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    SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

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    4 views14 pages

    Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

    Uploaded by

    Shruthee

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
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    NCERT CERT 24, Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants X Word to Word Word to Word, Zero to Hero Questions 1 The proximal end of the filame: ; 2 Qu peeeesees f the filament of a stamen is Q.10 Whatis the diameter of pollen grains? (@) Thalamus (b) Petalofthe flower a Stem © Auber (@) Botha)and(b) (6) 50-100 micrometers Q.2 Atypical angiosperm anther is, " (@) Monolobed b Bier (@ 100-200 micrometers () Bilobed Q41 _ Endothecium layer of anther lobesis present (©) Tetralobed @ Hexalobed ma (a) Ouside the epidermis Q3 Thecaofanther are seperated by- je 7 y (b) Just inside ofepidermis (a) Alongitudinal groove ) Inth s tlayer (®) Atransverse groove (Oia ihe meer (Fila (@ Inthe middle region {@) Pollen grains Q.12 One pollen mother cell may produce oR . germinating pollen grains, each with two male Q4 Asethsr Scones st nuclei and one tube nucleus. How many meiotic (a) Two microsporangi divisions arenecessary to bring this about? (b) Fourmicrosporangia (@ Two (b) One: (©) Eightmicrosporangia (©) Three (@) Four (@ Onemicrosporangia Q.13 Thepollengrainis- Q5 The microsporangia develop further and become- (a) Animmature female gametophyte (@) Theca () Pollen grains (b) Amature male gametophyte (©) Pollensacs (d) Sporogenous tis (©) Partially developed male gametophyte @ Sporogenous tissue P Q.6 Amicrosporangium is surrounded by wall (@ Laststage of male gametophyte byes Q.14 Germporeis the region where the exineis- a) Two (b) Three (@) Thick (b) Uniform (©) Four (d) Six (c) Thickanduniform (d) Absent Q7 ie ame three layers of anther wall perform the Q.15 Meiosis canbe observed in- fe one (@) Sporemothercell _(b) Microspores Stace (© Megaspores (4) Tapetal cells (©) Nourishment of developing pollen grains Q16 Pollen grainsareformed in~ @ Both(ayand(b) ® Enboosse (b) Stigma Q8 — Cells of the tapetum possess cytoplasm and ara (2) /Pollenssc) generally have___nucleus. Q17 Synergidsare- . (@) Dense, more thanone (@) Tetraploids (b) Triploid () Dense, one (©) Diploid (@) Haploid (© Loose, one Qu8 Perispermis- (@) Loose, multiple (a) Degenerate part of synergids Q9 Which of the following statement regarding (b) Peripheral part ofendosperm microsporogenesisis incorrect? (©) Degeneratepart of secondary nucleus (a) As the anther develops, the cells of the (d) Remnant ofnucellus sporogenous tissue undergo mitotic divisions to Q.19 Generally number of integuments in the ovule of form microspore tetrads. eaeinenernt ta oan (b) Each cell of the sporogenous tissue is a oo asain aay Gael 10hs Je ante coecorese eal iheyfarettciaedjere et enwtone ly ag Tome Te sree sare cluster of four eclls = the 220 Thefunctionalmepnsporeundergoes tnlcrospore tetrad. (a) 2meiotic division to form mature embryo sac (@).As the anthers mature and dehydrate, the (b) 3 mitotic division to form mature embryo sac aa aneregctate fiom cach other and (©) 2miftidvsiontofommatureembryo sae develop into pollen grains. (@) 3 meiotic division to form mature embryo sac Q21 Q22 Q23 Q24 Q25 Q.26 Q27 Q.28 Q.29 NGERT een Cntr eae ERT | etre ci NCERT Word to Word ollination means~ In an embryo sac ofa epleal angiosperm, there 030 ea earners armate and female Sex organs in the are~ same lower (2) Egg. synergids and antipodals () Germination of pollens within the anther ® Eee, syne poarnseandanpdss (6) Transfer of pollens from anther to the stigma (©) Egg, synergids, centralcell andpolarnuclei within thesame Mower (@) Egg. synergids and secondary cel (4) Transferofpollens from one flower toanother on If diploid chromosomes number in a flowering thesame plant plant