ANNAM AND ITS MINOR CURRENCY ED. TODA. SHANGHAI, Puvrep sy Noroxna & Soxs. 1ss2.ANNAN AND IP5 MINOR CURRENOT. 5 PART GENERAL NOTICES. L Prouiaany Rowanes. girs the year 1958 the Kingdom of Annam has eased to bo an unknown country, for Missionaries now travel freely in every ditection, and the ports of Haiphong, Hanci, and Quinhon are open to foreign trade, Bold explorers, either in the interest of science or gain, hive gone through the country to China, to Sinm, or to Burmah, fullowing the course of the rivers or the ‘mountain paths, sometimes peaceably, at other times armed fas conquerors and fighting thoir way through the land. ‘Finally, the oceupation of Lower Cochinchina by the French Ins done more than anything else to throw light upon this couniry, which, if if does not occupy so important 2 position historically amongst Orientals as China and Japan, yet from its favourable geosraphical situation and ftom the interest Europe takes in the surrounding countries, will be obliged sooner or later to enter the comity of nations, and change the condition of its people, at present probably the most miserable in the world. Annam became known to the civilized world through tho Catholic Missionaries who went there during the sixteenth6 ANNAD( AND [TS .UENOR CURRENCE. century, though their works on the subject did not have a Jarge circulation; some never having been even published, and all being vety searee at the present time. Father Maxtsr criote at the ond of the seventeenth century a relution of Tengain, and the Jesuit priest Auexaxonn or Riroprs also pablishell a history of that eountey. In the Lettres djiuntee it eavieses ores des Missions Etrengbree there will be found many references by Father Gaunt and others to the history of Annam, and with reference to the religions aspect of the Kingdom abo in the Chronicles pablished daring the last century by &e Dominican and Augustinian Fathers of the jines, JounBarnow,awell-kuown travellor,has likewise Jd a natrative of a voyage to Cochinchina made in 1793. Books relating to Annam have considerably inereased in number during the last thirty years; most of these have been issued in Saigon and in France, and trent of the Annameso, their histny, laws, ensioms, ete. Te is to be regretted, how= ever, that in these works the Chinese characters have not boon ‘wed for dhe ames of people and placess and this has eansed ‘move of es eonfuson in thor lentication, In their attempts ‘navel thisinznvenienge the French and Spanish Missionaries dave inteouoal a system by whieh Roman letters with various dots and siges are_made to reprosaut Anmameso words honetealys but this is useful only to Annamese who wish to write their own language in Romau characters, Tu these pages an endenvour hes been male to giva the Chinese lharcters forall ames which it has heen possible to identify, ‘The iteratars of Annam is very poor. Except the Amials, swsiten by onder of the King 3152 Tuas sore in Vas. by Nov-srur, and continued at Tater periods, and other eon: vilations of lava, such as the S48 AE fi] Homgrird-luntte published with an introduetion by the King 3% {if Gra-tonas in the 11th year of bis reign, all the books found inthe country sxe of Chinese origin, the literature taught iu the s ws) ag ASSAM AND ITS aUINOR CURRENCT. 7 lso Chinese, Nothing elso cond be expected ftom a country: ‘which las no real efslization of its own, but is only a reflex of China in everything relating to art, religion and government, In China mumerous works on Annam ave to be found, but few of them can be looked upon as trustworthy, For instance the Chinese do not reckon as proper kings of Aunam those who did not reesive their investiture from the Emperor. Again,a deplorable confusion exists us vegans names and dates, Finally, from the fact that the relutions of China and Avnam have frequently been of @ hostile nature, and that many of all the works on Anam were written by Chinese officials employed to fight agninst thet country, itis easy to see how their narratives would be of a very pattial character and many fuets grossly misrepresented, ‘Thestudy of the numismatiesof thiscoantry iscompletely new to Europeans. Several Chinese who have written on coins have published in their Catilognes lists of Annamese coins, and half of the 17th volume of the i 4 $f Mp Kuckin-t'ien-lioh deals entirely with them, However, all the coins alladed to form but an incomplete list of those issued by the last 4% La Dynasty, and the notions of them ave cortaiuly neither better nor worse than tose in other Chinese books. As there exists thus no trustworthy basis on which to found this notice, it must nob be expected that the work will eizher be complete or ccorect; but the greatest possible care hes beon used in the ‘endeavour to mako ft co. Much information lns been obtained from Father Miaver, Powrmtt, now in Tunguin, and from the distinguished Annameso savant Peraus TRvOSG-VINI-KY, whose. aid is indispensable to all Europeans who requive any sinwrmation concerning Aunam. From his worl, Gours histoire annemite, tho historical notices which precede the description of the coins themselves have been partialiy en, In order to tone down the dryness of a long numismatical list,.-¢ inseid some general introductory remarks explanatory smegma oer8 ANAM AND 11S MINOR CURRENCY, of the periods when coins were made, the laws relating to dem, the working of mines, tho issue of paper-money, ete, hick referring to a country so little known as Annats, will probably not be without interest I Gpoanaratoat axp Histomtcat, Notices. ‘The situation of tho Amnamose Kingdom on tho south. cast of the great Indo-malayan peninsula is well known, ‘This stata consists at the present. day ofthe two Kingdoms of Tunquin and Cochinchina, of the Kingdom of (4 Chiera-thanh or Cinurpa, and of a part of the Kingdom of Kmer or Cambodia. Giampa, a Malayan state, and during six contaries tho abode of thieves and pirates, was conquered in 1471 by the Annamese army. The Kingdom of Khmer also lost vast territories suo- cessively up to the last century and was only able to keep its nationslindependenceby the ff ff Tay-sonrebellion which upset the feudal constitation of the country. Annam herself was divided between the families 3 Mac, i} Tass, and jg Neovun, who, having entirely put aside the royal authority, contested among themselves the supreme power over the kingdom, The French eolony of Lower Cochinchina is situated! within the territories of the Kingdom of Khmer annexed hy Annam in 1758. Mr, Cxurextiy, one of the French officers who in the last wentury accompanied the Bishop of Adran during his first expolition in aid of Gra-108e, estimated the population of An= nam at between 20 and 25 millions ofsouls, ‘Those fignres are evidently exaggernted, at least so fur as can be judgod at oven, neva he prose population dosent excel 12 ‘The division ofthe two Kingdoms of Tanguin and Gcehi china is tll existing as a mattor of fact, ‘The former, which also the richer and more populated, consists ofthe following thiseen provinces:— sraiat aND rs arson cunszyer. ° fl Langeson, ‘46 Haidoon i & Cao-bang. a B Bae-nink. & B Thnienguyen, a a Beno % Hungehoe. AE Ninkclinh. BEE Quang-yen. td Cochinchina hns twelve provinces, namely:— Hh AE Thanh-hoa, BE Quang-ram, BB Nahean. BESb Quang ngoai. iif 3 He-ninl Abe Binh-dink, i # Quevei Ph ye. Bie Qe ise, 2 bocibeon, Those geographical divisions were made daring the recent seign of the King 7 4 Mrex-utava, and the three provinces of Thankchoa, Aghe-oa, and Ha-nirh, formerly partof Tanquin, were ailded to Cochinchina. Proviously the ahove two king doms were separated by a wall which ran along the shores of the GH Phu-luong-giong, eallod in vulgar Anmamese and on our maps the Song-coi river. ‘The provinees do not range all alike, for as far a5 population and wenlth are concerned each of them is onder a different anthoritys im general, however, the pubic adminigteation in Annam is very similar to that in China, Originally the tersitories which formed the Kingdom of Annain wore called 3 Ye Gino-chi, which name together with, that of 38 7 Gizo-nam prevailed till 225 B.G., when they Decune a Chinese provines under the appollation of HB Siang-kiun, When the § Haw came into power in China, Tunguin wes called 7 #8 Nam-viot, and itr interior division wndorwont various changes at different intervals, In 502 A.D. we soz tho country for the first timo called 4g jfj Annam, which name Tasted up to 940 A.D., when it was declared independent During the succeeding dynasties up to the present time the names used for the designation of the stats and the different capitals of the kingdom have been as follows10 ANNANE AND ITS ANWOR CURAENCT. ip SR Ra lop # me alla: bo GRcs4e & PS ee ere ees 4 E 2 452 S| 4 4 Pasi tig... @ Pele, s| me? @ Hama? g, Xx BR Re : ade ae al2823 , , ,,#8 8) BH @e * + 44 ee a| KK Ke mx g|82 88 2 § g988 aw 2 etisdy ag «dey f)d2 23 2 2 2483 ¢| Gm ask oat ites 2) @4 Be SK Ses é|ase¢ d 4 2884 be ee | ANNAM AND ITs sutson commaxex. n ‘The mythical history of Annam, although derivetl from China, is mach less complicated than that of the latter country. #8) Desuve, the reai-grandson of the Chinese Emperor jp & Syes-xosa, whilo travelling in the South of China married adanghter of the ravo of immortals, called 2 6g 2E Kisu-neoxe-voonc. This con beygan the series of kings known as the YUE JE Hoxc-nax-rat, ov family of immeasurable greatness. ‘This funily gave Lirth to twenty rolers, cighteen of whom had the sama name, viz, 2 3 Hoexe-vooxe, and continued on the throne up to 252 B.C. Let us leave aside here any desoription of the history of Annain daring this remote period. Doubtless it was formed by Chinese and Malayan colonists who settled there and mised among themselves, a fact paralleled by the present race of the Sang-ley, or halfasts of Chinese and Pagals nove populating the Philippine islands, Tack colony was under a ebiof and lived as in China, by agriculture and fishing. ‘The first dynasty mentioned in the Annamese aumals is that of BJ Tavo, the rulers of s small kingdom sitnated in the north-east of Annem, where afterwards its capital city 8 AP Kao-bang was built, This kingdom, founded 252 B.C., Tasted only 50 yeurs, when internal contests between the dif- forent tribes broke out, vietory and supremaey continually changing betoeen them, until the chinese interfered, and at last the country, remaining in possession tll 940 A.D. About the year 800 A.D, Ching organised Annam in a regular manner by dividing the country into 18 chou, ab the head of each one of which a governor was placed. A regular tribute was also instituted for the first time, gold and silver appearing ab the head of articles to be offered. Jn 940 A.D. Annam rose in rebellion against China, andl the family § Ngo oocupied the throne during 28 years. How Annam since that time has been able to maintain ber in- dependence is a mystery. The first three dynasties followed whotn he had s son usneapmey ea12 ANNAN ABD 19 AENOR CURRENCY. cach other with marvellous rapidity: the kings foll ander the strokes of assassins or by military conspiracy, and rebellions prevailed in all the provineess Tater on the feudal chiefs be- amo so powerfal that the kings coald not oven maintain the shedo of theirsovereignty. Up tilllately, tothe time of Tu-veo, ‘Annam sustsined its existence solely hy its passive policy, ‘whichis he only strength of Oviental countries. Before entering on the description of the coins a historieat soeount of the epoch during which they were east will first ‘be given, This is done for the special purpose of clearing up ‘the dark periad from the sixteenth to the cightecnth contiry, dating which Annan was ruled simultencously by three or even four rulers. sits Canpsovoareat, Tanuxs of tug Assamese Drnasties. ‘The Annamese have a chronological system identical with fhat of the Chinese, and they use the samo characters of eycles and years as the Chinese, ‘The twenty two cyclical characters ‘hich oocur sometimes on Annamese coins, are herewith FT. Giap. HSou. Zat 5 Dan, % Binh. 3 Meo Dink. B Minh Man, Bt. 2 Ry. No. x Cab, Me Nha, De. HQui 3 That. Y Hoi. ‘Thopreseut year in Annam,as in China, is $4 Nham-ngo. ‘The kings of Annam havo a Nion-hto which is changed AWTAN AND IS MINOR CURARNOT, 1B eccarding to thoir ploasure. ‘These designations of reign are, ‘of course, also changed after the death of their besrer, with the Migo-hso. T subjoin a list of both designations and the time corresponding to the reign of exch king. Cunoxovogroa, Tasius oF Tar Axxaurse Dynastirs. HARE EE Hong-ban-thi, ADCBSSION. De. 2 ff E Kinh-duong-vuong, oe Sf BE Bi Lac-long-quan. preg daring ME Hung-voong. 2822 years. 2874 3g R—Thue-thi. ‘Tho Thue Family. ‘BE An-duong-vuong. | ase 48 —Triew-thi. ‘Phe Triea Family, Be Vode. an Be Vancruong. 208 HH Mint-vuong, i HEE Ai-vuong. WT AGE Thoat-laong-voong. ih RDG P{—Thuoc-tay-han. Chinese rale in Annam from B.C. 106 to A.D. 39. cde K—Trung-mi-thi. ‘The Trang Family. UY Trangetae. | 8“ANNAM AND 118 HINO CURRENCY. Haj 3B —Thuoe-dong-han. Chinese rale in Annam from 36 to 186. EE Sivoong. KYLA IMIB—Thooo-ngo, Tan, Tong, Te, & Luong, Chineso dynasties ruling ia Annam from 226 to 542, AB R—Ly-thi. ‘The Ly Dynasty. Pee eeeere eee eet acens-| some AcoTS*| amie oF neta Nast TITLE. EAI ‘ADOF "MION. 542 | {Thion-due! 549 s7 ot-vuon, fp Hawey-oamedo UGH —Thuoe-Tay, & Duong, Chinese reign in Annam of the Dynasties Tuy and Duong fiom 603 t0 940, JLK—Noo-thi. ‘The Ngo Family. E_Tien-ngo-vaong | 940 Weewr at -tam- 946 | Us Ey Piucdtong ian nips. BaF Mewngovung | 952) ‘Twelve BH Su-quan or Envoys ruling from 958 to 968. ANNAL AND 175 MINOR CURRENOY, TH)—Dinh-trien. DYNASTIC TITLE. 46M Tienchorng ‘The Dinh Dynasty. acces. ioe ‘THLE oF REIGN. 968 | 78 That-bink if # W—Thien-Le-trieu. tk fF Dai-hank ae Ton Paid | EhQg Ngoa-triew HL Thai-to KR Thaitong BER Thanb-tong, ‘The former Lo Dynasty. 961 | EH Thion-phase fung-thon, BR Ungsien® 1005 | 3% Canh-thoat 2 @]--Ly-trien. ‘The Ly Dynasty. 1010 Thoansthien res ae Tier tant ‘Thong-thoai es Cupra 1, MGB D: ME rey 1055. GES KAF Long:thoat- ‘thai-binh He Choong: hangar 1005 Reigned thres days} } »} ' n} cn } 981 1005 1010 1028 105516 Aorsant AND f1e MaNoR CURRENCY, ANNA AND 19S INO CORRECT. uv ‘Phe Ly Dynasty.—Continned. i @]—Tran-trieu. DsNAsme TL. mms ormios. [2 8 ‘The ‘Tran Dynasty. as STS : eer eee eee vressmo nme 2%] nme ornsox, |9 58 BR Task tog BERT Long shnong-} Bae eon. ‘ien-ta —|— 7 RARE Thien-choce ee Thaitong | 1226 Kien-trang | 1225 as eee bes Me ou EEE Nhon-tong | 1072 ‘Thai-nink 1072 ae uyen-phong Ste a faa | ‘Beye Thank-tong | 1258 a aie jog 1258 chiou-thong nop ef Quang-Iraw {5% Nhon-tong | 1279 WHE Thieu-bao R79 ae Hoi-pha ia (mi = Trong-hung \ i Anb-ime | 1263 Hi Hong-long” | 1298 } Big Mini-tng | 1914 RE The thank | 1314 Kawa Thien vate Be Bioning | 1390 1380 e-vo 2B Du-tong 42 FRAP Thion-phe- Ge . Naiboy Jee Nyhe-tong | 1370 Gi ‘Thien-khanh | 1370 WHR Than-tong | 1198 rilan | 1128 ZEDactong | 1873 EH — Lonekhanh | 1373 nechitong 5% Phode 1378 [BAF Xnong-phn | 1378 ee tweet Hige Tooentong | 13:0 Quang-thoi | 1390 363% Anb-iong | 1189 ‘owrnink “| 1180 apa Thioudo | 1399 ie — Kien-tan 1399 inh ‘Gian Pdeoeee Sian Tong- aust de 1407 RB Hung-khanh | 1407 pao-ung } ‘rong Ewe Tawa i SoA ee isade| ito |i — Temgquag | 1410 BRCuotmg | 1176 Trinh " Bibs Titre 18 Chinese rao in Amara om 1414 0126. thoal FRIESE a Sy) —Letrien, Le ABig: Teicbints | ‘Pho Le Dynasty. ie ong-ang That 1428 Thuamthion, | 1428 MRR Hootong | 1211 FRY Kien-gia 121 4 Thabtong 1434 We ‘Thiea-binh 1434 Sea Thien KH Dai-bao 1430 BF & Chiewhoang 1295 @haong-huu-dao | 4282 Nhontong | 1443} J Thai-hoa 1437 ee ANNAM AND 95 aNoR CURREeT. 19 Phe Le Dynasty. —Continned. ‘The Le Dynasty.—Continved renamnio me, [42] oes oF nox. ramon 2°] me orm (gE Et Slowing ee oe BE Deong Bacthoi | W710 2% Thnob-tong | 1460 Pid ome aE en Ve Vink-Khanh | 1727 sxtinee [ian] BE Een wero ia | 8a ieee [ae BH Tuctmg | 1905 EH Ore-mac-de| 1508 EH tt Thuong V1 Re Te | | ce BREE Ohien-tong | 1517 BE Cong-hoang | 1523, JER Trang-tong | 1335 ship Trangetong | 1549 Bg Ming || 1700 Hea? Chiee | ares thong-i ah Gi 2 $]—Neuyen-hoang-trien. ‘Tho Nguyen Dynasty. Conk-hung | 1740 Chiew-thong | 1785 HD BThe- Sez Ambiong | 1557 SMG BT} 1776 | Sete Ginlong 1801 Hong-phuoe el ie inh-man, 48 Thetmg | 1973 Ginsu Tihaoh a | 1820 |W) 6 Mintemang a Alb Kinbton L Fagus ena intoug | 1599 hand lift Thiowtsi yi Tharetong | 1619 Vinh aung mange Due-long ¢ reigning To-duo ee Pra rams} 1845 | RIG Tod 1845 eB Ohow-iong | 1642 Phuvo-thoi WR Mens 1 54g Khaulelue RE Mac-choa, Thantdae ‘Phe Mac Family yes Ra Mee} | 1927 | ONE Mintedue 1527 2 Huyontong | 1002 Canheter Ma ysa : i = Gistong | 1672 Poong-due Ram * ogi 1580 | JE Dai-cbank 1530 Bag Hitong | 1676 inher Feri echat | 1841 | BCH Quang-hon 1541 Chanh-hoa Ms He ‘inh-dii GBR Deetng — | 1705 ea TE ee ven | 1586 | sf Vina 154820 [ANNAN AND TTS MINOR CURRENCY. ‘Tho Meo Family.