Market Research on

Customers Perception on
Electric Vehicles adaption

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INTRODUCTION
The world is very fast paced nowadays and in this fast paced world automobiles plays a vital role
in daily life. The automobile helps us in being productive, performance or coping with livelihood
issues, vehicles save so much time and effort. Majority of Indians depend on vehicles like two-
wheelers and four-wheelers for their mobility needs. However, the concerns over greenhouse gas
emission and their ill effects and depletion of fuel make the mankind forced to look for
alternatives options. All major automobile industry are in transitional phase to launch electric
bikes because of the recent NitiAayog directive. Though the electric vehicles seem to be best
solution to the aforesaid issues, but when comes to customer making or decision making process
the transitional shift from petrol to Electric Vehicles is very hesitated. The history of the
automobile industry was initially connected to electricity.

Nowadays, because of several factors, the automobile industry has been doing researches on
electric vehicles for a long time, even though there are lot of obstacles in commercializing them.
This factor was the main lead to analyse the customer's perception and environmental
consciousness towards electric vehicles. The future is electric vehicle there is no doubt in that as
it will help in reducing the usage of Fossil fuel but there are some problems in using e-vehicles
such as battery running out, speed, and other problems faced. Ironically this influence the
customer behaviour in purchase intention of full electric vehicle by Indians, there is a need to
study the factors influencing the consumer acceptance of these vehicle.

Various factors that influence the purchase decision are situations like regulatory environment,
personal current psychological factors, like attitude, perception, and society acceptance and
consideration levels. From environmental perspective, increase in high Co-2 emissions and
depletion of Fossil Fuels. The cause for the production of air pollution in urban areas is
associated with an array of sources but the division of transport makes a critical division is
minimal. The influence of air quality on human health and the economy is well known and in this
sense, producers are transitioning to reduce the impact on earth.

Electric cars are seen as a potential choice for transportation, what is in addition, a few National
Governments have successful revised innovation development plans. Governments are quick to
advance electric vehicle as an alternative for portability, to eliminate the air emission in urban
areas. Tests show that electric bikes can be financially feasible by 2020 and 2030 electric four
wheelers will be a prominent option for innovation, if governments offer incentive charging
forces and under pinning’s are available.

India is a country with the third-largest road network in the world. Road travel seemed to be a
preferred choice in India with over 60 % of the population used personal or shared vehicles to
commute. Conventional vehicles are a major cause of global warming and environmental air
pollution. All types of vehicles produce dust from brakes, tires, and road wear. The average diesel
vehicle has worse effect on air quality than the average gasoline vehicle. But both gasoline and
diesel vehicle pollutes more than the electric vehicle.

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The electric vehicles market segment has seen significant growth as it offers a pollution-free ride
than its IC Engine operated counterparts. Due to public attention to limited amount of fuel energy
and emissions of greenhouse gaseous by the internal combustion engine vehicles, people start to
look for environmental friendly options. One of the alternative and effective way is electric
vehicles. It is cost efficient, and environmental friendly. To the goals 7 and 13 of sustainable
development goals (SDGs) to transform our world, even the policy makers are forced to take
action and NitiAayog has worked out Zero Emission vehicles (ZEVs) policy to promote and
boost the usage of electric vehicles

Governments started using fiscal policies, such as road tax, to discourage the purchase and use of
more polluting cars. Green tax is imposed while re-registering the vehicle after 15 years of use to
make people discontinue the use of polluting vehicles and encourage them for fuel-efficient and
less polluting vehicles. Fuel taxes may act as an incentive for the production of more efficient,
less polluting, vehicle and the development of alternative fuels. High fuel taxes or cultural change
may provide a powerful incentive for consumers to buy lighter, smaller, fuel-efficient cars, or to
not drive.

The Indian government has set ambitious targets for the adoption of electric vehicles, aiming to
achieve 30% EV penetration in the automotive market by 2030. To support this goal, various
policy measures have been introduced, including tax incentives, subsidies, and regulations to
promote EV manufacturing and adoption. Additionally, initiatives such as the Faster Adoption
and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (FAME) scheme have been launched to
accelerate the deployment of EVs and charging infrastructure across the country.

Despite these efforts, the adoption of EVs in India faces several challenges. One of the key
challenges is the lack of a robust charging infrastructure, especially in rural and semi-urban areas.
Addressing this issue requires significant investment in charging infrastructure, including fast
chargers along highways and urban areas, as well as incentives for setting up charging stations in
residential complexes and public spaces.

Another challenge is the high upfront cost of EVs compared to conventional vehicles. While the
total cost of ownership of EVs is lower due to lower operating costs and maintenance
requirements, the initial purchase price remains a barrier for many consumers. Government
subsidies and incentives are helping to reduce this barrier, but more efforts are needed to make
EVs affordable for the mass market.

The FAME India Scheme is an incentive scheme for promotion of electric and hybrid vehicles. It
aims to promote electric mobility and gives financial incentives for enhancing EV production and
the creation of electric transportation infrastructure. In 2015 the Ministry of Heavy Industries and
Public Enterprises launched FAME to incentivize the production and promotion of eco-friendly

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vehicles including EV and hybrid vehicles. The scheme is proposed for establishing charging
infrastructure.

