English Tenses

(Όλοι οι χρόνοι στην Αγγλική γλώσσα- θεωρία)

Tutor: Vassilia Evangelou

Present simple: habits (συνηθειες ή πραξεις που επαναλαμβάνοντε)
Positive (KATAΦΑΣΗ): I/YOU/WE/THEY: ΡΗΜΑ ΑΠΛΟ
HE/SHE/IT : ΙΣΧΥΟΥN ΚΑΠΟΙΟΙ ΚΑΝΟΝΕΣ
1. ΡΗΜΑ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΛΕΙΩΝΕΙ ΣΕ x, o, ss , sh , ch τοτε θα προσθετω στο τελος es
Go goes, finish  finishes , fix fixes
2. ΡΗΜΑ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΛΕΙΩΝΕΙ ΣΕ y τοτε το -y θα φευγει και θα μπει -ies
Fly  flies , tidy  tidies
3. ΡΗΜΑ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΛΕΙΩΝΕΙ ΣΕ y , αλλα πριν το y εχει φωνηεν (α, e, i, o , u)
Τοτε το- y θα μενει και θα μπει απλα –s (play- plays)
4. Oλα τα υπολοιπα ρηματα θα παiρνουν -s στο τελος : cook  cooks , listen  listens
ΑΥΤΟΙ ΟΙ ΚΑΝΟΝΕΣ ΙΣΧΥΟΥΝ ΜΟΝΟ ΣΤΟ HE , SHE , IT… ΣTO I, YOU,WE , THEY TO ΡΗΜΑ ΘΑ
ΜΠΑΙΝΕΙ ΠΑΝΤΑ ΑΠΛΟ.
Negative (ΑΡΝΗΣΗ) : I/YOU/WE/THEY: don’t + ρημα απλο
HE/SHE/IT: doesn’t + ρημα απλο
I don’t go to school everyday.
She doesn’t go to school everyday.

Question(ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ): I/YOU/WE/THEY: Do +ρημα απλο

HE/SHE/IT: Does + ρημα απλο
Do you go to school every day? Yes I do. No I don’t.
Does she go to school every day? Yes she does. No she doesn’t.

Keywords: (λεξεις κλειδια rarely, often , always, usually , every , never ,sometimes , on +day
(on+ Mέρα στον πλυθηντικό οn Sundays..)
 Present continuous: now or near future (πράξη
που γίνεται τωρα ή στο κοντινό μελλον)
(ΚΑΤΑΦΑΣΗ):I: am WE/YOU/THEY: are HE/SHE/IT: is + VERB+ing
ΑΡΝΗΣΗ: I: am not WE/YOU/THEY: aren’t HE/SHE/IT: isn’t +VERB+ing
ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ: Am I? Are WE/YOU/THEY? Is HE/SHE/IT? + VERB+ing
Keywords (λέξεις κλειδιά):
(right) now, at the moment, this (evening, afternoon …), these
(days…), next , soon, tomorrow , tonight Listen! , Look!
Past simple (αόριστος):finished actions in the past
(τελειωμένες πράξεις που εγιναν για μια στιγμή στο παρελθόν )

Positive: ΡΗΜΑ+ ed/d/ied , irregular verbs change completely

ΟΜΩΣ (αν ειναι ανωμαλο ρημα αλλαζει τελειως) ΚΑΙ ΒΛΈΠΩ ΤΗΝ 2Η ΣΤΗΛΗ

Negative(ΑΡΝΗΣΗ): didn’t + ρημα απλο (I didn’t go to school yesterday)

Question (ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ): Did + πρόσωπο+ ρημα απλό (χωρίς –ed)
KATAΦΑΣΗ: Ι went (go που ειναι ανώμαλοστον αόριστο) to school

ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ: Did you go to school yesterday?

AΡΝΗΣΗ: I didn’t go to school yesterday.