— Continve?. ee prmuno rn, [200] ome oF ses, i g2 IE Mae-phnoc- BIR Canlvlich ‘| 1648 a pes FA Quang bao | 1687 webia Mace 1561 | 5g Thuan-phuoe 1561 a rie Uh ‘Pong-kanke 1565 ae Dien-thanh, 1STT A Thoai-thoi 1585 A Huneted usa? yist Hongeninh 1500 HE Boo-link 1592 ‘a Mac-tuyen! 1592 | ge Voron 1592 faz Maes i {| 192 | Hed Kanb-yao 1592 es 1593 | gs Cunsiong 1595 BASE Mee} tere | sae Longo’ 1616 BHT Mae |) 169 | Ya Thusmadne 1659 ‘Extinguished in 1667, H—Trinh-chaa, ‘The Trinh Family, $518 Trivb-kiem | 1845 | VE Mink-vuong: 1545 SHE Tiling | 1500 | BH Binkean 1509 AGE Teinlctang | 1620 | 22A5 Thanhdo 1620 Shel Trmbetae’ | 1054 | BE 1654 GF Trint-con 163 1683 ESF} Teinkeeme | 1708 1708 FELL Teinicging | 1728, : 1738 p23 to dink | 280 | LS Minho 1739 Trinkaam | 1765) E45 Di 1765 BEE Teiubgiai 17811 384 Phonan 181 Extinguished ia 1785. ANNAM AND IFS a0NOR CURRENCY. a Bee —Nguyen-chua. ‘Tho Nguyen Family. pyNASTIC TTLn. syncs oF nEION. FEAROy| ADOP= NOX. ALBERT Tabtosiede Uo KALE BG e ae ‘NE ethane Wisse, Veer suieung | 1014 setae tie Tar ane jon-vuong | 1562 ee ng} a5 sseaea Boone | ea Hwan | 00 SR Aut } 5E Ngai-vuong | 1668 Rea Hi tf SE Ming-vaong | 1692 WERE ie 'gtcE Ninhevuong | 1724 ERARO hovene he Vo-vaong | 1737 AeA Duectonarliow Ye Dinheenoag | 1765 dinkchwnngrd J] Ww. Smvwrron or Axsau as AN rNermNpeN? Couxrey, ‘Amar las alvays Tigen tributsey fo China, and, trom tho time of its beeosning a seiftgovernel stite, as occasionally sont presents and tribate to the Son of Heaven, When- fever she las not done so, 2 war with China has been the r sido, hoe attached great inovitable resul& China, on |ANNAM AND 599 MINOR CUNMENOY. Sopostanee to this tsibute, and hss fisod not only the dates on which it sas to bo paid, but clso the nature of the presents to be male to her by Annam. .g under Moxcor ene, Annan had to wy tidbte every three ¥ the iJ} Mixe Dynasty the regulations for payment of tibute by Annan were altered, and those nov in force are to be found in Mr, Deviétia’s worle Histoire des Pitasions de ta Chine avec PAwani- Vietnam, du VE au XIX sitcle. (Pacis, Emest Leronx, 1880.) ‘That Anam is a county under the sovereignty of Chins, jg ati mero clear by the fet, that, oa an Annamese king coming to the thwone, Ke Ins to ask for investiture at the Hands of the Exaperor, in the seme way as in the Middle Ages olla countries ad to obtain this confemation ‘of power from the Pope. Moreover, slthongh in Ids relations trill his subjects and ia trentien with western powers the Dakhoang-de, oF hang, or Chief King of Annam is de Supreme Emperor, the of « Kingdom, ato oy sna when soliciting investiture; and he is afterwanls simply called E Wang, meaning King or Prince, Yn addressing the Emperor, dhe King of Anna makes ase of the form 38 Pino, fe, statement presented to the Emperor; and in replying to him the form Hw Tel-clin, or fear sent by special command of the Emperor, is used. ‘When in 1790 she B yy Tay-son rebel BERL Nevrax-xoe, already invested as king of Annam by £8 Kans-us6, ourno to China to salute the Emperor on the oeeasfon of the 35th anniversary of his relyn, he took part in the eeromonies of the palace in company with the ‘Tartar Princes of the first and second unk, performing with them the vasious court rites, such as knesling three times and bowing nine times before His Tinporial Majesty. ‘This state of affikes woald soem to bare been changzod Ly tho traly signed at Swigon on the ich March 137d a Ae ters BA SE od to bin in ASNAM AND 175 aULNOR CUREEKCY. 23 dotweon the French Rear-Admiral Durni, Governor and Commanderii-Ohief of Lower Cochinchina, and the Annamese Ambassadors %2)fi Le-rucax and PEE Navren-vax. Arviclo TL of that twenty states that the President of the Freneh Ropublio, recognising the sovereignty of the King of Aunau land his entire independence of all forcign powers whatsoover, promises hin aid and sesistanes, and engages to give him, on his demand and grnénitously, the necessary means for ma fuining order and tranquility in his siate, to defend it against all atiacks, and to destroy the pieney which desolates a portion ‘of the coasts of the kingdom. In recognition (Art. ITE.) of this protection, His Majesty the King of Anmam engagos to conform his foesign palfey to that of France, and inno way to change his present diplomatio relations, ‘The independenco of Annam camot be stated in more explicit terms than those given aboves nevertheless, thie years later, in 1877, King gi)i Pv-vve suddenly recalled to his mind fiat he was stil a vavsal of Ching and sont an embassy to Pe g tribnte, The Peking Gazette of the Stst Mareh 1878 publishes 2 Memorial trom YR 23 iif T'a Tsuso- ming, Governor of Kuang-s, reporting the arcival of this missk ack to Ansam, ‘Tho report says that the members expressed themselves profoundly grateful for Uo generous and /beral treatment they had xecelvedt from the ards of His Majesty the Emporor, who, thoy informed the remo- alist, lind heon graciously pleased to grant them an audi andhestow upon them somecomplinenturyserulls, Tis Majesty iad aso given them an Emporiad, Letter for the King of ‘Anam, with proronts of silks, satins and other articles, Afier resting a few days at the provinefal capital, they were sent on vnvlor oseort fo thefr own conntey. ‘This political constitation of a double character, which in Eavopexn staics would lead to endless warfare, does not seem to affect to’ any great extent the authority of eastern monareks. In Annan, for instones, the lag yields to outsile ng, baat’ ai on its w saeeene:2 ANSE AND TE MINOR CURRENCY. presene only when obliged to do so by force of arms; fs rele is alsolate and despotios de ne Jeration his stato of vassalage to the Emperor of China, nor docs he hold himself bond by treaties signed by him with other Powers. v. Mrmes. ‘To get nearer the subject of this work, ée. the eurteney of AAmnam, we must first throw a glance ab the mines and the ining industry of the country. Annan is very rich in mines, thonuh poor in metals, on account of the Government making the working of the mines ‘a monopoly, or rendering it unprofitable to work them by the imposition of restrietfons and by oppressive measures of every kind. ‘Noarly all the mines are situated in the mountainons districts of the kinglom, namely, in High Tanguin, with the exception of ono gold mine in the provinee of 3 4% Bac-ninh, Metals of every kind are abundant, 2s proved by the following offical list of mines paying royalties to the Governments and yet this list does not comprise the names of all mines worked at the present day. GOLD MINES. Paovisen oF 4 Bese. Lit Bi Moipheong-hang. Makes an annual pay- mnent fo the Preuce ran om. of old Puovsser or e ff Trarxeuy 2.—-MIEME Thuanmangand Mal of ten on of oll. 2 an anneal payment ANNA AND 19S 10N0R CORRENEY. 20 3.—@ Ye Kim-hi-moi, Makes an annnal payment of twenty oz. of gold. 4.—$8 ME I Bao-nang-moi, Makes an annual payment of ris on of gold. 5.— BEA Ht Sang-moe-mol, Makes an annual payment of Seen 02. of gold. Province oF iff 1) Leno-sox. 6.—H5 BE Neap-moi, Makes an sanual payment of six of gold. 7.36 [BAR Xasn-duong-moi, Makes an annual payment of four 02. of gold. ‘Province oF 7 28 Cao-nane. 8.—ESh WE Thoong-ba-moi. Makes an annual payment of four ot of gold. 8 F HELE He-bamof, Makes an annual payment of four o2. of gold. 10.—fff FE #E Thanh-da-moi, Makes an annual payment, of ten om of gold. 1 —~JRAEE Pha-noi-moi, Makes an annual payment of ten ox of gold. Paoviwon of 8 44; Huxo-noa, 12—WG AG Ae Dich-hop-moi. Makes an annual payment, of tan oz, of gol. 18.—zk ff Bon-tang-moi, Makes an annual payment, of tou o7, of gold. Provmxce ov ' 3; Tores-quano. 14.—$ ILL Jt Niein-son-moi, Makes an snnosl payment of ton o7, of gold. 15.—HE AE A Ngnoes of eight oz. of gold, jon-moi. Mukos an annnal payment26 ANNAIE AND HTS 3INOR CURRENCT. 