The National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020, a National Mission document
providing the vision and therefore the roadmap for the faster adoption of EVs and its
manufacturing. This plan has been designed to boost national fuel security, to supply affordable
and environmentally friendly transportation, and to enable the Indian automotive industry to
attain global manufacturing leadership.

Consumer perception towards electric vehicles plays a crucial role in the widespread adoption of
this new mode of transportation. Understanding consumer attitudes, preferences, and concerns
regarding EVs is essential for automakers, policymakers, and other stakeholders to effectively
promote and support the transition to a sustainable transportation system. Consumer perception
encompasses various aspects such as beliefs, attitudes, opinions, and behaviors towards a
particular product or service. In the case of electric vehicles, it involves how consumers perceive
EVs in terms of their performance, range, charging infrastructure, costs, environmental impact,
and overall desirability as a mode of transportation. These perceptions can be influenced by a
range of factors, including personal experiences, social influences, marketing and advertising
campaigns, and government policies.

Over the past decade, there has been a notable shift in consumer perception towards electric
vehicles. Initially, EVs were often associated with limitations such as limited range, long
charging times, and high purchase prices. However, as technology has advanced and automakers
have introduced more affordable and practical electric models, consumer attitudes have started to
change. The perception of EVs has evolved from being seen as niche or futuristic to being
recognized as a viable and sustainable transportation option.

One of the primary drivers of positive consumer perception towards electric vehicles is the
growing concern for environmental issues such as climate change and air pollution. EVs produce
zero tailpipe emissions, which is an attractive feature for environmentally conscious consumers.
Additionally, the development of renewable energy sources and the increased availability of
charging infrastructure have alleviated concerns about the practicality of EVs for daily use.

Another significant factor influencing consumer perception is the advancement in battery

technology, leading to improved range and performance of electric vehicles. Modern EVs can
now offer comparable range and acceleration to their gasoline-powered counterparts, alleviating
concerns about limited driving distances and sluggish performance. However, challenges still
exist in terms of consumer perception. Some common concerns include the availability of
charging infrastructure, the time required for charging, the upfront cost of electric vehicles, and
the potential for battery degradation over time. Addressing these concerns and providing accurate
information to consumers is crucial in building trust and confidence in electric vehicles.

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NEED FOR THE STUDY
Reduce overall cost - the price of electric vehicles is considerably somewhat higher than that of
conventional vehicles, but we are getting ever-closer to parity, and also there is growing evidence
that in terms of total costs, running an electric vehicle is far cheaper as compared to the gasoline
powered vehicle.

Sustainable environment- EVs can, in fact, also help reduce air and noise pollution. By
choosing an electric car, one can reduce their carbon footprint, impacting to environment in a
better way. Also, by this way we will not depend only on a single source of fuel and energy.

Pollution regulations- the implementation of emissions limits for vehicle manufacturers in the
India by introducing an upgrade in the form Bharat stage VI. More and more companies are now
considering their engine plants as assets that need to be disposed of urgently, disinvesting at an
accelerated pace if emissions targets are to be met. In addition, several countries have brought
forward the ban on the sale of petrol and diesel vehicles

Technology of the future- Electric Vehicles (EVs) are ahead of the conventional vehicle with
advanced technology. EVs are safer and more comfortable than vehicles running on petrol and
diesel. Also battery technology continues to improve considerably, meaning we could soon be
able to travel hundreds of kilometers on a five-minute charge, and having practically no problems
with degradation over time.

OBJECTIVES
The primary objectives of this study on electric vehicles are as follows :

a) To analyze the current situation of the electric vehicle market, taking into account its
potential for expansion, major trends, and difficulties.

b) To evaluate the developments in electric vehicle technology, with a particular emphasis

on battery technology, charging infrastructure, and autonomous driving capabilities.

c) To assess how electric cars will affect society and the environment, taking into account
how much less noise, air, and greenhouse gas emissions will be produced.

d) To investigate the value chains and business models related to electric vehicles,
identifying key players and potential areas for disruption and innovation.

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SCOPE OF STUDY
Market Analysis: This study will analyse the size, growth potential, consumer preferences, and
governmental regulations and incentives driving EV adoption in the existing and future markets
for electric vehicles.

Technological Developments: This study will examine the most recent developments in battery
technology, charging infrastructure, and autonomous driving systems in relation to electric
vehicles.

Environmental and Social Impact: The study will evaluate how electric vehicles will affect the
environment and society, including how they will reduce greenhouse gas emissions, noise
pollution, and air pollution. It will also take into account the social repercussions, such as the
creation of jobs, the improvement of skills, and the equity of access to EV technology.

