Health information system

A health information system is

defined as:
“a mechanism for
collection ,processing ,analysis and
transmission of information required for
organizing and operation health service and
also for research and training”.
 Concept
 To provide reliable ,relevant ,up-to –
date ,adequate information for health
managers at all levels
 To increase efficiency and quality in health
management.
 To amend health policies and working system
on the basis of feedback ,received from health
information system
 Components of health information system
 Demography and vital events
 Environment health statistics
 Health status :mortality ,morbidity ,disability,
and quality of life.
 Health resources: facilities ,beds ,manpower
 Utilization and non-utilization of health
services: attendance, admission ,waiting lists
 Indices of outcome of medical care
 Financial statistical ( cost expenditures)
 Use of health information system
Primary purpose
Personal health information comes into the
system from person or from other source on
behalf of person and for the main reason of
giving health care
Secondary purpose
To measure the health status of the people and
identify their health problems and medical care
needs
 Utilized for planning ,administration and
effective management of health services and
health programme.
 To assess whether the health services
providing are fulfilling their objectives
 To compare local and international health
status
 Sources of health information
1. Census
2. Registration of vital events
3. Notification diseases
4. Hospital records and health centers
5. statistics regarding environment health
6. Pollution survey
7. School records
 Vital statistics
 Vital Statistics is defined as “a systematically
collected and compiled data relating to vital
events of life such as birth, death, marriage,
divorce and adoption etc”.
or
 “vital statistics are statistics relating to vital
events namely birth ,death ,marriage and
sickness that occur in a community records .”
 Uses:
 To evaluate the impact of various National Health
Programmes.
 To plan for better future measures of disease
control.
 To explain the hereditary nature of the disease.
 To plan and evaluate economic and social
development.
 To determine the health status of individual.
 To compare the health status of individual one
nation with others.
 Sources
 Census
 Registration of birth death and marriage
 Notification of infectious diseases
 Records of hospital and health centres
 Health surveys
 Health indicators
 Health indicator is a variable that reflects the
state of health of person in community .
 Uses of health indicators

prognosis
Description Explanation

System
management and
quality Evaluation Advocacy
improvement

Accountability Research
 Characteristics of indicators
• Actually measure what they are supposed to
Valid measure.

• Answers should be the same if measured by

Reliable different people in similar circumstances.

• should be sensitive to the changes in the

Sensitive situation concerned.

• should reflect changes only in the

Specific situation concerned

• should have the ability to obtain data

Feasible needed.
•should contribute to the understanding of
Relevant the phenomenon of interest.
 Measurement of health
— Far from simple
— Health cannot be defined in measurable terms
— Its presence or absence is subjective

— Measurement of health have been defined in terms of

 illness (lack of health)
 Consequences of ill-health
 Economic, social, occupational factors that promote ill-health
 Multi-dimensional factors
— Many indicators are employed to understand health
Indicators of Health
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 Important rates
 Birth rate
 Death rate
 Specific death rate
 Neonatal mortality rate
 Infant mortality rate
 General fertility rate
 Perinatal mortality rate
 Maternatal mortality rate
1.Birth rate :
the birth rate is defined as “the number of
live births during a year per 1000 estimated
midyear population.”
2. Specific Death rate:
the death rate occur due to specific
causes,eg:cholera in specific group ,age
sex ,occupation ,social class and specific
periods,annual,weekly,monthly are called specific
death rates.
3.Perinatal mortality rate:

it is the mortality of infants occurring during the

period from 28th week of pregnancy to 7days
after birth per 1000 total births.
4.Neonatal mortality rate:
death occurring within 4weeks or 28
days of birth are called neonatal deaths.

5.Infant mortality rate :

it is number of infant deaths under one
year of age per 1000 live births in one year
6.Maternal mortality rate:
it is the number of deaths from puerperal causes
per 1000 live births.

