University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

Claro M. Recto Avenue, Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City

Mechanical Engineering Department (CEA)
A.Y. 2023 - 2024

KINETICS OF PARTICLES: NEWTON'S SECOND LAW OF MOTION

“ANALYZING THE KINETICS OF A BASKETBALL PLAYER SHOOTING A
FREE THROW”

A PIT requirement for ES 203 – Dynamics of Rigid Bodies

Submitted by:
Jhundell R. Sanchez
Niño F. Taton
Joseph Isidore P. Timonera
St.Gabriel Q Salvacion
Allan Joseph Sentasas

Submitted to:
Engr. Nelson Corbita Jr.
 Introduction

According to Feynman, et.al., (2011), the study of particle kinetics, particularly through
the lens of Newton's second law of motion, serves as a fundamental cornerstone in
understanding the dynamics of particles in various physical systems. Newton's second law,
formulated by Sir Isaac Newton in his seminal work "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia
Mathematica" in 1687, states that the force acting on a particle is directly proportional to the
rate of change of its momentum. This law provides a fundamental framework for analyzing
the motion of particles under the influence of external forces, guiding research across a wide
range of disciplines, including physics, engineering, and materials science.

Newton's second law, expressed mathematically as (F = ma), where (F) represents the
force acting on the particle, (m) is its mass, and (a) is its acceleration, lays the foundation for
understanding the dynamic behavior of particles in response to applied forces. The law
implies that a particle will accelerate in the direction of the net force acting upon it, with the
magnitude of acceleration directly proportional to the magnitude of the force and inversely
proportional to the particle's mass. This simple yet powerful principle enables researchers to
predict and analyze the motion of particles under a wide range of conditions and forces, from
gravitational and electromagnetic forces to those encountered in fluid dynamics and materials
processing (Plimpton, et. al., 1995).

In the realm of kinetics, the application of Newton's second law extends beyond
classical mechanics to encompass the study of particles at the atomic and molecular scales.
For instance, in the field of molecular dynamics simulations, researchers utilize Newton's
second law to model the behavior of individual atoms and molecules within a system,
allowing for the prediction of properties such as diffusion coefficients, reaction rates, and
phase transitions. Moreover, in materials science and engineering, the principles of particle
kinetics play a pivotal role in understanding the mechanical behavior of materials, including
deformation, fracture, and fatigue, thereby informing the design and optimization of
structural components for various applications (Goldstein, et. al., 2002).
Concept

The primary objective of this study is to elucidate the relationship between force, mass,
and acceleration in the context of basketball free throws, guided by Newton's second law of
motion. To achieve this objective, we will conduct an experiment wherein a basketball player
will perform a free throw. Cellphone camera will be utilized to capture and analyze the
kinematics of the ball's trajectory, including its velocity, acceleration, and path towards the
hoop/ring.

Concept Applied in Real Life

One member from the group will be instructed to execute free throws using
standardized techniques while exerting varying degrees of force on the basketball. The mass
of the ball will remain constant throughout the experiments. By systematically manipulating
the force applied during the free throws, we aim to observe how changes in force affect the
acceleration of the ball, in accordance with Newton's second law. Additionally, data collected
from these experiments will be statistically analyzed to identify correlations and patterns
between force, mass, and acceleration, providing quantitative insights into the kinetics of
basketball free throws.

Through this research endeavor, we anticipate gaining a deeper understanding of the

fundamental principles underlying basketball free throws, as governed by Newton's second
law of motion. Moreover, to analyze the footage and collecting kinematic data, such as
velocity and angle of release, we will be able to quantify the relationship between force, mass,
and acceleration in the context of free throw shooting. This detailed analysis allows us to
delve into the mechanics of motion or dynamics of a certain situation, uncovering the intricate
interplay between these fundamental physical principles. Statistical analysis will serve as a
powerful tool in this endeavor, enabling us to identify correlations and patterns within the
data set enables us to quantify the magnitude of these effects and assess their significance in
influencing shooting accuracy and success.
Data Gathered and Calculations

Fig.1 Distance of the free throw line from the rim (Standard Distance)

Fig.2 Height of the Rim (Standard Height)

Fig.3 Mass of the Ball (Standard mass)

Fig.3.1 Mass of the Ball (Standard mass)

 Calculation

Given Data:
• Distance of the free throw line from the rim – 4.57 m
• Height of the Rim – 3.05 m
• Mass of the Ball – 0.58 kg

Asked: Find the total Force exerted of the player to shoot the ball to the rim.

Solution:
Step 1: Use this Formula to get the Force:
𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂
𝑭 = (𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝒌𝒈)(𝒂)
𝒂 =?
Step 2: To get (a), Use Formula:
∆𝒙
𝒂=
𝒕𝟐
𝟒. 𝟓𝟕𝒎
𝒂=
𝒕𝟐

𝒕 =?

