in this regard (consistence, asymptotic normality…). competitors.

Table VII. Estimates and MSEs of the parameters of the TILEE model 5.1. Biomedical Data
for Set I, Set II and Set III at n =200. In this part, two biomedical data sets of interest are considered.
Set I Set II Set III These data have been used by several authors to show the appli-
Method Estimates MSE Estimates MSE Estimates MSE cability of other competing models. We also provide a forma-
tive evaluation of the goodness of fit of the models and make
ML 0.689 0.151 1.105 0.293 0.579 0.184
0.485 0.05 0.805 0.034 0.332 0.029
comparisons with other models. Then, in order to compare the
0.686 0.136 0.767 0.154 0.452 0.035 models, the following criteria are applied: Akaike information
LS 0.425 0.011 0.457 0.13 0.38 0.013 criterion (AIC), consistent AIC (CAIC), Hannan-Quinn infor-
0.479 0.067 0.602 0.332 0.437 0.047 mation criterion (HQIC), Anderson-Darling (A) and Cramér-von
0.715 0.407 0.749 0.439 0.593 0.229 Mises (W). The model with the minimum values of AIC, CAIC,
WLS 0.367 0.033 0.464 0.12 0.376 0.023 HQIC, W and A is considered to be the best model to fit the
0.455 0.04 0.678 0.245 0.318 0.221
proposed data. The R software is used for all the calculations.
0.905 0.757 0.486 0.478 0.419 0.278
Data set: Survival Times. The first data set was studied by
Ref. [12]. It represents the survival times (in days) of 72 guinea
pigs infected with virulent tubercle bacilli. Based on this data
Table VIII. Estimates and MSEs of the parameters of the TILEE model
for Set I, Set II and Set III at n =500. set, the MLEs of the parameters ,  and of the TILEE model
are given as
Set I Set II Set III
Method Estimates MSE Estimates MSE Estimates MSE ˆ = 0 593 ˆ = 3 645 ˆ = 1 877
ML 0.664 0.133 1.092 0.284 0.516 0.181
0.475 0.042 0.795 0.033 0.279 0.027 respectively, with the corresponding standard errors (SEs)
0.683 0.135 0.766 0.152 0.453 0.033 given as
LS 0.428 0.011 0.465 0.122 0.382 0.013
0.463 0.062 0.581 0.27 0.443 0.046 SEˆ = 0 373 SEˆ = 1 271 SE ˆ = 0 825
0.682 0.372 0.472 0.385 0.565 0.198
WLS 0.368 0.03 0.756 0.115 0.364 0.017 respectively.
0.466 0.036 0.753 0.134 0.315 0.195
0.889 0.682 0.493 0.451 0.387 0.238
For this data, we compare the fit of the TILEE model with
the following models: Topp-Leone Lomax (TLL) (see Ref. [4]),

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Table X. ML estimates and RBs for the Rényi entropy of the TILEE model for Set I.

=12 =15 =18

n Value of I Estimate RB Value of I Estimate RB Value of I Estimate RB
50 0.952 0.45 0.527 0.865 0.334 0.614 0.704 0.299 0.575
100 0.482 0.494 0.4 0.538 0.329 0.533
200 0.524 0.449 0.477 0.448 0.393 0.442
500 0.653 0.314 0.533 0.435 0.511 0.274
1000 0.835 0.129 0.713 0.176 0.617 0.124

Table XI. ML estimates and RBs for the Rényi entropy of the TILEE model for Set II.

=12 =15 =18

n Value of I Estimate RB Value of I Estimate RB Value of I Estimate RB
50 0.877 0.432 0.507 0.84 0.355 0.577 0.812 0.403 0.504
100 0.471 0.463 0.427 0.491 0.409 0.497
200 0.501 0.429 0.457 0.456 0.42 0.483
500 0.612 0.302 0.583 0.306 0.613 0.245
1000 0.767 0.125 0.746 0.112 0.762 0.062

Table XII. ML estimates and RBs for the Rényi entropy of the TILEE model for Set III.