Business Models and Value Chain: The study will look into the various business models and
value chain elements related to electric vehicles, examining the functions and connections
between important parties and locating possible opportunities for innovation and disruption.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
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Electric vehicles (EVs) are anticipated to grow in importance as a future market for vehicle sales
because of their notable ability to reduce both local and global pollution. The first significant EV
user group, referred known as "early adopters," is of interest to both policy makers and
automakers. Only a small number of empirical findings, nonetheless, are known for this
significant population. In this study, we characterise this user group from both a user and a
product standpoint, i.e., who is willing to buy an EV and who should buy one, through the
analysis and discussion of multiple empirical data sets from Germany. Our findings indicate that
middle-aged males in multi-person households in rural or suburban areas who work in technical
fields are the most likely group to purchase a private electric vehicle in Germany.Due to their
yearly vehicle miles driven and proportion of inner-city driving, they generally possess a
significant number of automobiles and are more likely to benefit from the economic advantages
of these vehicles. Compared to other potential adopter groups, they express a greater propensity
to acquire electric cars, and their better socioeconomic standing enables them to do so. In
contrast, those who live in large cities are less likely to purchase EVs since they make up a tiny
proportion of the overall automobile ownership population, their mileage is too low for EVs to be
financially viable, and they express less interest in and readiness to pay for EVs than other
groups. Our findings suggest that the first private EV purchasers should be middle-aged males
with families from rural and sub-urban cities.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0965856414001463
September 2014

Michael A. Tamor, Miloš Milačić: Electric vehicles in multi-vehicle households

The difficulty of sometimes needing to find other transportation for longer excursions, rather than
the everyday travel over distances within that range, limits the usefulness of an electric car of a
certain range to serve in lieu of a given conventional vehicle. While it is possible to calculate the
frequency of this difficulty from usage statistics, individual users' readiness to accept a
replacement relies on the specifics of the available transportation options and their willingness to
utilise them. It might be challenging to evaluate the latter. Fortunately, the most practical
substitute is available to 65% of US households: a second automobile. among this article, we
analyse the potential for EV adoption and electrification of transportation among two-car families
in the Puget Sound area. We discover that EVs with 60 miles of practical range might be
acceptable to nearly 90% of two-car households and electrify almost 55% of trips in those homes
(32% of all travel), causing discomfort for no more than three days annually. When individual
cars are replaced one for one, it takes 120 miles of range to accomplish the same percentage of
electric travel. Even if just one-third of personal vehicles in the US might be replaced under this
paradigm, the 'EV as a second-car' idea is appealing since a sizeable portion of trips could be
electrified by cars with a limited electric range and almost no need on public charging
infrastructure. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0968090X15000789 July
2015

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Jungwoo Shi, Chandra R. Bhat, Daehyun You, Venu M. Garikapati, Ram M. Pendyala: With the
introduction of cutting-edge car technology, smart vehicle choices, and fuel alternatives, the
automobile industry is undergoing a transformation. However, relatively little study has been
done on customer preferences for such cutting-edge automotive technology. Data on consumer
preferences for these new technologies must be gathered and analysed in order to plan for
potential market acceptance scenarios and for the deployment and penetration of advanced
vehicle technologies in the marketplace. This study seeks to fill this gap by providing a thorough
examination of customer preferences for various alternative fuel types and technological
alternatives using information gathered from stated choice experiments carried out on a sample
of consumers from six South Korean metropolises. The findings show that consumer preferences
for various smart technology features, such as wireless internet, vehicle connectivity, and voice
command features, are quite heterogeneous, but that consumer preferences for smart vehicle
applications, such as real-time traveller information on parking and traffic conditions, are
relatively less heterogeneous.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0968090X15003526 (November 2015)

Zeinab Rezvani, Johan Jansson, Jan Bodin (2015), They discussed "Developments in Consumer
Electric Vehicle Adoption": An Analysis of Factors Affecting Electric Vehicle Adoption.
Different aspects of adoption and non adoption behavior have been the focus of published
research. They used different theories and studied different electric cars in different parts of the
world. Since the https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361920914001515early
2000s, non-rechargeable electric cars (known mostly as hybrid electric vehicles) have been
offered on a commercial scale, and a significant amount of research has been published on
consumer attitudes. However, since this type of car can be considered more fuel-efficient cars
that do not require a significantly different behavior from ordinary cars, the main attention is
focused on those cars that require a different consumption behavior (ie connecting the car to the
grid for charging) . These cars are most often referred to as plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs).
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361920914001515 (2015).

