discontinuation, and educate them about

potential side effects.

1. **Sacubitril + Valsartan:**

- **Classification:** Sacubitril/valsartan is
classified as a combination angiotensin 3. **Ferrous Sulfate:**
receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI).
- **Classification:** Ferrous sulfate is
- **Mechanism of Action:** Valsartan is an classified as an iron supplement.
angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), and
- **Mechanism of Action:** It provides
sacubitril is a neprilysin inhibitor. Together, they
essential iron needed for the production of
work to vasodilate blood vessels and reduce the
hemoglobin in red blood cells.
levels of certain hormones that contribute to
heart failure. - **Side Effects:** Common side effects
include gastrointestinal upset, constipation, and
- **Side Effects:** Common side effects may
dark stools. Iron supplements can cause staining
include hypotension, hyperkalemia, dizziness,
of teeth; thus, they should be taken with meals.
and an increased risk of angioedema. Regular
monitoring of blood pressure and kidney - **Nursing Considerations:** Administer with
function is essential. food to improve absorption. Monitor for signs
of iron toxicity and educate patients on dietary
- **Nursing Considerations:** Nurses should
considerations.
monitor blood pressure, renal function, and
electrolyte levels regularly. Educate patients
about the importance of compliance with
medication and the need for regular follow-up 4. **Sodium Bicarbonate and Calcium
appointments. Carbonate:**

- **Mechanism of Action:** Sodium

bicarbonate is an alkalizing agent used to treat
2. **Carvedilol:** metabolic acidosis. Calcium carbonate is often
used to control phosphate levels in patients
- **Classification:** Carvedilol is a non-
with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
selective beta-blocker and alpha-1 blocker.
- **Side Effects:** Sodium bicarbonate may
- **Mechanism of Action:** Carvedilol blocks
cause metabolic alkalosis, while calcium
beta receptors and alpha-1 receptors, leading to
carbonate can lead to hypercalcemia.
decreased heart rate, reduced blood pressure,
and improved heart function. - **Nursing Considerations:** Monitor
electrolyte levels, renal function, and symptoms
- **Side Effects:** Common side effects may
of alkalosis or hypercalcemia. Educate patients
include fatigue, dizziness, hypotension, and
about the importance of adherence to
bradycardia. Patients may also experience
prescribed doses.
worsening heart failure symptoms initially.

- **Nursing Considerations:** Monitor blood

pressure, heart rate, and symptoms of heart 5. **Sevelamer:**
failure. Caution patients about abrupt
- **Classification:** Sevelamer is a phosphate
binder.
 - **Mechanism of Action:** It binds to dietary 8. **Losartan:**
phosphate in the gastrointestinal tract,
- **Classification:** Losartan is an angiotensin
preventing its absorption.
II receptor blocker (ARB).
- **Side Effects:** Common side effects
- **Mechanism of Action:** It blocks the
include gastrointestinal symptoms such as
action of angiotensin II, leading to vasodilation
nausea and constipation.
and decreased secretion of aldosterone.
- **Nursing Considerations:** Administer with
- **Side Effects:** Common side effects
meals and monitor for gastrointestinal
include hypotension, hyperkalemia, and
symptoms. Educate patients on dietary
dizziness.
phosphate restriction.
- **Nursing Considerations:** Monitor blood
pressure, renal function, and electrolyte levels.
6. **Clopidogrel:** Educate patients about the potential side
effects and the importance of regular follow-up.
- **Classification:** Clopidogrel is an
antiplatelet agent.

- **Mechanism of Action:** It inhibits platelet
aggregation by blocking the ADP pathway.
- **Side Effects:** Common side effects
include bleeding, bruising, and gastrointestinal
upset.
Please note that this information is general, and
individual patient cases may vary. Always
consult with healthcare professionals for
specific guidance based on the patient's medical
history and condition.

- **Nursing Considerations:** Monitor for

signs of bleeding, and educate patients about
the increased risk. Caution patients about
interactions with other medications.

7. **Citcoline:**

- **Classification:** Citicoline is a nootropic

and neuroprotective agent.

- **Mechanism of Action:** It is thought to

enhance brain function and protect against
neurodegenerative processes.

- **Side Effects:** Side effects are generally

mild and may include gastrointestinal upset.

- **Nursing Considerations:** Monitor for any

adverse effects and educate patients about the
expected benefits and potential risks.