Keywords (λέξεις κλειδιά): yesterday , ago , last… , when , before , after , suddenly,in + χρονολογια,
Όλα τα ανώμαλα ρήματα με την έννοια τους – All irregular verbs

ΡήμαVerb ΑόριστοςPast Μετοχή ΑορίστουPast Μετοχή ΕνεστώτοςPresent Έννοια(ενδεικτικά)

Participle Participle

arise arose arisen arising διεγείρομαι, σηκώνομαι

awake awoke awoken awaking ξυπνάω

be was/were been being είμαι, υπάρχω, υφίσταμαι

beat beat beaten beating χτυπάω, εξουθενωμένος

become became become becoming γίνομαι, ταιριάζω

begin began begun beginning ξεκινώ

bend bent bent bending λυγίζω

bet bet bet betting στοιχηματίζω

betted betted

bid bid bid bidding κάνω μια προσφορά κ.α.

bade bidden

bite bit bitten biting δαγκώνω, δαγκωματιά, δάγκωμα αλλά και

bit τσίμπημα (π.χ. από έντομο)

bleed bled bled bleeding αιμορραγώ

blow blew blown blowing εκρήγνυμαι

break broke broken breaking σπάω

breed bred bred breeding εκτρέφω

bring brought brought bringing φέρνω

broadcast broadcast broadcast broadcasting εκπέμπω (π.χ. ραδιοφωνικό ή τηλεοπτικό σήμα)

build built built building χτίζω

burn burnt burnt burning καίω

burned burned

burst burst burst bursting εκρήγνυμαι

buy bought bought buying αγοράζω

cast cast cast casting ρίχνω, χυτεύω

catch caught caught catching πιάνω

choose chose chosen choosing διαλέγω

clap clapt clapt clapping χτυπάω παλαμάκια

clapped clapped

cling clung clung clinging πιάνομαι (από κάτι)

come came come coming έρχομαι, φτάνω

cost cost cost costing κοστίζω

creep crept crept creeping έρπω

cut cut cut cutting κόβω

deal dealt dealt dealing κάνω συμφωνία

dig dug dug digging σκάβω

dive dove dove diving καταδύομαι

dived dived

do did done doing κάνω

draw drew drawn drawing σύρω, σχεδιάζω, κλήρωση

dream dreamt dreamt dreaming ονειρεύομαι

dreamed dreamed

drink drank drunk drinking πίνω

drive drove driven driving οδηγώ, κινώ κάτι προς μία κατεύθυνση, κα
dwell dwelt dwelt dwelling κατοικώ
dwelled dwelled

