Task 1. Match the sentences in A with the context in B in which they can be found.

A B

1. Baby found at the bus station.

Passengers are requested not to smoke. " — A nonce on ib -t

3. More examples of recycling processes are seen in 2: atAICWSpaperacaciiile
the next chapter c A sign in the public library
xt chapter.
, . : announcemen
4. Tactor X, a new cream, was developed in Denmark d N ADAgHCamCe:
to stop human cells from growing old. € —Areport .
f. A scientific material

on

Books must be returned in good conditions.

6. The seminar on Artificial Intelligence will be held
on April 21st.

Task 2. Match the words and expressions in column A with those in B and then make
sentences, using the
verbs in the box in the passive voice.

A f

B | |
1. Christopher Columbus a. ___ cubic art SE varbs Y )
2. Johannes Gutenberg b. ___ internal combustion cars | vent . discover Reid
3. Charlie Chaplin c. ___ the printing press i found * introduce * write |
d. ___ the Theory of Relativity i pages = deveiap

4. Pablo Picasso
5. Henry Ford ie. __ ‘Romeo and Juliet’
6. Bil Gates if. Microsoft, the giant

7. William Shakespeare computer company,

8. Albert Einstein g. 1 America
h. ___ great silent films

Example: America way discovered by Christopher Columbus.

Task 3. Read the article below and underline all the passive structures you can
find. Then decide what tense
they are.

When the word laser is mentioned to a group of teenagers, their natural Present.

reaction is to think of discotheques, coloured lights which are used in rock

concerts, and super-destructive weapons shown in science fiction films, but the
truth is that much more things can be done by lasers than the ones mentioned
above. For instance, a laser beam is used in a compact disc player. In this case
the
music is ‘read’ from a point just below the surface of the disc. That is why the
sound quality is unaffected by dust or scratches as would be the case with an
ordinary music record.

The word laser’ is an acronym for ght amplification through stimulated emission of
radiation’. Lasers have so many uses nowadays thar it is hard to imagine the modern
world without them. However, the most important recent advances have been
made in the field of medicine. Lasers are increasingly used in the treatment of
wounds, rheumatoid arthritis, torn muscles and dental problems.

A new lightweight machine has recently been developed by Omega Universal of

London. It works with low intensity light which is applied to alleviate pain and
reduce inflammation. The healing process can also be accelerated by as much as
fifty per cent. Exactly why laser light can heal is not fully understood.
Apparently it
provides energy which is absorbed by chemicals in the skin, so the production of
scar tissue 1s sumulated, thus speeding up the healing process.

9
Task 4. common passive beginnings. Here are some common sentence beginnings used
frequently in
technical articles. Read and translate them with a partner.

1. Ttis hoped that... cee. Se esperar que... .....

Ithas frequently said that. 0000 sscosswessscevseenss ss semen sees

ro

3. Itwill be remembered that...

4. Ithasbeen decided that... === ssiessssescssssmsssssesasesmeees ssa
5. Ithasoften been questioned that..: ~~ iccisesscsiiiiemesseesimeeie sis
6. Itwas always assumed that... 0000 cccessessescommmessssmmnenes sons
7. Itisgenerdllyagreed thats 000 sssesssssssssecensssiavessness sss
8. It must be emphasised that...
9. Ithas been soggested thats: 000 wswssesesssssenmesssssemsses ss sesae
10. It was proved that...
11: Itwas €léady unddesstood that: === cswssewe:ssemoesssssomsomsus sons
12. It should be considered that...

KEY WORDS

The words on this table are very useful to help you understand technical English
materials, so you need to
learn and revise them regularly using a dictionary if necessary. Write any other
new words and their
meanings in the spaces provided. Remember that a good vocabulary is essential for
reading.

save survey
prevent, avoid issue
pick up diseases
provide, supply otherwise
heat journey
go through road
seem smart
weigh power
carry out roof
store plenty (of)
lead — led - led footprints
fit dust
allow surface
record spacecraft, spaceship
risk shuttle
heal crew
reliable
actually)
witness
speed
goal, aim, objective
network
spelling
mistake
leisure
assembly line
gadget

10
tools

beam

environment

likely

wreck

whether, if

path, route

almost, nearly

research, investigation

notice

weapon

nowadays

field

skin

ussue

thus

LANGUAGE SUMMARY
Here are the things you studied in this unit:
e Recognizing Reference Words:
Arthur C. Clarke, had a theory about new ideas. ~~ He said that they go through
three stages:

e Using Sentence Connectors:

Even now, most computers can only do what they are told. However, all that could
change in the
next few years. For example, computers are now being extensively used in the film
industry
creating entire imaginary worlds, animals, places, and so on.

e Using Passive Structures:

The home of the future wall be built indoors

Laser beams are used for countless applications now.

e Translating Passive Beginnings:

It was stated that ...