=12 =15 =18

n Value of I Estimate RB Value of I Estimate RB Value of I Estimate RB
50 1.204 0.687 0.43 1.125 0.627 0.442 1.005 0.643 0.36
100 0.798 0.337 0.685 0.391 0.669 0.334
200 0.813 0.324 0.69 0.387 0.678 0.325
500 0.954 0.208 0.916 0.186 0.892 0.112
1000 1.156 0.04 1.106 0.017 0.974 0.031

Weibull Lomax (WL) (see Ref. [47]), beta Lomax (BL) (see
Ref. [19]), exponentiated Lomax (EL) (see Ref. [1]), Marshall-
Olkin exponential (MOE) (see Ref. [7]), Kumaraswamy expo-
nential (KwE) (see Ref. [16]), generalized Marshall-Olkin
exponential (GMOE), beta exponential (BE) (see Ref. [36])
and Kumaraswamy Marshall-Olkin exponential (KwMOE) (see
Ref. [20]) models. The results giving AIC, CAIC, HQIC, A and
W for all the models are presented in Table XIII.
Since it has the smallest AIC, CAIC, HQIC, A and W, the
TILEE model is the best.
Figures 3–5 illustrate the good fits of the TILEE model;
Figure 3 considers the superposition of the estimated pdf of the
the estimated and empirical cdfs against each other with the
adjustment of the scatter plot by a suitable line.
In Figures 3–5, the obtained fits are quite acceptable; In
Figure 3, we see that the blue line fits the corresponding his-
togram quite well, the same for the blue line over the correspond-
ing empirical cdf in Figure 4, and in Figure 5 the points of the
Histogram and theoretical densities
TILEE
0.4

TILEE model over the histogram of the data, Figure 4 shows

the superposition of the estimated cdf of the TILEE model
over the empirical cdf of the data, and Figure 5 displays the
0.3

probability-probability (P–P) plot with its P–P line, which plots

Density
0.2

Table XIII. Fit behavior criteria for survival times.

Model AIC CAIC HQIC A W

0.1

TILEE 19434 194693 197059 05161 0.082

TLL 212164 212340 214883 0716 0.103
WL 213566 213924 217191 0733 0.112
BL 213815 214173 217440 0715 0.105
0.0

EL 212266 212442 214985 0717 0.102

MOE 210360 210530 212161 1182 0.173
KwE 209422 209773 212120 0743 0.112 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GMOE 210540 210891 213243 1021 0.162 data
BE 207384 207732 210081 0983 0.149
KwMOE 207818 208422 211419 0610 0.109 Fig. 3. Histogram of Survival Times along with the curve (in blue) of the
estimated pdf of the TILEE model.

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Empirical and theoretical CDFs Table XIV. Fit behavior criteria for cancer patient.
1.0
Model AIC CAIC HQIC A W
TILEE 836.118 836.311 839.594 0.7699 0.1238
BEBXII 841.268 841.760 855.528 0.900 0.134
0.8

GIG 839.824 840.316 854.085 2.618 0.410

BFr 842.965 843.290 854.373 1.121 0.168
ETGR 866.350 866.675 877.758 2.361 0.398
TMW 836.450 836.775 847.858 3.125 0.760
0.6

TAW 838.478 838.970 852.739 3.113 0.703

CDF
0.4

For this data, we aim to compare the fit of the TILEE model
with the following models: the beta exponentiated Burr XII
(BEBXII) (see Ref. [32]), generalized inverse gamma (GIG) (see
0.2

Ref. [33]), beta Fréchet (BFr) (see Ref. [35]), exponentiated

transmuted generalized Rayleigh (ETGR) (see Ref. [3]), trans-
TILEE muted modified Weibull (TMW) (see Ref. [25]) and transmuted
0.0