16.2 At Link-ho-moi, Makes an annaal payment of eight 02. of gold. 1i—fl HAG Tien-kiou-moi, Makes an annual payment of eight 02. of gold. SILVER MINES. Paovison oF Jit Taarxoures. Ly BEAR Thank-lne-moi, Makes an annual payment of one hundred oz, of silver. 2.—4) ILL Tien-son-moi. Makes an annual payment of four hundved 02. of silver. 3.38 2 $f Tomng-tinh-mol, Makes an annual payment of one Inmdred and thirty oz. of silver. 4.38 Fa Mt Mi-hos-moi, Makes an annual payment of twenty 02. of silver. 5.—Bh fy HE Khica-hos-moi, Makes sm annual payment of sixty oz. of silver. Paovnsce oF 1H 3 Torex-avaxo. 6-H) BME Nam-dang-moi, Makes an annual payment of thisty ox of silver. COPPER MINES. Paovexce oF St 4f; Huxe-nos, 1.3K BH Lsiexuong-moi, Makes an_snnual payment, of three hnndred pounds of copper. 2.—¥§ HJ Du-dang-moi. Makes an annual payment of four hundred pounds of copper. Provines ov #3 Toves-avana, 3.3K EYE Terlong-moi. This mine hes silver and copper, and makes an annual payment of eighty oz of silver and twelve thousand pounds of copper. foe SR ANNAM AND ITS MINOR CORRENCY. 27 Paovrsce oF ql 7 Sox-rar. 4.—Hp ¥f Mf Linb-tham-moj, Makes an annual payment of three hundred pounds of copper. TIN MINES. Province ov & Af Taat-nourex. LL-H 4H HE Goach-nho-moi, Makes an annual payment of sis hundred pounds of tin, Tho working of mines in Annam was first began when the country was still a part of the Chineso Empiro, and before the coming into power of the $£ Neo Dynasty, but it has been impossible to obtain any reliable information relating to this riod. Prin tho Annale of Annam itis mentioned that in Kings #8 Dar-uasw’s palace the throne room, called FEF BE He, was fitted ap with gold and silvers and that the roof of a pavilion called #2 BE was compored of silver tiles. In 1010 King AK Hil Taro of tho 2 Lx Dynasty, whon going to a place called Co-phap, made presents of sillt and silver to the aged people of the villages. In the accounts of the accession of sone of the later kings we read of similar presents of precions motels being mado to the people. ‘The various savage tribes inhabiting tho mountains of the Tangein frontier end the rango of hills lying parallel with the Eastern const have Leen from a very early period in the habit of working the mines and bringing down the metals in ‘thoit rough state, in exchango for different articles. This is still done by the Moi, the Muong, and other tribes who’ thas bring to the Annamese markets considerable qnantities of gold, silver, iron, and lead. At the time of tho occupation of Annam by the Chinese under the Bj Ming Dynasty, in 1414, the Annameso were forced to work the goll and silver mines, without pay, and the metals extracted were sent to Chinn as componsation for the28 -AWNAAt AND 198 MINOR connENGY. war expenses. Later on, King Je ji Taarto of the 9% Lz Dynasty gave a groat impulse to tho extraction of large quantities of metals, the work being carried on under Government sapervision and on its account, The first king who allowed mines to be workod by private individuals was 4838 Do-roxe. In 1708 he established a scale of royalties to be paid by each mine, and this scale or tariff exists to the present day in the form given above, with but little variations ‘The Chinese were the only people who availed themselves of this permission, and King Do-roxa, in onder to avoid too great a concourse of miners and the troubles that might thereby ensne, yave orders that the namber of Chinese working in each nine should be liuited to three hundred, and that they should bbe under the sapervision of Government officals, who were entrusted also with the collection of alt dues. In 1799, King de $f 3 Voon-nuann-ps issued a carious cores ordering the closing of all mines in the royal provinee of jf§28 Thanh-hoa, the reason for this being that he did not ‘wish to disturb the *voins of tho earth that hed prodaced the royal rave of the Lu Dynasty.” Since that time the mines in Annam have been worked solely ky Chinese, who have no dombt made very considerable profits therefrom, inasmuch as, quite recently, the Mandarins ‘of Tungnin complained to the king that the country was hboing ruined by the exportation to China of all the gold and silver obtained from the mines. It is hard to convinee eastorn nations that the exportation of precious metals from country oes nat alfect its resonrees in any way. ‘To open up anew mine in Annam it is necessary to obi the sanction of the Governments and any one venturing to do co without this pormission is prnished with death by docepitatio Under ihe Penal Code thefts in the mines are also punished very severely, This Code says that any one working in gold, ANTAL AND TIS MINOR CURRENCY. 29 silver, copper, tin or mereney mines and appropriating any of ‘he minoral, shall be punislied as having stolen money: he who offers resistance to those coming to artest him shall be deported, and should he wound or Kill any officer arresting him, ho shall bo decapitated. ‘The crime of stealing minerals is still more severely dealt with if committed by a compaay of thirty or more people, ‘The Codo also punishes overseers of mines allowing frandu- lent extrnction of metals, VL Mancracrone ov Cons. Nearly overy kind of metal has beon used in Anam in the manufacture of coins, and thoro are now in civerlation coins male of gold, silver, copper, zine, and lend; and up to within a short time ago there were also coins made of iron. Gold and silver coins were not made axcept under the last dynasty, and in a very limited mambors but the kings of the present dynasty have given a greater impulse fo their mintage. According to the laws for easting coins in those metals, those ‘used for paying Mandatins aro to he round, and in lingots for payment to the troops in time of war, ‘There exists also a large uamber of gold and silver medals with inscriptions and allegories relating to the iE Ngucbao or ive Prosious Things; and these are distributed by the king in vetuen for services to the state. ‘These medals, however, pass into ciroulae tion and are taken a8 curreney according to weight ‘The classification of those gold ani silvar gains und sedate would take mp too much space in tho present work and we therefore leave it for future consideration. ‘The minor curreney of Anam is identical with that of Chinas in fuct nearly all the coins which were in circulation aS30 ANSAM AND E78 ANoR CURRENCY. up to the 15th century were actually enst in the proviness of BE IE Komg-teng, §& 2 Keangesl, and Wf 36 Furkien, and brought direct to Annam in Chinese junks, ‘The coins thus imported were smaller than the ordinary Chinese exsh; thay Doro the Nienchao or nome of reign of various Emperors of the 38 Sung Dynasty of China, and are still to be fornd in Targe numbers. In Annam coins were east ovly under & few of tho kings of the dynasties "[) Disa, # 4% former Le, # Ly, and Be Trax, who refgned before that period. ‘The description of these coins will be found farther on. In early days, the casting of cush was the prorogative of the king, according to rules contained in the Jt, FI) 3 Cua- plu-houn-phap, or Cnijorm Lave for the Nine Phu. ‘The toxt is rather obscure, but we gather from it that the cash were ither cast at nine mints or stored in nine magazines in order to prevont an excessive circulation, in the following nine places: eff Thai-pln, 36 ff Vuong-jhe, Ay Jif Nol-phu, Ab HF Ngoai-phn, HL Mf Vayen-plu, AF Thien-pho, BEA Chue-noi, HR de Chue-kim, and Jf 45 Chne-te, In tho time of King Bil zz Hiss-roxa of the # Le Dynasty (1740-1788) were established in the eapitals of some provinces, and it was ordered that‘on the reverse of the coins the name of the place wheneo they came should be indicated. At the present day two mints exist in Annem, whore cash are cast for the use of the Governments one in Hue, the ancient capital of Cochinchina and now the capital of the whole Kingdoms and the other ia Hanoi, the ancient capital of ‘Tunguin. Besides these, private speculators are allowed to east exsh with the permission of the Government ho send deputies to inquire into the number of furnaces used and the monthly qnantity of exsh made, on which a contribution is Jevied, This contribution is usually paid twies ever by the mianufietmrers on account of the exactions of the Mandaxins. Coins are also cast in Macao for circulation ia