2 3 2 3 2 3

1 1 0 1 3 0 0 1
A= 4 2 1 1 0 5, B= 4 0 2 0 5, C= 4 1 5,
1 1 3 1 0 0 1 2
2 3
0 0 0 0
⇥ ⇤ ⇥ ⇤ 6 0 0 0 0 7
D= 3 1 4 1 , E= 2 , F = 6
4 0 0 0
7,
0 5
0 0 0 0
2 3 2 3
1 4 0 0 0 
1 0
G= 4 2 5 5, H= 4 1 0 0 5 I= 0 1
.
3 6 2 4 0

M2⇥3 (R)
  
3 1 0 1 0 4 0 0 1
A= 1 1 1
, B= 1 2 1
C= 2 2 1
.

A+B+C
2A + 2C + 2B
A B
2A 3(B + C)
M3⇥3 (R)
2 3 2 3
1 0 0 1 1 1
A= 4 0 1 0 5 B= 4 1 1 1 5,
0 0 1 1 1 1

X 2 M3⇥3 (R)

X + A = 2(X B).
2 3
⇥ ⇤ 0
A= 1 2 1 2 M1⇥3 (R) B= 4 1 5 2 M3⇥1 (R)
3
AB BA

2 3
 1 1 
⇥ ⇤ 2 1 1 1 1
A= 1 2 , B= 0 2
, C= 4 0 1 5 D= 1 1 0
.
2 0
 AB
BA
CD
DC

  
4 2 1 1 0 3
A= 2 1
, B= 2 2
, C= 3 0
2 M2⇥2 (R).

AB 6= BA
AB = 0 A 6= 0 B 6= 0
BA = CA A 6= 0 B 6= C

D, D0 2 Mn⇥n (K) DD0

(DD0 ) 0
ii = dii dii i = 1, . . . , n DD0 = D0 D

A 2 Mm⇥n (K) B 2 Mn⇥p (K)

A i AB i
B k AB k
A i j i 6= j AB i j
B k l k 6= l AB k l

A 2 M4⇥4 (K) B 2 M4⇥4 (K)

A+B
M4⇥4 (K)


0 1
(A + B)2 (A B)2 A2 B2 A= 0 1
,B=

1 1
0 0
2 M2⇥2 (R)

(A + B)2 6= A2 + 2AB + B 2
(A B)2 6= A2 2AB + B 2
A2 B 2 6= (A B)(A + B)

D 2 Mn⇥n (K) Dk k2N

A 2 Mn⇥n (K)

A A
A i j i 6= j A
2 3
1 1 2
A 2 M3⇥3 (R) A 1 =4 0 1 3 5.
4 2 1
2 3
1 2
B AB = 4 0 1 5 2 M3⇥2 (R)
4 1
 C AC = A + 2I3

2 3 2 3
 1 2 1 2 3
0 0
A= 0 0
, B= 4 2 3 5, C= 4 2 0 4 5,
0 0 3 4 5
2 3 2 3
1 2 3 0 2 3 
0 0 0
D= 4 2 0 4 5, E= 4 2 0 4 5 F = 0 0 0
3 4 1 3 4 0

 
0 2 3i 1 i
A = In , B = 2 3i 0
, C= i 2
,
2 3 2 3
0 i 2 0 i 2
D=4 i 0 0 5 E= 4 i 0 1 + 2i 5.
2 0 0 2 1 2i 1

2 3
1 0 0
4 0 1 1 5
0 0 1
2 3
2 0 0
4 0 1 0 5
0 0 1
2 3
0 1 0
4 0 0 1 5
1 0 0
2 3
1 0 0
4 0 1 0 5
0 0 0

In

A 2 M3⇥5 (K) A
A

1 3
1 6
1
3 2 5

2 32 3
0 1 0 a b c d
4 1 0 0 54 e f g h 5
0 0 1 i j k l
2 32 32 3
5 0 0 0 1 0 a b c d
4 0 1 0 54 1 0 0 54 e f g h 5
0 0 1 0 0 1 i j k l
 2 3
2 3 1 0 0 0
a b c d 6
0 1 0 0 7
4 e f g h 56
4 0
7
0 1 3 5
i j k l
0 0 0 1
2 3
  1 0 0
2 0 a b c 4 0 1 5 5
0 1 d e f
0 0 1

