JAI GURU DEV

Topic: Case Study On Kidney Stone

Name: M.JAI KRISHNAN
Class/Sec: 12-G
 ACKNOWLEDGEMT
I am overwhelmed in humbleness and gratefulness
to acknowledge my depth who helped me to put
these ideas together well and with out whom this
project would not have been reality.
Firstly I would like to express my special thanks to
my HOD Mrs. Gajalakshmi and school for providing
me this opportunity to do this this project .I am
highly indedebted to my biology teacher Mrs.
Kavitha for her valuable guidance in completing my
project.
Any attempt at any level can’t be satisfactory
completed without support and guidance of my
parents and friends.
I would like to extend my gratitude to my parents
and friends who helped me a lot in gathering
information ,collecting data and guiding me from
time to time in making this project unique.
 SYNOPSIS
S.NO BIOLOGY
1 BONAFIDE PAPER
2 TOPIC
3ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
4 SYNOPSIS
5 INTRODUCTION
6 THEORY
7 OBJECTIVE
8
MATERIALS REQURIED
9 PROCEDURE
10OBSERVATIONS
11 RESULT
12
CONCLUSION
13
14 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
Kidney Stone also known as renal calculi are solid
masses formed from the accumulation of various
substance can include calcium, oxalate, uric acid
and cystine. Kidney stone can vary in size and
shape, ranging from tiny grains to larger more
jagged formations . Kidney stone are a common
urological condition that affects people of all ages
Although they are more prevalent in adults. They
can develop in one or both kidneys and can cause
significant discomfort and pain as they move
through the urinary tract.Factor such as
inadequate fluid intake, high levels of certain
substance in the urine, and certain medical
conditions contribute to their formations.
Treatment options include increased fluid intake,
pain management, and in some cases, medical
procedures and medication, can help reduce risk of
recurrent kidney stone.
 THEORY
HOW KIDNEY STONES ARE FORMED?
Kidney stone are a common conditions that
occur when solid masses from of crystals and
minerals from in the kidney. While the exact
causes of kidney stone are not always clear,
several factors are believed to contribute to
their development.
DEHYDRATION:
One of the primary cause
of kidney stone is dehydration. When the body
lacks sufficient water, the urine becomes more
concentrated, leading to the accumulation of
minerals and salts that can form stone.
Dehydration reduces the volume of urine,
making it easier for stone to develop and grow.
DIET:
Dietary factors play a crucial role in kidney
stone formation. Consuming an excessive amount
of certain substance can increase the risk. For
instance, a diet high in oxalate-rich foods, such as
spinach, rhubarb, and chocolate, can contribute to
the formation of calcium oxalate stones. Similarly,
a diet high in sodium and animals protein can
increase the risk of developing kidney stone.
GENETIC FACRTOR:
Some individual are
genetically predisposed to develop kidney
Stones. Certain inherited conditions such as renal
tubular acidosis, cystinuria, and hyperoxaluria, can
make a person more susceptible to stone
formation. Genetic substance in the urine that
influence stone formation.
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS:
Infections in the urinary tract can
create an environment conductive to kidney
stone formation. UTIs can alter the chemical
composition of urine and lead to deposition of
crystal that eventually form stones. Bacterial
infections can also promote the production of
an enzyme called urease, which increases the
likelihood of struvite stone formation.
METABILOC DISORDER:
Various metabolic
disorder can disrupt the normal metabolic
processes in the body, leading to an increased
risk of kidney stone formation. For instance,
conditions like hyperparathyroidism, gout, abd
cystinuria can alter the balance of minerals and
substance in the urine, promoting stone
development.
STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES:
Anatomical or
structural abnormalities in the urinary tract can
hinder the proper flow of urine, increasing the
likelihood of stone formation. Example include
kidney cysts, kidney malformations, and
narrowing of the ureters. These abnormalities
can create stagnant urine, allowing crystals to
aggregate and form stones.
MEDICATIONS:
Certain medications can
contribute to the formations of kidney stone.
For example, long term use of diuretics can
lead to dehydrations and increase the
concentrations of substances that form stones.
Other medications, such as antacids containing
calcium, can calcium-based stones.
LIFE FACTORS:
Various lifestyle choices can
impact kidney stones formations. Sedentary
habits can lead to decrease in urinary flow,
allowing crystals to settle and form stones.
Additionally, excessive alcohol consumption
and smoking can increase the risk of stone
formation