Craig Morton , Jillian Anable , John D. Nelson : In the United Kingdom and the larger European
environment, the government's strategy to foster a shift to a low-carbon transportation system is
seen as significant in terms of the dissemination of electric cars (EVs). In order to better
understand customer demand for EVs, this study looks at how consumer innovation and attitudes
towards EV functionality affect EV choices. The development and use of a conceptual
framework allows for the measurement of innovativeness at both the adoption level via the
evaluation of technological ownership and the innate level through the assessment of a group of
psychological and social characteristics. In order to assess how attitudes concerning EVs'
functional performance affect preferences, the framework also includes assessments of those
attitudes. A self-completion household survey that was disseminated throughout the UK cities of
Dundee and Newcastle upon

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Tyne was used to gather the data. According to the analysis's findings, preferences for battery
electric cars (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are highly influenced by
adopting innovativeness and opinions about the functional performance of EVs.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2210539516300025 (March 2016)

Morton, C., Anable, J., & Nelson, J. D. (2016). Exploring consumer preferences towards electric
vehicles: The influence of consumer innovativeness. Research in transportation business &
management, 18, 18-28.This paper investigates consumer demand for EVs by examining the
impact of consumer innovativeness and attitudes about EV functional capabilities on EV
preferences. A conceptual framework is developed and applied that includes measurements of
innovativeness at both the adoptive and innate levels via an assessment of technology ownership
and a cohort of psychological and sociological factors. Furthermore, the framework incorporates
measurements of attitudes toward the functional performance of EVs to determine their impact
on preferences. Data was gathered using a self-completion household survey distributed
throughout the United Kingdom cities of Dundee and Newcastle upon Tyne. The findings show
that adoptive innovativeness and attitudes towards the functional performance of EVs
significantly impact preferences for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric
vehicles (BEVs).
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652618326118?via%3Dihub

Li, W., Long, R., Chen, H., & Geng, J. (2017). A review of factors influencing consumer
intentions to adopt battery electric vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 78,
318-328. Despite declining pollution and fossil fuel overuse, the number of battery electric
vehicles (BEVs) on the road remains low. why is that? Why is the mass adoption of BEV
difficult? A key reason for this is that BEV adoption is highly dependent on the acceptance of
private consumers, who are insufficiently motivated to adopt this mode of transport. This study
systematically reviewed peerreviewed journal articles to identify the strengths and weaknesses
of consumer intent to adopt BEV. A total of 1,846 articles were retrieved, and after two stages of
identification, 40 articles were finally identified and analyzed in detail. Influencing factors were
grouped into three main types: demographic, situational, and psychological, and were considered
separately. In addition, shortcomings and shortcomings of the current study were also pointed
out.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032117305798 Year
- 2017

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He, X., Zhan, W., & Hu, Y. (2018). Consumer purchase intention of electric vehicles in China:
The roles of perception and personality. Journal of Cleaner Production, 204, 1060-1069. Electric
vehicles (EVs) have been rapidly developed in recent years with strong government support, but
their market share in China remains small, and the vast majority of Chinese consumers are
hesitant to adopt them. As a result, this paper proposes a personality-perception-intention
framework to investigate consumers' EV adoption behavior for the successful development of
EVs. The research model is empirically tested using data from 369 Chinese participants.
According to the findings, consumer perception and personality can explain 57.1% of the
variance in EV purchase intention. Personal innovativeness and environmental concern are two
types of personality traits that have a direct impact on EV purchase intention. They are also
heavily influenced by two types of perceptions (positive and negative utilities). The findings
provide a more in-depth understanding of EV adoption behavior and recommendations for
policymakers and manufacturers on promoting EVs.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652618326118

Priessner, A., Sposato, R., & Hampl, N. (2018). Predictors of electric vehicle adoption: An
analysis of potential electric vehicle drivers in Austria. Energy policy, 122, 701-714.
Barriers to electric vehicle (EV) adoption, such as purchase prices, range limitations, and
charging infrastructure, are decreasing, but revenue growth is still below industry expectations.
Industry and governments are interested in counteracting this negative trend by creating
incentives to buy EVs, and are keen to help potential EV adopters and early adopters in
designing effective and efficient incentive schemes. A better understanding of the drivers of
adoption is paramount. This study therefore analyzes first-time, potential and non-users of
electric vehicles on the basis of a representative survey of Austrian citizens. The results suggest
that psychological and, to a lesser extent, sociodemographic factors play an important role in
predicting EV adoption. Non-adopters tend to have a more individualistic and less egalitarian
world view, and lag behind early adopters in environmental and technology protection attitudes.
In addition, early adopters tend to live in areas with e-mobility policy incentives. This study used
cluster analysis to identify four groups of potential EV adopters based on an assessment of EV
purchasing and non-purchasing motivations. Potential adopter segments vary widely in
sociodemographic and psychological characteristics, and preferences for political incentives.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301421518305044 Year
- 2018

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Jaiswal, D., Kaushal, V., Kant, R., & Singh, P. K. (2021). Consumer adoption intention for
electric vehicles: Insights and evidence from Indian sustainable transportation. Technological
Forecasting and Social Change, 173, 121089.
This study is based on an integrative beliefs-attitudes-intentions approach to measure consumer
intentions to adopt, understand and predict EVs, with perceived risks and financial incentives. It
is intended to operate and test the Extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). This
research model also attempts to explore the mediating role of attitudes towards electric vehicles
and the relaxation of fiscal incentive policies in the context of emerging sustainable transport
markets. This model was empirically tested through structural equation modeling using an online
survey of Indian respondents. As a result, willingness to adopt EVs is directly and indirectly
influenced by policy easing of monetary incentives and by attitudes of predictor variables,
perceived benefits, perceived ease of use, and perceived risks. is shown. All direct hypotheses
were accepted except for the relationship between perceived risk and attitudes. Furthermore, the
results also confirmed that attitude partially influenced the impact of usefulness and usability on
adoption intention, but no mediation effect of attitude between risk and adoption intention was
found. . This discussion and suggestions will provide policy makers and marketers with greater
insight into the promotion of electric vehicles.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040162521005229 Year
- 2021

