F.

3 Mathematics Teaching Notes

Chapter 06 Measures of Central Tendency and Other Statistical Values (集中趨勢的量度及相關統計數值)
New Century Mathematics (Oxford Canotta Maths)

Section Topic Teaching Notes Homework

6.1 Introduction to Measures of Central - Students should be able to recall the averages to measure central tendency: Ex.6A Q.9
Tendency arithmetic mean x (數學平均數／算術平均數), median ~ x (中位數) and
mode x̂ (眾數). Ex.6A Q.23
- Students should be able to construct a data set from known averages. Ex.6A Q.27
- Students should be able to compare two sets of data with known averages.
6.2 Calculating the Averages and Other - Students should be able to find the averages for a set of discrete data.
Statistical Values for Large Sets of - Students should be able to find the averages for data grouped into intervals. Ex.6B Q.3
Data - Students should be able to find quartiles (四分位數) and percentiles (百分 Ex.6B Q.8, 13
位數) for grouped data, especially using the c.f. curve.
- Students should be able to find the modal class (眾數組). Ex.6B Q.11
6.3 Effects of Changing Data on - Students should be able to find the averages when each datum is adding Ex.6C Q.3, 4
Averages and/or multiplying a constant.
- Students should be able to find the averages when deleting or adding a Ex.6C Q.11
datum.
6.4 Further Investigations on the - Students should be able to find the weighted mean (加權平均數) according Ex.6D Q.1
Applications of the Mean – Weighted to different weight / weighing (權／權數).
Mean
6.5 Misuses of Averages - Students should be able to choose the suitable averages to describe data. Ex.6E Q.1, 3
Notes:
1. In general, median of a distribution is in between its mean and mode.

參考書籍：
1. 生活的數學，羅浩源編著：「怎樣減低裁判員在跳水比賽評分上的偏差﹖」、「鮮雞蛋與標準差」

思考題：
1. 下面三數分別為 1a4，b36，28c, 三數的平均值為 245，求 a + b + c =？
仁愛堂田家炳中學 Handout 6-1
中三級 數學科：第六章 集中趨勢的量度
平均何所指﹖ 半數兒童高於平均體重﹖

在資訊不斷膨脹的今天，我們經常有機會接觸到與統計有關的信息。由於平均
數﹙average﹚具有總結大量數據的簡便效用，因此屢見於報紙和其他傳播媒介的報
道上。其實，平均數﹙average﹚可分為三大類：
1. 算術平均數﹙arithmetic mean﹚、
2. 中位數﹙median﹚及
3. 眾數﹙mode﹚。
很可惜，一般的報道並沒有清楚說明，祇讓讀者各自去理解。以下圖為例：

想一想
標題上的「人均收入」 想一想
是指哪一種平均﹖ 為何以中位數去制定
男女體型的標準﹖

你會認為該新聞特寫標題上的「人均收入」是指哪一種平均﹖
在決定採用哪種平均時，統計者須考慮每種平均本身的特點是否適合於某處境 當小甘參考上面的統圖時，竟發現自己的身高和體重交匯點比中位數﹙median﹚
的描述上。一般而言，有關收入的統計若以中位數作平均的，可說是較為公平的做 高出 1.2 倍。媽媽趁此機會勸誡小甘勿偏吃過量的肉食。不料小甘卻這樣回應說：
「不
法。無論該處的財富收入怎樣分佈。中位數總會讓我們知道半數人口的收入低於何 要緊，以我的高度來說，反正有一半人和我一樣高於平均體重呢﹗」
等水平。在財富收入不勻的社會裡，其餘兩種平均最好留好勞資雙方討價還價之
用。當資方以平均工資偏高﹙少數特高薪金可將算術平均值拉高﹗﹚為理據去凍結 由於該份調查報告採用中位數作為顯示身高及體重比例的平均指標，小甘的說
加薪時，勞方則可用眾數作為平均來說明「勞苦大眾」的平均工資還是偏低的。 法是正確的。但小甘還是最好聽媽媽的忠告，盡量減低進食脂肪肉類的分量。
在日常生活裡，平均意念正廣泛地使用。加強對各種平均數的認識，應有助我 其實，從統計的角度看，以中位數表達體型的平均意念，最大的好處是可免受
們掌握更準確的信息。 過高或偏低的數據影響，破壞它的代表作用。
仁愛堂田家炳中學 Handout 6-2
中三級 數學科：第六章 集中趨勢的量度
怎樣量度生活消費﹖