is 12, then which one of the following Will 6 5, Figs polinatedby- haveonly6chromosomes? (a) Wind (b) Self (a) Endosperm () Leafeells (©) Water (@) Insects Ores (@) Synergids , 232 Inplants in nature, autogamy is avoided since the Egg apparatus of angiosperm consists of- : ds produced: (a) Onceggcell and twosynergids ay pa tewerin number (b) Oneegg cell, synergids, 3 antipodals {by Donot germinate successfully nm " a. (d) Alloftheabove eee cell which divides by mitosis to form 6 43 parts ofthe gynoecium which receives the pollenis embryosacis- ed - (@) Megaspore mother cell @ Ovey (0) Ovule () Microspore mother cell © syle (@) Stigma (©) Functions! megaspors Q34 Progeny produced asa result ofeross pollination - G@) Non functional megaspore (a) Shows high degree of variability and is Female gametophyte of angiospermis generally - evolutionary important (@) 7eelledand 7nucleate (&) Iesterile () Bcelledand 8mucleate (©) Hasrecessive characters © felines (@) Ishomozygous with phenotypic uniformity (@) 8celledand 7nucleate ination’ ledand? : Q35 Pollination isbest defined as Stalk with which ovules remain attached to (@) Transferofpollen from antherto stigma (b) Germination of pollen grains placenta is called - (@) Funicle (b) Raphe (©) Growth ofpollen tube in ovule (©) Hilum (@) Chalaza (@) Visiting flowerby insects ‘Continuous self pollination in a species develops - Q.36 Filiform apparatus, is/are- (@) Strongoffsprings (6) Weak offsprings (a) Group of ignified cells, present at micropylar tip (©) Newvarieties _(d) Seediess fruits (b) Cellularthickenings oftthe synergids In which type of flowers, stigma is rough and (©) Plasmodesmatal connections present in cells of sticky? embryosac (a) Insectpollinated (@ Used to form cytoplasmic polarity in egg (6) Wind pollinated apparatus Q37 The process of transfer of pollen grains from (©) Waterpollinated (@) Alloftheabove Each cell of which of the following tissue of anther to stigmatic surface of the flower with the help of wateris called - angiospermic microsporangia is capable of giving ie ee (b) Zoophily risetoa microspore tetrad? (c) Hydrophily (@) Omithophily @ Nei Q38 Double fertilizationis a characteristic of- (b) Sporogenous tissue a (Gsrmosperms (©) Integumentary tapetum eo pentie gi IS (d) Transfusion tissue : @) Pteridophytes rf WGERT e al Reproduction in Flow NGERT 0 40 Qat Qa 0.43 4d 4s Q46 Qa7 Qa Fusion of two dissimilar gametesis called - (a) Fertilisation (©) Pollination (©) Selfpollination (4) Self fertilisation Which one of the following event in a botanical gardenis never directly influenced by light? @ Flowering (6) Photosynthesis aad (©) Transpiration (4) Fertilisation In angiosperms, triple fusion is necessary for the formation of - (a) Seedcoat (b) Fruitwall Q51 (©) Embryo (@) Endosperm Which of the following is without exception in sperms? (@) Secondary growth (b) Presence of vessels (©) Double Fertilisation (4) Autotrophic nutrition Which of the following is not true for double fertilisation? (a) Discovered by Nawaschin (b) Male gamete and secondary nucleus fused to Q-52 form endosperm nucleus (©) Endosperm nucleusis diploid (@ Endosperm provide nutrition to embryo ‘The endosperm in angiosperms is formed - (a) After fertilisation (b) Before fertilisation (©) Along with fertilisation (@ Before pollen discharged In angiosperms, free nuclear di during- (a) Gamete formation (b) Embryo formation (©) Endosperm formation (@ Flowerformation Polar nuclei are situated in the central cell~ (a) Below the egg apparatus (b) Above the egg apparatus (©) Below the antipodals, @) Alloftheabove Q53 n occurs: Qs4 Q55 Proteinaceous endosperm of maizeis called - (a) Apophysis (b) Scutetlum (©) Aleuronclayer (a) Noneoftheabove Dicotembryo consists of- (@) Radicleand plumule (b) Radicle, plumule, cotyledons and sometimes endosperm (© Radicle, plumule, cotyledons and tegmen @ Radicle, plumule, cotyledons, tegmen and testa Q56 If the number of chromosomes