SCHEMATIC REPRESANTION ON FORMATION

OF KIDNEY STONE:
 SYMPTOMS OF KIDNEY STONE:
Kidney stone can cause a variety of
symptoms, and the specific symptoms
experienced can vary from person to person .
The symptoms of kidney stone typically
develop when a stone moves within the
urinary tract or blocks the flow of urine. Here
are the some symptoms commonly
associated with kidney stone.
PAIN:
Several pain is one of the hallmark
symptoms of kidney stone. The pain often
starts suddenly and may be intermittent. It
usually originates in back or side below the ribs
and can radiate to lower abdomen and groin.
The intensity of pain can vary, ranging from a
dull ache to excruciating pain.
HEMATURIA:
Kidney stone can cause blood
in the urine, known as hematuria. The urine
may appear pink, red, or brown in color.
Hematuria can occur due to irritation or
damage to urinary tract caused by the passage
of the stone.

FREQUENT URINATION:
People with
kidney stone may experience an increased urge
to urinate more frequently than usual. This is
because the stone can irritate the lining of
urinary tract, causing the sensation of needing
to urinate more often.

PAINFUL URINATION:
Kidney stone can cause
pain and discomfort during urination. This pain
is typically felt in the lower abdomen or groin
region. It may be accompanied by a burning
sensation or a feeling of incomplete emptying
of the bladder.

CLOUDY OR FOUL-SMELLING URINE :

In some cases, Kidney stone can
lead to changes in the appearance and odor
of urine. The urine may appear cloudy or
have an unpleasant smell. These changes are
often attributed to the presence of urinary
tract infections or other complications
associated with kidney stone.

NAUSEA AND VOMITING:

Kidney stone may
cause the feeling of nausea and may lead to
vomiting. These symptoms can be a result of
the severe pain or due to the body’s response
to the obstruction in the urinary tract.

FEVER AND CHILLS:

In certain instances, Kidney
stones can cause an infections in the urinary
tract, leading to symptoms such as fever and
chills. If an infections is present, additional
symptoms may include abdominal pain, back
pain, and an overall feeling of illness.

TYPES OF KIDNEY STONE :

CALCIUM OXALATE STONES :

These are the most common type of kidney
stone, accounting for approximately 80% of
cases. They form when calcium combines
with oxalate in the urine. Oxalate is a
naturally occurring substance found in many
foods, such as fruits, vegetables, and nuts. In
most cases, the kidney excrete excess oxalate
without any issues. However, in some
individuals, high levels of oxalate can lead to
the formation of calcium oxalate stones.

CALCIUM PHOSPHATE:
These stones are
less common than calcium oxalate stones and
are formed primarily due to high levels of
calcium in the urine. They may occur in
individuals with certain medical conditions,
such as renal tubular acidosis or
hyperparathyroidism. Renal tubular acidosis
Is a condition that affects the kidneys’ ability
to maintain the proper balance of acid and
base in body, while hyperparathyroidism
involves the overactivity of the parathyroid
glands, which regulate calcium levels.
URIC ACIDS STONES :
Uric acid stones
from where there is an excess of uric acid in
the urine. Uric acid is a waste product that is
normally dissolved in the blood and excreted
through urine. However when urine becomes
too acidic or there are high levels of uric acid,
it can precipitate and form crystals. These
crystals can then develop into uric acid
stones. Uric acid stones are often associated
with conditions such as gout, a form of
arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid
crystals in the joints.
STRUVITE STONES :
Struvite stones also
known as infections stones are composed of
magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate.
They form in the presence of certain types of
bacteria that produce urease, an enzyme that
breaks down urea into ammonia and carbon
dioxide. The ammonia raise the urine’s PH
level, making it more alkaline and providing
an environment favorable for the formation
of responsible for the infections can create
the conditions necessary for stone formation.
 CYSTINE STONES :

Cystine stones are

relatively rare and form
due to a genetic
disorder called
cystinuria. Cystinuria
affects the way the kidney reabsorb certain
amini acids, including cystine. As the result,
cystine builds up in the urine and can form
crystals, leading to the development of
cystine stones.
Cystinuria is an inherited conditions, and
individuals with a family history of the
disorder are at a higher risk.