Talat Munshi, Subash Dhar, Jyoti Painuly (2022): The Electric vehicle (EV) sales have increased
significantly worldwide, leading to changes in the use of vehicle technology in many counties.
The Indian government offers policy and financial incentives and hopes that electric vehicles will
spread in the medium to long term. Furthermore, by analyzing the behavior of potential EV
buyers, it helps to understand the factors required to increase demand for EVs in India. The city
of Hyderabad in India was used as a case study. Personal interviews were used and preferences
for different scenarios were analyzed using discrete choice models. The analysis shows the
general willingness to buy electric cars among the middle-income working population of India.
The global transition to electric vehicles is reflected in an impressive growth rate of more than 30
percent between 2016 and 2018, with electric vehicle sales reaching 3 million and total
inventory reaching 10 million in 2020 (IEA, 2019; 2021a). Despite these figures, electric cars
accounted for only about 2.6% of the global car sales market share and 1% of the global vehicle
fleet in 2019, and they do not significantly contribute to the transformation of the global car fleet
(Tarei et al. , 2021)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301421522001811 (2022)

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Ali Vafaei-Zadeh and Teik-Kheng Wong (june 2022). This paper aims to model electric vehicle
purchase intention among Generation Y consumers in an emerging market. Furthermore, the
impact of perceived usefulness, attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, price
value, perceived risk, environmental self-image, and infrastructure barrier on the intention to
purchase electric vehicles were examined. A total of 213 usable data were collected from
Generation Y consumers in Malaysia using structured questionnaires. Perceived usefulness and
perceived ease of use have a positive effect on attitude. Attitude, subjective norms, perceived
behavioural control, price value, and environmental self-image all positively impacted the
intention, and perceived risk had a negative impact on intention. This study extended the
combined theory of planned behaviour and technology acceptance model (C-TAM-TPB) with the
additional three variables, namely price value, perceived risk, and environmental self-image to
better explain electric cars purchase intention among the Generation Y consumers.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2210539522000050 (june 2022)

By gathering information on their attitudes, sentiments, and perceptions, Monica and Mifzala
(2019) looked at customer perceptions in Banglore. The amount of EV expertise and factors
affecting customer buying decisions were determined by the researchers. Most consumers are
aware of how much cleaner electric cars are for the environment. Because of this, half of the
clients were ecologically conscious and could like to use it. They think that adding charging
stations will promote the expansion of EV sales.

http://www.americanscholarspress.us/journals/IMR/pdf/IMR-2-2022/
IMR2022FAllspecilart10.pdfYear : 2022

Ali, I., & Naushad, M. (2022). A study to investigate what tempts consumers to adopt electric
vehicles. World Electric Vehicle Journal, 13(2), 26.
Pollution is a major concern for most people today. Pollution is mainly caused by automobiles.
Everyone wants to live in a pollution-free society. Nevertheless, vehicle registrations in India are
increasing rapidly. The increased use of automobiles has a negative impact on the environment.
Therefore, our means of transport must be sustainable and environmentally friendly. Electric
vehicles solve this dilemma. However, the introduction of electric vehicles in India has not
progressed at the desired pace, despite expectations of an increase in the coming years. Many
automakers are ramping up production of electric vehicles. The purpose of this study is to
identify the main factors affecting the adoption of electric vehicles. The study includes five
independent variables: financial incentives, charging infrastructure, social empowerment,
environmental concerns, and price, and one dependent variable: EV adoption. Data for this study

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were collected from his 366 randomly selected respondents across India. Data were analyzed
using structural equation modeling (SEM) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The survey
results show that price has a significant impact on EV adoption. https://www.mdpi.com/2032-
6653/13/2/26
Year - 2022

Bryła, P., Chatterjee, S., & Ciabiada-Bryła, B. (2023). Consumer Adoption of Electric Vehicles:
A Systematic Literature Review. Energies, 16(1), 205.
Disposal of electric vehicles (EVs) can cause serious environmental problems such as
overreliance on oil, especially in the transport sector. Despite this insight, adoption intent has so
far been disappointing. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the methods,
theories, and variables used in 57 peer-reviewed papers published between 2015 and 2022, and
the implications for purchase, behavior, and use. It covers the major forms of consumer
acceptance of electric vehicles, including intent. Governments can promote consumer acceptance
of electric vehicles through road tax exemptions, convenient access to charging infrastructure,
and financial and economic incentives related to energy trading and vehicle sharing. Second, it is
important to raise awareness of the EV segment. In addition, respecting and understanding
consumer preferences will also pave the way for successful EV adoption. Finally, while
consumer beliefs about the risks and benefits of adopting new technologies will play an
important role in future EV choices, the biggest barriers to EV adoption are electric vehicle
performance, safety standards and range. Lack of consumer confidence in you will have to
charge
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/1/205
Year – 2023

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 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
Research is not just a process of gathering information, but also finding out the unknown facts.
This will provide the overview of the research methodology. It also includes the methods and
techniques used in this research. This research is about understanding the consumer's perception
of electric vehicles. The research methodology covers the complete process from the initial stage
to the final interpretation of the results. The main components of a sound research are research
design, sampling size and method, data collection and the tools used for the analysis.

