Challenges and Opportunities in Accelerating

Electric Vehicle Adoption in India: Affordability,

Infrastructure, and Policy perspective and Indian
recent trends in automobile sector

Abstract:

This project aims to investigate the current deficit of electric vehicles (EVs) in
India by focusing on the challenges related to affordability and the various
barriers hindering their widespread adoption. Additionally, the project will
explore potential measures and strategies that could contribute to the successful
running of electric vehicles in the Indian market. This project focuses on
examining the challenges and opportunities associated with accelerating the
adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in India, with a particular emphasis on three
key dimensions: affordability, infrastructure development, and policy
perspectives. Despite the growing awareness of environmental sustainability
and technological advancements, the widespread adoption of EVs in India faces
significant hurdles. Through an analysis of recent trends in the Indian
automobile sector, including the emergence of electric mobility, this project
aims to provide insights into the current state of EV adoption and propose
strategies to overcome barriers. The research will delve into the affordability
gap between electric and conventional vehicles, investigating factors
contributing to high upfront costs and proposing measures to make EVs more
financially accessible. Furthermore, the project will assess the state of charging
infrastructure in India, identifying challenges hindering its development and
recommending solutions to enhance accessibility and reliability, including the
establishment of fast-charging networks. The project will analyse existing
policy frameworks and regulatory mechanisms related to electric mobility,
evaluating their effectiveness in incentivizing EV adoption and proposing
policy interventions to create an enabling environment. By integrating insights
from these three perspectives, the project aims to provide comprehensive
recommendations to stakeholders, including policymakers, industry players, and
investors, to accelerate the transition towards sustainable transportation in india.

Keywords:
  Electric vehicle
 Affordability
 Challenges
 Environmental sustainability
 Infrastructure
 Charging station
 Policies
 Trends

Introduction:

The Indian automobile sector has been witnessing significant transformations in

recent years, with a notable shift towards sustainable mobility, particularly the
adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). This transition has been driven by various
factors including environmental concerns, rising fuel prices, technological
advancements, and supportive government policies. However, while the
momentum towards EV adoption is growing, several challenges persist,
particularly concerning affordability, infrastructure, and policy frameworks.
Understanding these challenges and opportunities is crucial for accelerating EV
adoption in India and ensuring a smooth transition towards a cleaner and more
sustainable transportation ecosystem.

India ranks third in the world in terms of total energy consumption, globally. Of
the total crude oil consumption in India, 87% is imported imposing a threat to
national energy security. In 2018, the transport sector consumed 47% of the
total oil products in India .India has low vehicle ownership per capita and the
existing travel demand is largely met by public transport and non-motorized
transport . However, the increasing urbanization and income levels and
degrading public transport infrastructure increases the dependency on personal
motorized vehicles in the future .As such, both the energy consumption and
emission contribution has been increasing in India . Electric mobility is
identified as one of the strategies to address the mentioned challenges from the
transport sector

Various countries have adopted incentives, frameworks and policies to promote

electric mobility, yet the penetration rate remains low, except in Norway. Lower
acceptability of electric cars (ECs) by the end consumers is related to the
national and local policy frameworks, infrastructure development, existing
vehicle technology and consumer perceptions . The factors like battery size and
charging infrastructure availability, driving range, cost of ownership and price
for operation and maintenance of vehicle influence the decision to buy ECs
 Electric vehicles first made their presence in the 19th century and used one or
more motors for propulsion. Along with other forthcoming motorized
technology a long-sighted technology combination . associated vehicles
automated driving and mutual movement is also there. Power in Electric
vehicles is provided by a portable battery or other charged Electric Vehicles or a
rechargeable device that can be used again. These means of transport are energy
proficient, emanating fewer greenhouse gases (GHGs) and radiating lower noise
pollution. Along with the united states and European Union, the government
efforts to increase electric vehicle adoption rose in the 2000s when the united
states and Europe was the vast market for electric vehicle in the 2010s it seen
that after COVID 19 green recovery the public is highly enthusiastic regarding
the sale of electric vehicle and it seems like there is a substantial growth of the
market which can also be seen after awareness and incentives provided by the
government. Due to Covid-19 lockdowns, the rate of emissions has majorly
gone down which has somehow favoured nature. Government should also take
more initiatives as stated by the international energy agency 2021 including
policies for heavy electric vehicles. Electric vehicle sales are expected to grow
from 2% of global sales in 2016 to 30% by 2030

Over the past decade, the Indian automobile sector has experienced substantial
growth, making it one of the largest markets globally. Traditionally dominated
by internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, the industry has been witnessing
a gradual but significant shift towards electric mobility. This shift has been fuel
various factors such as increasing awareness about environmental issues,
advancements in EV technology, and supportive government initiatives.