2 3
1 0 0
4 0 5 0 5
0 0 1
2 3
0 0 1
4 0 1 0 5
1 0 0
2 3
1 0 0
4 0 1 0 5
3 0 1

In
2 3
0 0 0
6 5 1 4 7
6 7
4 0 1 3 5
0 0 2
⇥ ⇤
0 5 0 0
2 3
0 1 0
4 0 0 1 5
0 0 1

2 3
1 2 1
4 2 1 0 5
1 0 1
2 3
2 4 2 6 0
4 4 8 4 7 5 5
2 4 2 1 5
2 3
2 2 1
4 2 2 1 5
1 1 2

⇥ ⇤
0 0 0 1 5
2 3
0 1 0 1 1
4 0 0 1 1 1 5
0 0 0 0 0
2 3
0 1 2 5 0
4 0 0 0 1 1 5
0 0 0 0 0
⇥ ⇤
0 1 2 5
2 3
1
4 0 5
0

2 3
1 2 1
4 2 1 0 5
1 0 1
2 3
2 4 2 6 0
4 4 8 4 7 5 5
2 4 2 1 5
2 3
2 2 1
4 2 2 1 5
1 1 2

 
1 1 1 0 1 0
0 0 2 1 1 0
 
1 2 3 1 2 1
2 4 5 1 2 0

 
2 0 0 1 2 0
A= 1 1 0
B= 1 2 0

A !B
(linhas)

B !A
(linhas)

2 3
2 3 2 1 0
0 1 0 1 1 6 1 1 2 7
A1 = 4 2 3 0 2 1 5, A2 = 6
4 3 1
7,
1 5
2 1 0 1 1
1 1 0
2 3 2 3
1 4 2 2 1 1
A3 = 4 2 3 1 5 A4 = 4 0 0 1 5.
1 1 1 1 1 2

Ai i = 1, 2, 3, 4
↵
2 3
2 3 1 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 6 1 1 0 1 7
A↵ = 4 1 1 0 1 5, B↵ = 6
4 ↵ 1 1
7,
0 5
↵ 1 1 2
0 1 ↵ 1
2 3
2 3 ↵ 0 1
0 0 ↵ 6 1 0 0 7
C↵, = 4 0 2 5 D↵, = 6
4 1 1 1
7.
1 5
3 0 1
1 1 0 1

 
1 2 0 1
4 8 1 2

↵2R
2 3
1 2 1
4 1 4 2 5 2 M3⇥3 (R)
2 4 7+↵
 ↵ ↵, 2R
2 3
1 2 1
4 1 ↵+3 2 5 2 M3⇥3 (R)
2 4


1 1
A= 2 0
2 M2⇥2 (R)

A A 1

A 1 A

2 3 2 3
3 1 0 1 1 0
A= 4 1 2 1 5 2 M3⇥3 (R), B = 4 2 1 2 5 2 M3⇥3 (R),
2 1 1 0 1 1

2 3
 1 1 1 2
1 1+i 6 2 2 1 1 7
C= i 1
2 M2⇥2 (C) D=6
4 1 1 0
7
1 5
2 M4⇥4 (R).
2 0 2 2

2 3 2 3
1 1 2 1 1
A= 4 2 2 2 2 5 2 M3⇥4 (R), B=4 4 5 2 M3⇥1 (R)
0 0 6 4 6

(S) AX = B

( 1, 1, 1, 3) (S)
(1, 0, 1, 0) (S)

(S) AX = B
2 3
1 0 1
6 2 4 3 7
A=6
4 1 0
7
2 5
2 M4⇥3 (R)
3 4 2

(1, 2, 3) (S)

x 1 , x 2 , x3 R

8
> x1 + x2 x3 = 0 8
>
< < 2x1 + x2 = 1
2x1 + x2 = 1
(S1 ) (S2 ) x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 2
>
> x x3 = 1 :
: 1 x1 + 4x2 + x3 = 3
2x1 + x2 2x3 = 1
⇢
x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 1
(S3 )
2x1 + 4x2 + 2x3 = 3
 AX = B

A (A) ([A | B])

