UNIT: IV

HEALTH STATISTICS
RELATED TO NEWBORN
CARE

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 General objective

At the end of the session participants will be able

to explain health statistics related to newborn
care.

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 Specific objectives
At the end of the session participants will be able
to: 
define terminologies.
define health statistics.
state the importance of health statistics.

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 Specific objectives contd…

 explain the health statistics related to newborn

care.
 illustrate the highlights of Annual report and
MICS 2019.

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 TERMINOLOGIES

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 Neonatal period
• An infant from birth to under four weeks of
age is called a neonate.
• Early neonatal period: first week of life (<7
days).
• Late neonatal period: extends from 7th to <28 th
days.

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 Terminologies contd…
• Post neonatal period: Period of infancy from
28th to <365 days of life.

• Weeks of gestation refer to completed weeks

of gestation.

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 Terminologies contd…
Perinatal period
•Perinatal period extends from 22nd week of
gestation (>154 days or fetal weighing 500 g or
more) to less than 7 days of life.

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 Terminologies contd…
Live birth
•A product of conception, irrespective of weight
or gestational age, that, after separation from the
mother, shows any evidence of life such as
breathing, heart-beat, pulsation of umbilical cord
or definite movement of voluntary muscles.

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 Terminologies contd…
Fetal death
•A fetal death is a product of conception that,
after separation from the mother, does not show
any evidence of life.

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 Terminologies contd…
• Term neonates: A neonate born between 37 and
42 weeks of gestation.

• Preterm neonates: A neonate born before 37

weeks of gestation irrespective of birth weight.

• Post-term neonate: A neonate born at a

gestational age of 42 weeks or more.

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 Terminologies contd…

• Low birth weight (LBW) neonate: A neonate

weighing less than 2500 g at birth irrespective
of the gestational age.

• Very low birth weight (VLBW) neonate: A

neonate weighing less than 1500 g at birth
irrespective of the gestational age.
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 Terminologies contd…

• Extremely low birth weight (ELBW)

neonate: A neonate weighing less than 1000 g
at birth irrespective of the gestational age.

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 HEALTH STATISTICS
RELATED TO NEWBORN
CARE

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 Health Statistics

Introduction

•Statistics is the study of the collection,

organization, analysis, and interpretation of data.

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 Health Statistics contd…
Health Statistics
•Health Statistics is the study of the collection,
organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of
data in the domain of health.
•Researchers and experts from government, private, and
non-profit agencies and organizations collect health
statistics. 

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 Importance of health statistics
1.Routine immunization

2.Control of infectious diseases

3.Declines in deaths

4.Healthier mothers and babies

5.Family planning

6.Fluoridation of drinking water

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Health statistics related to neonates

1.Crude birth rate

2.Peri-natal mortality rate
3.Neonatal mortality rate

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 Crude Birth rate (CBR):
It is defined as the number of live births per one
thousand estimated mid-year population in a
given year. It is the simplest measure of fertility.

CBR= Number of live births in that year ×

1000
Estimated mid-year population

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 Perinatal mortality rate
• Perinatal deaths comprise stillbirths (pregnancy
losses occurring after 7 months of gestation) and
early neonatal deaths (deaths of live births within the
first 7 days of life).

PMR = Number of perinatal deaths in that year × 1000

Total number of births (after 28 weeks of gestation)

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 Neonatal Mortality rate (NMR)
• It is defined as the total number of neonatal
deaths per 1000 live births in a given year.
• It is the most sensitive indicator.
• It denotes the availability, utilization and
effectiveness of health care facility during
perinatal period.

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 Neonatal Mortality rate (NMR)
contd …
NMR=
Number of neonatal deaths in that year ×1000
Total number of live births in the same year

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 Early Neonatal Mortality rate
(ENMR)
• It is defined as the total number of neonatal
deaths in the first 7 days of life (0-7 days) per
1000 live births in a given year.
• ENMR= Number of neonatal deaths in the
first 7 days of life ×
1000
Total number of live births in the same year

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 Late Neonatal Mortality rate
(LNMR)
• It is defined as the total number of neonatal
deaths in 8-28 days of life (8-28 days) per
1000 live births in a given year.
• NMR= Number of neonatal deaths in 7-28
days of life ×
1000
Total number of live births in the same year

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 2/3 rule of infant mortality
rd

• Two third of infants die within 28 days of age,

• Two third of neonates die in the first week of life

• Two third of them die within the first 24 hours of

life.

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 HIGHLIGHTS OF ANNUAL REPORT
2076/77 and MULTIPLE INDICATOR
CLUSTER SURVEY 2019
PERTAINING TO NEONATAL
HEALTH

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 Neonatal mortality Rate

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 Cause of Death in Neonates

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 Neonatal deaths by age

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 Perinatal mortality

•The perinatal mortality rate is 31 deaths per

1,000 pregnancies.

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 Postnatal Health Check for
Newborns
• The government of Nepal recommends at least
three postnatal checkups for newborns
within 7 days of delivery, which is considered
a critical time period for neonates and mothers.

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 Postnatal care

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 Component of newborn care
(NDHS, 2016)
- 44 % of infants had their umbilical cord examined,
and 43% had their temperature measured.
- Only 34% of mothers received counseling on
newborn danger signs, although approximately half
were counseled on breastfeeding and observed
while breastfeeding.

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 Component of newborn care
(NDHS, 2016) contd…
- 58% of newborns had at least two signal functions
(cord examination, temperature assessment,
breastfeeding counselling and observation, weight
assessment) performed.
- 63% of newborns were put immediately after birth on
the bare skin of the mother’s chest or belly.

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 Component of newborn care
(NDHS, 2016) contd…
- (87%) newborns were dried or wrapped in
cloth, (88%) before the placenta was
delivered.
- Seventy percent of newborns were not bathed
until 24 hours or longer after the birth.

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 Cord Care

- Umbilical cord infection is a contributory

cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality.
- In 18% of non-institutional deliveries,
instruments from a safe delivery kit were used
to cut the umbilical cord.

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 Cord Care contd…

- In 70% of non-institutional births, a new or

boiled blade was used to cut the umbilical
cord.
- 63% had something placed on the stump and
37% had nothing applied on the stump.

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 Breastfeeding

• Fifty-five percent of children under age 2 are

breastfed within 1 hour of birth, and 66% of
children under age 6 months are exclusively
breastfed.

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 Breastfeeding practice

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 Summary
Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, and
interpretation of data. Health Statistics is the study of the collection,
organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data in the
domain of health. It is important to identify routine immunization,
Control of infectious diseases, Declines in deaths, Healthier mothers and
babies, Family planning, Fluoridation of drinking water, Recognition of
tobacco as a health hazard. Health statistics related to neonates are crude
birth rate, Peri-natal mortality rate, Neonatal mortality rate.

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 Assignment
• Write down a note on health statistics related
to newborn care.

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 References
• Paul V, Bagga A. Ghai essential pediatrics. 9 th ed. CBS Publishers
and Distributors Pvt Ltd;
 Dhsprogram.com. 2021. [online] Available at:
<https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/fr336/fr336.pdf>
[Accessed 30 September 2021].
 User, S., 2021. Health Statistics. [online] Mohp.gov.np. Available
at: <https://www.mohp.gov.np/eng/index.php/health-statistics>
[Accessed 30 September 2021].
 Dhsprogram.com. 2021. [online] Available at:
<https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR336/FR336.pdf> [Accessed
30 September 2021].
 https://mohp.gov.np/downloads/National_Neonatal_Health_Strateg
y.pdf

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