Annams and from a very recent report adilressed by the Governor of that ANMAM ANE Img aH1NOR coRTENoE, 31 Colony to the Portagnese Government it would appear that there exist at the present moment six manufactories of An- namese coins, employing twelve furnaces and three hundred and twenty workmen, and producing daily 700,000 cash. In 1528 iron coins began to come into circulation in Annam, ‘The Annals state that, when the usurper 3 % jf Mac Daxe- poxe proclaimed himself hing under the name of M9] fi Mrs UG, he wished to ave coins east, and having no copper made use of iron, ‘This is the only oceasion on whieh we see iron employed in the casting of Annamess eains, Zine coins appeared for the first time during the reign of the King 85% Hion-rose (1740.) They were also made by BE i Novres-xmsc, chief of the Hf tly Tay-son rebels, who was ploclaimed king in 1764. ‘This example was followed by the King 32 Bf Gra-tova in consequence of the great scarcity of copper in the kingdom. ‘This king was the first vwho had coins mace out of lend. ‘The reasons whieh led to the use of these different motals, as well as the different amalgans of eoppor, tin, lead, and zine, will be explained afterwards. Various luvs were passod at different times with reference to the circulation of the currency. Tn 1280 the King a3 Tuat- ‘oxo of the pff Trax Dynasty regulated the value of the cash, ordering that each string or tien which the peasants had to pay: to the Treasmy should contain soventy eath, and only sixty those which dwellers in the cities paid in. ‘The founder of the §¥ Lz Dynasty reduced the tien to fifty cash but its value was very soon ratsed by his successor, who in 1435 ordered all collectors of taxes to accopit the old copper cash 0 far as it could be put in sitings, and increased the tien to sixty cash, Attho present day the tion is still composed of sixty zine cash; and ton tiens make one quanetien. ‘We have searched in vain for any Jaw relating to the different standards of copper, 2ine and lead coins. ‘Their valuo Aoponds altogether on the market, which in the ports open toi | 32. ANNSM AND 15 pISoR conmnNoY. foreign trade is regulated hy the price of the Mesican Dollar, At present, one copper cash or $f Dong is equal to ten gine eashs and one quanction (600 zine cash) is worth a little daore than fficen cents of x dollar. A box leeye enough to hold four hundred strings of zine eash, equal to sixty Mesiean Dollars, would have to be three cubic feet in size! ‘Tho value of Tead coins is still smaller than these of zinc, but they are fortunately very Tittle used. Jn payments to the Government six Inndved and four zine’, ash are counted to the tien, the four extra cash lieing required in compensation for the expense of transport of this cumbersome coinage. Vit. Fatsn comage, avo Peva Laws ReLanine tuensro. When speaking of false coinage we do not refer to coins ‘ssnod by the rebels, who continually dovastated the provinces, as these eoins circulated in small quantities along with those issued by Royal authority. “Many of the coins made by rebels wore of 0 fragile a nature, that ia the coursa of timo they have entirely disappeared. It seems rathor improbable that, considering the very. sinall value of Annamese eash, any one should be able to foe thom and still make s profit on the operation. Buty as other parts of the world, makers of hase eoia prospered like some other fonrisbing industries in Annam, tho manufieture in the bands of Chinese. Book ard, Part Gth, Section Sth of the $B A fi) amg ieluatle, or Penal Cole of the Annamese Kingdon, Dreseriboe the ponaltics to be jufivted upon parsons fe {he coins of the reabn, Any one coneamed in tho maine of false coins is Tiable to the panishment of death by strangulation. ‘Those who knowingly buy false coins ane ANNA 40D Y9s aINOR cURRANOY. 33, Table to porpetaal banishment to a distanco of three thousand & from their residence, and to one hundred blows. ‘The informer receives a roward of ity teels of silver. A mandarin who permits the manufacture of false coins is iable to a penalty of one handred blows. Any one reducing the size of the current cash for the sake of the metal, receives one Inmndrod Bows. Those who attempt to make foreign gold or silver coins out of copper, lead, or qaicksilver are punished by being kept three years in irons and receiving one Inndred blows; and any person dealing in such coins is liable toa punishment of two years and a half in irons and ninety blows. Besides thoso laws, there are two supplementary statutes, which lay down the penalties for new forms of forgery. By the first statute the punishment of three yeurs in irons and one hundred blows is prescribed for the fullowing offences: (@) making holes in silver coins and filling up with copper or leads (2) making shoes of syece of which the interior consists of copper or lends (8) employing copper or lend mixed with silver in the proportion of not more thun two, fee, four or fivo tenths of silver in tho whole coin. ‘The second statute insposes the same punishment upon those who make coins with the name and title of decensed kings. Notwithstanding these severe penalties, false coinage is prastised on a very large seale, not only in Annam, but also in. China and Hongkong, Not long ago a considerable quantity of false cash was discovered in the colony of Hongkong, the makers of which wore brought before the Courts. ‘They were allowed to go frve on their shewing that the cash were intended for Annams end it was fortanate for the credit of ‘the Armamese officials tut the investigations wore not pushed any farther, as the very cash in question were taken to Annan by the “ Bouranne,” one of King {§] #& Ta-duc's gunboats then in Hongkong for the purpose of being repaired. oe i | | % ( Be i BSS Sea =34 ASWAM AND ITS anNOR ouRRENCY, VIL. Macanszs vor coms, anp Laws geresixo 10 THEN. There ars two kinds of magazines for coins belonging to ‘the Government: one the regular Treasmy, and the other where superabandant coins are kept. In the Treasury is received the produce of the tnses, which are collected by the Huong-than, or ehief of each ‘Municipality, assisted by two elders called Quan-vion. When the taxes are all paid, the amount is taken to the provincial Treasury, und there the eoins and ingots of silver are tested by the chief of the guild of goldsmiths, who answers by all he is worth for the sceuraoy of his judgment. In the ease of xine eins #8 it i gute Impossible tbe daceved in the material, it is only necessary to arrange them in. parcels consisting of strings of 604 cash, a Bach provincial Treasury is under the charge of a minor oficial ealed Cho-thu-thuong-vieu, o # Superintendent of rhe Magazine,” assisted by one Doi, or Captain of tho military guard, who also controls the receipts and exponditare of the coins, ‘The Treasurer sends ench month his balance to the Minister of Finanees, and his accounts are also examined at stated timos by Inspectors sent from the court of Hud, Robberies from these magazines are by the Anmnamese Cod: subject to the following scale of punishments:— iy For the theft of 1 taal ...... 80 Blows, do, +90 do, do, do ‘| ao. 0. and 1 year in irons, do, do, and Ibyenrs do. do, eo, and 2) ao, do. foand 2 do, do, do. and 3 do, wo I } f ANNAM AND ITS MINOR CURRENCY. 