3⇥3
3⇥3
3⇥3
5⇥7
5⇥7
6⇥2
4⇥4

C k

⇢
x y=1
3x 3y = k

x, y R

2 3
3 2 1
A= 4 2 0 2 5 2 M3⇥3 (R) A 1
1 1 1
x, y, z R

8
< 3x + 2y z = ↵
2x 2z = , ↵, , 2 R.
:
x+y+z =

x 1 , x2 , x3 R
 8
> 5x1 2x2 + x3 = 1 8
>
> > x1 + 2x3 = 1
>
< 6x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 0 >
<
x1 + 2x2 = 1
(S1 ) 4x1 2x2 + 3x3 = 2 (S2 )
>
> >
> 2x2 + 2x3 = 0
>
> 2x1 + 4x3 = 2 :
: x1 2x3 = 1
6x1 3x2 + 2x3 = 1
8
8 >
> 2x1 x2 + x3 = 1
>
>
< x1 + x2 + 2x3 = 1 < x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 0
(S3 ) 2x1 x2 + x3 = 1 (S4 ) x1 3x2 = 1
: >
>
3x2 + 3x3 = 0 > 4x1 2x2 + 2x3 = 2
>
:
2x1 + x2 x3 = 1
8
8 > x1 + x2 + x3 = 1
< x1 + 2x2 = 1 >
<
2x1 + x2 = 0
(S5 ) x1 + x2 = 1 (S6 )
: >
> x + x3 = 2
x1 + x2 = 1 : 2
x1 x3 = 1
8
< x1 + x2 x3 = 0
(S7 ) 2x1 + x2 = 1
:
x1 x3 = 1

↵2R 2R x, y, z
R 8
< x+y z =1
x ↵y + z = 1 .
:
x y + (↵ + 1)z = 2

↵
↵=0 =1

↵2R 2R x, y, z
R 8
< x + ↵y + z = 1
(S↵, ) ↵( 1)y = ↵ .
:
x + ↵y + z = 2

↵
S2,2
S2,2
S2,2


1 1
A= 1 2
2 M2⇥2 (R)
 
1 2
B= 2 1
2 M2⇥2 (R)

1 i
C= i 1
2 M2⇥2 (C)
2 3
0 a a2
A= 4 a 1 0 a 5 2 M3⇥3 (R) a 6= 0 A
a 2 a 1 0

2 3
1 0 3
A=4 1 2 4 5 2 M3⇥3 (R)
3 1 2

b
a11
b
a32
b
a23

2 3
1 1 0
A= 4 2 1 1 5 2 M3⇥3 (R)
1 1 1
2 3
1 0 i
B= 4 0 0 2 5 2 M3⇥3 (C)
i 2 1
2 3
1 0 1 0
6 2 0 2 1 7
C= 6 7 2 M4⇥4 (R)
4 1 1 1 1 5
3 3 6 6

2R 2 3
3 3 2
A =4 0 2 2 5.
0 3 3

det A = 0
2 3
a b c
A=4 d e f 5 2 M3⇥3 (R) det A =
g h i

d e f
g h i
a b c
3a 3b 3c
d e f
4g 4h 4i
a+g b+h c+i
d e f
g h i
3a 3b 3c
d e f
g 4d h 4e i 4f
b e h
a d g
c f i

k2R
2 3
1 0 1 0
6 2 1 1 k 7
Bk = 6
4 0 k k
7
k 5
2 M4⇥4 (R).
1 1 1 2

k det Bk = 2
 t2R 2 3
1 t 1
At = 4 2 4 2 5 2 M3⇥3 (R).
3 7 t+3

t At

A, B, C 2 Mn⇥n (R) det A = 2 det B = 5 det C = 4 det (AB > C)

det (3B) det B 2 C

A, B 2 Mn⇥n (K)

det (AB) = det (BA)

AB A B

⇥ ⇤ 0
A= 1 2 2 M1⇥2 (R) B= 1
2 M2⇥1 (R)

det (AB) 6= det (BA)

A 2 Mn⇥n (K) A2 = A det A 2 {0, 1}.

2 3
1 1 1 1 2 3
6 0 2 1 1
2 4 4 7
A= 6
4 1 3 1
7
1 5
2 M4⇥4 (R) B= 4 1 1 1 5 2 M3⇥3 (R).
1 0 2
0 0 2 0

det A det B
A B

AX = 0
BX = 0
2 3
4 3 3
A= 4 1 0 1 5 2 M3⇥3 (R) adj A = A
4 4 3

2 3
3 1 2
A = 4 1 2 1 5 2 M3⇥3 (R)
2 2 2

cos ↵ sen ↵
V↵ = sen ↵ cos ↵
, ↵ 2R

z w
A= w z
2 M2⇥2 (C) z 6= 0 w 6= 0

2 3 2 3
1 2 3 14
A=4 0 2 1 5 2 M3⇥3 (R), B=4 7 5 2 M3⇥1 (R)
1 1 1 6

(S) AX = B

det A (S)
(S)
 k2R
2 3
1 k 1
Ak = 4 0 k k 5 2 M3⇥3 (R).
k k k

k Ak
k= 1
2 3
1
AX = 4 0 5
0

R2

(a1 , a2 ) + (b1 , b2 ) = (a1 + b1 , a2 + b2 )