in endosperm of a dicot plantis 36, the root cell will contain- (a) 72chromosomes (b) 28chromosomes (©) 24chromosomes (4) 48 chromosomes Inangiosperm endospermis formed by - (a) Freenuclear division of megaspore (b) Division of fused polarnuclet (©) Division of fused polarnuclei and male gamete (@) Divisionof fused synergids and male gamete Structure given- : (@) Isinvolvedinmicrosporogenesis. =} (b) Will form haploid endosperm after fertilization (©) Isreduced gametophyte of angiosperms (@) Iscoenocytic Aleurone layer in maizeis present towards- (a) Periphery of endosperm (b) Periphery of scutellum (©) Periphery of coleoptiles (@ Periphery of coleorhiza In a seed of maize, scutellum is considered as cotyledon because it~ (@) Protectsthe embryo (b) Contains food for the embryo (© Absorbs food materials and supplies them to the embryo @ Convertsitselfintoamonocotleaf Function of embryonal suspensor in angiosperms isto- (@) Serveas channel forH,O -(b) Push embryo deeperinte endosperm (©) Relaease growth hormones (@ Transfer nutrients from parent sporophyte to youngembryo ‘The parthenogenesis refer toa fruit- (@) Withseedsafterpollination (b) Withoutseed after pollination (©) With viable seed after fertilisation (@) Scedless without fertilisation An example of a naturally occurring parthenocarpic fruitis- (a) Guava (b) Mango (©) Banana (@) Apple Wedd Weal I WGERT. eer tt to Word: | Q.57 The endosperm found in anglospermic seed Is Options different from that of gymnosperm In the sense (ab Co Represents torpedo shaped embryo (2 its format et (G) p_-Formed by meiosisinzyg0te {2 C_Represents globular embryo red by triple fusion ion while in the later | (a) Itis formed before fer (a) A-Form of the following options gives the itis formed after fertilisation lisation white inthe ater it gg Which one jon of six plants according to | (b) Itis formed after fe is formed before fertilisation | (c) Itiscellular while inthe later itis nuclear correct categortsatl ‘C)theyhave? (qd) Tis nutritive while in the laterit is protective the type of seeds (A, By ry have? | QS8 Generally how many megaspores take part in the aA B c development of female gametophyte of angiosperms? Endospermic | Non- Perispermic (a) One (b) Two ‘Seeds | endospermic | seeds | (e) Three (@) Four (Atbuminous | seeds Reduction division in angiosperm occurs at the seeds) |(Nonalbuminous Res seeds) | (8) Asexual reproduction Ty [Maize Wheat ]Pea, Groundnut [Black pepper, Beet (b) Apomixis reproduction (6) Vegetative reproduction Jp [Maize, Wheat [Black pepper, Pea, Groundoul (@) Microspore and megaspore forma Best | Q.60. Which structure of ovule takes part in storage of e [Black pepper. [Maize, Wheat ]Pea, Groundnut} | food? Beet (2) Integuments (b) Nocetius ( [Pea, Groundnut) Maize, Wheat ce Pepper, (©) Embryosae (@) Micropyle - Q.67._ Inwhich of the following plants, the nucellar cells start dividing and develop into the embryos? Q.61 Pericarp develops from- (a) Septum (b) Ovary wall (a) Citrusand mango (©) Funiculus (@) Integument Q.62 Syngamy means- (b) Parthenium and grasses (a) The fusion of cytoplasm of spores (©) Peaand gram (b) Delayed meiosis (@) Wheatandrice Q.68 Following diagrams (A) & (B) represent? pS (c) Delayed mitosis (4) The fusion of male and female gametes Ka Q.63 Nonendospermic seeds are present in- sate OSE (a) Castor (b) Pea (©) Maize (d) Wheat es 2.64 When cells of nucellus in ovule make the embryo o® directly then itis? “ » (a) Amphimictic _(b) Parthenogenetic 1 | (c) Both 1&2 (@) Apomictic (a) (A)Femaleflowerof Hydrilla | .65 The figure below shows five steps (A, B, C, D, E) of (B) Male flower of Hydrilla | embryo development. (b) (A) Male flower of Hydrilla Select the option giving correct identification (B) Female flower of Hydrilla (0) (A) Female flower of Vallisneria together with whatis represents ? AB C D E (B) Male flower of Vallisneria (@) (A) Male flower of Vallisneria 6 ( / (B) Female flower of Vallisneria