URDANETACITYUNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Course Code:Q051
Subject: SPECIALIZATION 1

Requirement No.: RSW01

Requirement Title: RURAL , SUB URBAN & URBAN
Date Due: FEBRUARY 1, 2024

Submitted by:

Name: ISIT, MAE ANN P.

Student No.: 20202105

Submitted to:

Arch’t. Maria Teresa Cuares-Velasco, MA EHURP

CEA- Instructor
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URDANETACITYUNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

RURAL….……………………………………………………………...……1

SUB URBAN………...………….………………………………………..…7

URBAN……….……...………….………………………………………..…4

REFERENCE...……………………………………………………….…....13
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Community, rural, suburb, suburban, and urban

There are lots of houses in suburban areas, but not as many other buildings as
urban areas—maybe just one or two small shops or stores. A rural community is
one with lots of nature and open spaces, with fewer people and buildings than urban
or suburban areas.

Community, rural, suburb, suburban, and urban

A community is a group of people all living in the same place.An urban community is
one that’s in a city or town: lots of people live there, and there are lots of different
kinds of buildings close together. A suburb is a place where people live just outside
of a city or town. There are lots of houses in suburban areas, but not as many other
buildings as urban areas—maybe just one or two small shops or stores. A rural
community is one with lots of nature and open spaces, with fewer people and
buildings than urban or suburban areas. Advantage, disadvantage, upside, and
downside An advantage is something that makes one thing better than another. An
upside is another word that means the same thing. For example, one advantage, or
upside, of living in the country is that the air is cleaner than in the city. A
disadvantage is the opposite: something that makes one thing worse than another.
A disadvantage can also be called a downside. For example, one disadvantage, or
downside, of living in the country is that there usually aren’t any stores nearby.
Located and location Location means “place”, or “where something is.” For
example, you could say that a house with a view of the ocean has a beautiful
location. You can also describe where something is using the word located. Here’s
an example sentence: “I get woken up by the sound of howling monkeys every
morning because my house is located next to the zoo.”

Suburban areas are lower density areas that separate residential and commercial
areas from one another. They are either part of a city or urban area, or exist as a
separate residential community within commuting distance of a city. As cars
became the dominant way for people to get to work, suburbs grew. Tennessee is
rich in suburban communities, each with their own successes and struggles at
mixing development and health. In general terms, suburban communities tend to be
the most affluent, enjoying the highest socioeconomic status when ranked with rural
and urban populations. Suburban communities often have more job opportunities
then rural areas though maybe not as many as urban areas. Overall, suburban
residents seem to have better health than rural or inner city residents. People living
in suburban communities tend to be more educated. Suburban residents are the
most likely to have adequate health insurance and benefit from longer life
expectancy, more access to health care and higher quality of care.

People living in suburban areas often benefit from access to and choices for
nutritious food, spaces for physical activity and recreation, utilities such as water and
sewer, health and dental care, transportation and even digital telecommunications.

This chapter discusses principles and processes in community development. The

goal of community development is to bring positive change in the people’s
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socio-economic, environmental, cultural, religious, and political lives. Community

development is a process that brings people together to address social and
community issues affecting them. Some examples of community initiatives are skill
enhancement for better livelihood opportunities, infrastructure development such as
roads, schools, and parks construction, quality of education and health services in a
community, and addressing poverty, inequalities, racism, homophobia, and
marginalization through community organizing and advocacy. Some may argue
whether all community development works aims to address social issues such as
poverty, inequality, and systemic issues. Some community development work may
not directly focus on the problem/issue but instead maintain ongoing relationships
and infrastructures.

While working in community development, I have had the opportunity to work with
rural, urban, and Indigenous communities and various social groups in the
developing countries in Asia and Canada. One thing I learned is that each
community context and its issues and initiatives are unique. The success or failure
of a community project/program depends on who identified community issues, how
community issues are analyzed, who developed principles, frameworks and actions
for community change and how the project/program is implemented.