In recent years, there has been a noticeable surge in the launch and sales of
electric vehicles in India. Several automakers, both domestic and international,
have introduced EV models catering to different segments of the market.
Additionally, the government has rolled out ambitious schemes and incentives
to promote EV adoption, including subsidies, tax benefits, and charging
infrastructure development programs.

However, despite these positive developments, EV penetration remains

relatively low compared to conventional vehicles. Challenges such as high
upfront costs, limited charging infrastructure, range anxiety, and lack of
consumer awareness continue to hinder widespread adoption. Addressing these
challenges requires concerted efforts from various stakeholders, including
policymakers, industry players, and consumers.

Statement of the problem:

  The deficit of electric vehicles (EVs) in the Indian automotive market is a
multifaceted challenge, primarily characterized by issues related to
affordability, perceptual barriers, and infrastructure limitations.
 The high initial cost of electric vehicles, coupled with inadequate
charging infrastructure, has hindered their widespread adoption among
consumers. Additionally, cultural perceptions, consumer behavior, and a
lack of awareness contribute to the prevailing deficit.
 This article aims to thoroughly analyze the underlying factors
contributing to the deficit of electric vehicles in India, with a specific
focus on affordability challenges and barriers to adoption. Furthermore,
the project seeks to identify and propose strategic measures and
recommendations that can pave the way for the successful integration and
sustainable growth of electric vehicles in the Indian market .

Review of literature:

Marcello Contestable, 2012[1] Potential Need for Electric Vehicles,

Charging Station Infrastructure and its Challenges for the Indian Market: by
Praveen Kumar and Kalyan Dash, India should invest in small-scale
reinforcements to manage the load issues locally rather than going for an
enormous change. Home charging should be encouraged. Proper planning of
place, population, traffic density, and safety should be considered before
implementing the massive scale charging infrastructure.
The integration of activities within the energy and transport fields is
important. Development goals through different innovative policies and
programs, for instance, drivers of electrical cars are offered a financial
consumer incentive, like tax credits, purchase subsidies, discounted tolls,
free parking, and access to restricted highway lanes will help the market to
grow. (Dash P. K., 2013) [2] Conventional, Hybrid, or Electric Vehicles:
Which Technology for an Urban Distribution Centre?:.by Philippe Lebeau,
Cedric De Cauwer, Joeri Van Mierlo, Cathy Macharis, Freight transport has
a major impact on urban movement.
The researcher explored the possible integration of electric vehicles in urban
logistics operations. A fleet with different technologies has the opportunity
of reducing the costs of the last mile. The researcher presented a fleet size
and mix vehicle routing problem with time windows for EVs. The main
contribution of the authors was considering the variability of the range of
EVs. In the segments of small vans, EVs are often the most competitive
technology. In the segment of large vans, diesel has seen the most interesting
solution from a financial point of view as electric vehicles would need to
cover a longer distance to be cost-competitive
Hybrid vehicles are chosen in the segment of trucks as their running costs
and fixed costs are lower than a diesel truck. (Philippe Lebeau, 2015)[3]
 Consumer preferences for electric vehicles: by Fanchao Liao, Eric Molin &
Bert van Wee, Widespread adoption of EVs may contribute to a lessening of
problems like environmental pollution, global warming, and oil dependency.
However, this penetration of EV is comparatively low despite governments
implementing strong promotion policies.
They presented a comprehensive review of studies on consumer preferences
for EV aiming to convey policy-makers and give direction to further
research. They compared the economic and psychological approach towards
consumer preference for Electric vehicles. The impact of the financial and
technical attributes of EV on its utility is generally found to be significant,
including its purchase and operating cost, driving range, charging duration,
vehicle performance, and brand diversity on the market. The density of
charging stations also positively affects the utility and promotion of EV. The
impact of incentive policies, tax reduction is quite effective. (Fanchao Liao,
2017)[4]
The automobile industry in India is the world’s fifth largest industry. India
was the world's fifth largest manufacturer of cars and seventh largest
manufacturer of commercial vehicles in 2019. The Indian automotive
industry (including component manufacturing) is expected to reach Rs.
16.16-18.18 trillion (US$ 251.4-282.8 billion) by 2026. The industry
attracted Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) worth US$ 30.51 billion between
April 2000 and June 2021 accounting for ~5.5% of the total FDI during the
period according to the data released by Department for Promotion of
Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT).