以物價指數量度生活消費是統計學應用於日常生活的典型例子之一。在經濟學 在圖中的「甲類消費物價指數籃子」，把日常的開支歸納為九大類型，而每類已設
上，物價指數可分為甲類、乙類和恆生三種。而受到一般市民所關注的則是甲類消 定的消費比重可反映我們支出這些消費上的負擔，則可用消費比重 (W) 加權於物價
費物價指數，因為普羅大眾的消費意欲可從其中反映出來。但在統計學上，物價指 相對變動比率 (P1)，再加以加權平均數﹙weighted mean﹚的計算方法把物價指數找
數是基於甚麼原理計算出來的呢﹖ 出來。
其實，物價指數是量度某一段時間內物價的平均改變程度。
消費種類 比重 (W) 物價升幅 物價相對變動比率 P1 × W
(%) (%)* P1 = (1 + 升幅%) × 100
燃料及電力 3.37 15 115 387.55
食 品 37.30 10 110 4103.00
交 通 7.17 18 118 846.06
雜項物品 6.03 8 108 651.24
住 屋 25.34 9 109 2762.06
雜項服務 9.27 8 108 1001.16
煙 酒 2.06 20 120 247.20
耐用物品 4.34 7 107 464.38
衣 履 5.12 6 106 542.72
ΣW = 100 Σ(P1 × W) =
11005.37

Σ(P1 × W)
根據上表，物價指數 = = 110.1﹙準確至 1 位小數﹚。
ΣW
換言之，相對基年期來說，甲類物價指數上升了約 10 點。

想一想
物價指數怎樣反映
生活的平均消費﹖ 摘自【生活的數學】，羅浩源編著
仁愛堂田家炳中學 Handout 6-3
中三級 數學科：第六章 集中趨勢的量度
甚麼是股票指數﹖ 全球股票指數一覽

亞太股市 歐洲股市 非洲股市

世界各地的重要商業城市會製訂不同的股票指數，以這個肮市價格作為該地方 上證指數﹙上海﹚ 英金融時報指數 南非指數
的重要指標，來顯示該地方大部分上市公司在指定時間內的平均市值。 深證指數﹙深圳﹚ 德國法蘭克福 DAX 指數 埃及指數
滬深 300 西班牙股市 IBEX35 指數
股票指數是「加權平均數」的一例。
創業板指數 意大利 FTMIB 指數
香港恒生指數 荷蘭阿姆斯特丹 AEX 指數 美洲股市
以香港而言，香港股市價格的重要指標是以恒生指數表示，指數是由若干隻成 香港國企股指數 瑞士市場指數 道瓊斯指數
份股﹙即藍籌股﹚市值計算出來的，代表了香港交易所所有上市公司的 12 個月平 香港紅籌股指數 瑞典 OMX 斯德哥爾摩指數 標普 500 指數
香港創業板指數 冰島指數 納斯達克指數
均市值涵蓋率的 63%。恒生指數由恒生銀行屬下恒生指數有限公司負責計算及按
日經 225 指數 愛爾蘭綜合指數 加拿大標準普爾指數
季檢討，公布成份股調整。 韓國 KOSPI 指數 俄羅斯指數 墨西哥 IPC 指數
z 恒生指數以 1964 年 7 月 31 日為「基數日」，基數點 100 點，並選出 30 間上 新加坡海峽時報指數 希臘指數 巴西博維斯帕指數
台灣加權指數 奧地利交易 ATX 指數
市公司股票為成分股，僅供恒生銀行內部參閱。
印度孟買 30 指數 波蘭指數
z 直至 1969 年 11 月 24 日才正式向外發報，開始點數是 150 點。 印尼雅加達綜合指數 捷克共和國指數
z 1985 年 1 月 2 日，恒生指數增加 4 個分類指數，把 33 隻成份股以行業分為 越南指數
馬來西亞綜合指數
4 個分類：
泰國指數 澳洲股市
„ 恒生金融分類指數 巴基斯坦指數 澳大利亞 S&SP/ASX-200 指數
菲律賓指數 新西蘭 NZX-50 指數
„ 恒生公用事業分類指數
基里蘭卡指數
„ 恒生地產分類指數

„ 恒生工商業分類指數 其他指數市場
z 由 2014 年 3 月 10 日開始，恒生指數成份股數量設定為 50 隻不變。
紐約黃金 美原油 美元指數
Chapter 06 Measures of Central Tendency
F.3_____ Name:___________________________________________( )
*************************************************************************************
Tick or fill in the correct answer in each of the following parts.