Promote Community Leadership and Ownership

The most important principle is, through the community development process, to
actively working with the community to increase leadership capacity, skills,
confidence, and aspirations.. Our work is to help community members understand
the economic, social, political, environmental, and psychological impact of
alternative solutions to the problem (Michigan State University). The community has
the primary responsibility for decision-making (Parada et al., 2012). This
decision-making includes issue identification, planning, implementation, and
resource mobilization to solve agreed-upon problems by emphasizing shared
leadership and active citizen participation. Therefore, the community members are
primarily responsible for initiating community change work and should own it.

Secure Human Rights

The community initiative should focus on human rights principles. The community
and practitioners must adopt the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in their
work. The first three articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states
that “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights”; “Everyone has
the right to life, liberty, and security of person,” and “Everyone is entitled to all the
rights and freedoms without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex,
language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth
or other status “. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights must shape our
collective work with the community because this instrument allows community and
Community Development workers to identify their challenges and barriers. This
instrument (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) also provides community and
Community Development workers provided legitimate/lawful grounds for
addressing community issues, human development, and fighting against poverty,
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discrimination, and oppression. As a Community Development worker, you may

practice various approaches such as the Human Rights-Based Approach, Anti
Oppression Approach, and Anti-Racism Approach in community development work.
One common thing in these approaches is that ‘people are at the heart of
community development and workers collaborate with the community members to
bring positive change’.

Enhance Quality of Living

The community development should focus on the well-being and quality of living.
The initiative may focus on economic, physical, and/or social development. A
multi-year initiative may focus on all these components. However, the community
initiative is most successful when the community takes one step at a time.

Promote Social Justice

As transformative community workers, our work must be guided by social justice

principles, especially equity and inclusion. Community workers work with the
community and critically examine the root causes of poverty, marginalization, and
exclusions. Therefore, community practitioners work with excluded community
members and equip them with knowledge, skills, and resources for their
empowerment.

Bottom-Up Approach: Community Participation and Engagement

Community workers continue to put their efforts into ensuring the active participation
of community members in the community change process. Community group
members who experience poverty, marginalization, violence, conflicts, or
environmental disasters know their needs and what needs to be done. Community
workers should engage community members in problem diagnosis so that those
affected may adequately understand the causes of their situation (Michigan State
University). Therefore, as community workers, we must strive to engage the
community from ‘the bottom-up’ in every step of the project/program, from issue
identification to project planning, implementation, and evaluation. The traditional
top-down service delivery approach where community members are just recipients
of services and not active participants, is disempowering and further marginalizes
community members. Without a bottom-up approach, community initiatives may
cause harm to people.

Community Assets / Capital and Resource Mobilization

Community development initiatives should build upon and focus on community

assets / capital. Both terms ‘assets’ and ‘capital’ are used interchangeably, and
mean the same thing, which are the strengths of the community. Asset-based CD
(ABCD) is a term used to…Each community relies on different forms of capital to
maintain itself and grow stronger (Parada et al., 2012). Capital includes
environmental, physical, economic, human, information, political, and social
resources in the community. A community needs all these forms of capital. Among
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these, social capital is most important in community development. We create social

capital when we become involved with one another in routine, often organized ways
(Parada et al., 2012). High levels of social capital in a community promote
coordination, communication, participation, cooperation, and engagement; thus,
positive change is possible (Parada et al., 2012). Rather than seeing communities
as “needy” and problem-based, communities should be seen in terms of assets,
skills, and capacities (Parada et al., 2012). Exploring, identifying, and mobilizing
local capital are the key responsibilities of community workers for sustainable
community development. Roseland (2012) argues that sustainable development of
communities requires mobilizing citizens and their governments to strengthen all
forms of community capital.

Partnership and Collaboration

Community issues and problems are complex. These issues may arise due to
individual, cultural and systemic oppression, colonialism, neoliberal policies,
patriarchal system, and climate change. A community may not have all the
necessary resources and capital to address its issues and problem. Therefore,
community work highly depends on partnership and collaboration. A partnership
may involve institutions, external philanthropists, and/or community advocates that
can support the host community with technical, financial, and resources.