SAMPLING METHOD
Convenience Sampling is a Non-Probability Sampling (NPSA) method commonly used in
research to collect data quickly and easily. In this case, we selected a Convenience Sample of 280
respondents to participate in our study. Instead of using random sampling methods, we rely on
people’s ease of access or availability to form our sample. Convenience sampling usually
involves finding participants who are easily accessible or easily reachable, such as people near us
or who are readily available to answer our questions. This method is often used with limited time
and resources, making more rigorous sampling methods impractical. While convenience
sampling provides convenience and easy data collection, the results of this study may not reflect
the entire population as the sample was not drawn randomly. Therefore, we should interpret the
results of this convenience sample (280 respondents) with caution.

SAMPLING SIZE
The sample size in a research methodology refers to the number of individuals or participants
included in the study. Determining an appropriate sample size is the most important aspect of a
research methodology as it can affect the reliability and validity of the methodology. It is not just
the sample size that will affect the reliability, the other factors like sampling method and the
quality of data may also affect it. The sample size that we put is 280 as larger sample size will
produce accurate results and also reduce the risk of bias and sampling errors.

RESEARCH DESIGN
A survey-based research design that uses a structured questionnaire to get a better understanding
of how customers feel about EV adaptation can be a great way to gather valuable information. By
following the research goals, creating a good questionnaire, picking a good sample, and using

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reliable data analysis, the study can help you understand how customers feel about EVs and help
you create strategies to get more people using EVs.

DATA COLLECTION
The data collection is the most critical component of the research methodology. This will involve
gathering information or data from various sources. This invoves collecting data from relevant
sources and organizing it in such a way that it is ready for analysis. In order to develop new
theories, make informed decisions and to improve the existing practices, data collection is very
essential. The primary data is collected by using a structured questionnaire. This was done
through online platforms. As it is mentioned in the sampling size , there were 280 participants in
the conducted survey.

Questionnaire has been divided into 2 parts where first part included personal information like
Age, gender, income, occupation, educational qualification and second part included questions
related to usage,perception and behavior of consumer about electric vehicles

SUMMARY OF METHODS AND TOOLS OF ANALYSIS

In this study, graphical presentation, simple tabular data, and percentage method have been used.

Percentage method:
The percentage method is used to compare two or more series of data. This is used to describe
relationships.The analysis of the resulting percentages provides researchers with useful
information regarding the distribution and composition of responses within a sample. The results
of this analysis enable the researchers to gain a better understanding of the incidence or
prevalence of particular attitudes, beliefs, behaviors or characteristics among a sample of
respondents.

Percentage of respondents = No of respondent’s/Total respondents*100

The method of study followed in this project:

● Sample size: 280

● Data collection method: Primary Data.
● Analysis: Through percentage method.

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 DATA ANALYSIS
Table.4.1: Table showing the age group of the respondents:
Options No. of respondents Percentage (%)

18-25 224 80

26-35 20 7.1

36-50 27 9.6

Above 50 9 3.2

Total 280 100

Source: Primary data

Figure 4.1

Interpretation:

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As per the primary data collection there are more percentage of youth which is 80% of the
sample population, who has shown their high interest in the Electric Vehicles.
Table.4.2: Table showing the gender of the respondents:

Options No. of respondents Percentage (%)

Male 142 50.7

Female 136 48.6

Prefer not to say 2 0.7

Total 280 100

Source: Primary data

Figure 4.2

Interpretation:

The above table shows the number of male and female respondents who have shared their
opinion on Electric Vehicle adaption where few didn’t prefer to say.

17
Table.4.3: Table showing the monthly house-hold income:

Options No. of respondents Percentage (%)

50000-80000 144 51.4

80000-100000 59 21.1

More than 100000 77 27.5

Total 280 100

Source: Primary data

Figure 4.3

Interpretation:

18
As per the data collected the highest no of respondents belong to the income group of
50,00080,000 and comparatively 77 respondents get a monthly income of 100000. This means
that owning an EV can be considered as an option.

Table.4.4: Table showing the occupation of the respondents:

Options No. of respondents Percentage (%)

Student 182 65

Business 24 8.6

Service 17 6.1

Others 57 20.4

Total 280 100

Source: Primary data

Figure 4.4

19
Interpretation:

As per the data collected there is a higher percentage of students i.e 65% and others are from the
sectors of business, service and other occupation where we can create more awareness to the
students regarding EV’s.

