PRESENTATION ON RESEARCH AND STATISTICS

Outline
 Disease patterns and burden in the community
 Registration and notification of disease
 Basic statistical tools and procedures in primary
health care
 Steps for collection and analysis of data
 Vital record/health statistics
 Vital statistics-types, use.
Group 4
Chukwukere chimezirim
Ugwu maryrose
Emetuma immaculate
 Course:primary health care
 Course code:MID123
 Lecturer: Mrs Njoku
4/7/2024
INTRODUCTION
Before we start let us know what is research and statistics?
Research and statistics are methods for collecting, analyzing and
interpreting data. Research involves asking questions and
conducting studies to find answers while statistics are the
mathematical and analytical tools used to analyze the data
collected in research. Together research and statistics are
essential for understanding the world around us and for making
informed decision.
Today, I would want to discuss to you an important topic that affect
communities worldwide, which is disease pattern and burden .
Now understanding the prevelance and impact of diseases within a community
is essential for effective public health intervention and resource allocation .So
lets dive deeper into this topic and exploring what disease pattern and burdens
means and how they impact our communities.
What is disease pattern ?
Disease pattern refers to the distribution and occurrence of disease within a
specific population or community over a period of time .
What are some factors that influence disease patters ?
Several factors influence disease pattern including
demographics ,environmental condition ,socioeconomic status and access to
healthcare .Understanding these pattern helps health care professionals make
informed decision about disease prevention management and resource
allocation .
On the other hand,disease burden measures the impact of diseases on
individuals ,families,and communities. It includes various aspects such as
mortality (death). Morbidity (illness). Disability and financial costs associated
with particular disease. Disease burden not only affects the individuals directly
impacted by the illness but also creates indirect consequences for individuals,
families and the communities as a whole .
Now lets examine why studying disease pattern and burden is crucial for
communities.

1. Identify high risk groups: By understanding disease patterns we can

identify high risk groups ethnicities or occupation may be more
vulnerable to specific disease this knowledge allows healthcare
authorities to target interventions and resources towards those who need
them the most, reducing the overall burden of the disease

2. Developing prevention strategies: Diseases pattern data can help

public health officials develop appropriate prevention strategies. For
instance if a community has a high prevalence of a particular disease,
measures such has vaccination campaign, educational programs or
environmental modification can be implemented to reduce the disease
burden.

3. Allocating health care resources: understanding disease burdens

allows policy maker to allocate health care resource effectively. For
example, if a disease is responsible for significant mortality and
disability , resources can be directed towards improving the
 diagnosis and treatment facilities ,training health care workers , and
implementing preventing measures
4. Evaluating intervention effectiveness: By continuously monitoring
disease pattern and burdens, policy makers can access the
effectiveness of various intervention and make necessary
adjustment .This enables communities to address existing gaps while
ensuring the better health outcomes for their populations .
To better illustrate the significant of disease pattern and burdens ,I
will provide a few examples
Example 1 , in a community with high burden of cardiovascular
disease ,public health authorities can focus on promoting health
lifestyle habits such as regular exercise, a balanced diet and smoking
cessation programs.
Example 2,If a community has high level of malaria, targeted
intervention such as mosquito net distribution , indoor residual
spraying and access to anti malaria medication can be implemented
to reduce disease transmission.
Example 3, In an area with high level of mental health
disorder ,mental health awareness campaign and increase access to
counseling services can alleviate the burden on affected individuals
and families.
In conclusion, disease pattern and burden crucial insights into the
health needs of communities and serve as a guide for effect ion public
health interventions .By understanding the distributions and impact
of diseases within a community, health care authorities can allocate
resources appropriately, implement preventive measures and
improve overall health outcome
REGISTRATION AND NOTIFICATION OF DISEASE
Disease notification is an important source of data collection of an
effective and efficient disease surveillance system. A notifiable
disease is any disease that is required by law to be reported to
government authorities . The collation of information allows the
authorities to monitor the disease , and provide early warning of
possible outbreak
HOW MANY NOTIFIABLE DISEASE DO WE HAVE IN NIGERIA
The current Nigeria IDSR system was established in 2001(5) , with
23 diseases designated a ‘notifiable’(6). These diseases are
categorized as ;epidemic-prone (cholera, measles) ,targets for
eradication\ elimination (poliomyelitis ,dracunculiasis ) ,and other
diseases of public health importance (malaria, AI).
Thank you for your attention, I’m now open to any question or
discussion on this topic.