35 Por the theft of 20 taels .....100 Blows and banishment do. 5, fo, 80, eeT00 do, and banishment t0 3000 te, do 40, Decapitation, ‘Tho above scale is applicable to robberies committed by any of the employés of the Magazine, For common thefts the penalty is not. so severe, as only a robbery of 80 taels or more is punished with death ly strangulation, ‘There are also storehouses where small eoins are Kept when there is a great abundance in tho market. Such storehouses aso exist in China, and have been of great utility in times of public calamities. In the Annamese Annals mention is fro- quently mado of the opening of such storeliouses, either for assistance to the poor, or for rewards to the people, ‘The first notice of such an occarrenos dates as far back as the year 1028, when the king c 44 Tuat-rone of the gz Ly Dynasty, on coming to the throne, ordered a distribution amongst the people of the coins in those magazines. In the fourth moo of the year 1074, in consequence of @ great drought. which destroyed the crops, the granaries, as well as these storchouses ‘were opened for the suecour of ths needy. Other distributions were. made at later periods, one boing recorded in the 6th moon of the year 1448, when there was 4 great famine in the proviness of Tuyen-quang, Quicho Gino-hung and Da-giang. ‘Tho last of thoso donations anade by King 3 Gta-tove, in 1801, after the pacification of the couniry, when he had desteoyed the By 7: rebels, On that occasion ho remitted to the noople ono year’s taxes, distributing to his troops one thousand taels of gohl, ton thousand taels of silver, and thirty thousand strings of eash. ‘To the auxiliary army of Cambodia he also gave thiriy: taels ‘of gold, thee hundred of silver, and threo thousand strings.36 ANNAII AND ITS ANHOK CURRENCY, x, Cusrous axp svpenszinons conxgorsy wir Coms. ‘Tho Annamese have the same ideas as the Chinese con- cerning the efficacy of hanging coins round the necks of childsen, or over the beds of sick people, &e.; but no further explanation is required here, the fact being well known to ‘those at all acquainted with the numismaties of these countries. When dealing with the different kinds of metal employed in the mauufacture of cash, it was mentioned that the Annamese Government had several reasons for employing the most fragile materials, An explanation of this is given in an excellent work published in Manila in 1858 by the Dominican Missionary Mawwax. oz Rivas, entitled Idea del Imperio de Anam. The following extract from page 103 of that boole is here translated : “It is a common belief on that in the Annamese Kingilom gold and silver exist in great. abundance, hidden in the bowels of the earth; and for that reason, when the rice haevest is good, and thero is an influs: of money into the country, it at once disappears without any one knowing where it has gon because what is imported is of little value, whilst the qaantity exported is much larger. In the period of 1844-1846 it entered into my mind to take an account of the number of Chinese Janks which went to Tungain to ond clean ices snd in the port of Hoa-phaong (Haipliong) alone I saw more than three hundred. Calewlating thas each junk carried away on an average five hundred quintals eaeh, this would represent a total of $60,000 received at one port lone, At thut time there Was & large oiroutation of silver at that port, one bar of the nominal value of fifteen dollars being thet: only equal to forty-five strings of cash. In the otlor ports of the middle provinces, and in Hanoi, the exportation of yrain was still i E i | ieee = ANNAGE AND ZT MINOR CURRENCY. 37 larger, and so was the silver brought into the countrys but ‘three ‘months later the silver had all disappeared, and a similar bar cost from seventy-five to eighty strings of cash, by which uetuation many people made considerable profits. Jn olden times the carrency of Tunqain and Cochinchina ‘consisted of circular coins with a square hole in the middle, called Dong-thion, which wore much stnaller thin the Chinese ewh. Without being exported, these coins disappoared entirely from cireslation a few months after they had been issued hy the mints in large quantities. ‘The Government then ascertained that the people were in the habit of burying all cash that came into their possession, in consequence of whicl the laws relating to the currency were alterads and the coins, which were previously of copper, wore afterwards made from zine mixed with Ioul and tin, As this material was of so auch more fragile a nature and decomposed rapidly, if baried, the abuses resulting from the old eustom were stopped and ako the ealarities arising from deficient cirealation.” ‘Tho castom of burying treasure was not new in Annam, and is explained by the want of security existing at all times In the fourleenth century this custom was accotpamied by a very barbarous one, which was the invention of the *Spisit protectors of treasures.” It is said that Prav-oaya, a famous doctor of the Palace, having aeouraulated immense wealth and wishing to secure it, buried it in a deep eave under the guard of the Spirits. ‘To’ that end, he buried near the treasure 4 yonng virgin, with a root of gineeng in her mouth to proverve er fom hanger and this and lighted the care ‘with large jar fall uf oj ‘The Chinese who accumulated money in Annam and could uol take ie wo deir own country, also burled tc In secret places, putting it under the guard of the innocent vietims converted by superstition into Spirit protectors. This ‘enstom was a universal one, all clansos of society following it, as King ffi Pue-oe of the pl Tuax Dynasty, wishing to38 ANNADL AND 15 UINOR cURNENCY. preserve his riches fiom the hordes of Ciampa who hed invaded the kingdom, ordered thin to he buried in a cave in the Thion-kien mountain, whore the people say thoy still remain, the secret of the position of the cave having been lost. x. Papen-nowey 18 Ansan Shortly after the introdnetion into China by the Mongols of paper-money, it also cireulated in Annam. {In 1397 Gor neral 494% 4 Ho Qor-sy, the real ruler of Annam under King 45% Tmiec-pe, prohibited the cirenlution of eopper coins and ordered that paper-money only, called 588 @ 8 Thong-bao- hhoi-sau, should be used. ‘This paper-mnoney had a design, peculiar to each different class, indicating i exchange yalue for the copper coins which it had just supplanted, ‘The paper-money of the value of 10 eash was marked with the design of grass. ‘That of 30 cash with waves. » 60 4°, clouds, 120 yy turtle, » 180 4,» unicorn. 800 2 600 ‘The Government mede greatefforts to ensure the circulation ‘of this paper-money, and impose it on the people. ‘To that ‘end it was ordered that all copper coins in circulation should be takon to the Treasuries, where tho value of one string and two tien of paper-money was given for one string of cash, ‘The forgery of paper-money was punished with death by decapitation, and there were also severe penalties imposed on those who had coppor coins in their possession. t ANXAM AND 1S SUNOK CURRENCY. 39 But in spite of those orders and restrictions, paper-money soon fall into discredit and the old copper coins cicoulated freely. In fact the very General Ho Qur-ix ordered copper ‘eash to be east when he rebelled and usurped the Royal authority. PART IL. history oF ra Corvace. xr. The HL Ngo Family. ‘The twelve {— B Suquan. The T Dinh Dynasty. The former 4% Le Dynasty.—940-1010 A.D. ‘The Hk Ngo Family.—940-048. Neo-aurex, an Annamese of the state of Ai-chao, was the founder of this fatty, which held the reins of power for sighteen years. Ngo-guyen took the name of ij Hf 3E Tox neo-veoxG, governing for six years, which were passed in continnons wars. He left the crown to his son, a minor, under the regency of 5.3} Taxcca, who usarped the throne, proclaiming himself king under the name of 38 3E Bawx-voone. Tato-ca, however, was soon defeated by another son of Ngo-guyen, called Hav, who in an expedition against the robels of fe 4 Taare pron wae killed by an arrow in 958. During this period there is no rovord of the issue of any coins in Annan. ‘The bwelve (ff H Su-quan.—958-968. ‘At the time of the deazh of Han tho country wax divided into twelve Jif Cav. Their Governors refused to recognize the authority of the Noo Family, and each of them proclaimed himself king in his own district. This state of things lasted for ten years.40 ANNAME AND ITS MINOR COREENCY. ‘Tho J Dinh Dynasty.—968-981. ‘Ono of tho above-mentioned Govemors tools into his sorvice Desa Bo-ang, an Annamese, who fought against, and finally ‘conquered the other eleven Govemors, and in 968 proclaimed himself king under the namo of 4; $ Tws-n0axa, giving to iis kingylom the name of 3 #8 Dai-viet. His reign lasted 25 yours snd was very glorious. He rade 2 enmmencoment in the work of organizing the eountey, passed good laws which were fairly administeatod, kopt up & regular anny, and coined cash. At his death the country fell into a state of anarchy. He liad nominates as his sucecssor his thied son Hax-xaxa, but this prince was mur dered hy his olor brother. ‘The second brother Tatau, aged six years only, then reignod fora short time, under the regeney of a Genoral of the palaeos but soon this General found it more convenient to prodaim himself king, thes putting au end to tho Dist Dynasty. No. 1. -Obverso.