eat ate eaten eating τρώω

fall fell fallen falling πέφτω, καταλαγιάζω

feed fed fed feeding τρέφω

feel felt felt feeling αισθάνομαι

fight fought fought fighting παλεύω, μάχομαι

find found found finding βρίσκω

fit fit fit fitting ταιριάζω

fitted fitted
flee fled fled fleeing φεύγω, διαφεύγω

fling flung flung flinging πετάω

fly flew flown flying πετάω

forbid forbade forbidden forbidding απαγορεύω

forget forgot forgotten forgetting ξεχνάω

forgive forgave forgiven forgiving συγχωρώ

freeze froze frozen freezing παγώνω

get got got getting παίρνω και πολλές άλλες έννοιες

give gave given giving δίνω

go went gone going πηγαίνω, φεύγω, έτοιμος

grow grew grown growing μεγαλώνω

hang hung hung hanging κρεμάω

have had had having έχω

hear heard heard hearing ακούω

hide hid hidden hiding κρύβω, κρύβομαι, κρυψώνα

hit hit hit hitting χτυπάω

hold held held holding κρατώ, συγκρατώ, σταθεροποιώ, κράτημα

hurt hurt hurt hurting πληγώνω

keep kept kept keeping κρατώ, διατηρώ, συνεχίζω, φυλάω, κα

kneel knelt knelt kneeling γονατίζω, γονάτισμα

know knew known knowing γνωρίζω

lay laid laid laying απλώνω, εναποθέτω, βάζω

lead led led leading οδηγώ, καθοδηγώ, οδηγός, αρχηγός, κα

leap leapt leapt leaping κάνω άλμα

leaped leaped
leave left left leaving φεύγω, παραιτούμαι, φεύγω με άδεια

lend lent lent lending δανείζω

let let let letting επιτρέπω

lie lay lain lying ξαπλώνω

light lit lit lighting φωτίζω, φωτεινός, ελαφρύς

lighted lighted

lose lost lost losing χάνω

make made made making κάνω, φτιάχνω, καθιστώ, είδος, μάρκα

mean meant meant meaning σημαίνω

meet met met meeting συναντώ, γνωρίζω, συνάντηση

mistake mistook mistaken mistaking κάνω λάθος, λάθος

pay paid paid paying πληρώνω, πληρωμή, επί πληρωμή

prove proved proven proving αποδεικνύω

proved

put put put putting βάζω

quit quit quit quitting παραιτούμαι

read read read reading διαβάζω

rid rid rid ridding ξεφορτώνομαι

ride rode ridden riding ιππεύω, μετακινούμαι με αυτ/το, μοτ/τα κλπ

ring rang rung ringing κουδουνίζω

rise rose risen rising σηκώνομαι, εγείρομαι

say said said saying λέω, μιλάω, ρητό

Run Ran Run Running τρέχω

see saw seen seeing βλέπω

seek sought sought seeking ψάχνω, αναζητώ, επιδιώκω

sell sold sold selling πουλάω, πώληση

send sent sent sending στέλνω

set set set setting τοποθετώ

sew sewed sewn sewing συρράπτω, ράβω, μπαλώνω

shake shook shaken shaking κουνάω, ταρακουνάω, τρέμω

shave shaved shaven shaving ξυρίζομαι, ξυρίζω

shaved

shine shone shone shining λάμπω, λάμψη

shoot shot shot shooting πυροβολώ, πετάγομαι, φωτογραφίζω

show showed shown showing δείχνω, επιδεικνύω

shrink shrank shrunk shrinking συρρικνώνομαι

shrunken

shut shut shut shutting κλείνω

sing sang sung singing τραγουδώ

sink sank sunk sinking βυθίζω

sit sat sat sitting κάθομαι, παραμένω ήσυχος

sleep slept slept sleeping κοιμάμαι

slide slid slid sliding γλισστρώ, ολισθαίνω

slit slit slit slitting κόβω, χαρακώνω

smell smelt smelt smelling μυρίζω

smelled smelled

speak spoke spoken speaking μιλάω

speed sped sped speeding κινούμαι γρήγορα, ταχύτητα

spend spent spent spending ξοδεύω

spill spilt spilt spilling χύνω

spilled spilled

spin spun spun spinning περιστρέφομαι (με ταχύτητα), τυλίγω, κα

spit spat spat spitting φτύνω, φτύσιμο

split split split splitting χωρίζω

spoil spoilt spoilt spoiling χαλάω

spoiled spoiled

spread spread spread spreading ανοίγω

spring sprang sprung springing πετάγομαι

stand stood stood standing στέκομαι, περιμένω

steal stole stolen stealing κλέβω

stick stuck stuck sticking κολλάω, σταθεροποιώ

stink stank stunk stinking βρωμάω

strike struck struck striking χτυπάω, χτύπημα, απεργώ, απεργία

strip stript stript stripping ξεντύνομαι

 stripped stripped

strive strove striven striving προσπαθώ, αγωνίζομαι ή ανταγωνίζομαι σκληρά

swear swore sworn swearing ορκίζομαι

sweep swept swept sweeping σκουπίζω, σαρώνω

swim swam swum swimming κολυμπάω

swing swung swung swinging κουνάω, κουνιέμαι πχ με παλινδρομική κίνηση

take took taken taking παίρνω, λαμβάνω

teach taught taught teaching διδάσκω

tear tore torn tearing σκίζω, αποκόπτω

tell told told telling αφηγούμαι, λέω

think thought thought thinking σκέφτομαι

throw threw thrown throwing πετάω

understand understood understood understanding καταλαβαίνω

uphold upheld upheld upholding υποστηρίζω, ανασηκώνω

upset upset upset upsetting διαταράσσω

vex vext vext vexing ενοχλώ

vexed vexed

wake woke woken waking ξυπνάω

waked waked

wear wore worn wearing φοράω, φθείρω (π.χ. ρούχα)

wet wet wet wetting μουσκεύω

wetted wetted

win won won winning κερδίζω (έναν αγώνα ή μία μάχη)

