3.

11 Brittle Structure
3.56 Sigma Phase embrittlement
3.1 885 °F (475 °C) embrittlement
3.63 temper embrittlement
strain-aging
3.6
embrittlement
3.66 titanium hydriding
3.40 Hydrogen Embrittlement
3.42 Liquid Metal Embrittlement
3.23 Creep and Stress Rupture
3.43 Mechanical Fatigue
Corrosion Fatigue
3.21

Thermal Fatigue
3.64 Thermal Fatigue

Thermal Shock
3.65 Thermal Shock
Ammonium Bisulfide Corrosion (Alkaline Sour Water)
3.5 Ammonium Bisulfide Corrosion (Alkaline Sour Water)

Atmospheric Corrosion
3.8 Atmospheric Corrosion

CO2 Corrosion
3.18 CO2 Corrosion

Cooling Water Corrosion

3.20 Cooling Water Corrosion

Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)

3.22 Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)

Flue-Gas Dew-Point Corrosion

3.29 Flue-Gas Dew-Point Corrosion

Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Corrosion

3.37 Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) Corrosion

Hydrofluoric (HF) Acid Corrosion

3.38 Hydrofluoric (HF) Acid Corrosion

Microbiologically Induced Corrosion (MIC)

3.45 Microbiologically Induced Corrosion (MIC)

Naphthenic Acid Corrosion

3.46 Naphthenic Acid Corrosion

Phosphoric Acid Corrosion

3.51 Phosphoric Acid Corrosion

Soil Corrosion
3.57 Soil Corrosion

Sulfuric Acid Corrosion

3.62 Sulfuric Acid Corrosion

Erosion/Erosion-Corrosion
3.27 Erosion/Erosion-Corrosion

Cavitation
3.16 Cavitation

Amine Corrosion
3.2 Amine Corrosion

Aqueous Organic Acid Corrosion

3.6

3.9 Boil Water and Steam condensate Corroison

3.10. Brine Corrsion
3.19 Concentration Cell Corrosion
 Graphitization
ne Sour Water) 3.34 Graphitization

Carburization
3.13
Dealloying
3.25
Decarburization
3.25

Metal Dusting
3.44

Nitriding
3.47

Oxidation
3.48

Sulfidation
3.61

Softening ( Softening (Spheroidization)

3.59 Spheroidization (Softening)
 Amine Stress Corrosion Cracking
3.3

Ammonia Stress Corrosion Cracking

3.4

Carbonate Stress Corrosion Cracking

3.12

Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking

3.15

Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking

3.17

Ethanol Stress Corrosion Cracking

3.28

Spheroidization) Hydrogen Stress Cracking

zation (Softening) 3.41

Polythionic Acid Stress Corrosion Cracking

3.52

Wet H2S Damage (Blistering/HIC/SOHIC/SSC)

3.67

Dissimilar Metal Weld Cracking

3.26 Dissimilar Metal Weld Cracking

Reheat CraMechanical Fatigue

3.54 Reheat Cracking
 High Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTHA)
3.36

osion Cracking

osion Cracking

on Cracking

ion Cracking

on Cracking

s Corrosion Cracking

stering/HIC/SOHIC/SSC)

Metal Weld Cracking

 Category Mechanism

Corrosion 303 Amine Stress Corrosion Cracking

Corrosion 304 Ammonia Stress Corrosion Cracking
Corrosion 312 Carbonate Stress Corrosion Cracking
Corrosion 315 Caustic Stress Corrosion Cracking
Corrosion 317 Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking
Corrosion 328 Ethanol Stress Corrosion Cracking
Corrosion 339 Hydrofluoric Acid Stress Corrosion Cracking of Nickel Alloys
Corrosion 352 Polythionic Acid Stress Corrosion Cracking
CS and Alloy Steel
Cu-Zn Alloy, CS
CS, LAS
CS, LAS, 300, DSS
300, DSS
All CS (some concerns aluminum, copper and copper alloys, lead, and zinc)
Alloy 400, Alloy K500
300 SS, Alloy 600, Alloy 800(Austenitic alloys)
 Reason Temp