BASIC STATISTICAL TOOLS AND PROCEDURESI IN PRIMARY

HEALTH CARE
Lets talk about the first statistical toll, data visiualization.
Data visiualization is a way of representing data in visiual form, such
as graph, chart, map. There are many different types of of data
visiualization such as bar graphs, line graphs, scatter plots,
histograms and pie charts. You can use data visiualization to help
you understand and interpret data more easily, identify patterns and
trends and communicate complex information more clearly.
Example. Lets look bar graph. A bar graph or bar chart is a type of
data visiualization that uses bar to represent values. The height of
each bar corresponds to the value it represents. Bar graphs are often
used to compare data between different groups or categories. For
example you could use a bar graph to compare the average weight
times for different clinics or to compare the number of patients seen
at different clinics.

IMPORTANCE OF STATISTICS IN PRIMARY HEALTH CARE

Absolutely understanding and using statistics is essential for primary
health care providers for several reasons.
1. Statistics can help providers analyze and interpret data to make
informed decision about patient care.
2. Statistics can help providers track and evaluate the effectiveness
of treatment and intervention.
3. Statistics can be used to identify patients and trends in health
data, which can help providers identify and address health
issues more effectively.

DATA COLLECTION
Data collection is another aspect of primary health care. Primary
health care providers often collect data on patients such as
demographic health history, and current health status. This data can
be used to identify risk factors, assess the health needs of the
community and plan and evaluate programme and services. There
are several different methods of collecting data in PHC such as
surveys, interviews and medical records.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
This is a type of statistics that are used to summarize and describe
data. There are many different types of descriptive statistics but we
will focus on the major three common types
 Measures of central tendency
 Measures of dispersion
 Measures of position
Lets start with central tendency. This involves the mean, median and
mode. The mean is average of a set of numbers, the median is the
middle value in a set of numbers and the mode is the number that
occurs most frequently in a set of numbers. These measures can help
one to understand the distribution of data and identify the typical
value in a set of data.
Measures of dispersion: this describes how spread out the data is.
The two most common measures of dispersion are range and
standard deviation. The range is the difference between the heighest
and lowest values in a set of data and standard deviation is ameasure
of how spread out a data is around mean
Measures of position: this describes where a value falls within a set of
data. The two most common measures of position are the percentile
and quartile. The percentile tell you what percentage of data is less
than or equal to a given value, and the quartile divides the data into
four parts.
INTERPRETATION OF EACH MEASURE WITH EXAMPL
The mean: to calculate the mean simply add all the values in a set of
data and divide by the number of values. E.g if you have data set of
(1,2,3,4,5) the mean is (1+2++3+4+5) =15/5 =3. This tells you that
the typical value in the set is 3.
The median: to find the median first have to order the data from the
smallest to the largest, then find the value. Eg (1,2,3,4,5) the middle
value is 3. This means that half of the value in the data set are less
than or equal to 3 and half are greater than or equal to 3
The mode:to find the mode simply cound the number of times each
value appears in the data set {1,2,2,2,3,3,4} the mode is 2 because it
appears three times which is more than any other number.
LIMITATION AND CHALLENGES:
It is important to recognize that statistical analyses have certain
limitations in the context of primary health care. One limitation is
that statistical analyses can be prone to bias, which can lead to
inaccurate results.
Another limitation is that statistical analyses can only provide
information about population as a whole and may not be
representative of the individual level. In addition statistical analyses
are limited by the quality of data they are based on
Finally statistical analyses can be difficult to interpret for those
without statistical training.
Challenges in data collection, data entry and data quality
There are several challenges related to data collection, data entry,
and data quality in the context of primary health care. One challenge
is that data collection can be time consuming and expensive.
Another challenge is that data entry can be prone to errors and
inaccurate data can lead to inaccurate results.
In addition data quality can be affected by factors such as missing
data, incomplete data, and data that is not representative of the
population. These challenges can all affect the accuracy of statistical
analyses in primary health care.
IMPORTANCE OF THE ONGOING TRAINING AND CAPACITY
BUILDING IN STATISTICS FOR HEALTH CARE PROFESSIONALS
Ongoing training and capacity building in statistics is critical for
health care professionals to understand the statistical methods used
in their work and can also help to improve the quality of data
collection, data entry and data analysis
STEPS FOR COLLECTION OF DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS
Step 1: defining the research question. This is the most important
step in the process as it will guide the rest research. You will need to
define the topic, identify the population of interest, and state the
purpose of study.eg you might state your research question as
follows: `what is the prevalence of diabetes among adults in the
united states`
Step 2:Designing the study. This involves selecting the study design
such as cross sectional, case control, or cohort study, determining the
sample size and selecting the measures that will be used to collect the
data for example you might decide to use a cross sectional study
design with a sample size of 1,000 adults and might choose to
measure diabetes by using a fasting glucose test.
Step 3: collecting data. This step involves obtaining informed consent
from the participant, collecting the data according to design and
entering the data into a database. For example you might obtain
informed consent from each participant in your study then collect
blood samples and perform fasting blood glucose test. Finally you
would enter the data into a spreadsheet or database for analysis.
Step 4:we will analyze the data. In this step it involves using
statistical methods to answer the research question. For our example
we might use descriptive statistics to calculate the prevalence of
diabetes and we might use inferential statistics to test for difference
in diabetes prevalence between subgroups.
Step 5:we report and interpret the findings. This steps involves
writing a report that include the result analysis and a discussion of
the implication of the findings. You will also need to consider any
limitations of the study and suggest areas of the future research.
In conclusion you will summarize the main findings of the study and
discuss the potential impact of the findings on primary health care.
You will also suggest ways that future research could be built on the
findings of the study.

