CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the relevant theories, related literature, and studies that provide the

researcher with some relevant information on the problem under study. It also embodies the

discussion of the conceptual framework, paradigm, and hypotheses used in the study. The terms

used were conceptually and operationally defined to allow a clearer understanding of the key

variables.

Relevant Theories

Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) worked as a tutor for several distinguished British families,

traveled extensively throughout Europe, and at around age 50 devoted himself to philosophy. His

most famous work, The Leviathan (1651), presents the social contract theory that to preserve our

lives, we mutually agree to set aside our hostilities and live in peace. The selections below are

from this work. Hobbes begins by describing the natural condition of humans prior to the

creation of individual life. In that natural state, humans are essentially equal, both mentally and

physically, and this puts everyone on the same level in the struggle to survive. There are three

natural causes ofproblems and issues among people: competition for limited supplies of material

possessions, distrust of each other, and glory insofar as people remain hostile to preserve their

powerful reputations. The natural condition of humans is thus a state of perpetual war of all

against all, where nothing is unjust, and our lives are “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.” As

we all fear death and desire to live adequately, we are thus motivated to rise above this state of
war and we do this through a social contract with others. Hobbes lays out the steps toward peace

in a series of laws of nature. The first is that we should seek peace as the most reasonable way of

preserving our lives. The second is that we should mutually set aside our hostilities toward others

so that we can achieve peace more easily. I, thus, agree to give up my right to steal from you, if

you give up your right to steal from me. Through this mutual divesting of our hostile rights, we

form a contract. The third law of nature is that we should keep contracts, and this is

accomplished by establishing a self-authority that will punish us if we violate our contracts.

Hobbes lists 10 other laws of nature, which are important for preserving a peaceful life once it is

established, such as showing gratitude towards others, being accommodating to the interests of

others, and pardoning those who commit past offenses. Hobbes stresses that people are naturally

unsociable, and sovereign power is necessary to make people follow the laws and hold to their

contract with others. We thus create a commonwealth and give up our right to govern ourselves

individually. Hobbes discusses reasons why ants naturally live in society whereas humans only

do so through contracts. He further lists six rights that sovereign rulers have, and four reasons

why monarchies are better than aristocracies or democracies.

The structure and organizational setup of the Philippine life system is characterized by

democratic and republican practices (Gabriel, 2017). At the local level, the system of checks and

balances and separation of powers are observed for every individual living in a community.

The powers and functions of the three branches of government to wit; executive, legislative, and
judicial are simultaneously exercised by three different departments separating the right of each

individual to live harmoniously and avoid chaos in order to live accordingly.

Related Literature

As stated by Shehayeb (2008), entitled “Security community to provide a secure

feeling” Security is one of the things that every individual expect in its immediate

community. Security is a feeling. She hayed stated also that “The important of providing a

sense of security among people in public spaces cannot be underestimated”. The

author explained that the feeling of insecurity can make people anti-social and cause stress-

related outcome (p. 107). Hence, there is a need for the maintenance of peace and order in the

community to provide a secure feeling as well as safety for the residents and avoid problems and

issues between individual. According to Grindle (2004) and Acharya (2014) Peace and order

are not only vital in sustaining political stability and social order, but also aid the progress of

investments, attracts more tourists, and creates more employment for economic

development. Hence, peace and order shall be realized in support to national

development and individual progress. (Obama, 2010; Roman, 2013) in a sense that it is virtually

impossible to accomplish things in a situation of lawlessness and disorder (Roxas, 2003).Based

on Nicole Gibbs (2020) entitled “ Community Policing Vs. Traditional Policing” Community

policing has been defined as a “philosophy, management style and organizational strategy” with

the end goal of building community relationships and not only solving crime but addressing the

causes of crime within a community and assist its people to avoid problems and issues.

Community policing involves anybody of people (whether that be schools, businesses, residents,

community organizations, churches or anyone in the community) collaborating with the

police to identify problems within the areas they live and how to solve them.. In a sense,

community policing intertwines with the nature of individual assistance to avoid problems and

issues and help people attain stability of mind and peace among others.