Step 3: To get (t), Use Formula:

∆𝒙 = 𝑽𝒊(𝒕)
𝟒. 𝟓𝟕𝒎
𝒕=
(𝑽𝒊)

𝑽𝒊 =?

Step 4: To get (Vi), Use formula:

𝑽𝟐𝒇 = 𝑽𝟐𝒊 + 𝟐𝒂∆𝒚

 𝑽𝒊 = √𝑽𝟐𝒇 + 𝟐𝒂∆𝒚

Assume (a) = -9.81

𝑽𝒊 = √𝟎𝟐 + 𝟐(−𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)(𝟑. 𝟎𝟓𝒎)

𝑽𝒊 = √−𝟓𝟗. 𝟔𝟗𝟏 ≈ √𝟓𝟗. 𝟔𝟗𝟏

𝑽𝒊 = 𝟕. 𝟕𝟑 𝒎/𝒔

Step 5: Since we do have now the Value of (Vi), We can now solve the (t):

∆𝒙 = 𝑽𝒊(𝒕)
𝟒. 𝟓𝟕𝒎
𝒕=
𝟕. 𝟕𝟑 𝒎/𝒔
𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗 𝒔

Step 6: Since we do have now the Value of (t), We can now solve the (a):

∆𝒙
𝒂=
𝒕𝟐
𝟒. 𝟓𝟕𝒎
𝒂=
𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝟐
𝒂 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟐 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
Step 7: Since we do have now the Value of (a), We can now solve the force exerted:

𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂
𝒎
𝑭 = (𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝒌𝒈)(𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟐 )
𝒔𝟐
𝑭 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟏 𝑵

Therefore, the total force exerted to get the ball to the rim is approximately 7.61 N.
Observation

Based in our observations, the calculated force of 7.61 Newtons applied to the
basketball showcases the significant role of Newton's second law in sports kinetics. This
force, exerted by the basketball player, is pivotal in determining the acceleration of the ball
during its trajectory towards the hoop. The observed acceleration of 13.12 𝑚/𝑠 2 demonstrates
the rapid increase in velocity over time, emphasizing the dynamic nature of the player's
motion and the ball's flight path.

Moreover, these findings underscore the meticulous balance required between force
application and control in sports performance. Athletes must precisely calibrate the force they
apply to the ball to achieve the desired trajectory and accuracy. Furthermore, coaches can
utilize this understanding to refine training techniques and optimize players' shooting
mechanics, ultimately enhancing their overall performance on the court.

Additionally, by delving into the kinetics of basketball shooting, this experiment

elucidates fundamental principles applicable across various sports disciplines. The interplay
between force, mass, and acceleration elucidated here resonates with activities beyond
basketball, ranging from soccer kicks to golf swings, providing a broader framework for
understanding athletic movements.
Conclusion

In conclusion, our experiment investigating the kinetics of a basketball player's free

throw presents a compelling application of Newton's second law of motion within the realm
of sports. By quantifying the force applied to the basketball and analyzing its resulting
acceleration, we've unveiled the fundamental principles governing athletic movements. This
study underscores the critical importance of understanding the intricate relationship between
force, mass, and acceleration in optimizing sports performance.

The findings from this experiment not only provide practical insights for basketball
players and coaches but also extend to a broader understanding of kinetics in various sports
disciplines. The meticulous balance between force application and control highlighted in this
analysis emphasizes the importance of technique refinement and skill development in
achieving consistent and accurate athletic outcomes. By embracing these principles, athletes
can enhance their training methodologies, refine their movements, and ultimately elevate
their performance on the court.

Furthermore, this experiment serves as a testament to the interdisciplinary nature of

sports science, where the principles of physics intersect with the dynamics of athletic
performance. By bridging the gap between scientific theory and practical application, athletes
and coaches can unlock new avenues for innovation and advancement in sports training.
Thus, the study of the basketball player's free throw not only enriches our understanding of
kinetics in sports but also inspires ongoing exploration and refinement of athletic techniques
in pursuit of excellence.
 References

1. Feynman, R. P., Leighton, R. B., & Sands, M. (2011). The Feynman Lectures on
Physics, Vol. 1: Mainly Mechanics, Radiation, and Heat. Basic Books.

2. Goldstein, H., Poole, C., & Safko, J. (2002). Classical Mechanics (3rd ed.). Addison
Wesley.

3. Plimpton, S. (1995). Fast Parallel Algorithms for Short-Range Molecular Dynamics.

Journal of Computational Physics, 117(1), 1-19. [DOI: 10.1006/jcph.1995.1039]