↵(a1 , a2 ) = (↵a1 , 0),

(a1 , a2 ), (b1 , b2 ) 2 R2 ↵2R (R2 , +, ·)

R

0E

E = R4
E = M2⇥3 (R)
E = R3 [x]

E K ↵, 2K u, v 2 E

↵u = ↵v ↵ 6= 0 u=v
↵u = u u 6= 0E ↵=

F1 = (a, b) 2 R2 : a 0 R2
F2 = {(0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 0)} R3
F3 = (a, b, c) 2 R3 : 2a = b ^ c = 0 R3
F4 = (a, b, c) 2 R3 : 2a = b R3

Mn⇥n (K) Mn⇥n (K)

 n Mn⇥n (K)

Mn⇥n (K) Mn⇥n (K)

F = (a, b, c, d) 2 R4 : a 2b = 0 ^ b + c = 0 R4
n o
a b
G= c d
2 M 2⇥2 (R) : a 2b = 0 ^ b + c = 0 M2⇥2 (R)

H = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d 2 R3 [x] : a 2b = 0 ^ b + c = 0 R3 [x]

n o
a a+b
G= b 0
: a, b 2 R G M2⇥2 (R)
G

(a, b, c) 2 R3 : a c = 0 R3
n o
a b
c d
2 M 2⇥2 (R) : a + d = 0 M2⇥2 (R)

ax3 + bx2 + cx + d 2 R3 [x] : a 2c + d = 0 R3 [x]

E K u 1 , u2 , u3 2 E

S = (u1 , u2 , u3 )

S 0 = (u1 , u1 + u2 , u1 + u2 + u3 )

S = (u1 , u2 , u3 )

S 00 = (u1 u 2 , u2 u 3 , u1 + u 3 )

S 000 = (u1 u 2 , u2 u 3 , u1 u3 )

⌦ ↵
R3 F = (2, 3, 3) F
n o
a a+b
G= b 0
: a, b 2 R M2⇥2 (R)
G

R3
D E
F = (1, 2, 1), (2, 1, 3), (0, 1, 1) .
 (1, 2, 1), (2, 1, 3), (0, 1, 1) F
F

M2⇥2 (R)
⇣    ⌘
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
B= 0 0
, 0 0
, 1 0
, 1 1

⇣    ⌘
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
B0 = 0 0
, 0 0
, 1 0
, 0 1
.

4 3
2 1
B B0

a b
c d
2 M2⇥2 (R) B
B0

F = (a, b, c, d) 2 R4 : a c=0 ^ a b+d=0

D E
G = (1, 1, 0, 1), (2, 1, 2, 1) .

F \G

R4

F = (a, b, c, d) 2 R4 : a b=0 ^ a=b+d ,

G = (a, b, c, d) 2 R4 : b c=0 ^ d=0

D E
H = (1, 0, 0, 3), (2, 0, 0, 1) .

F
G
F +G
F +H

M2⇥2 (R)
n o n o
a b 0 0
F = 0 0
: a, b 2 R G= c d
: c, d 2 R .

M2⇥2 (R) = F G

4 5
A= 0 6
A F G
A G F

R3
D E D E
F = (1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 2) G = (1, ↵, 3) .
 ↵

dim(F + G) = 3.

R3 = F G ↵ 2 R \ { 2}

R3
⇣ ⌘
Sk = (1, 0, 2), ( 1, 2, 3), ( 1, 4, k) .

k Sk R3
⌦ ↵
R4 F = (1, 0, 1, 0), ( 1, 1, 0, 1), (1, 1, 2, 1) .

F
(1, 2, 3, 2) 2 F
R4 F

M3⇥1 (R)
2 3 2 3! 2 3 2 3 2 3!
1 1 1 1 2
S1 = 4 1 5, 4 1 5 S2 = 4 1 5 , 4 1 5, 4 0 5 .
1 0 1 0 1

Si i = 1, 2

⌦ ↵
F = 2x3 + 2x2 2x, x3 + 2x2 x 1, x3 + x + 5, x3 + 3, 2x3 + 2x2 x+2 R3 [x]
D    E
1 1 1 1 2 3 4 1
G= 1 1
, 1 0
, 1 1
, 3 2
M2⇥2 (R)

R4 [x]

F = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + a4 x4 2 R4 [x] : 2a0 + 2a1 + a4 = 0 ^ a0 + a1 + 5a4 = 0 .

F
R4 [x] F
G R4 [x]

dim(F + G) = 4 dim(F \ G) = 1.