1. The following statistic graphs are all of different types. Identify their types.
A. B. C. D.

E. F. G.

2. Given 8 numbers: 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 7
What is the mean of them? ________________________
What is the median of them? ________________________
What is the mode of them? ________________________

3. For the set of numbers 2, x, 12, 3, x, 11, the mean equals x. The median of the numbers is
_________.

4. The mean of (a-2), (b+3), and (c+5) is 6. The mean of (a+4), (b+6), and (c-1) is
________________.

5. In a class of 42 students, the mean height is 1.62 m. If the mean height of 18 students is 1.54 m, the
mean height of the rest is ___________________ m.

6. The mean of a, b, c, d is 4, and the mean of e, f, g, h, i, j is 6. The mean of all ten numbers is
______.

7. The mean of a, b, c is 15, the mean of b, c, d is 20, and the mean of a, b, c, d is 16, find the mean of b
and c is ____________________.

8. The scores of 40 students in a certain test are given in the following table:
Marks 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99
Number of students 6 12 14 5 3
The average score of them is _________________________.
 9. The number of fishes caught by a man in eight days are 17, 14, 16, 17, 14, 14, 18 and 17.
The median number of fishes caught is _________________.
The difference between the mean and the median is _______.
The mode of fishes caught is _________________________.

10. Given a group of numbers. When one of the numbers is increased by 10, the mean then increases
by 1. How many numbers are there in the group?______________________________.

11. The table shows the mean marks of two classes of students in a Mathematics test.
Number of students Mean mark
Class A 38 72
Class B 42 54
A student in Class A has scored 91 marks. It is found that his score was wrongly recorded as 19 in
the calculation of the mean mark for Class A in the above table. Find the correct mean mark of the
80 students in the classes._________________________.

12. The following histogram shows the weights of a group of boys.

f
20
15
10
5
0
50 55 60 65
Weight (kg)
The Class Width of the histogram is ___________________________ kg.
The Upper Class Boundary of the Fourth Class is ________________ kg.
The Lower Class Boundary of the Second Class is _______________ kg.
The Class Mark of the Third Class is __________________________ kg..
The total number of boys in the group is _________________________.
The mean weight of them is _________________________________ kg.
The median weight is ______________________________________ kg.
The modal class for them is ___________________________________.

13. The mean marks of the students in A, B, and C in a test are given in the table below:
Class A B C
Number of students 42 40 38
Mean mark 60 64 x
If the overall mean mark of these 3 classes is 60.7, x = ______________________.
14. The following table shows the weekly pocket money (in dollar) received by 30 students.
Weekly pocket money ($) 50 60 70 80 90 100
Number of students 2 4 9 8 6 1
(a) The mean pocket money received by the students is $ ________________.
(b) If the weekly pocket money of 4 students are each increased from $70 to $90, the new mean
weekly pocket money received by the students is $ _________________________. (correct to the
nearest $0.1)

15. The table below show the time (in minutes) that 40 Form 3 students need to return home after school.
Time (min) 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Number of students 20 6 5 x y 1 0
If the mean time that these 40 students need to return home after school is 11.2 minutes,
x = _______________________________,
y = _______________________________.

16. The following figure shows the cumulative frequency of the 400 students in a Mathematics contest.
c.f.
400

300

200

100

0
10 20 30 40 50 60
Marks (less than)
(a) From the cumulative frequency polygon,
(1) The mean is ____________________________.
(2) The First Quartile is ______________________.
(3) The Median is __________________________.
(4) The Third Quartile is _____________________.
(5) The Inter-quartile Range is _________________.
(b) A student with marks greater than or equal to 50 will be awarded a prize.
(1) The number of students who will be awarded prizes is _________________________.
(2) If one student is chosen at random from these 400 students, the probability that the student is
a prize winner is ____________________.
17. Consider the following figure, find
c.f.
100
80

20
0
30 40 50 60
Length (cm)
(a) the Class Mark of the First Class,
(b) the Lower Class Boundary of the Second Class,
(c) the Mean,
(d) the Median, and
(e) the Modal Class.

18. Consider the following figure, find

f.
100
80

20
0
30 40 50 60 70
Length (cm)
(a) the Class Mark of the First Class,
(b) the Lower Class Boundary of the Second Class,
(c) the Mean,
(d) the Median, and
(e) the Modal Class.