write wrote written writing γράφω

Past continuous: actions in progress in the past
(πράξη με διάρκεια στο παρελθόν)
Positive: WE/YOU/THEY: were I/HE/SHE/IT: was ρημα +ing
Negative: WE/YOU/THEY: weren’t I/HE/SHE/IT: wasn’t + ρημα+ing
Question: WE/YOU/THEY: were I/HE/SHE/IT: was+ ρημα+ing
*was , were + πρόσωπο+ ρήμα με - ING
Keywords: yesterday (specific time: time , morning , afternoon) ,
as, while , all day yesterday
Future Simple: actions in the future (Πράξη στο μέλλον για μια στιγμή)
Positive: will + ρήμα απλό ή (am /is /are) going to+ ρήμα απλό
Negative: won’t + ρήμα απλό ή (am /is /are)+not+ going to+ρήμα
απλό
Question: will + πρόσωπο + ρήμα απλό ή
(am /is /are) + πρόσωπο + going to+ ρήμα απλό

Keywords: next, tomorrow , soon, this (week, month… ) , in the

future,
 Future Simple: Will or Be Going to?

Be going to: To talk about : -future plans (something planned from before)
-something you know is going to happen because of what you see. (Look at the sky !
it’s full of clouds.. It is going to rain. )
I am going to , you/we / they are going to , he/she/it is going to
Will Instant decisions (something we decided that moment)
1. To warn (if you don’t clean your room you will not / won’t go to the party)
ΠΡΟΕΙΔΟΠΟΙΗΣΗ
2. To offer help (I will help you carry the bags) ΠΡΟΣΦΕΡΩ ΒΟΗΘΕΙΑ
3. To promise (I promise I will help you ) ΥΠΟΣΧΕΣΗ
4. With the phrases : I am sure , I think ( I am sure she will come)
5. To threat (if you do this again I will kill you !) ΑΠΕΙΛΗ
Future Continuous: actions in the future in progress
(πράξη στο μέλλον με διάρκεια)
Positive: will + be + verb with -ing
Negative: won’t + be + verb with -ing
Question: will + be + verb with -ing
* will be at the beginning of the sentence then the pronoun and then
the verb with -ing
Keywords: next… , tomorrow during , this time next week/month/..,
specific time in the future (συγκεκριμένη ώρα στο μέλλον)
Future perfect : ολοκληρωμένη πραξη
στο μελλον
rd
Will have + ed H 3 column
This time next Friday I will have painted the house.

By, by the time

rd
Wont have + ed H 3 column
By the time you arrive I won’t have painted the house.
Present perfect: actions happened in the past that affect the
present: ( πραξη που εγινε στιγμιαία στο παρελθον και επιρεάζει το παρόν.
I have lost my keys I am still looking for them (έχω χάσει τα κλειδιά μου, ακόμα
τα ψάχνω)

Positive: have / has (he/she/it) + verb with –ed or the 3rd column
Negative: have / has (he/she/it) NOT + verb with –ed or the 3rd col.
Question: have / has (he/she/it) + verb with –ed or the 3rd column
* have / has (he/she/it) at the beginning of the sentence then the
pronoun and then the + verb with –ed
 Keywords: never , ever , just , already , since , for , yet , (for) how , so far , how long

Present perfect Continuous: to talk about events or

activities in progress which started at a time in the past and are still continuing up until now?

Positive: have / has (he/she/it) +been + verb with –ing

Negative: have / has (he/she/it) +been + verb with –ing
Question: have / has (he/she/it) +been + verb with –ing
* have / has (he/she/it) at the beginning of the sentence then the
pronoun and then been + verb with –ing
keywords: for , how long
 Past Perfect
An action that happened before another action in the past.
(πραξη που εγινε το στο παρελθον πριν απο μια αλλη στο παρελθον)
 First action: past perfect
 Second action: past simple

Had + verb-ed / 3rd column

Negative : Had not + verb-ed / 3rd column
Question : Had (at the beginning of the sentence ) + verb-ed / 3rd column
Time expressions: after , when , by , by the time , already , just , as soon as , until ,
ever , never , the day / month/ week before , the previous day ,/ week month
 Past Perfect continuous
An action that happened before another action in the past , when we want to
emphasise how long it lasted. If there are two actions in the past then the:
 First action: takes the past perfect continuous
 Second action: past simple

Had + been + verb - ing

Negative : Had not + been + verb - ing
Question : Had (at the beginning of the sentence ) + been + verb - ing

Time expressions: for , since , all day , /week , /evening , how long
Passive Voice