Table.4.5: Table showing the education qualification of the respondents:

Options No. of respondents Percentage (%)

None/illiterate 3 1.1

Primary level - 0

Secondary level 6 2.1

Higher secondary 18 6.4

Under graduation 125 44.6

Post Graduation 128 45.7

Total 280 100

Source: Primary data

20
 Figure 4.5

Interpretation:
From the survey that has been conducted we say a higher majority of sample has completed their
under graduation and are in their post-graduation or higher studies which are 45.7% of the
sample size.

Table.4.6: Table showing the kilometres the respondents drive daily:

Options No. of respondents Percentage (%)

Less than 20km 145 51.8

20-40km 68 24.3

40-60km 39 13.9

60-80km 13 4.6

80-100km 7 2.5

Above 100km 8 2.9

Total 280 100

21
 Source: Primary data
Figure 4.6

Interpretation:
The majority of the people have a travel distance of less than 20km per day which is having a
51.8% of sample size this shows that there is a scope for Electric vehicles to have a mass reach.
Table.4.7: Table showing number of respondents owning an electric car:
Options No. of respondents Percentage (%)

Yes 11 3.9

No 215 76.8

Planning to buy in future 54 19.3

Total 280 100

Source: Primary data

Figure 4.7

22
Interpretation:
There are a lot of number of people not owning a electric car which is 76.8% if the sample size
which is more than 3/4th of the population which means there are lot of people who own a
gasoline car.

Table.4.8: Table showing the opinion of respondents on owning an electric car is an

advantage over owning a gasoline-powered car:
Options No. of respondents Percentage (%)

Yes 153 54.6

No 48 17.1

Neutral 79 28.2

Total 280 100

Source: Primary data

Figure 4.8

23
Interpretation:
There are 153 respondents (54.6%) who believe that there is an advantage of electric vehicles
over gasoline one but seeing 28.2% population is in the neutral stage who thinks that there is no
much difference.

Table.4.9: Table showing the willingness of the respondents to pay higher than the gasoline-
powered car:
Options No. of respondents Percentage (%)

Won’t pay higher price 91 32.5

Not more than 10% 106 37.9

Not more than 20% 65 23.2

Not more than 30% 18 6.4

Total 280 100

Source: Primary data

Figure 4.9

24
Interpretation:
People willing to pay 10% more for an electric vehicle are the highest of the sample size leading
to 37.9% and then followed by people who are not willing to pay a higher price.

Table.4.10: Table showing the opinion of respondents on discouragement using EV’s:

Options No. of responses Percentage (%)

Lack of a fast-charging 173 25.1

infrastructure
Lack of market 123 17.8
understanding about
benefits
Uncertainty around how 159 23.2
long the batteries will last
Uncertainty around the 112 16.2
resale value of an electric
vehicle
Limited choice of EV 122 17.7
models

Total 689 100

Source: Primary data
Figure 4.10

25
Interpretation:
As per the data collected it is observed that people are not willing to buy EV’s as the major
problem is there is lack of fast charging infrastructure and then the respondents feel that the
market understands less about its benefits, the batteries might not last longer, they feel reselling
the EV’s is not possible and very less models of EV’s are present.

Table.4.11: Table showing the awareness to respondents about the electric cars:
Options No. of respondents Percentage (%)

1 15 5.4

2 22 7.9

3 78 27.9

4 70 25

5 95 33.9

Total 280 100

Source: Primary data

Figure 4.11

26
Interpretation:
There is a major size of sample who is aware of electric cars which are 33.9% which shows a
positive sign as there is no much requirement of bringing awareness on Electric Vehicles.

Table.4.12: Table showing the importance of environmental factors in the product:

Options No. of respondents Percentage (%)

1 10 3.6

2 12 4.3

3 50 17.9

4 60 21.4

5 148 52.9

Total 280 100

Source: Primary data

Figure 4.12

27
Interpretation:
People who want to use environmentally friendly goods are very high among the sample size and
this also can be a sign that these people would prefer to buy an electric vehicle.

Table.4.13: Table showing the impact of potential environment while taking decisions:
Options No. of respondents Percentage (%)

1 8 2.9

2 22 7.9

3 70 25

4 77 27.5

5 103 36.8

Total 280 100

Source: Primary data

Figure 4.13

28
Interpretation:
As per data we can observe that the majority of respondents actions are affected by the potential
environment.

Table.4.14: Table showing the purchase habits of respondents in relation to environment:

Options No. of respondents Percentage (%)

1 20 7.1

2 13 4.6

3 91 32.5

4 78 27.9

5 78 27.9

Total 280 100

Source: Primary data

Figure 4.14

29
Interpretation:
There are a lot of people whose purchase habits change as per their concern towards environment
and people after the neutral stage are very high in number and are more than 80% which shows
that there is a scope for EV.