Sustainability

Community development initiatives must consider results for the present time and
future. Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (International
Institute for Sustainable Development). As Roseland (2012) suggests, sustainable
development requires a fundamental economic and social change to improve
human well-being while protecting the environment. Therefore, community
development should produce self-reliant, self-sustaining communities that mobilize
resources for the benefit of all members (Parada et al., 2012). Community work
must not compromise any environmental and socio-economic degradation; instead,
it works with the community with a holistic plan and actions for the community
members’ well–being.

Respect Indigenous worldviews and local culture

Indigenous communities see development holistically. According to Cull (2018),

Indigenous worldviews see the whole person (physical, emotional, spiritual, and
intellectual) as interconnected to land and in relationship to others (family,
communities, nations). Therefore, these holistic values should be adopted for
socio-economic well-being and sustainable development in the community work
practice. On the other hand, each community has a rich culture and heritage. Our
community development work should respect local culture, norms, and practices.
However, some community work may address harmful cultural norms and practices
for fair living.
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There are many types of environments in which humans live. The majority of people
in the world and in the United States live in urban settings, such as cities and
suburban neighborhoods, because of the greater number of resources and
opportunities afforded to people in cities. A smaller percentage, however, still live in
rural communities around the world. What is a rural community? The rural living
definition is one that changes depending on several different variables. Rural living
can be defined by population density, or how many people live in a given area, or it
can be defined by geographical isolation, or how the geography of a location
separates people. Some sources define rural communities as communities with
under 50,000 people living in a given location, usually by county. The United States
Census Bureau defines rural as simply any population, housing, or territory that is
not urban and defines "urban areas" as having a population of 50,000 or more, and
"urban clusters" as having a population between 2,500 and 50,000.

Though most of the area of the United States is considered rural, only about 19% of
America's population lives in rural communities. The term "rural" is also used to
describe country living, where communities rely on natural resources more heavily
than people in urban communities. Because rural communities are simply
non-urban communities, there are several key characteristics used by people to
describe rural areas. This lesson will outline those characteristics and discuss some
commonalities between rural communities throughout the US and the world.

Urban areas are perceived differently by a range of groups based on their

experiences and perceptions. For example, the views of the Victorian era are
dramatically different from the current day, and views of both inner-city areas and
rural settings are different.

Urban and Rural Areas: Victorian perceptions

Upper-class Victorians viewed urban areas as dangerous and threatening, with

pollution from factories and vast amounts of working-class people living in poverty
causing them to turn away. Many of these wealthier citizens began to plan new
‘model’ cities.Saltaire, a village in Shipley, West Yorkshire, is a Victorian model city.
After being built in 1851, the village began to install many recreational buildings that
caused it to be seen as a place of luxury to those of the Victorian upper class.

Urban and Rural Areas: Current perceptions

Urban areas have seen a vast growth of job opportunities in modern times which
has greatly improved the perception of urban areas, mainly in the inner city. The
presence of universities, hospitals, and access to other high-quality services make
them attractive places to live, work, and study, especially because they are close to
bigger towns or cities. Alongside this, social and leisure activities have drawn in
young visitors and workers from surrounding areas and overseas. However, there
are also negative perceptions of urban areas today. Derelict land, high levels of
poverty, and high crime levels have tarnished the view of urban areas. Media
perspectives of these areas have added to these negative connotations and many
urban areas receive a bad reputation as a result.
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Urban and Rural Areas: Inner city area perceptions

These areas are favoured by young professionals and the density of the area allows
for a higher amount of job opportunities. They are also valued by students as the
areas have good access to both education and entertainment. Cities are seen as
bustling hives of activity and are often seen as 'the place to be'.Similar to urban
areas, inner cities are more likely to experience crime than quieter suburban
locations.Suburban area perceptions Suburban areas are located between busier
urban locations and the quieter countryside. There are usually large housing
developments, good road networks, and access to services like shopping malls,
supermarkets and leisure activities. Suburban areas are favoured by young families
due to the higher numbers of schools and quieter roads. Other notable attributes are
the rail networks and older populations of mainly retired people. While suburban
areas are often considered safer than cities, they are normally close enough that
people can access services in the city, such as hospitals.