TREATMENT :

DRINKING PLENTY OF WATER:

For
small stones, drinking an increased amount
of water can help flush out the stone
naturally. Adequate hydration is important
to promote urine production and prevent
the formation of new stones.
PAIN MANAGEMENT :
 Over-the-counter
pain medications like acetaminophen
(Tylenol) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen cab help
alleviate pain associated with kidney stone.

MEDICATIONS :
Your doctor may
prescribe medications to help mange kidney
stones, depending on the specific
circumstances. For example, alpha-blockers
can relax the muscles in the ureters.
Additionally, certain
medications may be given to reduce stone
formations in individuals prone to recurrent
stones.
EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK WAVE
LITHOTRISPSY :
This non-invasive
procedure uses sound waves to break the
kidney stone into smaller pieces, making
them easier to pass through urinary tract. It
is typically used for stones that are smaller
in size and located in kidney or upper
urinary tract.

URETEROSCOPY :
This procedure
involves passing a thin tube called a
ureteroscope through the urethra, bladder,
and into ureter or kidney. The urologist can
then either remove or break up on the
stones using special tools. Ureteroscopy is
effective for stones located in lower or
middle ureter.

OBJECTIVE :
The overall objective is
to get out the stone. This splits into
facilitating passage and surgical
removal. These differ in kind
because the first involves no
alteration or entrance into the
urinary system whereas the latter
does. Both relate to one overall
objective.
These cannot themselves actuate
research because they are in terms
of actions desired, not means.

MATERIALS REQUIRED :

Data sheets or forms for recording

observation.
Laboratory notebook for
documenting and result.
Statistical software for data analysis.
Biology textbook and journals.
Scientific articles and research
papers.
Online database and resource.

PROCEDURE :
 Conduct a comprehensive review of
existing literature, research studies, and
reports related to kidney stone. This will
help to establish a foundation of
knowledge and identify any research gaps
that need to be addressed in case study.
 Determine the appropriate study design
based on the objective and available
resources. Consider whether a cross-
 sectional study, or other design would be
most suitable. Ensure that the study
design allows for the collection of relevant
data to address the research questions.
 Determine sampling strategy based on the
target population. Consider whether a
random sample, stratified sample,
convenience sample, or other sampling
technique is most appropriate.
 Summarize the result of the data analysis
and prevent the key finding of the case
study. Use tables, charts, graphs, and
narrative descriptions to effectively
communicate the results. Relate finding
back to the research questions and
objective of study
 By following this procedure, the case
study can be conducted systematically,
 ensuring rigorous data collection, valuable
insights into kidney stone and its
implications.

OBSERVATIONS:
 The result of a study attempting to find out
whether there is a constant decline in the
function of the kidney after occurrence of
first kidney stone have proved positives in
developing chronic kidney disease.

 In the study that analyzed the urine

samples of children with hypercalciuria (HC)
and without HC, it was found that there
was an increase in phosphaturia,
magnesuria, uricosuria, citraturia, and
 natriuresis among HC children without no
lithiasis.
 Research has proved the stone growth is
dependent on the urine that is
supersaturated in pelvic region.
 Studies has also been done to distinguish
between uric acid and non uric acid kidney
stones. The result have shown that uric acid
and non uric acid stones displayed unique
shapes.
 A research on the quality of life of patients
with kidney stone was conducted. Most of
the patients reported a lower quality of life;
general health was considerably poor in
kidney stone patients.
STATISTICS ON GRAPH OF 2022
The given graph shows the state-centric
concentration of kidney stone cases in
India. Statistically, around 15% of the
north Indians are prone to this
condition than south Indian citizen.
RESULT:
Research has proved that stone
growth is dependent on the urine that
is supersaturated in the pelvic region.
Studies has also been done to
distinguish between uric acid and non-
uric acid kidney stone. The result
shown that uric acid and non-uric acid
stones displayed unique shapes.
CONCLUSION :
Renal calculi are a
common cause of blood in the urine
(hematuria) and pain in the abdomen,
flank, or groin. They occur in one of 11
people at some times in their lifetimes
with affected 2 to 1 over women.
Development of the stones is related
to decreased urine volume or
increased excretion of stone-forming
components such as calcium, oxalate,
uric acid, xanthine, and phosphate.
BIBLIOGRAPHY :
www.google.com
www.urologyhealth.com
www.kidneyfund.org
www.wikipedia.com
www.chatgpt.com
Information from the respective
Doctor and Hospital.
Information from the respective
Scan Center.