Garling and Thogersen’ sessays (2001), “Marketing of Electric Vehicles,”

discusses how substituting electric vehicles for traditional ones could reduce
local pollutants and greenhouse emissions from the transportation system. They
contend that the user of an electric vehicle pays a hefty price for these societal
benefits in terms of pricing, availability, speed, and acceleration. The authors
believe that to finish the diffusion process, supportive national policies and
skilled marketing are required.
Afroz (2015) and his colleagues published a study to investigate how
individual values and attitudes influence consumers' purchasing intentions for
electric vehicles. Customers from Malaysia are the focus of the study.
Individual consequences (ICNs), such as measures of convenience, product size
range, and perceived utility, were found to be adversely connected to green
purchasing intention in the study (PIN). While consumers consider fuel
efficiency, consumption, and comfort of a car when making a purchasing
decision, they may choose an electric vehicle if the manufacturer offers a
battery recycling facility. PIN has no statistically meaningful link with ECN's
environmental impacts.

Craig Morton (2016) and co-authors observed the impact of consumer

innovation as well as perceptions of electric vehicle functional capabilities on
customer demand for electric vehicles in their study on consumer preferences
for electric vehicles. The study proposes a framework for analysing the impact
of consumer innovation and attitudes on electric car functional qualities.

Helmus (2016) explores result and performance metrics to aid

policymakers in optimizing the rollout of charging infrastructure; enhancing the
business case in his research is a key performance indicator of charging
infrastructure. Performance measurement is essential for a successful charging
infrastructure rollout and operation. This involves the development of key result
indicators (KRIs) and key performance indicators (KPIs), which provide
policymakers with data to use in their interactions with stakeholders and
projects. To extract appropriate KPIs, a two-step technique was used: first,
policymakers' stakeholders were analysed (resulting in a set of objectives and
result indicators), and then the and objectives were translated into KPIs and
intervention options.

Nazneen (2018) co-authors aimed to identify customer perceptions

of EV benefits in terms of the environment, car cost, comfort, trust,
technology, infrastructure, and social acceptance in their study.
Consumers are fully aware of the benefits to the environment. More
infrastructure facilities are needed by the government. Governments
and manufacturers must invest to shape consumer perceptions and
deliver the expected characteristics.

Monica and Mifzala(2019) investigated customer perceptions in Banglore

by learning about their attitudes, feelings, and perceptions. The researchers
discovered the level of EV knowledge and the elements that influence client
purchase decisions. The majority of buyers are aware of the environmental
benefits of electric vehicles. As a result, half of the customers were
environmentally sensitive and may like to adopt it. They believe that installing
charging stations will aid in the growth of EV sales.

Rajper S. Z. (2020) and colleagues analysed the literature on electric vehicle

potential in poor nations. The study looked into electric two-wheelers (E2Ws),
hybrid vehicles, and electric four-wheelers (E4Ws). E2Ws are more affordable
for developing countries due to their low purchase price and low operating
costs. In developing countries with a big number of gasoline-powered two-
wheelers on the road, the E2Ws could be a viable answer. E4W deployment in
developing countries should be delayed until economies of scale can reduce the
different costs associated with E4Ws. Because HEVs are less expensive to
purchase than E4Ws, they may proliferate in developing countries.

Shweta Kishore (2021) and others attempted to determine consumer

perceptions of electric vehicles in the research article consumer perception of
electric cars. According to the study, the majority of consumers prefer
environmentally friendly vehicles, with prices ranging from Rs. 5 lakhs to Rs.
10 lakhs. They prefer EVs since they emit less carbon; nevertheless, one of their
results was that EVs take longer to charge and have fewer charging stations

Zulfiqar Ali Lashari (2021) and others attempted to investigate aspects

influencing consumer intention to adopt EV, including inventive, technological,
environmental, and economic benefits. According to the findings, consumers'
own attitudes and opinions have an impact on their decision to purchase electric
automobiles. Krishna (2021) attempted to find impediments to EV adoption and
consumer perception in his research. According to the study, the following
factors influence consumer perception: 1. inability to convert sales: i. vehicle
supply and choice, and ii. dealer role. 2. lack of trust in technology: i.
autonomous driving, ii. unsafe, iii. unfriendly to the environment, iv.
unreliability, v. technological immaturity; 3. adapting to technology: i. purchase
and ownership costs, ii. infrastructure, iii. range, and iv. recharge time; 4.
wantability: i. the vehicle's soul and personality, ii. repair, iii. culture, iv. a lack
of fun, v. the vehicle's appearance and futuristic concept, vi. presentation, vii.
sound, viii. emotional attachment, ix. negative image