additive Weibull (TAW) (see Ref. [18]) models. The results giv-
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ing AIC, CAIC, HQIC, A and W for all the models are presented
data in Table XIV.
We observe that the TILEE model has the smallest AIC, CAIC,
Fig. 4. Empirical cdf of Survival Times along with the curve (in blue) of the
HQIC, A and W. For this reason, it can be considered as the best.
estimated cdf of the TILEE model.
Figures 6–8 illustrate the accuracy of the TILEE model;
Figure 6 considers the superposition of the estimated pdf of the
P–P plot are near aligned, and not too far from the corresponding TILEE model over the histogram of the data, Figure 7 shows the
P–P line. All those observations demonstrate the usefulness of superposition of the estimated cdf of the TILEE model over the
the TILEE model for the analysis of the considered data. empirical cdf of the data, and Figure 8 displays the related P–P
Data set: Cancer Patient. This data set describes the remission plot with the P–P line.
times (in months) of a random sample of 128 bladder cancer In Figures 6–8, the obtained fits are visually satisfying.
patients studied by Ref. [31]. Based on this data set, the MLEs
of the parameters ,  and of the TILEE model are given as
5.2. Agricultural Data
ˆ = 21 257 ˆ = 1 03 ˆ = 0 01 Now, the data sets are related to the wheat production in Pak-
istan. As in numerous countries, agriculture is an essential com-
respectively, with the corresponding standard errors given as ponent of the economy of Pakistan, employing 42.3% of the total
SEˆ = 16 738 SEˆ = 0 08 SE ˆ = 0 0072 country’s labor force. One of main agricultural production in
Pakistan remains the wheat production which attains 25 750 mil-
respectively. lion tons during 2016–17. Among all the provinces of Pakistan,

P−P plot
Histogram and theoretical densities
1.0

0.08

TILEE
0.8
Empirical probabilities

0.06
0.6

Density
0.04
0.4

0.02
0.2

0.00

TILEE
0.0

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 20 40 60 80

Theoretical probabilities data

Fig. 5. P–P plot (in blue) and P–P line (in black) for Survival Times for the Fig. 6. Histogram of cancer patient along with the curve (in blue) of the
estimated TILEE model. estimated pdf of the TILEE model.

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Empirical and theoretical CDFs Table XV. Fit behavior criteria for wheat Punjab.
1.0
Model AIC CAIC HQIC A W
TILEE 638802 662802 63703 0.2728 00414
EKE 659278 703722 65691 0.2788 00428
0.8

BE 645318 669318 64354 0.3784 00618

TIGHL 126335 1274259 126217 0.3686 006
EE 81675 827659 81557 0.4362 00719
E 1249676 1253009 124908 0.3704 00604
0.6
CDF

respectively, with the corresponding standard errors given as

0.4

SEˆ = 2 928 SEˆ = 1 2 SE ˆ = 0 099

0.2

respectively.
For this data set, we compare the fit of the TILEE model with
TILEE the following models: exponentiated Kumaraswamy-exponential
0.0

0 20 40
data
Fig. 7. Empirical cdf of cancer patient along with the curve (in blue) of the
estimated cdf of the TILEE model.
the Punjab province contains the main production of wheat crop
(around 72%) (and mostly grown on irrigated land), just followed
by the Sindh province (around 14%). Hence, any data analysis
of the wheat production of Pakistan is of great interest, and spe-
cially, the construction of statistical models, which is the purpose
of this part of our study. The two following data sets are consid-
ered, distinguishing the Punjab and Sindh provinces.
Data set: Wheat Punjab. This data set contains wheat averages in
Punjab (average yield in mds/acers) from 2006–2019. The data
are: 26.03, 28.05, 30.09, 26.43, 29.21, 28.10, 30.85, 29.67, 30.95,
31.01, 29.95, 33.32, 31.70, 30.67. For Wheat Punjab, the MLEs
of the parameters ,  and of the TILEE model are given as
ˆ = 169 03 ˆ = 178 3676
(EKE) (see Ref. [44]), beta exponential (BE) (see Ref. [37]), type
60 80 I generalized half logistic (TIGHL) (see Ref. [39]), exponentiated
exponential (EE) (see Ref. [22]) and the standard exponential (E)
model. The results giving AIC, CAIC, HQIC, A and W for all
the models are presented in Table XV.
From this table, it is clear that the TILEE model has the small-
est AIC, CAIC, HQIC, A and W; It is the best for the considered
data set.
For a visual analysis of the fits of the TILEE model, as for
the previous data sets, we consider the superposition of the esti-
mated pdf of the TILEE model over the histogram of the data
in Figure 9, the superposition of the estimated cdf of the TILEE
model over the empirical cdf of the data in Figure 10, and the
corresponding P–P plot with its P–P line in Figure 11.
In Figures 9–11, the obtained fits are quite acceptable, sup-
porting the results of Table XV.
Data set: Wheat Sindh. This data set contains wheat average
in Sindh (average yield in mds/acers) from 2006–2019. The
data are: 29.82, 35.12, 34.87, 34.73, 34.34, 37.91, 36.27, 34.4,
ˆ = 0 1216 36.10, 33.56, 33.6, 33.83, 33.79, 31.88. For this data set, the