R4
D E
F = (0, 1, 0, 1), (1, 2, 1, 2), (1, 1, 1, 1), (1, 2, 3, 4)

D E
Gt = (1, 1, 0, 1), (1, 0, 1, 1), (t, 2, 1, 1) .

t dim Gt = 2
t F + Gt
F \ Gt
 f : R3 ! R2 (x, y, z) 2 R3

f (x, y, z) = (y, 0)
f (x, y, z) = (x 1, y)
f (x, y, z) = (xy, 0)
f (x, y, z) = (x, |z|)

g : Mm⇥n (K) ! Mn⇥m (K)

g(A) = A> ,

A 2 Mm⇥n (K) g

f : R3 ! M2⇥2 (R)

0 0
f (0, 0, 0) = 0 0

f (2, 4, 2) = 2f (1, 2, 1)
f ( 3, 1, 2) = f ( 2, 0, 1) + f ( 1, 1, 1)

f : R 3 ! R2
f (a, b, c) = (2a, b + 1),
(a, b, c) 2 R3
g : R2 [x] ! M2⇥2 (R)

c b
g(ax2 + bx + c) = a+b 2
,

ax2 + bx + c 2 R2 [x]

f : R3 ! R2
f (x, y, z) = (y, z),
(x, y, z) 2 R3
g : M2⇥2 (R) ! R3
⇣ ⌘
a b
g c d
= (2a, c + d, 0),

a b
c d
2 M2⇥2 (R)
h : R3 ! R2 [x]
h(a, b, c) = (a + b)x2 + c,
(a, b, c) 2 R3
t : R3 [x] ! M2⇥2 (R)

a c 0
t(ax3 + bx2 + cx + d) = 0 b+d
,

ax3 + bx2 + cx + d 2 R3 [x]

f : R3 ! R3 f (a, b, c) = (2a, b + c, b c),

(a, b, c) 2 R3

2a b+c
g : R2 [x] ! M2⇥2 (R) g(ax2 + bx + c) = 0 a+b c
,
ax2 + bx + c 2 R2 [x]

f : R5 ! R8 dim Im f = 4
g : R3 [x] ! R3 [x] dim Im g = 1
h:R !R
6 3 h
t : M3⇥3 (R) ! M3⇥3 (R) t
f : R7 ! R3
3
f : R5 ! R3 n(f ) (f )
(n(f ), (f ))

f : R 3 ! R3
f (a, b, c) = (2a, b + c, b c),
(a, b, c) 2 R3
g : M2⇥2 (R) ! R3 [x]
⇣ ⌘
a b
g c d
= (a + d)x3 + 2ax2 + (b c)x + (a + c),

a b
c d
2 M2⇥2 (R)

⌦ ↵
f : R4 ! R 4 Im f = (1, 0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 2, 0) dim Ker f = 2.
⌦ ↵
g : R 4 ! R3 Ker g = (0, 1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1, 1) (1, 1, 1) 2 Im g.
⌦ ↵
h : R3 ! R4 Im h = (1, 2, 0, 4), (2, 0, 1, 3) .
f : R 3 ! R2
f (x, y, z) = (y, z),
(x, y, z) 2 R3 g : M2⇥2 (R) ! R3
⇣ ⌘
a b
g c d
= (2a, c + d, 0),

a b
c d
2 M2⇥2 (R)
 M(f ; B, B 0 )
⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘
B = (1, 2, 3), (0, 2, 1), (0, 0, 3) B 0 = (0, 2), ( 1, 0) .

M(g; B 00 , b. c.R3 )
⇣    ⌘
1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0
B 00 = 0 1
, 3 1
, 2 1
, 1 0
.

B B0 R4 R3 f : R4 ! R 3
2 3
1 2 1 1
0
M(f ; B, B ) = 4 0 1 1 0 5.
1 0 1 1

f
f : R3 ! R2
f (a, b, c) = (a + b, b + c),
(a, b, c) 2 R3 R3
⇣ ⌘
B1 = b. c.R3 , B2 = (0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1), (1, 0, 0)

R2
⇣ ⌘
B10 = b. c.R2 , B20 = (1, 1), (1, 0) .

f (1, 2, 3)
M (f ; B1 , B10 ) f (1, 2, 3)
M (f ; B2 , B10 ) f (1, 2, 3)
M (f ; B1 , B20 ) f (1, 2, 3)
M (f ; B2 , B20 ) f (1, 2, 3)
R3
⇣ ⌘
B1 = (1, 1, 0), ( 1, 1, 1), (0, 1, 0) , B2 = b. c.R3

⇣ ⌘
B3 = (1, 1, 1), (0, 1, 1), (0, 0, 1) .