In a flowering plant, how many division/s isare required for the formation of mature male gametophyte 3 celled) from immature pollen grain? (a) I meiotic division is required (b) 1 meiotic and | mitotic divisions are required (c) | mitotic division is required (d) I meiotic and 2 mitotic divisions arerequired Q.69 gl NSERL, Q.70 Qn Qn Q73 4 Q7s Rend the following four statement respect to flowering plants (AD) with A. Ploldy ofthe cells of the te B. The stigma serve pollen trad Is haptol Sas a Landing pln ng form for C. Polten grains are peneratly measuring about 100-200 micro dinmet spherteal omteters in D. Exine of pollen grain has promine at apertures, called germ pores ea Where sporopollenin is: How many of theabovestatementsarceorrece? (@) One (6) Two (©) Three (@) Four Read the following four statements (A-D) = ‘A. Both wind and water pollinated flowers are not very colourful and do not produce nectar. B. Wind pollinated flowers often have a single in each ovary. sare light and non Vallisneria is an aquatic plant but by insect. How many of the above statements arecorrect? (a) One (b) Two (©) Three (@) Four ‘The first cell of male gametophyte in flowering ispol ted (a) Microspore mother cell (b) Megaspore mother cell (©) Male gamet (a) Microspore Tnwhich set of plants an ovary contains one ovu (a) Papaya, Watermelon, Orchids (b) Wheat, Paddy, Mango (©) Papaya, Watermelon, Mango (@) Papaya, Watermelon, Wheat Which of the following statements are correct? (@) The body of ovule fuses with funic! called chalaza. (b) Polar nuclei are situated in the central cell above theegg apparatus. (©) Cliestogamous flowers are invariably autogamous. @ Pollen tube releases the two male gamates into cytoplasm of egg cell. Read the given statement. @ Microsporangium is generally surrounded by four wall layer - epidermis, endothecium, middle layer, tapetum. Gi Cells of tapetum undergo meios microspore tetrads. i) Intine of pollen grain is pecto cellu (iv) Generative cell is bigger and contains abundant food reserve. in theregion SURO Cn uate nay Q.16 QT Q78 Q79 Q.80 Qsi T AGERE Which of the followingstatements are not truc? (a) Gand (ii) (b) Gi), Gii)and Gv) (©) Gi)and (ivy (a) @andGiv) Select incorreet statement regarding micro nesls Inan anther, (a) Heonsume tapetum and middle layer. (b) Microspore tetrad may be tetrahedral and isobilateral. | (©) Bach microsporogenesis involve one meiosis and three mitosis. (d) Large number of microspore mother cells differentiate in one pollen sae. Which of the following statements about sporopoltenin is false? Exine is made up of sporopollenin It is one of the most resistant organic material known No enzyme can degrade sporopollenin Exine has prominent apertures called germ pores where sporopollenin is present I. In most of the water pollinated species pollen grains are protected from wetting by a (0). Pseudocopulation act for pollin: performed by _Gi)__in__(iii)__. (a) (i)Sporopollenin ii) Wasp (iii) Ophrys (b) @ Sporopoltenin (ii) Moth (ii) Ficus (©) @Mucilagenous sheath (ii) Wasp (iii) Ophrys (@) (i) Mucilagenous sheath (ii) Moth Git) Ficus ‘The pollen tube usually enters the embryo sac~ (@) Through one of the two synergids (b) By direetly penetrating the egg cell (©) Between one synergid and central cell (@) By degenerating the antipodal cell From among the situations given below choose the one that prevents both autogamy and geitonogamy- (a) Monoccious plant bearing unisexual flowers (b) Dioecious plant bearing only male or female flowe (©) Monoccious plant with bisexual flowers (A) Divecious plant with bisexual flowers Which is the correct sequence for embryogenesis indicots? (a) Zygote -> globular stage —y Proembryo -> Heart shaped embryo —> Matrure embryo (b) Zygote > Heart shaped stage» Globular stage > Maturestage (©) Zygote > Procmbryo —> Heart shaped stage — Globular stage—> Mature embryo @ Zygote Proembryo— Globular stage—> Heart shaped embryo —> Mature embryo