P−P plot Histogram and theoretical densities

1.0

TILEE
0.20
0.8
Empirical probabilities

0.15
0.6

Density
0.10
0.4

0.05
0.2

0.00

TILEE
0.0

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 26 28 30 32

Theoretical probabilities data

Fig. 8. P–P plot (in blue) and P–P line (in black) for cancer patient for the Fig. 9. Histogram of Wheat Punjab along with the curve (in blue) of the
estimated TILEE model. estimated pdf of the TILEE model.

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J. Med. Imaging Health Inf. 11, 2425–2439, 2021 RESEARCH ARTICLE

Empirical and theoretical CDFs Histogram and theoretical densities

1.0

TILEE
0.8

0.15
0.6

Density
0.10
CDF
0.4

0.05
0.2

0.00
TILEE
0.0

26 28 30 32 30 32 34 36 38
data data

Fig. 10. Empirical cdf of Wheat Punjab along with the curve (in blue) of the Fig. 12. Histogram of Wheat Sindh along with the curve (in blue) of the
estimated cdf of the TILEE model. estimated pdf of the TILEE model.

MLEs of the parameters ,  and of the TILEE model are

given as
TIGHL, EE and E models. We illustrate the importance of the
ˆ = 228 9604 ˆ = 185 2686 ˆ = 0 1050
TILEE model in this regard by superposing the estimated pdf of
respectively, with the corresponding standard errors given as the TILEE model over the histogram of the data in Figure 12,
superposing the estimated cdf of the TILEE model over the
SEˆ = 3 4423 SEˆ = 3 3553 SE ˆ = 0 0264 empirical cdf of the data in Figure 13, and showing the corre-
respectively. The considered competitor models are those pre- sponding P–P plot with its P–P line in Figure 14.
viously used for Wheat Punjab. The results giving AIC, In Figures 12–14, the obtained fits are convincing. As antici-
CAIC, HQIC, A and W for all the models are presented in pated in Table XVI, the TILEE model is totally appropriated for
Table XVI. Wheat Sindh.
This table shows that the best model is the TILEE model,
followed by the BE and EKE models. Also, it outclasses the

P−P plot Empirical and theoretical CDFs

1.0

1.0
0.8

0.8
Empirical probabilities
0.6

0.6
CDF
0.4

0.4
0.2

0.2

TILEE TILEE
0.0

0.0

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 30 32 34 36 38

Theoretical probabilities data

Fig. 11. P–P plot (in blue) and P–P line (in black) for Wheat Punjab for the Fig. 13. Empirical cdf of Wheat Sindh along with the curve (in blue) of the
estimated TILEE model. estimated cdf of the TILEE model.

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RESEARCH ARTICLE J. Med. Imaging Health Inf. 11, 2425–2439, 2021

P−P plot Funding

1.0
This work was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research
(DSR), King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, under Grant No. (G-
1713-130-40).
0.8
Empirical probabilities

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
0.6

Acknowledgments: We thank two anonymous referees for

thorough reviews of the paper. This project was funded by the
0.4

Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), at King Abdulaziz Uni-

versity, Jeddah, under Grant No. (G-1713-130-40). The authors,
therefore, acknowledge with thanks to DSR technical and finan-
0.2

cial support.

TILEE
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Received: 31 March 2020. Accepted: 20 December 2020.
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