Rural area perceptions

Rural areas are located outside of large towns or cities. People who live here have
much more space and are likely to live in a village or far out into the countryside. A
very different population lives in rural areas which have completely different
characteristics than urban or suburban areas.

Rural area perceptions:

Rural areas are seen as ideal places to live with picturesque landscapes and
historic buildings. The old cottage style of housing and relaxed lifestyle (tranquillity)
has also brought more to the area. Finally, a sense of community with higher
amounts of socialising and less crime has made rural places perfect for older
communities and growing families. The portrayal of rural areas in the media has
increased the effectiveness of this view.

SUB-URBAN

The Regional Plan sets out planning policy and regulations for three major
geographic areas of the region – the Regional Centre, Suburban Communities and
Rural Communities. Suburban communities are those areas outside the Regional
Centre and within the Urban Transit Service Boundary, generally serviced by
municipal water and wastewater. The suburban area includes both long-standing
communities and new communities that have been built in recent years to
accommodate HRM’s growing population. Many of the community plans (called
Secondary Municipal Planning Strategies) were completed before amalgamation
and may no longer reflect the communities’ visions. The Regional Plan and the
Halifax Green Network Plan have also focused on stronger protections for the
natural environment, and the Integrated Mobility Plan has directed us to focus more
growth where residents can easily walk, wheel, cycle or take public transit. Updated
regulations are needed to ensure these policies are implemented. As part of the
Secondary Plan & By-Law Simplification Program, the Municipality will be
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developing a “Suburban Plan” that will provide new planning policy and land use
by-law regulations for the suburban area. This will be developed with significant
public engagement and will provide new direction for how suburban areas will grow
and develop. In the meantime, development is continuing to take place in suburban
communities under the existing secondary municipal planning strategies or through
plan amendments. In an effort to provide some guidance for the evaluation of
development in the suburban area and to provide early direction for the Suburban
Planning framework, policy guidance will be developed for suburban communities
and incorporated into the Regional Plan as part of the Regional Plan Review. This
document provides an initial overview of some key ideas that may help to guide this
work.

HRM is growing rapidly and the Regional Plan currently directs at least 75% of new
development to the Regional Centre and suburban communities. This means that
our existing suburban communities will need to continue to change to accommodate
additional housing options. Planning policy that directs the location, density and
form of new development in suburban communities will be developed through the
Suburban Plan process. In the meantime, priorities plans, like the Integrated
Mobility Plan and the Halifax Green Network Plan, have provided direction that
should be considered when decisions are being made to locate growth in suburban
areas. Objectives for growth in suburban neighbourhoods include: Intensifying
Growth Centres The Regional Plan identifies “growth centres” in suburban
communities that are appropriate areas for additional development and residential
growth. These areas will be reviewed based on the location of services like
infrastructure, transit, facilities and other public amenities. This will allow for services
to be provided efficiently and ensure that residents live in places where it is easy to
take transit, walk, roll or cycle to get to work, school, shopping, and more.

The Integrated Mobility Plan recommends that high-density residential and

employment development only be located where there is an existing or proposed
high level of transit service. The Rapid Transit Strategy further identifies a
high-frequency Bus Rapid Transit Network that provides an outline of where these
services will be located in suburban communities. By directing development to the
areas identified in this network, more residents will live in neighbourhoods with
convenient access to services and employment by transit. This will help to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions, reduce travel times and support investment in transit
infrastructure. Transitoriented development encourages mixed-use development,
compact blocks and more dense built form within a walkable distance of transit to
provide a range of services, amenities and residential options.