— Ye FE AUG Ttar-nten-nwwg-000, Roverse.—The character “J Disu, tho name of the Dynasty. No. 2.—Obverse, same as before. Reverso, plain, Coins made by the king 3 £24 sex-n0aNs. White copper. ‘Tho former HE Le Dynwsty,—981-1010. wera) Lo-ioan ascended the thcone under the name of iH Tarex-ravoo, and, fallowing the poliey initiatod by Sis prodecostor, segura peace on tho frontiers hy stecessfial wins against. China and Giampa. is son and successor, called Loxd-vin, was murlerad by: dais brothor Bf fj Naoa-tnemy, Chreo days after he Hai come to power, ‘This prince, whose conduet. was extromely eruel and Jud, soon afterwards proclaimed himgelf kiug aad coun i t ANNAM AND IIS MINOR CURRENCY. al every kind of excess amd crime, inventing new tortures and ruining the country in every way. With his death the Le Dynesty camo to an en ‘No. 8.—Obverse.—FE Hl HEE THreN-PAvoc-TaAn-n40, ot provincial coin of Thien-phuoc. At that time, as somo fifty ‘years before ia China, tho provinees of Annam were ealled § Teas. Reverse. The charnater 4 Lr, the nano of the Dynasty. No. 4.—Obverse—Only the character 4% Lz in the lower patt of the square hole, Reverse, plain. ‘Tho above two coins wore cast in the 5th anoon of the Sth your of 3 47 Daruan (986). They were wade principally Of whito copper, and are rather smaller than the ordinary ‘Chinese eash. XIL ‘The 48 Ly Dynasty.—1010-1225. ‘Another general of tho palsce, Ly Coxo-un, proclaimed himeelf king, and was afterwards known by the name of Kill Tnar-zo. At this time the kingdom of Annam became Tnown by the name of 3E fit Gino-chi, given by the Chinese Binperors; and the eapital was established in ji A Ha-noi, ‘Thaicio found the necessary elements for the consolidation of the royal authority, and made good use of thom, giving birth to the first of tho tree great dynasties which valed ‘Annam prior to the present centary. During roegalar taxation was established upon fisheries and agriculture, ach taxes being paid in riceandeash, Tho ivil administration ‘and the army were also re-orgustzods and forthe first time the ling roasived eoloron investiture from the Emperor of China, thas admitting the right of sovereignty which the Chinese Binpiro pretends to hold over Aunam. It is from this time ‘that the Chinese claimed tribato, and Istor on, to enforce those ‘aims, their armies invaded and opsupied the eountry.2 ASSAM AND ITS MINon ctanESCT. ‘Thixito was succeeded in 1028 by his son #2 Taat-roso, who during his reign of twenty-eight years had to fight only against the rebels who rose in arms in the frontier provinces. In 1086, having restored peace on the frontiers of China, he received from the Emperor the title of i 4B E Nam-bink- ‘tuong. ‘The most important of these rebellions was that under i6H Tmi-ceo, who, defeated in 1050, revolted again in 1052, adel the Chinese provinces of REI Knang-tung ond BEB Kuane-si, and with the Anamese provinee of BE Kf Quang- nguyen founded the kingilom called Je ff Darenax, in which bie was proclaimed king by his followers under the namie of £2 2K Nuox-nve. In the early days of his reign suocess attended him, and he defeated the varions Chinese armies sent against Jhims bat finally he was beaten, and his kingdom disappeared with him in 4034. Daring the reign of Thaistong, Buddhism made great progress in Annaim, the king ordering in 1081 the eonstrac~ tion of nearly one thousand monasteries. In 1055 Hf $8, Taanu-roxo, son of Thaistong, came to power, and his first act was to change the name of the king dom to that of % $8 Dai-viet, used during the Dix Dynasty. His reign was peaceful, and in 1072 he was suoveeded by his son {© Nuos-roxe, notorious for his wars against the Chi= nese, ‘The Emperor J Curs-nsoxa of the Northern si Sung Dynasty bad decided to conquer Aunam, and to that end he sent a numerons army, which, however, did not pass the ff IE Quang-nguyen frontiers. The army was detained for several months on these frontiers, and suffered great loss in every engagement it had with the Annamese, till at length peace was signed, and the invaders returned to their own country if 2% Taax-r0N6, a nephew of tho last king, occupied tho throne in 1128, and reigned until 11395 the only notice taken of hima in the Annals was that he was mad, He was succeeded at his death by his son 3 232 Anm-roxc, dating whozo reign seamen AwNant AND 19S MINOR CURRENCY. 43 1e port of Hai-phong wasopened to trade wich Siam, the Maloy acrid Borne To 1142 abone eld #9 Tnas- zor raised a rebellion, and was proclaimed king under the name SEE HE Brve-vooss, He was, at first, successful, collected Gumerous forces, and went to besiege the capital; but, routed vin the way to Hanoi, he sought refige in the mountains of ‘Tanguin, where he was made a prisoner, taken to the capital, and decapitated , 2 82 Cao-roxa, son of Anh-tong, came to power, oe eds he rived ere om the Emperor of China, being callod for the first time 3 iff 3E An~ ‘nam Vuong, or King of Annam. Ho-was corrupt and addicted to vice, and was dethroned by a military rebellion in 1211. His son 3 Hoz-r0xa, supported by his father-in-law Blt 3 Trax-cy, succeeded to the throne. ‘The kingdom was in a sery dared stat: the 2 Ly Dynsty hed realy Tost be restige acquired by its frst kings, and the fear of imeginar at ‘ing whch sumoundel the i of the king made hima lose his reason and his throne. He became mad and abdi- cated in 1225 in favour of his daughter 1 a Cummv-rwant, ‘The fi Teas family did nat lose such @ good opportunity to obiain the crowns one of its members ft J Teax-cant nartied the queen, and, on her abdiesting in favour of her husband, the Ly family, the true founders of the Annamese Ikmngdom, disappeared from posrer. No. 5.—Obverse.—IIK H Ae ‘HE Thuan-thien-ai-bao, Reverse: plain, Coin issued daring the reign of sk fill Txarro, the first king of this dynasty, (1010 to 1028). ‘The tro following Ro. 6.—Obverse.—¥é # JE H Can-phu-ngayen-bao. Reve This ‘Taasroxe. (1028-105 inge iseued mo coins lain. in was issued darthg the reign of the Emperor 2 5.) Te-was during this epoch that tho44 SSNAM AND TTS anos CURRENCY. nse of small thin eash was first infrodaced, on aeeot introduced, on account of the fren scrity of copper the exiting inthe Blogdom. The Chinese traders immeiately took advantage of this cream. stanco, and had Chinese eash recast into smaller ones, export ing thn fm thew cous ats Annam._ Th eonegaenes of tannins case ys pong th nnufucture of eash was suspended by the Annamese govern. ment for period of ity years eae Nar Obvona —K Af 5 8 Theophoaguyer-es, everse Diminative coin made dari i Dini "made during the reign of the Emperor fH Nuos-rose in his seventh nienliao. It is of sive copper an he inact Ngo of tho obese writen No. 8.-Obverse.— 3 if Dai-dinh-thong-bao. Reverse: plan, No. 9.—Obverse—Summe 24,No. 8. o rim on the Reverse No. 10.—Obrersa—Samo as No. 8 Astribation ofthe four chums. Reverse: plain. Diminotive coins made daring thezeign of Ki Jaring the reign of King 2 ose (1130-1176), daring hi essed eta No, 1.—Obverse—KE $B $F Thien-oam-thong-bao Reverse: plain. fH Diminative coin made daring the re ig Piminatice coin made during the sign of the ane hing No, 12—Obverse— FE 3 BE Thien-tu-thong ban, Plain rverse. i Diiminutive coin issued by the King 1911) in is setoad iene No. 18.—Obverse. if 38 3B $E Tr-binh-thongsbno, Reverse withont rim, bat varying in tho 8% Cao-toxa (1176- ENcTs 45 ASSAM AND IS SUNOR 02 Lu and 15.