B1 B2
B2 B1
B1 B3
f : R3 ! R2

1 1 0
M (f ; b. c.R3 , b. c.R2 ) = 0 1 1
.

⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘
B = (0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 1), (1, 0, 0) B 0 = (1, 1), (1, 0)

R3 R2
M (f ; B, b. c.R2 )
M (f ; b. c.R3 , B 0 )
M (f ; B, B 0 )
E B 0 = (u1 , u2 , u3 ) E
f : R5 ! E

f (a, b, c, d, e) = ( b c + d)u1 + (2a + b + 3c 3d)u2 + (b + c d)u3 ,

a, b, c, d, e 2 R
M(f ; b. c.R5 , B 0 )
Im f
R5

v1 = (2, 2, 0, 2, 2), v2 = ( 1, 1, 1, 0, 1) v3 = (0, 0, 0, 0, 1).

(v1 , v2 , v3 ) Ker f
R5 v1 v2 v3
B M(f ; B, B 0 )

f : R 3 ! R3

f (a, b, c) = (a + b, b, 2c),

(a, b, c) 2 R3 u1 = (2, 0, 0) u2 = (0, 0, 7) u3 = (0, 0, 0)

u1 u2 u3 f


1 0
A= 1 2
2 M2⇥2 (R).
 
1 0
1 2
A

 
↵ 0
↵ ↵
↵ 2 R \ {0}

↵ A 2 Mn⇥n (C) ↵ A
A 2 Mn⇥n (K) A2 = A
A {0, 1}
{0, 1}

2 3
2 i 0
A= 4 i 2 0 5 2 M3⇥3 (C)
0 0 3
  
0 1 2 1
A= 1 0
, B= 5 2
2 M2⇥2 (K).

K=R A
K=C A
A B
2 3
0 2 0
A=4 2 0 0 5 2 M3⇥3 (R).
0 0 3

A
A

A 2 Mn⇥n (K)

↵ A ↵ 6= 0 ↵ 1 A 1

X 2 Mn⇥1 (K) A ↵ X
A 1 ↵ 1

f : R3 ! R3

f (a, b, c) = ( b c, 2a + b c, 4a + 2b + 4c),

(a, b, c) 2 R3 f

 
2 1 5 0
A= 0 2
, B= 4 1
2 M2⇥2 (R).

A B
DA A DB B
2 3
2 5 2
A = 4 0 3 0 5 2 M3⇥3 (R) A
2 1 2
A A

2 3
3 2 0
A=4 4 3 0 5 2 M3⇥3 (R).
4 2 1

A
A
A
P 2 M3⇥3 (R) D
1
P AP = D.

f R3 B = (e1 , e2 , e3 ) R3
2 3
3 2 0
M (f ; B, B) = 4 4 3 0 5,
4 2 1
 f
B0 R3 f
M (f ; B 0 , B 0 ) B0

2 3 2 3
1 0 1 0 1 0
A= 4 1 2 1 5, B= 4 0 0 1 5 2 M3⇥3 (R).
2 2 3 1 3 3

A
B
P 2 M3⇥3 (R) P 1 AP

P 1 AP

A 2 M3⇥3 (R)
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 23 2 3
1 2 0 0 0 0
A4 2 5 = 4 4 5, A4 1 5 = 4 0 5 A4 0 5 = 4 0 5.
3 6 2 0 1 2

A
A
A

R3

F = (x, y, z) 2 R3 : x + 2y + z = 0 .

f : R3 ! R3 (1, 1, 0) f
2
f (a, b, c) = (0, 0, 0),
(a, b, c) 2 F

B = (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 3), (1, 0, 1) R3

f
0 f mg(0) = ma(0)
M(f ; B, b. c.R3 )

B E F H I E F I
⇥ 4 1 5 ⇤
B E F H I 21 1
⇥ 8 2 10
⇤
B E F I 42 2
 ⇥2 ⇤ h1 0 0i
1 4
2 1 0 010
⇥ 3 2 15 ⇤ 301
11 2 2
2 3
3 2 2
X= 4 2 3 2 5
2 2 3
h0 0 0
i
AB = [ 1] BA = 12 1
36 3
h1 2 1i
[2 5] 011
001

h i h2 4 2 6 0
i
2 2 1
1 10 00 0 55
2 2 2 00 0 0 0
⇥1 2 ⇤
1 2 h1 1 2i
005
D = diag (d1 , . . . , dn ) 000

Dk = diag d1 k , . . . , dn k
h9 5i
12 4
8 11
h3 2 4i
C = I3 + 2A 1 = 036
843

A C h1 0 0i
010
A E
h 01 02 1 1 0 3
i
A E 0 0 0 1 1
h 01 0
1 0
0 0 0
i
B 0 0 1
0 0 0