poro- nis Q.82 Q83 Qs Q.85 Q.86 Q.87 Q.88 RT WEE Word Choose the number of diplold structure from the list. Pollen grains, Nucellus, Perisperm, Endosperm, ‘Megaspore, MMC. (a) Two (c) Four (a) Five Ovules generally differentiate ‘Megaspore mother cell/sin the. region ofthe __+ (a) Many, Micropylar, Nucellus (b) Single, Chalazal, Nucellus (©) Single, Micropylar, Nucellus (@) Many, Chalazal, Integument Insect and plants which cannot complete their life cyclein absence of each other - Q.89 (b) Three Q.90 Q91 Q92 (©) @aGii,() @ 0.6),0) The portion of the embryonal axis above the level of attachment of scutellum is - (a) Hypocotyl () Epicotyl © Radical (@ Coleorhiza Persistent nucellus is called as found in, (a) Perisperm, Black pepper (b) Perisperm, Groundnut (©) Endosperm, Black Peper (a) Endosperm, Groundnut Select the mismatched pair. (a) Microsporangium - Pollen sac (b) Megasporangium - Ovule (©) Pollengrain - Male gamete (d) Embryosac —_- Female gametophyte Refer the given characteristics of some flowers. ()Lightand non-sticky pollen grains (ii) Exserted stigmas and anthers (ii) Large, often feathery stigmas (iv) Flowers colourless, odourless and nectarless (¥) Common in grasses Above features are the characteristics of which typeof flower? (@) Airpollinated (b) Water pollinated (©) Insect pollinated (@) Animal pollinated Q.93 and is Q.94 Q95 NE fa NGERT. fo Word, Nt aia cell of the pollen grain divides to form two | male gametes: (a) Vegetative cell (b) Generativecell (©) Microspore mothe None of these 7 te Three cells found in a pollen grain when it is .d at 3-colled stage are- o I vegetative ell, generativecell, I male gamete () | vegetative cell, 2male gametes (©) I generati cell ive cell, 2 male gametes (0 (0 Biher otner cls should undergo teiotie division to produce 64 pollen grains? (a) 64 (b) 32 (©) 16 @s The innermost layer of anther is tapetum whose function is- (@) Dehiscence (b) Mechanical (c) Nutrition (@ Protection Match Column-I with Column-II and select the correct option from the codes given below. Column-I Column-II ‘A. Tallestflower (i). Maize B. Pronubamoth Amorphophallus C. Anemophily i) Salvia D. Entomophily (iv) Yucca (@) A-(ii),B-Gv), C-(@, D-Gii) (b) A-(ii), B-Giv), C-Gii), D-@) (©) Aci), B-Gi), C-@,D-(iv) (@ A-Gv),B-(iii), C-Gi), D-i) Even in absence of pollinating agents seed-setting isassuredin- (a) Commelina (b) Zostera (©) Salvia @ Fig Match Column-I with Column-II and select the correct option from the codes given below. Column-I Column-It A. Funicle — (@j) Mass of parenchymatous cells B. Hilum Basal part ofovule C. Integument (iii) Oneor two protective layers ofovule D. Chalaza _ (iv) Region where body of ovule fuses with funicle E. Nucellus —(y) Stalk ofovule @ A-(i), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(iv), E-(v) (0) A-(), Biv), C-Gii), D-Gi), E-G) (©) A-(iv), B-(ii), C-(i), D-(iii), Ev) (@) A), BAGi,C-49),D-Gi), E-G) NCERT Word to Word, Word to Word att E NCERT Q.96 How many of the following plants are having fruit, Q.100. “In Western countries a large number of ___ (@) Three ‘elect the incorrect statement Apomixis is observed in some speci | inwwhich thalamus contributes tofrult formation? prodvet in the form of tablets and are | [Guava, Mango, Cashew, Groundnut, Apple, available in market, Their Pollen consumption Orange,Stranberry] claimed to increase the of athelete.” The | (a) None words to fill the blanks in sequential order are~ (b) One (a) Pistil, syrup, power | (©) Wo {b) Stamen, food sexual urge | (6) Carpe yoghurt, labido (d) Pollen, syrup, perform: p of Q.101 How many microspore mother cells will give rise | 97 | Astraceae and grasses to 256 microspores after reduction division? | {b) Mangoisone seeded fruit, (@) 512 (c) Hard seed coat provides protection to the (b) 128 | | developing embryo. (c) 64 | | (@) Mostot the frutsare parthenocampic fruits. @ % Q.98 Mateh column I with column I and select the Q-102 In which of the following