COMMUNITY PLACEMAKING

The urban environment affects the way we live, work, and travel. Urban design,
which is the process of designing and shaping the physical features of cities and
communities, can create places that invite residents to participate in community life,
celebrate culture, protect the environment and support economic growth.
Fundamentally it is about creating places for people. Objectives for community
design in suburban areas include: Prioritizing Pedestrians Suburban communities
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should be inviting to pedestrians and create comfortable environments for walking

and rolling. The design of properties and buildings can support these goals.
Buildings should be located to face streets and public pathways, and active uses,
like stores, should be located on the ground floor of larger buildings to invite
interactions between pedestrians, businesses and residents. Parking areas should
be buffered from roads and pathways and provide direct connections to buildings
and streets.

Creating Welcoming Open Spaces

Open spaces can help strengthen community identity and provide opportunities for
social and physical activities. Public open spaces, like parks, plazas and recreation
fields should be strategically planned and located to be available to meet the needs
of communities. These open spaces should be designed to be comfortable for use
by all residents and visitors, including those using mobility devices. They should be
designed at a “human scale”, which means that their amenities, materials and
overall design encourages social interaction and provides protection from varying
weather conditions. Celebrating Culture and Heritage As suburban communities
change and grow, their unique histories and culture should be maintained and
celebrated. The Sharing Our Stories - Culture & Heritage Priorities Plan will provide
recommendations for how communities can better support culture, arts and heritage
with specific attention to celebrating underrepresented communities. These may
include the protection of heritage resources like heritage properties, heritage
conservation districts and landscapes of cultural significance, as well as the
provision of amenities like public art, gathering spaces and facilities.

Site context refers to how a property relates to the surrounding neighbourhood and
larger region. This may include a site’s interaction with road, transit, park and
natural systems, as well as community character, culture and history. Components
of a site such as open spaces, pathways, accesses, and building orientation should
consider the site’s relationship with the surrounding neighbourhood. Objectives for
development in suburban areas related to site context and design include:

Relating to Surrounding Context New development should be designed to transition

to the existing surrounding neighbourhood. This means that the building massing,
scale, height and design relates to surrounding buildings and fits in with the
community’s character. Parks, natural spaces, and historic resources should also be
considered. Contextual design can enhance a neighbourhood’s character by
maintaining existing development patterns and design choices.

Enhancing Adjacent and Nearby Open Space New open spaces created on private
properties as part of a new development can enhance adjacent or nearby open
space by providing direct connections to public paths and sidewalks, and by
complementing the design and aesthetic of these spaces. Plazas, squares and
parks that are being considered for these spactes should also use materials and
design elements that are consistent with the surrounding development and provide
“humanscale’ elements, like seating and weather protection, that create welcoming
attractive places for people to enjoy.
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Providing Safe and Direct Mobility Routes To create a comfortable environment for
walking, rolling and cycling, properties should provide routes through parking areas
and connections to sidewalks, active transportation routes and recreational paths.
Development can also support walking, rolling and cycling by providing amenities,
such as shelters and bicycle parking. By providing safe pathways, residents and
visitors are able to access various modes of transportation more comfortably.

Reducing the Negative Impacts of Development Elements To avoid negatively

impacting surrounding neighbourhoods and people moving through them,
developments must consider how building elements are located and designed. This
includes carefully designing parking lots and garage accesses so that their
entrances and exits consider pedestrian movement and they include appropriate
screening and safety features, like lighting and pedestrian pathways. This also
includes considering how unsightly elements, like garbage storage and utilities, can
be located and screened on the site to reduce negative impacts on neighbouring
properties.

Encouraging Sustainable Design for Parking Lots Sustainable design of parking lots
helps to minimize stormwater runoff and urban heat island effects. This can be
achieved by including features like trees and green infrastructure. Smaller-scale
parking areas and reduced mandatory parking requirements can also support this
goal.

