Seminar On

RENAL CALCULI
Presented By –
Ms. Priyanka Sidankar

Guided By
Dr. Dapse

Ahmednagar Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital

Ahmednagar
 INTRODUCTION
O Renal stone or calculus or lithiasis is one of the most
common diseases of the urinary tract. It occurs more
frequently in men than in women and in whites than in
blacks. It is rare in children. It shows a familial
predisposition.
O                        Urinary calculus is a stone-like body
composed of urinary salts bound together by a colloid
matrix of organic materials. It consists of a nucleus
around which concentric layers of urinary salts are
deposited.
TYPES AND CAUSES
O Kidney stones form when there are more solid waste particles filtered
by the kidneys than there is urine to dissolve them. When these wastes
cannot dissolve, they stay in a solid form and are called kidney stones.
Different types of kidney stones form based on the type of waste
particle present.
O 
O The most common type of kidney stone is made of calcium. Calcium is
the most abundant mineral found in the body. Specifically, kidney
stones are made of calcium oxalate, phosphate, or maleate. The amount
of calcium consumed in food doesn't affect the formation of kidney
stones, but the amount of oxalate (natural substance found in some
food items) in the diet does. Spinach, beets, nuts, and potato chips are
all foods high in oxalate, which can increase the development of
kidney stones.
Types & Causes
O Kidney stones can also be made of uric acid, and these are most commonly
found in men and in people with conditions like gout or who are undergoing
chemotherapy. Uric acid is produced when the body breaks down purines,
which are substances found in certain foods. These usually form when
someone isn't getting enough fluids or they are losing too much fluid.
O  
O Kidney stones made of struvite form due to an infection, most commonly a
urinary tract infection. Struvite is a substance composed of magnesium,
ammonium, and phosphate. Women are more at risk of this type than men.
O  
O A rare form of kidney stone made of cystine occurs in people with the genetic
disorder cystinuria, where their kidneys excrete too much of certain amino
acids. Other types of stones can form as a side effect of certain medications.
AETIOLOGY
O (1)         HYPEREXCRETION OF RELATIVELY INSOLUBLE
URINARY CONSTITUENTS such as oxalates, calcium, uric acid,
cystine and certain drugs (such as magnesium trisilicate in the treatment
of peptic ulcer).
O (2)         PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN URINE such as Urinary
pH (which is influenced by diet and medicines), Colloid content,
Decreased concentration of crystalloids, Urinary magnesium/calcium
ratio.
O (3)         ALTERED URINARY CRYSTALLOIDS AND COLLOIDS
O ·        Either there is an increase in the crystalloid level or a fall in the
colloid level, urinary stones may be formed.
O ·        If there is any modification of the colloids e. g. they lose their solvent
action or adhesive property, urinary stones may develop.
O (4)         DECREASED URINARY OUTPUT OF CITRATE
O (5)         VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
O ·        The desquamated cells form nidus for stone formation. This is more applicable to
bladder stones.
O (6)         URINARY INFECTION
O ·        Infection disturbs the colloid content of the urine, also causes abnormality in the
colloids (which may cause the crystalloid to be precipitated).
O ·        Infection also changes urinary pH and also causes increase in concentration of
crystalloids.
O (7)         URINARY STASIS
O ·        It causes a shift of the pH of the urine to the alkaline side, predisposes urinary infection,
and allows the crystalloids to precipitate.
O (8)         HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
O ·        Due to overproduction of parathormone the bones become decalcified and calcium
concentration in the urine is increased. This extra calcium may be deposited in the renal
tubules or in the pelvis to form renal calculus.
O (9)         PROLONGED IMMOBILISATION
O  (10)    NIDUS OF STONE FORMATION
 TYPES
O (I) PRIMARY STONES
O             They appear in apparently healthy
urinary tract without any antecedent
inflammation.
O (a)   Calcium oxalate
O (b)  Uric acid calculi
O (c)   Cystine calculi
O (d)  Xanthine calculi
O (e)   Indigo calculi
 TYPES
O (II) SECONDARY STONES
O             They are usually formed as the result
of inflammation.
O (a)   Triple phosphate calculus
O (b)  Mixed stones
 INVESTIGATION
O (a)   Blood examination
O (b)  Urinalysis
O (c)   Radiography
O ·        Straight X-ray
O ·        Excretory urogram
O (d)  Ultrasonography
O (e)   Computed tomography
O (f)     Renal Scan
O (g)  Cystoscopy
O (h)  stone analysis
 PREVENTION
O Ø      Fluid intake should he high at all times. Fluids should be taken at
bed time so that nocturia will occur. This will prevent dehydration.
O Ø      Avoidance of milk, cheese and great deal of calcium should be
advised. If renal function is satisfactory, sodium cellulose phosphate 5 g
T.D.S. with meals should be prescribed to reduce calcium absorption.
O Ø      Urine should be kept acid all the time. Alkalies should be
prohibited or used in lesser quantities in those patients who are
suffering from peptic ulcer.
O Ø      Vitamin D should be stopped or used in very low quantity.
O Ø      Patients with hyperuricemia should avoid red meats, offal and fish,
which are rich in purines, and should receive treatment with allopurinol.
O Ø      Eggs, meat and fish are high in sulphur containing proteins and
should be restricted in patients with cystinuria.
 HOMOEOPATHIC REMEDIES
O 1. Berberis Vulgaris mother tincture- One of the best
Homeopathic remedies for kidney stones on the left side
O If the kidney stone or renal calculus is on the left side of
the body ie left kidney or left ureter, homeopathic
medicine Berberis Vulgaris is more than likely to remove
the stone. There is sore bruised pain in the kidney region.
There may also be numbness or stiffness in the kidney
region, more so in the morning. A characteristic sensation
is the bubbling sensation that is aggravated by stepping
or any other movement. The pain extends from the back
to the urinary bladder or the urethra.
O 2. Cantharis- One of the best Homeopathic medicines for
kidney stones or renal calculi with burning in urine
O In cases, where there is intense burning in the urethra while
passing urine, Cantharis is an excellent homeopathic
medicine. Sometimes the pain is described as cutting pain.
There is intense urging to urinate. Another characteristic
symptom of this remedy is the frequent urge to urinate. One
feels like passing urine just a few minutes after having
emptied the bladder. Only a little urine may pass when one
goes to urinate. Sometimes there is difficulty in passing urine
and is passed drop by drop. Haemorrhage with urine may
also be present.
O 3. Lycopodium- One of the best Homeopathic medicines for
kidney stones or renal calculi in the right kidney
O I have had great success in the treatment of right sided kidney
stones or renal calculi with Lycopodium. Of course one needs to
find other symptoms that match this great deep acting medicine.
The characteristic symptom is the presence of red sand in the
urine. There is intense pain in the back which gets better after
urination. The urge to urinate is more during the night. Often the
pain gets aggravated during the afternoon or in the evening.
Lycopodium is a deep acting homeopathic medicine and is often
used as a constitutional medicine. It has the power to stop the
formation of kidney stones in case the other symptoms of the
medicine match with the patient.
O 4. Sarsaparilla- One of the best Homeopathic
remedies for kidney stones with white sand in
urine
O While Lycopodium works very well in patients
that have red sand in urine, Sarsaparilla is much
more suited to patients that have white sediment
in urine. There is intense pain at the end of
urination. There is also burning and cutting in the
urethra after urination. Urine passes in a stream
that is thin and feeble.
THANK YOU....!!!