—-Obvene—jft 78 5E # Tri-binkenguyen- bao. ‘The character Jj nguyen is written in two different fori of the fehuen or seal characters, Reverse. —No. 14 plains No. 15 withont rim. Diminntive coins issned by the former King in his fourth niieneiao. xu. ‘The ple Tran Dynasty. —1226-1414. By the marriage of the Queen Wf & Curev-woane with the Prince Bit 4 Trax-canat tho new dynasty came to power whieh gorerned Annam for tivo centaries. ‘Tnas-cawn, afterwards known by the name of ok 2x Tare oxa, was 50 unfortunate in his domestic affuirs, that he ran ‘aay from the palace and took refuge in « pagoda, refusing to reign any Jonger. Ho was requosted by bis courtiers to return to the capital, but as the Chinese were then invading the kingdom, he went to the frontier with his army and drove thera back to their own country. ‘Tired however of the throne, Thai-tong abdicated in 1258 in favoar of his son 3 38 Txas-toxa, who liad to fight and drive away the Mongols then invading Annan for the first tima, But he ultimately had to agree to pay a triennial tribute to China, which has been continued to the present ‘Phe rest of his reign was peaceful; following his father's ex ample, he abdicated in 1279 in favour of his son {2 332 Nuow- soxe. ‘When this king asconded the throne, an order was received from the Emperor Kunvat that he should personally appear st hiscourt. ‘The king refused to aooede to this demand, and thus originated the second Mongol invasion of the country, in 1285, iy an urmy of 00,000 men commanded by Oxeax: ‘A brother of the king, called Trax Tor-tAc, took the side of the Mongols, and together they defented the AnnameseSAM AND 173 MINOR CEERENCY, «, driving the King to the mountains of the fff é Thanle oa province, Onee masters of the eountry, the invaders raised the treacherous Tran Ichetae to the throne, but the Joyal Annamese very soon gathered a fresh army which defeated the Mongols ia several battles, and compelled them to rerss tho rontiers. In 1286 sother Mongol espodition came to Anam, but was also defeated and driven tek to China, In 1298 youee was signed. Four years afterwards the King sngong aodicned in favour of his son $e & Amarone Nothinye paatiewlar is mentioned about him in’ the Annals, except that he abolished the custom followed by his predecossor of tattooing on the legs the picture of a dragon as a mark of nobilgy and sign of valour, Ank-tong also abdicated in 1814 in favour of his son BH st Mrsw-toxs, whose reign was peaceful and devoted to the organization of the eonutry. Following the rale established by his predecessors, the King ceded the throne in 1930 in favone of bis son #8 292 Hues-oxc. ‘This king died after a reign of twelve years without leaving a direct heir, s0 hi younger brother % 28 Dr-tosa was made king under the egeney of his father, the King Mink-tong During the reign of Ductong the kingdom was on several ‘ccasions desolated by droughts and floods, which necessitated frequent distributions of rioe and cash to the needy. ‘There was also considerable number of rebels and thieves in the provinocs, which were taken prisoners and behended. At this me the export trade of Annam sand the number of foreign vessels eriv ‘guite important, King Duclong died in 1388 without leaving a direct het, ond on this accowat there is gn Snterregnam of two years i the history of Amnam, passed ia fights and quarrels hotween the members of the Royal family. At ast in 1370, 2 2 Naau-toxg was proclaimed king; at frst he had to maintain his rights agaiust ancther Reyal Prince, and tiiece years later us lurgely developed, gat ts coasts became emer ANWAM AND ITS AMINOR CURRENCY. a7 the was driven from his eapiéal by the hordes of Ciampa who invaded the country. ‘The king thon abdicated in favour of is younger brother @ 4 Duz-roxe, who in 1378 was Killed in a war against Clamps, ‘Phen came to power a nephow of the King Nghe-tong, called Prince Kinx, and designated by the name of B¢ Pur-ne, who, after a reign fraught with distuxbances and rebellions, was dethroned and succeeded in 1390 by J ‘Taeas-rona. It was at this period that the decline of An- rans power set in. The kings were unable cither to repress the cehellions which broke out in the provinces, orto resist the invasions of neighbouring tribes. The people lived in a con tinual state of war, and this contributed to the rise, above their ordinary sphere, of the more fortanate generals, ‘The result was the same as in every country in the world: the nilitary prestige gained by the vietories of those generals fnercased their ambitious views and made them ansious to place the erown on their own heads, either by palace intrigues, ‘or by a rebellion of the soldiers under thefr command. Thus, during the reign of Thusu-iong, it was easy to prodiet the course of events. His power was altogether in the hands of General § # $F Ho Qui-tx, whovo inflasnos during the Just rofgn liad alzeady beon paramount. Ta the same year ia which ‘Thuan-tong was procleimed king, General Ho hind the ond fortune to defeat the mobs of a sebel bonze who had resulted in tho province of Thanbhoa under the name of 5% Xvove-euc; and to bring to @ successful close a long conyaiga against the armies of Gfampa, Peace was restored in the eoontry, and its real ruler Ho Qur-ur devoted himselt to its administration, instituting the laws relating to Paper- rianey, a5 we have already seen. He also ordered the con- struction of a new city which was to be made the capital of the kingdom. This town, built in the provinee of jj W ‘Thaub-hea, was ealled HF f Tai-do or Western Capital, and the Court took possession of it in the 11th moon of 1398.a8 ANSUAE AND ITE ston CUR Four months later Ho Qui-ly foreed the King Timan-tong to resign in farour of a of Tamzc-oe, a boy tliroo years eld. Daring the cetemonies of his proclamation, Ho Quidy nearly became the vietim of a conspiracy against his lie by the Lords and Mandarinss but they had to pay dear for it, as nearly fonr hundred of them lost their heads in consequence, At Jast this general beeame weary of supporting mock kings, and in 1402 tookthe throneforhimself, His history will be eontina- cod later on when dealing with other rebels. He was dethned in 1407 by the intervention of the Chineso army, and the Amamese proclaimed fff #2 4 Gu Dise-rn as theie king, and proceeded to fight in the 38 Je Nghe-an province against ito customary invaders of the county. But. another git ‘Tran Prince mised his banner against him, and having assembled 2 numerous army, proclaimed himself king in 1410 under the mane of it 3 Hf TeoxG Quax-os, This political division of tho country was only favorable to the Chinese invaders, a8 was soon seen by the two Annatnese partis, who in consequence joined hands under the supremacy of Tavse Quine, But it was already too late, as the Chinese had made reat progress, and at lust, in 1414, made Trung Quang prisoner, subdued Anam, and eaused it to become a province ‘of the Chinese Empire. No. 16.—Obverse.— 3 Wf 58 #8 Nguyew-plong-thong-beo. Reverse without itn. No. 17—Same as before, but Ih written in tho rmmaing hand style. Diminutivo coins fssued by Ring ke #82 Taan 25 1258) Sais hed nang, SR PHA ONG (125 No. 18.—Obverse,—42 IM 7 YF Thiew-phoug:bink-bao, or cheep coin of Thiew-phong, Reverse without rim, No. 19.—Same as before, but haring the chara veitien inthe runing kand sgl ae ‘ng the character 7 |SSNAME AND 1S AINOR CURRENCY. 49 20.—Obverse.—Same as before, but having 3 Ngayerrbao ov original coin, instoal of 3 ff Bink-bao. ‘The four characters are written in the seal style. Dirainative eons issued by King #je# Du-roxa (1942-1370) in is first nien-hao. No. 21.—~Obverse—Je ff JH BE Dubtzithong-bao, Reverse: plain. No, 22.—-Same as before, but of stballer size. No, 23.—Same as before, but having FE 5 Nguyen-bao instead of Thong-bno. (OF ll kings of the Tran Dynasty, Ductong cast most cash, and this was dae to the calamities suffered by the country uring his reiga; for, owing to the repeated loss of erops, there wore frequent distributions of eash to the people. ‘This king was also the first who, during his second nien-hao, cast the three above coins of size equal to those current in China, “His saczessor did not cast exsh, ut some were sued by the rebols who were in arms from this period until the end of the dynasty. xiv. Resms. Tn Asmar not only those chiefs are considered rebels who revolted in the provineos and held out fora longer or shorter ‘ime, but also thoso who sueceodod in obtaining possession of the eaptal of the kingdom and took their seat npon the throne, -withoat being reeognizad as true kings in the Armals. During the Tran Dynasty, as well as during the following @ Le and Bi Nguyen Dynasties, there were insurgent chiofs without namber who raiged tho standard of rebellion in the An- namese provinces, but only those who east cash will be men- tioned. And it will not perhaps be out of place to say that the chapters on rebel cainage mast not be taken as complete, for atior exporioncing great dificalties in classifying the coins