) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Presented by Jessielyn A. Pacho

 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Judges shall perform their judicial duties

without favor, bias, or prejudice.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Judges shall ensure that his or her conduct,

both in and out of court, maintains and
enhances the confidence of the public, the
legal profession and litigants in the
impartiality of the judge and of the judiciary.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Judges shall, so far as is reasonable, so 4

conduct themselves as to minimize the

occasions on which it will be necessary for
them to be disqualified from hearing or
deciding cases.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

Judges shall not make any comment that might

reasonably be expected to affect the outcome of such
proceeding or impair the manifest fairness of the 5
process. Nor shall judges make any comment in public
or otherwise that might affect the fair trial of any
person or issue.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

• The judge has actual bias or prejudice concerning

a party or personal knowledge of disputed
evidentiary facts concerning the proceedings;
• The judge previously served as a lawyer or was a
material witness in the matter in controversy
• The judge, or a member of his or her family, has an 6
economic interest in the outcome of the matter in
controversy
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

• The judge served as executor, administrator,

guardian, trustee or lawyer in the case or matter in
controversy, or a former associate of the judge
served as counsel during their association, or the
judge or lawyer was a material witness therein;
7
• The judge's ruling in a lower court is the subject of
review
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

• The judge related to a party litigant within the sixth

civil degree or to counsel within the fourth civil degree;
• The judge knows that his or her spouse or child has a
financial interest, as heir, legatee, creditor, fiduciary, or
any other interest that could be substantially affected 8
by the outcome of the proceedings.
 Sixth degree: The sixth
degree of consanguinity
is between third cousins,
i.e. between people who
have six common
ancestors in the
previous generation. The
degree of consanguinity
is 6, as there are six
generations separating
them.
 ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

A judge disqualified as stated above may, instead of

withdrawing from the proceeding, disclose on the
records the basis of disqualification. If, based on
such disclosure, the parties and lawyers
independently of the judge's participation, all agree
in writing that the reason for the inhibition is
immaterial or unsubstantial, the judge may then
9
participate in the proceeding