7.Death rate :
the death rate is defined as “the number of deaths
per 1000 estimated midyear population in one year.
 Vital health records
 Birth records
 Death records
 Fetal death records
 Marriage records
 Divorce records
 Adopting records
 MTP and abortion records
 Morbidity records
 Antenatal records
 Postnatal records
 VITAL HEALTH RECODRS
AND THEIR USES

 Vital health records help to determine the

status of health of individual ,family and
community.
 Help in investigating the health problems and
needs of the people so that health planning
can be done to solve these problems
 Making improvement in the administration
 To evaluate the health program
 The vital health records are of legal necessity
 These are the basis of social forms
 these are the important tools for the
epidemiologists
 Statistics
 The word ‘statistics’ has been derived from the
Latin word ‘status’.
 it means a set of numerical figures called
‘data’ obtained by counting, measurement.
 it means collection, classification,
presentation, analysis, of ‘raw data’.
 Statistics ,the science of collecting, analyzing,
presenting and interpreting data in a particular
manner .
 Presenting statistical data
 Tables
 Charts
 Diagrams
 Graphs
 Picture
 Special curves
 Tabulation

Tabulation is a method by which

collected data is made systematic
understandable and short
 Rules of Tabulation

 The table should be numbered

 Title must be given to each table and the title
should be self- explanatory
 Heading of rows or columns should be clear
and concise
 The data must be presented according to the
size ,importance ,chronologically/
alphabetically
 Table should not be very large
 No abbreviations should be written
 Total and grand total should be shown at the
end of the table
 Foot notes should be given
Vital statistics are usually presented in two
types of table :
Diagrams and charts
 DIAGRAMS
 Charts or diagrams give visual representations
of the data. Diagrams also show comparisons
between two or more sets of data. Diagrams
should be clear and easy to read and
understand. Too much information should not
be shown in the same diagram otherwise it
might become confusing
 Rules for construction diagram and chart
 Diagrams presentation should be attractive
 Diagrams should be of proper size
 Measurement should be easy and useful
 The facts should be clearly classified in the
diagram
 Every diagram/chart should have a heading
 Minimum use of words and figure
 Symbolic presentation and its explanation are
essential
 Diagrams should be meaningful and should
present reality
 In the preparation of diagrams /charts budget
limitation should be kept in mind
TYPES OF DIAGRAMS
Types of One-Dimensional Diagram

In one-dimensional diagrammatic representations of

the data, we will consider only the length of the
diagram.
 We have different types of one-dimensional

diagrams that are listed below:

 Simple bar diagram
 Multiple bar diagrams
 Subdivided bar diagrams
 Percentage bar diagram
 Deviation bar diagram
1. Line Diagrams
 In the linear diagrammatic

representations of the data, we

will use the line that connects the
points or portions of the various
data in the graph by taking two
variables on horizontal and vertical
axes.
 Example:

The diagram gives the linear

representation of the wildlife
population of bears, whales,
dolphins.
2. Bar Diagrams
 In the bar diagrammatic representation of data, the

data can be represented by rectangular bars. The

height of the bars gives the value or frequency of the
variable. All rectangular bars should have equal
width. This is one of the best-used tools for the
comparison of the data.
Example:
Birthdays of different students at the school in the
different months.
 3. Histograms
 Histograms are also similar to bar diagrams;
they use rectangular bars to represent the data.
But all the rectangular bars are kept without
any gaps.
4. Pie Diagrams

In the pie diagrams, a circle is

divided into parts, such that
each part shows the
proportion of various data.
Example:
The pie diagram represents
the different modes of
transport used by the students.
5. Pictographs

Pictographs provided the

information of the given data
by using symbols or images.
Example:
The pictograph diagram shows
the mode of transport used by
the number of students using
the image, and each image
represents the value.
\
Two dimensional diagram
 Descriptive statistics
 Descriptive statistics is the study of the
amount and distribution of the disease or
health status with in the population by
person ,place and time.
 Descriptive statistics involves describing,
summarizing and organizing the data so it can
be easily understood.
Procedure involved in descriptive
methods
 Defining the population to be studied
 Defining the disease under study
 Describing the disease by time ,place and
person
 Measurement of disease
 Comparing with known indices
 Formulation of an etiological hypothesis
USE OF DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

 Descriptive statistics may be presented in

several ways in research arrangement
 Descriptive statistics provides standard

ways to summaries understand and

communicate complex information
 Descriptive statistics help us to simplify large
amounts of data in a sensible way.
 Each descriptive statistic reduces lots of data
into a simple summary.
 Every time you try to describe a large set of
observations with a single indicator.
 descriptive statistics provide a powerful
summary that may enable you to make
comparisons across people