BUILDING DESIGN Building design means the design of buildings themselves. This
includes the shape and size of buildings, architectural details, and the location of
utilities and parking within buildings. The design of buildings can have significant
impacts on the quality of life and have a positive impact on people in and around
them. Objectives for development in suburban areas related to building design
include

Encouraging Human-Scale Design Larger scale buildings must be carefully

designed to avoid being imposing or uninteresting. Human-scale design ensures
that portions of a building that people regularly interact with, including entrances,
windows, and architectural features, are included at a scale and size that is
relatable to people. These elements are then purposely repeated in a rhythm or
pattern that creates a unique and recognizable building. This approach to design
results in more attractive buildings that create enjoyable and interesting pedestrian
experiences and contribute to neighbourhood character.

Encouraging Pedestrian-Oriented Streetwalls Streetwalls are the lower portions of

buildings facing streets. For taller buildings, the upper portions of buildings are often
“stepped back” away from the street so that they do not feel imposing to people and
create an uncomfortable pedestrian experience. Taller buildings should step upper
storeys back further to help reduce their impact. These step backs also help to
emphasize active uses, like stores, that are generally located on the ground floor of
larger buildings. They create a more welcoming environment that people are
encouraged to interact with.
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Mitigating the Impacts of Wind and Shadow Buildings can negatively impact public
spaces by channeling wind and casting large shadows. Public spaces which are
overly windy or shaded for extensive periods are not enjoyable spaces for users.
They can be cold, uncomfortable and limit the ability of the space to host certain
uses and activities such as gardens, landscaping and other activities that rely on
sun. The impacts of wind and shadow should be reviewed and addressed though
mitigation measures

Suburban areas are lower density areas that separate residential and commercial
areas from one another. They are either part of a city or urban area, or exist as a
separate residential community within commuting distance of a city. As cars
became the dominant way for people to get to work, suburbs grew. Tennessee is
rich in suburban communities, each with their own successes and struggles at
mixing development and health.

Many suburban communities in Tennessee are growing quickly. Even though there
may appear to be a lot of green space left for expansion, environmental changes
frequently occur and cause problems for these communities. Rapid loss of lands
due to uncontrolled growth can undermine property values. Sprawling development
can ruin important natural areas such as wetlands, prairies and forests.
Conservation of lands protects the air, land and water from environmental pollution
which is harmful to health. Green spaces such as wildlife refuges and state forests
protect plants and animals. Conservation areas protect the scenic views which
attract tourists, along with the jobs and economic opportunities created through
spaces hiking, hunting, fishing, bird watching and nature observation.

There are several options for preserving green space. Conservation development is
controlled-growth land use that protects the area's natural environment in perpetuity
by preserving landscapes, sustaining farmland, protecting natural habitats for
wildlife and maintaining the character of rural communities. Land trusts are
voluntary conservation easements. Land trusts safeguard the land from
development and sprawl. Families who have passed down the same property from
generation to generation often like entering into a land trust to know their family
home will remain similar to how they remember it. In addition to improved property
values, many people feel their quality of life is improved when there is protected
green space nearby.There are several preserving green space. Conversation
developmen is controlled-growth land use that protects that ares natural
environment in perpetity buy preserving landscapes, sustaining farmland, protecting
natural habitats for wildlife and maintaining the character of rural communities.
Land trusts are voluntary conservation easements. Land truts safeguard the land fro
development and sprawl. Families who have passed down the same property
values, many people feel tier quality of life is improved when there is ere are
several options for preserving green space. Conservation development is
controlled-growth land use that protects the area's natural environment in perpetuity
by preserving landscapes, sustaining farmland, protecting natural habitats for
wildlife and maintaining the character of rural communities. Land trusts are
voluntary conservation easements. Land trusts safeguard the land from
development and sprawl. Families who have passed down the same property from
 12

generation to generation often like entering into a land trust to know their family
home will remain similar to how they remember it. In addition to improved property
values, many people feel their quality of life is improved when there is protected
green space nearby.