Saiful Hasan (2021) attempted to predict consumer intent to repurchase

electric vehicles. Consumer satisfaction with EV benefits, such as cost, range,
recharge, policy measure, environmental qualities, symbolic attributes, and
model availability motivate consumers to repurchase EVs, according to the
study. In their paper “Customer Perception of Electric Vehicles,” researchers
Parmar and Pradhan (2021) identify consumer knowledge and decision criteria
for purchasing an electric vehicle. According to their research, the majority of
customers are aware of the internet as a key source of information in addition to
television and newspapers. Consumers are motivated by a variety of
considerations, including environmental awareness, minimal noise, pricing, and
new trends. Electric vehicles should be provided at a lower cost to consumers.
Because consumers are less aware of government subsidies, they must be
advertised more

Goswami, R., & Tripathi, G. C. (2020) Have estimated the growth of the
adoption of the electric vehicles and the charging infrastructure and the required
power to run those charging stations. Pramana Research Journal Volume 10,
Issue 2, 2020 ISSN NO: 2249-2976 55 https://pramanaresearch.org/ Stock, J. H.
(2019) Compare the climatic change with the macroeconomics and also
investigated the effect of global warming around the world and its
environmental concerns. Also, the to develop the energy sources to overcome
the sustainability.

Hypothesis:

H0: Despite facing formidable challenges, India's push towards electric vehicle
(EV) adoption presents a transformative opportunity for the nation's automobile
sector.
H1: By addressing affordability concerns, bolstering infrastructure development,
and implementing supportive policies, India can accelerate its transition to
electric mobility, aligning with global sustainability goals and unlocking
immense economic and environmental benefits.

Limitation of Study:
While this article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the challenges
and opportunities in accelerating electric vehicle adoption in India, it is
important to acknowledge certain limitations:

Regional Disparities: The analysis may primarily focus on national-level trends

and policies, potentially overlooking variations in infrastructure development,
consumer behaviour, and policy implementation across different states and
regions within India

Data Availability: Due to the dynamic nature of the automobile sector and
evolving government policies, some data points and statistics used in the
analysis may be subject to change or may not capture the latest developments at
the time of publication.

Technology Evolution: The article may not delve deeply into the rapid
advancements in electric vehicle technology, such as battery technology,
charging infrastructure, and vehicle efficiency, which could significantly impact
the feasibility and adoption rates of EVs in India.

Economic Factors: While affordability is a key aspect discussed in the article,

the analysis may not fully capture the broader economic implications of electric
vehicle adoption, including potential disruptions to traditional automotive
supply chains, job displacement, and economic redistribution.

Policy Implementation Challenges: While policy perspectives are discussed, the

article may not explore the complexities involved in translating policy
intentions into effective implementation on the ground, including regulatory
enforcement, stakeholder coordination, and budget allocations.

Research methodology:

Research design:
This study employs a mixed-methods approach, integrating quantitative analysis
of electric vehicle sales data and policy frameworks with qualitative insights
from stakeholder interviews. Case studies of electric vehicle projects
supplement the research, providing in-depth exploration of challenges and
successes in India's electric vehicle adoption landscape.
Sampling:
Sampling utilizes purposive sampling to select diverse stakeholders including
government officials, industry experts, electric vehicle manufacturers,
infrastructure providers, and consumers for interviews and surveys, ensuring
representation across relevant sectors.
Sampling method:
A combination of stratified and convenience sampling is employed. Stratified
sampling ensures representation across key stakeholder groups, while
convenience sampling facilitates access to participants for interviews and
surveys.

Sampling unit target:

 The main target of the study is government agencies, electric vehicle
manufacturers, infrastructure providers, consumers from diverse socio-
economic backgrounds, and experts in the automobile sector.

Data collection method:

Quantitative Data collection methods. The Quantitative data collection methods
rely on random sampling and structured data collection instruments that fit
diverse experiences into predetermined response categories. They produce
results that are easy to summarize, compare, and generalize. The method of data
collection includes two type of study, such as primary data and secondary data.

Primary Data Collection Methods:

Primary data is received from first hand sources such as: direct observation,
interview, survey, and questionnaire etc. On the other hand, secondary data is
received from secondary sources such as: printed material and published
material etc. Here, we will only discuss the primary sources of data collection.