Solutions:
1)(a) Broken Line Graph 折線圖 5) 1.68 Mean = 58.5 (b) 100
(b) Histogram 直方圖 6) 5.2 Median = 57.5 Probability = 0.25
(c) Frequency Polygon 頻數多邊形 7) 20.5 Modal Class = 52.5 – 57.5 17)(a) 35 cm
(d) Cumulative Frequency Polygon 8) 71.25 13) 58 (b) 40 cm
累積頻數多邊形 9) Median = 16.5 14)(a) 75 (c) 45 cm
(e) Bar Chart 棒形圖 Difference = 0.625 (b) 77.7 (d) 45 cm
Mode = 14 and 17 15) x = 5 (e) 40 cm – 50 cm
(f) Pie Chart 圓形圖
10) 10 y=3 18)(a) 40 cm
(g) Box Plot 盒須圖 11) 63.45 16)(a) Mean = 32.5 (b) 45 cm
2) Mean = 3.5 12) Class Width = 5 Q1 = 10 (c) 54 cm
Median = 3 UCB = 67.5 Q2 = 40 (d) 55 cm
Mode = 2 LCB = 52.5 Q3 = 50 (e) 55 cm – 65 cm
3) 7 Class Mark = 60 IR = 40
4) 7 Total = 50
Chapter 06 Measures of Central Tendency and Other Statistical Values Quiz 06-1
F.3____ Name:_______________________________________________( ) Marks:___________/ 28
1. Given the set of numbers: 4. For the five numbers x, x – 1, x – 2, x, x + 8, which 7. The median of the five numbers 15, x – 1, x – 3,
12, 18, 9, 96, 27, 3, 9, 27, 6 of the following must be true? x – 4 and x + 17 is 8. Find the mean of the five
(a) Mean = 23 c The median is x – 2 numbers.
(b) Mode = 9 and 27 (bimodal) d The mean is x + 1
(c) Median = 12 e The mode is 2 A. 8
(d) Which of the above measures of central tendencies B. 12
is a better representation of the set of numbers? A. c only C. 13.6
Explain briefly. B. d only D. 14.4
Median. C. c and e only
There is an extremely large number in the set. D. d and e only
(5 marks)
2. The following are the time (in min) spent by a group 5. If the median of the 5 different integers 2, 7, 10, x, 8. If the mean of five numbers 15, x + 4, x + 1, 2x – 7
of 12 people in travelling to their offices from home 2x – 3 is 7, then x = and x – 3 is 6, then the mode of the five numbers is
on a certain day.
26 45 26 43 42 39 A. 3 A. 1
29 34 52 36 45 45 B. 4 B. 4
For the given data, mean = 38.5 min C. 5 C. 5
mode = 45 min D. 6 D. 15
median = 40.5 min E. 8
(3 marks)
3. Find the median and mode of the ten numbers 6. If the mean of ten numbers 8, 6, 6, 6, 7, 4, 10, 9, 9, x 9. If the mode of the seven numbers 8, 7, 1, 3, 7, a and
6, 8, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 7, 7, 11. is 7, find the median of the ten numbers. b is 8, then the median of the seven numbers is

A. median = 5, mode = 5 A. 5.5 A. 3

B. median = 5, mode = 5.5 B. 6 B. 6
C. median = 5.5, mode = 5 C. 6.5 C. 7
D. median = 5.5, mode = 6 D. 7 D. 8
E. median = 6 , mode = 5 E. 7.5
10. The mean weight of 36 boys and 32 girls is 46 kg. 13. In the figure, the cumulative frequency polygon (b) Complete the following table.
If the mean weight of the boys is 52 kg, then the shows the distribution of the marks of 80 students
mean weight of the girls is in a Mathematics test. Marks Number of Students

20 - 29 10
A. 39.25 kg
B. 40 kg
30 - 39 10
C. 40.67 kg
D. 49 kg
40 - 49 20
11. If the mean and the mode of the nine numbers 14 ,
6 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 5 , x , y and z are 8 and 14 respectively, 50 - 59 30
then the median of these nine numbers is
60 - 69 10
A. 5
B. 6 Hence find the mean mark and the modal
C. 7 class of the students in the test. (5 marks)
D. 8
Mean mark
24.5 × 10 + 34.5 × 10 + 44.5 × 20 + 54.5 × 30 + 64.5 × 10
12. The table below shows the distribution of the number = 803
of calculators owned by some students.
= 47 marks
Number of calculators 0 1 2 3
Modal class = 50 marks – 59 marks
Number of students 7 14 15 4
or 49.5 marks – 59.5 marks
(a) From the figure, write down the first quartile
Write down the mean, the median and the mode of
(lower quartile, Q1), median and 75th percentile
the above distribution (3 marks)
(P75) of the distribution. (3 marks)
Mean = 1.4 calculators
First quartile / lower quartile, Q1 = 39.5 marks
Median = 1 calculator
Mode = 2 calculators Median, Q2 = 49.5 marks