The suburb is defined as a residential area situated on the outskirts of a city or

urban district. Suburbs are an outgrowth of many influences and ideas stemming
from a desire for individual home and land ownership, population decentralization,
enthusiasm for dwellings located a greater distance from industrialization, and finally
an eagerness for community building and a sense of belonging—an opportunity to
forge new social contracts literally and geographically. Suburbs, characterized
initially as clusters of remote country estates or picturesque villages, have been in
existence since before the time of Pompeii. They became most widespread in the
latter half of the 19th century as byproduct of the Industrial Revolution and grew
increasingly popular with the advent of commuter rail travel. Today, the suburb and
suburbanization persist as a double-edged sword—as housing alternatives
spawned to relieve urban density and as options for affordable residential growth,
yet more often than not suburban development has occurred in a heedless manner.
Most frequently, suburbs have been built lacking the collaborative input of planners,
government officials, and architects and thus are identified as responsible for the
course of unchecked housing growth, problematic social assimilation, and strident
class divisiveness. The course of suburbanization has led to the unfolding of a
complicated and complex housing type spurring analysis from every possible angle.
The genesis of the suburb and suburbanization has been examined from the
perspectives of various academic disciplines. The scholarship is vast and
comprehensive. Herein lies the basis of where to begin such research.

Cities are a relatively recent part of human culture. The first settlements recognized
as cities arose about 10,000 years ago in what is now considered the Middle East.
While this region saw the first cities, cities also developed independently around the
world in the millennia following, emerging from hearth areas of civilization. Why did
cities come about during this time period? Different scholars will point to different
reasons, but these three are commonly provided:

Agriculture became efficient enough to create a productive surplus

A growing population created pressure to densify

New social organizations of power developed

Agriculture, the process of cultivating plants and/or livestock, is often given as a

primary reason for the creation of cities. Once humans began to cultivate crops,
humans became less migratory and built permanent structures so that they could
tend to and store agricultural products. As humans improved agricultural methods,
soon a single farmer or farming family could produce more food than they
themselves needed for sustenance. The result is that within this
permanently-located society, not everyone needed to be an agriculturalist. Instead,
the productive surplus meant that people in the society could have more
 13

specialized, non-agricultural livelihoods; a more complex division of labor emerged.

The specialization that took place meant that some people would grow and raise
food for society, while others would build structures, create tools, defend the
settlement as professional soldiers, or become philosophical/religious leaders. As
agricultural production improved, more people had access to food leading to
population increases. However, agricultural technology did not yet exist to improve
marginal lands to productive lands. This meant that the increasing population
needed to be more dense around productive lands, leading to denser settlements
like cities. Lastly, most of these nascent urban societies, in creating a complex
division of labor, moved away from egalitarian power structures and instead became
more hierarchical, with a few at the top with much societal power and influence and
many at the bottom with little power. Power often came to religious or military
leaders. Organized power also enabled the society to collect taxes, pooling
resources so that large, permanent structures were built. These structures, such as
temples, themselves demonstrated the increased power of the society.

Cities are a relatively recent part of human culture. The first settlements recognized
as cities arose about 10,000 years ago in what is now considered the Middle East.
While this region saw the first cities, cities also developed independently around the
world in the millennia following, emerging from hearth areas of civilization. Why did
cities come about during this time period? Different scholars will point to different
reasons, but these three are commonly provided:

Agriculture became efficient enough to create a productive surplus

A growing population created pressure to densify

New social organizations of power developed

Agriculture, the process of cultivating plants and/or livestock, is often given as a

primary reason for the creation of cities. Once humans began to cultivate crops,
humans became less migratory and built permanent structures so that they could
tend to and store agricultural products. As humans improved agricultural methods,
soon a single farmer or farming family could produce more food than they
themselves needed for sustenance. The result is that within this
permanently-located society, not everyone needed to be an agriculturalist. Instead,
the productive surplus meant that people in the society could have more
specialized, non-agricultural livelihoods; a more complex division of labor emerged.
The specialization that took place meant that some people would grow and raise
food for society, while others would build structures, create tools, defend the
settlement as professional soldiers, or become philosophical/religious leaders. As
agricultural production improved, more people had access to food leading to
population increases. However, agricultural technology did not yet exist to improve
marginal lands to productive lands. This meant that the increasing population
needed to be more dense around productive lands, leading to denser settlements
like cities. Lastly, most of these nascent urban societies, in creating a complex
division of labor, moved away from egalitarian power structures and instead became
more hierarchical, with a few at the top with much societal power and influence and
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many at the bottom with little power. Power often came to religious or military
leaders. Organized power also enabled the society to collect taxes, pooling
resources so that large, permanent structures were built. These structures, such as
temples, themselves demonstrated the increased power of the society.