Related Studies

As stated by Smith (2011), entitled “Giving individual assistance to problems and

issues will provide a secure feeling” Security is one of the things that every

individual expect in its immediate self. Security is a feeling. She hayed stated also that “The

important of providing a sense of security among people in public spaces cannot

be underestimated”. The author explained that the feeling of insecurity can make people anti-

social and cause stress-related outcome (pp. 208-209). Hence, there is a need for the maintenance

of peace and order in the community to provide a secure feeling as well as safety for the

residents that will result to individual avoidance of issues and problems. According to Rose

(2014) and Clara (2013) Addressing problems and issues are not only vital in sustaining political

stability and social order, but also aid the progress of investments, attracts more tourists,

and creates more employment for economic development. Hence, peace and order

shall be realized in support to community and the individual themselves (Ramon , 2013;

Lirya, 2013) in a sense that it is virtually impossible to accomplish things in a situation of self-

love and order (Lopez 2018).Based on Sett (2019) entitled “ Problems and Issues vs. Love and

Support” Individual policing has been defined as a “philosophy, management style, and

organizational strategy of any individual” with the end goal of building different relationships

and not only solving individual issues and concerns but addressing the causes of problems in any

individual. Individual policing involves anybody of people (whether that be schools, businesses,
residents, community organizations, churches or anyone in the community) collaborating

with the life they have to identify problems within themselves as they live and how to solve

them. In return, when law and order arise, individuals tend to avoid problems and issues. The

family interacts with a pool of community who follows a strict rule of law and order that will

ripple an effect of a positive mindset.

Conceptual Framework

The input contains the profile of the respondents, which includes age, gender, and

monthly family income. The common problems and issues encountered by G10 SPA James

students was the study and must take the importance to recognize the real situation or cause, and

also the process or the method how the researchers conduct data, by means of questionnaire,

interview, and statistical treatment. Then from the last part was the problem, phenomenon, or the

outcomes of the variables.

 Input Process Output
The variables that The method by which The problem,
the variables are phenomenon, or the
Causes the problem
collected and outcomes of the
and issues encountered
synthesized variables
by the students

Collecting data Common problems

Profile of the
through: and issues
respondents
encountered by G10
SPA James students.
-Age a. Questionnaires

-gender b. Interviews Implications and

c. Statistical solutions.
-monthly family
income Treatment

Paradigm of the Study

By evaluating the problem-centered interviews using Excel, the following results can be

presented. The weighting of the social competence on the common problems and issues was

based on the interviewees´ statements. The researcher did not influence this or change the rating
in any way. The rating of the social competence of the common problems and issues follows

from one to five. In the following rating, one stands for a competence problem that the students

perceive as particularly serious and restrictive for their interaction with their fellow students. The

following social competence of the common problems and issues were evaluated:

(1) Differentiate oneself,

(2) Direct Self-Awareness,

(3) Giving dissenting opinions, especially among friends,

(4) Drawing their own boundaries and saying no and

(5) Getting in contact with strangers.

The results in detail with fitting quotes from the interviews are presented in Attachment 1: Table

1. Results.

Basic Assumptions

1. The students were selected from a normal population of G10 SPA James students.

2. A total of 40 students were given questionnaires and interviewed to come up with the result

for the study at hand.

Hypothesis:

The lone null hypothesis below will be tested at a 0.05 level of significance.

There is no significant difference in the common problems and issues encountered by the

students to the implications stated in their profiles.

Definition of Terms

For purposes of clarity and understanding of the key terms used in this study, the

following terms are hereby conceptually and/or operationally defined

Common Problems. The matter or problem gives issues or harm to an individual.

Community. A group of people living in the same place having defined relationships,

interactions, common interests, and hobbies.

Encountered. To participate or attend to anyone’s request to share ideas, situations or

issues.

Family. A group of people living together who were united either by blood or legal

relationship with one another.

G10 SPA James Students. The main respondents of the study at hand. They will give

clarity and meaning to the questions available for study and interpretation.

Issues. A datable discussion between people.

Mental Health Problems. The difficult experiences and painful thoughts encountered

by any individual cause confusion and unstable mental situation.

Solutions. An answer to resolve a difficult problem or solution.

Support. To hold up and give assistance to someone.

Trust. A firm belief or reliability in someone’s strength or ability.