Nickel alloy
Nickel alloy
Temp Bad susceptibleless susceptible better CS 300 SS 400 SS
Low Alloy C-Mo Nickel Ti Critical Factor Affective Units
Apperance Prevention Inspection/
Monitoring
400SS 405,409,410,410S,430,446
DSS Alloys 2205, 2304, and 2507
Nickel Alloy 400, 800, and 825; Alloys 625 and C276
300

Steel cleanliness (level of S, P, and other impurity elements)

Micro-alloying elements like V, Cb (Nb), B, and Ti
ferritic materials such as carbon steel and low-alloy steels welded to austenitic stainless
steels
Alloy 20 is an austenitic stainless steel
Alloy 400 (UNS 04400)is a single phase, solid-solution nickel-copper alloy
All
Themetals, but
“L” (low mostly
carbon carbon grades
content) steel and copper alloys
of stainless steelsinare
refining
preferable
to straight grades to reduce the risk of sensitization and intergranular corrosion.
Alloy 600/600H and Alloy 800/800H/800HT
Alloy 617
Alloy B-2
Alloy 400
Alloy K500
Spheroid
HF
F C
-27
0
10
25
30
50
70
85
100 38
115
120 50
125
130
140
150 65
160
165
170
180
190
200
210
212
220 105
225
235
240
250
280
300
325
350 175
400 205
425
450 230
480
500
600 315
604
650
700
750
770
800
 825
840
850
875
885
900
915
930
940
950
960
985
1000 540
1025
1030
1050
1070
1100
1130
1150
1157
1175
1193
1200
1225
1275
1300
1320
1380
1400
1500
1650
1700
1900
1950
Applicable

For Phosphoric acid, 304L is okay to there, 321 is from there to 225F.

HCL dwpoint
Cl SCC start. Below it, 300 SS is okay in sour water below that temp.
Caustic corrosion rate increase above it. HF Alkylation below it. CS in HF service can loss thickness above it.
300 SS also can be caustic corrosion start at 160F and end in 210F.
Titanium hydriding occure at 165F above.

SCC occurs below 180F.

SSC occurs below 200F.

300 SS also can be caustic corrosion start at 160F and end in 210F.

Sulfuric Acid Dewpoint 280F

Blistering, HIC, SOHIC start ambient to this temp.

410 SS need the temp to restore toughness.

Sulfidation starts for iron-based alloy. Sigma SS Can use at normal temp but below it, lack of fracture toughness.
885 (475) Embrittlement, Nitriding 600-900

Temper embrittlement Start 650 - End in 1070

CS Threshold Temp
L grade SS can be used without Sensitized below it.

Carbon diffusion. 1.25,2.25,5,9Cr Threshold Temp is 800F.

Nitriding 600-900, Metal dusting start 900 and end in 1500.

LAS at 950F For Carbon Diffusion

885 (475) Embrittlement , and Sigma start at 1000 F and end in 1700 F. Oxidation in CS about this.
Spheroizdization is above this, Graphitizatino is below this.

Temper embrittlement Start 650 - End in 1070

Carburization starts.

Heat treatment for temper embrittlement (650-1070).

Metal dusting start 900 and end in 1500. 300SS starts oxidations about it.

885 (475) Embrittlement , and Sigma start at 1000 F and end in 1700 F
200 F swing thermal fatigue

Temper Embrittlement
Temper Embrittlement
Temper Embrittlement
Temper Embrittlement
Temper Embrittlement Carbon Diffusion
Temper Embrittlement Carbon Diffusion
Temper Embrittlement Carbon Diffusion
Temper Embrittlement Carbon Diffusion
Temper Embrittlement Carbon Diffusion
Temper Embrittlement Carbon Diffusion
Temper Embrittlement Carbon Diffusion
Temper Embrittlement Carbon Diffusion
Temper Embrittlement Carbon Diffusion
Temper Embrittlement Carbon Diffusion
Temper Embrittlement Carbon Diffusion
Temper Embrittlement
Temper Embrittlement
Temper Embrittlement
Temper Embrittlement
Temper Embrittlement
Temper Embrittlement
Temper Embrittlement

PWHT
885F
885F
885F
885F
885F Senitize
885F Senitize
885F Senitize
 885F Senitize
885F Senitize
885F Senitize
885F Senitize
885F Senitize
885F Senitize
885F Senitize
885F Senitize
885F Senitize
885F Senitize
885F Senitize
885F Senitize
Oxidation of CS at 1000F 885F Senitize
Senitize
Senitize
Senitize
Senitize
Senitize
Senitize
Senitize
Senitize
Senitize
Senitize
Senitize
Senitize
Senitize
Senitize
Senitize
Senitize
Senitize
Oxidation of 300SS at 1500F Senitize
FGE
Injection
Hydrogen (for Sulfidation)
Oxygen and Iron
Caustic Injection at downsteam of Desater.