( 12 l1 , l2 + ( 1)l1 , l1 + 2l2 , 4l2 ,

l2 + ( 1)l1 )
h0 0 1i
010
100 (l2 + l1 , 14 l2 , l1 + ( 2)l2 , l2 + l1 , 2l1 )
h6 0 0i
0
0
10
01
(A1 ) = 3 (A2 ) = 3
 (A3 ) = 2 (A4 ) = 3
1 0 0
0 1 0 ⇢
1
0 5
1 2, ↵=2
 (A↵ ) =
e f g h 3, ↵ 6= 2
a b c d
i j k l
⇢
 3, ↵=2
(B↵ ) =
5e 5f 5g 5h 4, ↵ 6= 2
a b c d ⇢
i j k l
 2, ↵=0 =0
a b c d+3c (C↵, ) =
e f g h+3g
3, ↵ 6= 0 6= 0
i j k l+3k ⇢
h i 3, =0 ↵2R
(D↵, ) =
2a 2b 2c 10b
d e f 5e
4, 6= 0 ↵2R

1 0 0
1 ([ 14 28 ]) = 1 ([ 01 12 ]) = 2
0 5
0
0
h0
0 1
i ↵ 2 R \ { 5}
01
0
1
10
00
↵ 2 R \ { 1} 2 R \ {2}
  h i
1 3 1 2
0 1 1
2
1 B = 5
21 2
1 2 21 3
1
⇥ i 1+i
⇤
h i⇥ C = 1 i
1 1 0 1 0
⇤ 0
A = [ 10 11 ] 0 12 21 2 4 1
⇥ ⇤ D 1 = 1 1 1 5 1
A= [ 12 01 ] [ 10 02 ] 10 11 2 1 1 3 0
1 1 1 0

C=;
C = {3}

1 3
4↵+ 8 + 12 , 12 + , 1
4↵
1
8 + 12 :
↵, , 2 R}
h1i  2
B=A 2 = 19 (S1 )
3 5
17 (S1 )
x y z 3 7 4
R 5, 5, 5
8
>
> x z= 2 (S2 )
<
2x + 4y + 3z = 19 (S2 )
>
> x + 2z = 5 {( 1 + 2↵, ↵, ↵) : ↵ 2 R}
:
3x + 4y + 2z = 17
(S3 )
(S1 )
(S4 )
(S1 )
(S4 )
{(1, 1, 0)} 2 3 1 1
5 5 ↵, 5 5 ↵, ↵ :↵2R
(S2 )
(S5 )
(S2 )
1
+ 17 ↵, 57 2
↵, ↵ : ↵ 2 R (S5 )
7 7
{(1, 0, ↵) : ↵ 2 R}
(S3 )
(S6 )
(S7 )
(S7 )
{(1 ↵, 1 + 2↵, ↵) : ↵ 2 R}

↵ 6= 0 ↵ 6= 1 2R
↵=1 2R 1
↵=0 6= 1
↵=0 =1 1
⇢
x 2z = 1
y z= 4 {(1 + , 0, ) : 2 R}
⇢
x y + 2z = 0
↵ 6= 0 6= 1
2x 2y + 4z = 0
↵=0 =1 2
↵=0 6= 1 1
0x + 0y + 0z = 0 ↵ 6= 0 =1
C = R \ {3} (5, 1, 3)
 1 t 2 R \ {0, 2}
3
|AB > C| = 40
0 |3B| = 3n ( 5)
2 |B 2 C| = ( 5)2 · 4

0 |A| = 32
7 |B| = 0
1| 1
1 |A = 32

1
4 " 3 #
1 1 2
3 A 1 = 0 1 1
2
5
1 2 2
{0, 1, 3} 1 cos ↵ sen ↵
V↵ =[ sen ↵ cos ↵ ] = V ↵
1 1
⇥ z w⇤
A = |z|2 +|w|2 w z
12
|A| = 3
3 (1, 2, 3)

k 2 R \ {0, 3}
1 1
k 2 { 2, 1} (1, 2, 2)

(0, 0, 0, 0) (1, 1, 1, 1) B
[ 00 00 00 ] (4, 3, 2, 1) b. c.R4
0x3 + 0x2 + 0x + 0 (a b, b c, c d, d) B
(a, b, c, d) b. c.R4

(2, 1, 2, 1)

(1, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0)