Methods of primary data collection Observation Method:

This is a method of primary data collection in which researchers collect data
based on their personal observation. For-example if a researcher wants to collect
data about the electric vehicles adaptation in India For this purpose, researcher
will interact with publics and business peoples to observe their efficiency and
uses in order to fulfil their requirements and expectations Take another
example, suppose in case of automobile industry investigator wants to identify
recent trends in automobile industry and various policies and promotions they
were undertaken to the establishment of new trends in the market.

SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION METHODS:

The secondary data are readily available from the other sources and as such,
there are no specific collection methods. The researcher can obtain data from
the sources both internal and external to the organization. The internal sources
of secondary data are:
• Previous e-vehicle reports
• Environmental impact assessments
• Company records
External sources of secondary data included:
• Government reports and regulations
• Industry publications and research studies
• Environmental organizations and IEA,CEA
In the study, secondary data played a crucial role in analysing the organization's
e-vehicle usuage and assessing their environmental and economic impacts. By
leveraging data from a variety of internal and external sources, the study was
able to identify areas for improvement and develop recommendations for
implementing more sustainable e-vehicle market strategies .

Data Analysis and Discussion :

The data collected from the primary source were arranged sequentially and
tabulated in systematic.
The data thus collected were subdued into sutabile tabular from for analysis the
data and to interpret the data.

S.NO List of Description

challenges
1 High purchase
cost The price
variation
of electric
cars is
from Rs.
9.5 lakhs
(Mahindra
E-Verito)
to Rs. 24
lakhs
(Hyundai,
Kona,
price Feb
2020)
The price
variation
of electric
cars is
from Rs.
9.5 lakhs
(Mahindra
E-Verito)
to Rs. 24
lakhs
(Hyundai,
Kona,
price Feb
2020)
The price
variation
of electric
cars is
from Rs.
9.5 lakhs
(Mahindra
E-Verito)
to Rs. 24
 lakhs
(Hyundai,
Kona,
price Feb
2020)
The price variation
of electric cars
from Rs 9.5 lakhs
(Mahindra E-
Verito) to Rs 24
lakh( Hyundai ,pri
ce Feb)
2 Range anxiety
The travel
range
variation
of the
electric
cars on full
charging is
from 181
km
The travel
range
variation
of the
electric
cars on full
 charging is
from 181
km
The Travel range
variation of the
electric vehicle full
charging is 181km
Mahindra( E-
verito 16kwh) to
452km (Hyundai,
Kona Electric:
64kwh)
3 Lack of There are at
charging present 250 public
infrastructure charging station in
india ( market
watch) for one
million ev per city
in India, an
estimated number
2 Million of
charging
station( mix of
both fast and slow)
will be required
4 The charging Mahindra E –
challenge verito takes one
and half hour to
charge the vehicle
with fast charging
congestion at the
charging station is
the another
challenges
5 Service and Still the repair and
maintenance accessories of
electric vehicle in
the nascent stage
and only when the
market scale up,
 such system will
be developed.
6 Battery The decreasing per
technology kwh cost of
batteries is
proceeding at the
same time,
However India
relies on the
imports of
components and
major know – how
in this domain
battery cost will
come down if
Indian innovation
scales up.
7 Battery Market expert
manufacturing estimate Ev battery
capabilities industry India has
a potential of $300
billion by 2030
currently there are
few manufacturer
ISRO-BHEL joint
effort, Amara raj
HBL eon electric
and exide, but the
battery
manufacturer
eying the Indian
market

Source: Primary Data

Gender

Figure 1 Gender
Source: Computer

Interpretation:

The data collected shows that out of the sample of 172, 56.4% are males (97
respondents) and 43.6% are females (75 respondents). Since a majority of
this study were males, it can be interpreted that the EV automobile industry
should focus on the male counterpart of the society while designing the
features of the product and the marketing strategies

Age

Figure 2: Age
 Source: computer

Interpretation

In the data analysis, it was observed that a maximum percentage of

respondents, that is 62.8% (108 respondents) belonged to the age group of
25–34 years followed by 33.1% (57 respondents) belonging to the age
group 35–44 years and 4.1% (7 respondents) in the age group of 45.

Occupation:

Figure3: occupation

Interpretation

98.3% of the sample (169 respondents) were salaried employees and 1.7%
respondents) had their own business.