Urban planning is the process of developing and designing urban areas to meet the
needs of a community. The practice draws from a number of
disciplines—architecture, engineering, economics, sociology, public health, finance,
and more—and strives to prepare cities and towns for the future. It is typically used
as part of a larger city plan, and should tie back to your city’s mission and vision
statements.

‍ rban planning touches on numerous city-life elements—new and pre-existing land,

U
buildings, roads, communal spaces, transportation, economic development,
infrastructure, and the environment, among others. We’ve broadly categorized these
aspects into different conceptual areas below. These areas are commonly referred
to as types of urban planning, but it’s important to understand that they are not
mutually exclusive. In fact, a cohesive urban plan should include many or all of the
below areas.

One more thing to note: Urban planning is more effective when you approach it with
a strategic lens. That means setting clear goals, measuring progress, and
strategically defining and executing projects. This is where strategy software like
ClearPoint comes in handy—to ensure that all your projects align with strategy, and
help you stay on top of timelines, milestones, and budgets.

To be clear, our software supports the execution of all types of strategic planning,
but in this article, we’ll call out some of its specific strengths as related to each of
the urban planning concepts below.

7 Types Of Urban Planning

Urban planners direct the development of cities and towns.

1. Strategic Urban Planning

Strategic urban planning focuses on setting high-level goals and determining

desired areas of growth for a city or metropolitan area. The result of the planning
process is a strategic plan—also called the development plan, core strategy, or
comprehensive plan. The strategic plan’s goals may include easing transportation
throughout the city, creating more community spaces, improving citizens’ quality of
life, or encouraging people to visit or move to the city.This is generally the highest
level of the planning process and other components of planning typically will fit into
this type of plan.

‍ he ClearPoint advantage: ‍Your city likely has a variety of plans across different
T
departments and within different areas (public health, infrastructure, capital
 15

improvement, etc.). It can be very difficult to see how all the pieces fit together, and
to make sure everyone is working to achieve a unified vision.

ClearPoint was designed to help you see the big picture. You can organize your
overall strategy according to themes, and easily view the objectives, initiatives, and
measures associated with each (as shown below). You can also link departmental
goals, measures, and projects directly to organizational goals and projects, so that
everything forms a single, cohesive strategic plan. ClearPoint can then be used to
track and report on the progress of your projects, making sure you bring your goals
to fruition.

2. Land-Use Planning

Land-use planning largely concerns legislation and policy, adopting planning

instruments like governmental statutes, regulations, rules, codes, and policies to
influence land use On a broad level, these planning instruments deal with the type,
location, and amount of land needed to carry out different functions of the city. They
also serve to zone or reserve land for certain purposes such as:

Residential, for buildings like apartment homes, single-family residences, and

condominiums Commercial, for buildings like retail shops and office buildings
Industrial, for structures like manufacturing plants and warehouses Municipal, for
structures like police stations and courthouses

As with subsequent types of urban planning, consulting with the community and
relevant stakeholders is an important part of land-use planning to ensure
transparency, and incorporate a wide range of interests into the overall plan. If you
communicate your strategic plan well, then transportation, commercial and industrial
planning should flow right into your plans.

‍The ClearPoint advantage:

‍ pen and transparent decision-making is a key component of land-use planning;

O
ClearPoint’s robust reporting functionality supports information transparency.
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REFERENCE

https://www.clearpointstrategy.com/blog/types-of-urban-planning

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning

https://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c05/E6-37-01-02.pdf

https://uccrn.ei.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/pubs/ARC3.2-P
DF-Chapter-5-Urban-Planning-and-Design-wecompress.com_.pdf