VITAL STATISTICS, TYPES $ USES.

1. MEANING OF STATISTICS: Statics came from the Italian word
“statista” which means statesman or german word “statistik”
which means a political state.The term “statistics” has been used
to indicate facts and figures of any kind.it can be health
statistics, vital statistics, business statistics ,etc
2. THE WORD “statistic” was first used by prof Gottfried
Achenwall [1719-1772]. Statistics is a body of the methods of
obtaining and analyzing data in order to base decisions on them.
Statistics also converts the mass of numbers into useful
information.
Therefore, statistics may be defined as the collection,
organization, presention, analysis and interpretation of
numerical data.The science of statistics can be viewed as the
application of scientific method in the analysis of numerical data
for the purpose of making rational decisions.
VITAL STATISTICS
Every nation concerned with the health of its people must know
what its health problems are their nature ,their size and their
distribution among the various population groups , now these
problems vary from place to place and how they change in time
and by external conditions , economic and social .For any such
assessment , certain basic measurements are necessary ,these
are called vital statistics.

ORIGIN OF VITAL STATISTICS

Vital statistics began with the studies of john graunt in England
(1620-1674) who studied the weekly basics of mortality and
discovered that urban death rates were higher than rural death
rates and he discovered that male birth were higher than that of
the female births in illiamfarr (1807-1883)of England,
accurately compiled and analyzed that the vital events serve
asyard sticks for measuring the health status of a population.
Definition of vital statistics: vital statistics are conventionally
numerical records of marriage, births, sickness and deaths by
which the health growth of community may be studied. It is of
human mortality, morbidity and demography.
USES OF VITAL STATISTICS
1. It is a primary tool in research activities.
2. To determine the health status of individuals
3. To evaluate the impact of various national health
programme
 4. To plan for better future measures of disease control
5. To compare the health status of one nation with others
Important/ types of vital statistics
1. Crude birth rate = number of live birth during * the year
Mid- year population
2. Crude death rate (CDR)= number of deaths during the year
Mid-year population

3. Neonatal mortality rate= number of infanted deaths of less

than 28 days
Number of live births during the year
4. Maternal mortality rate=number of maternal deaths during
the year * 1000
Number of live births during the year
5. Age specific mortality rate= number of deaths in particular
age group *1000
Mid-year population of the same age group etc

VITAL RECORDS/HEALTH STATISTICS

Health statistics: health is a function of social economical political
and environmental factors any data pertaining to these in relation to
health and disease are useful. In addition the statistics on health
 services such as health manpower and recipients of health care also
constitute health statistics.
IMPORTANT SOURCES OF HEALTH STATISTICS
1) Notifiable disease record
2) Records from industrial sickness benefit associations
3) Records from environment to the armed forces or jail records
4) Special sickness surveys covering the whole population or sampel of
it. Etc

VIATL RECORDS
This refers to data on vital events such as birth and death. A form or
register is designed to record such vital events routinery. Vital records or
data can also be collected on even like migration, marriage and divorce.
In conclusion research and statistics are crucial for ensuring that primary
health care is evidence-based and effective.