pairs both are haploid | correct option from the given codes. structures~ Column Column (a) Eggcellsand antipodal cells | A. Parthenocarpy (i) Seed formation (b) Antipodal cells and primary endospeorm nucleus without fertilisation (©) Nucellusand synergids | B. Polyembryony (ii) More than one (@) Synergids and megaspore mother cells | embryoinsameseed Q-103. Advantage of eleistogamy is~ | C. Apomixis Gi) Seedless fruits (@) Higher genetic variability | without fertilisation (6) More vigorous offsprings (iv) Embryo develops (©) Nodependence on pollinators | embryogenesis. fromasomaticcell (@) Vivipary . | A BCD Q.104 Gothrough the following statements. | a) i 1. Flowers are bisexual and homogamous, _ | oii iow maturing anther and stigma ofa flowers at the same time. Oi iii ii . stigma close together in a bisexual 0.99 Identity thepart labeled A,B, stigma close toge figure and select the correct option. 7 h-* | | I. Mechanical dev 's bringing anthers and | @) ii ii i iv oe ain hegiven | | IIL. Cleistogamy (bisexual flowers remain closed). 1¥. Anther and stigma of an intersexual flower mature in bud condition, ‘The above contrivances favours - (@) Allogamy (b) Autogamy © Xenogamy (@) Cross pollination Q.105. Liquid endosperm in coconuts resulted duc to- (a) Karyokinesis followed by cytokinesis (b) Failure of karyokinesis, A B c D {a) Scutellum Epiblast—Coleoptile Coleorhiza (b) Scutellum Coleorhiza Coleoptile Epiblast (c) Scutellum Coleoptile Coleorhiza Epiblast ryokinesis followed by single cytokinesis, (4) Epiblast Coleoptite Colerhiza Scutellum (a) Karyokinesis is not followed by cytokinesis followed by single Which of the following statements m Mamenand microsporameW™ 7 js pitabed. ‘A typical angiosper™ ditheoous. (ii) The microspore become pollen 3° ii) Microsporangium Ee wall ayes. ermis, endothi (iv) The epider of anther perform the function (0) The innermost wall 18¥6F taperum and it nourishes the grains. (vi) Cellsofthe tapet (2) (i. (i, i)and Gv) © @i.Giiand@) Q.107. Which of the following s microsporogenesis? (ji) The centre of each microsporan by sporogenous tissue. (ii) The cells of the sporogenous Tssv undergo anefotie divisions to form microspore tetrad the sporogenous issue iscapable Of re tetrad. Q.106 @ ther and ngia develoP far peraly surrounded bY OU ‘eciumm and middle 10 ‘ofprotection: ‘of anther is the developing pollen yers um generally have one nucleus: @) (Ci, Gand) @ (iiand) statements are not true for gium occupied (iii) Each cell o giving rise toa microspo! (iv) Each microspore is potential microspore mother cell. (v) As the anthers mature and dehydrate, the microspores dissociate from each other and develop into pollen grains. (vi) Inside each microsporangium several ‘of microspores or pollen grains are formed that rereleased with the dehiscence ofanther. @ Gi © (iii) © Gand (ii) (@ Noneofthese Q.108 Select the true statements for pollen grain: () The pollen grains represent the male gametophytes. (i)_Ithasaprominenttwo-layered wall. (iii) The hard outer layer called the e of sporopollenin which is one of the most resistant organic material known. (iv) Pollen grain exine has prominent apertures called germ pores where sporopollenin, cellulose and pectin isabsent. (v) Pollen grains are well preserved as fossils because of the presence of cellulose and pectin, (vi) The inner wall of the pollen grain is called the intine which made up of cellulose and peciin pollen or I thousands ismade up ements and choose the | e stat ‘ents for pollen grain: at eve cells Digger, as abundant agg pveand alate irregularly shaped nucleus renerative cell 1S small and floats in the | ihe vegetative cell er cent of angiosperms, pollen | celled stage. | Tr eperiod for which pollen ‘grains remain viable | js highly variable ‘and to some extent depends on the prevailing temperature and humidity. In some cereals such as rice and wheat, pollen

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