It has been suggested that ...
It must be kept in mind that ...
II WASTE AND RECYCLING

2. The Consumer Society

3. Recycling Processes:
A. Glass

B. Paper
4. Metals
5. Toxic Waste

Learning Goals:

In this unit, you will read about:

e Problems derived from industrial and domestic waste.

e The advantages of recycling.

e The dangers of toxic waste and what is being done

about it.

In this unit you will practise:

e Exploring background knowledge.

¢ Checking personal attitudes towards the environment.

e Sequencing steps in a process.

¢ Adding information through relative clauses.

¢ Using conditional sentences and making predictions.

Lesson 2
THE CONSUMER SOCIETY

Task 1 In the class discuss the following topics:

What is recycling?
How important do you think recycling is? Why? Why not?
Make a list of things and materials that can be recycled.

Task 2 These words are from the text below. Match them with their Spanish
definitions:
1 waste (n.) ___ a escape de liquido o gas a través de agujeros o fisuras.
2 raw material (n.) _b cambiar o sustituir una cosa por otra; mover, trasladar.
3 steam (n.) _¢ lo que se desecha o descarta en un proceso de fabricacion.
4 leak (n.) _d desperdicios, basura o desechos.
5 dump (v. n.) ____e corromper, echar a perder, destruir.
6 shift (v.) ___f considerando que, mientras que.
7 make up (v.) __g vapor de agua que se genera mediante la ebullicion.
8 rubbish (n.) ___h conformar o constituir.
9 spoil (v.) __ 1 depositar o botar material de desecho. Vertedero.
10 whereas (conj.) _ | material bisico usado en el proceso de fabricacion, materia
prima
Task 3 As you read this text, find answers to these questions.
1 What percentage of the world population lives in 3 How does rubbish affect our
towns and
developing countries? countryside?
2 What percentage of resources is consumed in 4 What are the two main sources of
waste?
developing countries? 5 Name the three main steps in recycling?

Industrialised countries use so many resources that every year waste increases,
both in volume and complexity,
so they have created “throw away societies”, which means that people discard huge
amounts of taings such as
clothes, vehicles, machines, furniture, food, books and magazines, some of them
still usable.

The developed countries, which make up one-third of the world's population, use
over 80% of its resources,
whereas the remaining 20% of the world's resources is used by the rest of the
world.

What is Waste? The word ‘waste’ means something that

is discarded after use or not wanted, something superfluous

which does not serve a purpose any more. Every day people
dispose of newspapers, wrappers, tin cans, bottles, plastic
containers, tyres, batteries, etc. without thinking about it.
This mass of rubbish, which is known as domestic waste,
disfigures our towns and spoils the countryside.

However, all these products have been made from

valuable raw materials whose processing or manufacture has
used up costly forms of energy. When they are thrown away,
the materials and energy that were used to make them are
simply wasted.

And what about industrial waste? Most industrial processes generate toxic wastes.
In the USA alone, almost
half of it comes from the chemical industry; a fifth comes from the extraction and
purification of metals and an
eighth from petroleum and coal products.

Just Rubbish? We talk of the disposal or elimination of waste, but this is really
the wrong word. Waste cannot
disappear; it can only be shifted from one place to another, or converted into
different form.

12
There are a number of ways to deal with waste: it may be
buried in the ground or burned, but it cannot just disappear
from the world.

Buried waste is invisible, but it may be a source of

serious problems, for example, the leaking of poisonous
substances into the soil and the contamination of water
supplies. On the other hand, incinerated waste turns into
gas that pollutes the air we breathe.

As waste cannot disappear, it must be controlled and

managed efficiently. And the best possible solution is to
recycle it that is, to collect, and re-use it in a different form.

Recycling in Action. The idea behind recycling is that materials are always moving
in a circle of use, rather

than being added to the mass of rubbish and waste that increases every day.

Typically, there are at least three stages after materials are first used: they
must be recovered, then processed,

and then made into new products that people will buy.

Task 4. True or False?

the false ones.

1. People in developed countries use, on average, 20% more of the world’s resources
than people in

developing countries.