⌦ ⇥ 0 1
⇤↵
G = [ 10 10 ] , 10 (1, 0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 1, 0)
(1, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0)
(1, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0, 0)
⇥ 10
⇤
0 1 , [ 00 10 ] , [ 01 00 ] (1, 1, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0, 3),
(2, 0, 0, 1)
x2 , 2x3 + x, x3 + 1 A F G
(2, 3, 3) ( 4, 6, 6) [ 40 50 ]
⇥ ⇤ A G F
[ 10 10 ] , 0 1
10 [ 00 06 ]
(1, 2, 1), (0, 1, 1) R \ { 2}

R \ { 4}
 (1, 0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1, 1) 1 + x, x2 , x3

(1, 0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1, 1), (0, 0, 1, 0), 1, 1 + x, x2 , x3 , x4

(0, 0, 0, 1) ⌦ ↵
S1 G = x3 , x 4
S2
dim F = 3
t=1
x3 + x2 x, x2 1, x + 2
dim G = 3 (1, 2, 1, 2), (1, 1, 1, 1),
⇥2 ⇤ (1, 2, 3, 4), (1, 1, 0, 1)
[ 11 11 ] , [ 11 10 ] , 3 dim(F \ Gt ) = 1
1 1

n(h) = 3
n(t) = 0
(2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1), (5, 0)

Ker f = {(a, 0, 0) : a 2 R}
f (0, 1, 1, 0) = (0, 0, 0)
f (1, 1, 1, 1) = (0, 0, 0)
Ker f (1, 0, 0)
f (0, 0, 1, 0) = (1, 1, 1)
Im f (1, 0), (0, 1)
⇥ 0 b⇤ f (0, 0, 0, 1) = (1, 1, 0)
Ker g = d d : b, d 2 R
⇥ ⇤ f (1, 0, 0) = (1, 2, 0, 4)
Ker g [ 00 10 ] , 01 01 f (0, 1, 0) = (2, 0, 1, 3)
Im g (2, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) f (0, 0, 1) = (0, 0, 0, 0)
h 3 1 3i
Ker h = {( b, b, 0) : b 2 R} 2 2 2
2 2 0
h2 0 0 0i
Ker h ( 1, 1, 0) 1411
0000
Im h x2 , 1
Ker t = (M(f ; B, B 0 )) = 2 = dim Im f 6= dim R3
ax3 + bx2 + ax b : a, b 2 R f
(3, 5)
Ker t x3 + x, x2 1 [ 10 11 01 ]
Im t ([ 10 00 ] , [ 00 01 ]) [ 11 11 10 ]
⇥0 1 1 ⇤
Ker f = {(0, 0, 0)} 10 1
[ 10 10 01 ]
h 1 1 0i
Ker g = 0x2 + 0x + 0 1 1 1
h 100 10
1
i
00 1
n(f ) = 1 h 111 01 0 i
n(g) = 3 2 2 1
1 2 1
 [ 11 11 10 ]
⇥0 1 1 ⇤
10 1 (2, 2, 0, 2, 2), ( 1, 1, 1, 0, 1) ,
[ 10 10 01 ] (0, 0, 0, 0, 1), (0, 1, 0, 0, 0),
h0 1 1 1 0i (0, 0, 0, 1, 0)
2 1 3 30
0 1 1 10 h0 0 0 1 1 i
(u1 u 3 , u2 ) 000 1 3
000 1 1

u1 ⇣h i h 0 i⌘
1
1 M 1 2 , 0
u2 ⇣h 1
0i⌘ 1

2 M1 1
1
u3 h 1 0 1
i
⇥ ⇤ P = 20 1
1 h 1 0 0
i 0 1 1
1
D= 0 10
1 0 0 1
[ 02 ]
f 1 1
2
↵
[ ↵]
1 B = (e1 2e2 , e3 , e1 e2 + e3 )
h 1 0 0i
[ ↵0 ] M (f ; B, B) = 0 1 0
2 0 0 1
h0 2 1i
A 1 2 3
012
001 ma(1) = ma(2) = ma(3) = 1
A 3 1 B 1
ma(3) = 2 ma(1) = 1 ma(1) = 3

A h i
1 2 1
ma(3) = 1 1 1 1
0 2 2
f 1 2 A 0 2
⌦ ↵
E1 = ( 1, 1, 2) mg(0) = 1 mg(2) = 2
⌦ ↵ h0 0 0i
E2 = ( 1, 2, 0), ( 1, 0, 2) 0 20
⇥ ⇤ 0 02
DA = 02 20 DB = [ 50 01 ] h2 0 0
i
4 0 0
8 42
A 1 1 h 2 00
i
ma( 1) = 2 ma(1) = 1 200
0 00