75th percentile, P75 ≈ 56.2 marks

Chapter 06 Measures of Central Tendency and Other Statistical Values Quiz 06-2
F.3____ Name:_______________________________________________( ) Marks:___________/ 23
1. A group of n numbers has mean m. If the numbers 3. Ten years ago, the mean age of a band of 5.(a) For the set of data 10, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, find
1, 2 and 6 are removed from the group, the mean of 11 musicians was 30. One of them is now leaving (1) the mode,
the remaining n – 3 numbers remains unchanged. the band at the age of 40. What is the present (2) the median,
Find m. mean age of the remaining 10 musicians? (3) the mean,
(b) Four unknown data are combined with the six
A. 1 A. 40 data in (a) to form a set of ten data.
B. 2 B. 39 (1) Find the least and the greatest possible
C. 3 C. 37 values of the median of the combined set
D. 6 D. 30 of ten data.
E. n – 3 E. 29 (2) If the mean of the four unknown data is 11,
find the mean of the combined set of ten
data. (6 marks)
2. The table shows the mean marks of two classes of 4. Given a group of 10 numbers. If each number is
(a)(1) Mode = 10
students in a mathematics test. decreased by 4, find
Number of students Mean mark (a) the decrease in the sum of the numbers, (2) Median = 11.5
Class A 38 72 (3) Mean = 12
decrease by 40
Class B 42 54
(b) the decrease in the mean, (b)(1) Least possible value of median = 10
A student in Class A has scored 91 marks. It is
found that his score was wrongly recorded as 19 in decrease by 4 Greatest possible value of median = 14.5
the calculation of the mean mark for Class A in the
(c) the decrease in the mode, and (2) Mean of the combined set of ten data
above table. Find the correct mean mark of the 80
students in the two classes. decrease by 4 = 11.6

A. 61.65 (d) the decrease in the median.

B. 62.55 decrease by 4
C. 63
D. 63.45
E. 63.9 (4 marks)
6. The histogram shows the distribution of time (in min) 7. In a sports competition, the mean score of a team of 8. The marks of past tests of Cathy and the weights
spent on study at home every day by a class of 40 m men and n women is 70. (權)of the tests are shown below:
students. (a) Find the total score of the team in terms of m
and n. Marks Weight
(b) If the mean score of the men is 75 and the mean Test 1 85 1
score of the women is 62, find the ratio m : n. Test 2 73 1
(c) If there are altogether 39 persons in the team, Test 3 79 2
find the number of men. (4 marks) Test 4 66 4

Find the weighted mean (加權平均數) mark of the

tests for Cathy.
(2 marks)

Find the mean and median of the study time.

(4 marks)
Mean (a) Total score = 70(m + n)
55.5 × 4 + 65.5 × 7 + 75.5 × 12 + 85.5 × 14 + 95.5 × 3 Weighted mean mark
= 4 + 7 + 12 + 14 + 3 (b) 70(m + n) = 75m + 62n 85 × 1 + 73 × 1 + 79 × 2 + 66 × 4
= 1+1+2+4
= 76.75 min 5m = 8n
m:n=8:5 = 72.5
Median
9 (c) If m + n = 39, m = 24
= (70.5 + 10 × 12 ) min
ie. there are 24 men.
= 78 min
Chapter 06 Measures of Central Tendency and Other Statistical Values Quiz 06-S
F.3_____ Name:_______________________________________________( ) Marks:___________/
1. The daily rainfalls (in mm) in a certain 30-day month
are as follows:

Rainfall (mm) Class mark (mm) Frequency

0–4 2 6

5–9 7 9

10 – 14 12 8

15 – 19 17 4

20 – 24 22 2

25 – 29 27 1

(a) Complete the table.

(b) What is the mean of the daily rainfall?
1
103 mm

(c) What is/are the modal class(es)?

5 mm – 9 mm or 4.5 mm – 9.5 mm

(d) What is the median of the daily rainfall?

9.5 mm

(5 marks)