Annual income basis:

Figure 4: annual income
 Interpretation

A majority of the sample which is 34.9% (60 respondents) have

their annual income above 6 Lac and less than 10 Lac. This is followed by those
having an annual income of at most 6 Lac, which formed 29.7% (51
respondents) of the sample. Next to that, were those having an annual income of
10 Lac to 20 Lac, 21.5% (37 respondents) and lowest belonged to those whose
income was above 20 Lac, which formed 13.9% of the sample size (24
respondents).

On number of cars owned basis

Figure 5: number of cars owned

Interpretation
16.9% of the sample size (29 respondents) did not own a car of their own.
However, these respondents could be potential buyers of electric vehicles. The
majority of the sample strength, 58.1% (100 respondents) owned one car. This
was followed by 22.7% (39 respondents) who owned two cars. A minimum
percentage of the sample size, 2.3% (4 respondents) owned three or more cars.

Findings:

India has started off late on the path to electrification and thus a strong policy is
required to catch-up and move rapidly towards the stated goal of hundred
percent pure electric technology regime. Currently, the penetration of Electric
vehicles in the market remains quite low in India, ~0.1% in Private Vehicles,
~0.2% in two-wheelers and practically nil for commercial vehicles. This could
be due to several reasons including significant affordability gap and low level of
consumers’ acceptance (i.e. lack of demand), low level of electric vehicle
manufacturing activities (i.e. lack of supply), non-existent public charging
infrastructure, etc. However, it may be expected that with a concerted policy
and an enough time for such a policy to bear fruits, all these aspects could be
well taken care of.

Most of the personal vehicle buyers consider upfront purchase price, fuel
efficiency, maintenance and service cost, comfort features as the key buying
criteria. The single major factor for EVs’ market penetration to be slow is its
high price which is around 2 to 2.5 times more than the comparable
conventional vehicles. Besides this, the other concern that consumers usually
face with regard to electric vehicles is the range per charge offered. A higher
battery capacity would be required to offer a higher range amount in the electric
vehicle. An improved battery capacity would mean an increase in the price of
the EV, which then increases the price gap. However, EVs would offer a
significant advantage on operating costs as compared to the conventional ICE
vehicles. In India, the affordability index is lower than developed economies
due to lower per capita income. Manufacturers will hence have to offer medium
range electric vehicles so that the cost of the vehicles remain affordable for the
masses. Studies from the past literature have also suggested that awareness of
electric vehicles is low among the society. This included familiarity with
technology, lack of knowledge concerning government schemes and economic
benefits. Studies have also indicated that there is a direct correlation between
knowledge of electric vehicles and its adoption.

From the data analysis, six unique components/factors were identified which
were grouped and named, based on the items loaded in each of the following
factors. Conceptually, these factors make sense within the context of what the
literature review stated. The factors identified were.
similar to the factors considered in other studies and these factors will play a
major role for setting the road map for EV’s in the country. The study is
conducted in Bengaluru which boasts of Major IT hub, Education, Textile,
Automobile and other manufacturing companies. The identified factors were
labelled as: Financial barriers, vehicle performance barriers, lack of charging
infrastructure, environmental concern, societal influence and awareness of
electric vehicles .

Conclusion:

India’s aim to transform its automobile industry by focussing on e-mobility, it is

mandatory to address the knowledge gap as lack of awareness of potential
barriers in EV adoption. As a limited study has been conducted in this field in
India, identifying and classifying these barriers into various groups is necessary.
The aim of this project is to determine the factors influencing consumers’
intention of electric vehicle adoption in India. Based on the components
grouped, six factors were identified and named as financial factors, vehicle
performance factors, lack of charging infrastructure, environmental concern,
societal influence and awareness of electric vehicles. Based on the results the
factors found in this study are similar to some of the factors found by Noel et
Financial barriers, vehicle performance barriers and lack of charging
infrastructure facilities are found to be the major factor in adoption of EV’s in
Indian context

The findings of this research can be used by manufacturers and suppliers of the
automobile industry, the private and public institutions dealing with e-mobility,
sustainability or green business solutions as well as the governments. This could
further help them to develop and provide strategies with the goal to overcome
the adoption barriers currently existing. Overcoming these barriers would then
attract larger number of consumers to Electric Vehicles.

The study was restricted to one metropolitan city in India, which is an IT hub.
The sample size was limited to only 172 respondents and mostly in the age
group of 25–34 with salaried people. There is a need to replicate the study in
other cities to understand the influencing factors. Further studies can focus on
the influence of the factors identified in this study and also on acceptance of
new technology when buying electric vehicles.