Sigma phase loss of toughness

Temper embrittle materials can be brittle fracture during startup and shutdown.

sulfide scale resistance to sulfidation (high

chromium resistance to high temperatru
molybdenum resistance to sulfidation (high

All materials subject to

(1) Metal dusting (Geen rot)
(2) Nitriding
(3) HE -CS,400,LAS (SS is resistant to SCC only) Hydrogen stress cracking is resistant by SS.
(4) Sulfidation
(5) Thermal fatigue
(6) Carburization (300,400, LAS) (Decarburization not effective Duplex SS)
(7) Mechanical fatigue
(8) Brittle fracture (CS, LAS, 400)
(9) Napththenic (CS, 300,400) // HF (300,400)

Hydrogen stress cracking by hardness check.

SSC <200HB in welds. Low nickel

HF (HIC), Hydrogen Stress Cracking. <237HB
Ammonia <225
Blistering and HIC damage develop without applied or residual stress. PWHT will not
prevent them from occurring.

Graphiticastoin 800-1100
Temper Embrittlement 650-1100
885 Embrittlement 600-1000
Sensitization 750-1500
Sensitization 800

HTHA not susceptible to 300,5Cr,9Cr.

Hydriding Hardness 400-500 BHN

Ti shall not use Amine/Sour water.

Amine ok 300,400

Cr increase little improvement 7-9%

graphitication concern units FCCU, Coker

Velocity limit for CS for High Amine and for Lean Amine 3-6,20
Sulfidation = Sulfidic corrosion (not sulfide corrosion)

Sulfuric acid corrosion 2-3,65

Carbonate Stress Corrosion Cracking can occure increasing PH and carbonate concentration. (here, usually low PH
Carbonate crack are further from toe of the weld.
Phosporic acid corrosion at low velocity.

Caustic is least susceptible to Nickel base alloy. 400SS also good for caustic.

Stainless steel does not have endurance limit.

Duplex stainless steels are normally limited

to a maximum service temperature of 600 °F (315 °C).
 Service Fluids

MDEA(least aggressive)
HF HIC, SOHIC

loss of toughness

resistance to sulfidation (high temp sulfide corrosion)

resistance to high temperatrue H2 / H2S corrosion and oxidation.
resistance to sulfidation (high temp sulfide corrosion)

<200HB in welds. Low nickel ok, high nickel ok. But 8-12% suspect.

400-500 BHN
FCCU, Coker

ntration. (here, usually low PH happen)

 Crack Inspection
Brittle Straight & Clevage All Thermal fatiuge.
Carbonate Parallel, Spider Web Impact Temper Embrittlement
st aggressive) Thermal FatigueTransverse WFMT SCC
HIC, SOHIC HIC Step wise Metallographic exam Graphitization
Caustic Parallel and TransferAET (instead of UT) not proven for HTHA
MIC Cup shaped pits
Fatigue Failure Clam shell
Thermal fatiuge.
Temper Embrittlement

Graphitization
not proven for HTHA
No. Type Damage Mechanisms
32 - Gaseous Oxygen-enhanced Ignition and Combustion
Related Mechanisms Description of Damage

Sensitization

Spheroidization

Sigma

PWHT

885F
Carburization
Graphitization Spheroidization
Temper Embrittlement
650
1000
600
800 1100

1150

750
900

850

Nitriding
 Affected Material Critical Factors Morphology of Damage

nsitization

Spheroidization

Sigma

PWHT

Carburization
Spheroidization

1200

1500 1700

1400

Inconel, Incoloy (PASCC)

Mitigation Inspection / Monitoring