2. Making products from recycled materials is as expensive as making new products

from raw materials.
3. Before materials can be made into new products they must first be recovered and
processed.

4. Energy and materials are wasted when people throw away their rubbish instead of
recycling it.
5. The term ‘throw away societies’ describe first world consumust countries which
produce huge

amounts of rubbish.

6. Burying waste or burning it does not solve the pollution problem, unless it is
recycled into new

products.

Task 5. Read this article carefully and decide which answer A, B or C best fits
each space.

10

15

THE UNIQUE PLANET

THE EARTH is the (1) ... only... planet known to support life. It has all the
resources and materials to enable plants and animals, including humans, to (2)
i, . The Earth 3) .......................... water, air, energy, food,
minerals, metals and medicines, as well as recycling systems so that the resources
are re-
used. These (#4) ..c.ooooiiiniiiinn.. , however, are limited and need to be used
and
conserved wisely. The Earth's natural systems are vital to life but they will break
down if
they are overloaded. The survival of (5) .................... on E arth is linked
to the
environment, so our lives and those of future generations depend on how careful we
are
with the Earth.

WHAT WE CAN DO. There are many things that could be done to (6)
: gs . our environment and help in the recycling process. Recycling begins
at i D— SO sly will have to 7) ............... by sorting out their rubbish into
glass, paper and metal to aid this process. L ocal industries, authorities and the
community should agree on recycling schemes, such as the creation of collecting
points,
reduction of (8) ..................... and co-ordination of projects with voluntary
groups
for the cleaning of nearby lakes, (9) ..................... and the countryside.

But the most useful (10) ...... in which we can help is through education
and information within our youth clubs, lescaing centres and communal
organisations.

13

Mark these statements T if they are correct or F if they are wrong, then correct
1. A one B. only C. Wonderful 6. A. cover B. Study C. protect
2. A survive B. create C. stay 7. A. make B. help C. clean
3. A. brings B. saves C. provides 8. A. food B. waste C. help
4. A systems B. resources ~~ C. minerals 9. A. animals B. streets C. rivers
5. A. life B. people C. resources 10. A. way B. answer C. thing
Task 6 Find synonyms (i.e. words with the same meaning), for the terms below:
maintain (Line 1) support.......... classifying (L. 12) were
permit I..2) ee waste, litter L. 12) coerce
intelligently (1.6) oven consent (I. 14) civ
collapse (L.6) eee, plans (L. 14) eee
excessively used (1.7) creer convenient @. 17)
connected (I. 7) ald @IT) = csmmosssessaasmaseens
rely (L.8) YOURE PEODIE Es 18) sesssussssomsumensassnmsssisnsosss
Task 7 Here is a list of practical ideas which can aid the environment.

a. Which ones refer to recycling processes?

b. Which ones do you do already?

I. Buy fresh food thar does not need a lot of packaging (boxes, cans, plastic bags,
etc.).

2. Use bottles more than once to store food, medicines, and so on.

3. Try ro buy ‘organic’ food and vegetables from farmers who do not use chemicals.

4. Keep paper or aluminium cans so they can be made into new products.

5. Do not buy products made from rare or protected species, e.g. clothes made from
animal fur, ivory, etc.
6. Buy white toilet paper rather than coloured one.

7. Save as much water as possible.

8. Try to save paper. Also, buy and use products made from recycled paper.

9. Do not drive your own car everywhere. Use public transport as often as possible.

10. Look for aerosols which do not have any of the chemicals called CFCs (chloro-
fluoro-carbons) in them.
11. Buy soap, shampoo and cosmetics which were not tested on animals.

12. Plastic bags stay around for hundreds of vears because they do not disintegrate
easily, so re-use them as
many times as possible.

13. Take your used bottles to a bottle bank or to a collecting point.

14. Use batteries as little as possible. It takes 50 times more energy to make them
than the energy they

produce. So use rechargeable batteries instead.

p—
[S1]

. Do not leave on electric lights, 1'V, radios, etc. if you are not using them
KEY WORDS

The words on this table are very useful to help you understand technical English
materials, so you need to
learn and revise them regularly using a dictionary if necessary. Write any other
new words and their
meanings in the spaces provided. Remember that a good vocabulary is essential for
reading.

dump waste
shift raw material
make up steam
spoil leak
throw away rubbish
dispose of whereas
deal with furniture
buried Wrappers
burn tyres,
enable cans
break down coal
sort out poisonous
agree rather than
rely on at least
average
instead of
scheme

and so on

15