Table.4.15: Table showing the opinion on environmentally responsible respondents:

Options No. of respondents Percentage (%)

1 11 3.9

2 15 5.4

3 82 29.3

4 72 25.7

5 100 35.7

Total 280 100

Source: Primary data

Figure 4.15

30
Interpretation:
If needed, there are a lot of people who can switch to EV and are cautious of the environment and
they might also keep making efforts and show their interest to adapt to the required changes.
Table.4.16: Table showing the opinion of respondents in being inconvenient in order to take
actions that are more environmentally friendly:
Options No. of respondents Percentage (%)

1 23 8.2

2 21 7.5

3 80 28.6

4 75 26.8

5 81 28.9

Total 280 100

Source: Primary data

Figure 4.16

31
Interpretation:
There are a lot of people in the sample size who are feeling inconvenient in taking actions to be
more environmentally friendly which is not a good sign for people who wish to be in a greener
and a safe environment.

Table.4.17: Table showing the opinion on owning an EV than a conventional vehicle in long
run:

Options No. of respondents Percentage (%)

1 22 7.9

2 20 7.1

3 80 28.6

4 74 26.4

5 84 30

Total 280 100

Source: Primary data

32
Figure 4.17

Interpretation:
The majority of the respondents agree that owning an EV is more cost effective than owning a
conventional vehicle in long run. As the likert scale is given we can observe the majority on 3,4,5
scales.
Table.4.18: Table showing the opinion on electric cars that can help reducing global
warming:
Options No. of respondents Percentage (%)

1 11 3.9

33
 2 23 8.2

3 50 17.9

4 77 27.5

5 119 42.5

Total 280 100

Source: Primary data

Figure 4.18

Interpretation:
EV’s are environmentally friendly and help in reducing global warming to a great extent and can
be a switcher to the fuel consuming vehicles.
Table.4.19: Table showing the opinion of respondents on buying an EV in future is a good
decision:

Options No. of respondents Percentage (%)

1 9 3.2

34
 2 19 6.8

3 67 23.9

4 78 27.9

5 107 38.2

Total 280 100

Source: Primary data

Figure 4.19

Interpretation:
As we can observe rapid changes in the day to day life , people who are cautious regarding the
environment are thinking of buying an EV in the near future which is a good decision.
Table.4.20: Table showing the opinion:
Options No. of respondents Percentage (%)

1 23 8.2

2 27 9.6

35
 3 85 30.4

4 71 25.4

5 74 26.4

Total 280 100

Source: Primary data

Figure 4.20

Interpretation:
As per the data there are 30.4% of people among the sample size who are in the neutral stage and
above who believe that people who are important to them must buy an Electric vehicle.

Table.4.21: Table showing the :

Options No. of respondents Percentage (%)

1 40 14.3

2 30 10.7

36
 3 80 28.6

4 61 21.8

5 69 24.6

Total 280 100

Source: Primary data

Figure 4.21

Interpretation:
There are individuals who are ready to buy an EV if their friends use it which shows that
the majority of the sample size is dependent on their friends and there are 70 people who
are not dependent on anyone.

Table.4.22: Table showing the influence on the behavior of the respondent for buying the
EV:
Options No. of respondents Percentage (%)

1 40 14.3

2 36 12.9

37
 3 81 28.9

4 58 20.7

5 65 23.2

Total 280 100

Source: Primary data

Figure 4.22

Interpretation:
There are a lot of people whose buying behavior is influenced by others. So, in this case
there are 204 respondents who are influenced to buy an EV and 76 respondents are also not
influenced to own an EV.

LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

4.1 Table showing the age group of the respondents 32

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4.2 Table showing the gender of the respondents 33

4.3 Table showing the monthly house-hold income 34

4.4 Table showing the occupation of the respondents 35

4.5 Table showing the education qualification of the respondents 36

4.6 Table showing the kilometers the respondents drive daily 37

4.7 Table showing number of respondents owning an electric car 38

4.8 Table showing the opinion of respondents on owning an electric car 39

is an advantage over owning a gasoline-powered car
4.9 Table showing the willingness of the respondents to pay higher than 40
the gasoline-powered car
4.10 Table showing the opinion of respondents on discouragement using 41
EV’s
4.11 Table showing the awareness to respondents about the electric cars 42

4.12 Table showing the importance of environmental factors in the 43

product
4.13 Table showing the impact of potential environment while taking 44
decisions
4.14 Table showing the purchase habits of respondents in relation to 45
environment
4.15 Table showing the opinion on environmentally responsible 46
respondents
4.16 Table showing the opinion of respondents in being inconvenient in 47
order to take actions that are more environmentally friendly
4.17 Table showing the opinion on owning an EV than a conventional 48
vehicle in long run
4.18 Table showing the opinion on electric cars that can help reducing 49
global warming

39
4.19 Table showing the opinion of respondents on buying an EV in future is a 50
good decision:

4.20 Table showing the opinion of people who are close to potential 51
buyers
4.21 Table showing the opinion on buying the Evs 52

4.22 Table showing the influence on the behavior of the respondent for 53
buying the EV

FINDINGS

1) The adoption of electric cars among the surveyed population is relatively low,
with a small percentage of individuals currently owning electric cars
2) Majority of the respondents hold a positive opinion about the advantages of
owning an electric car over a gasoline-powered car. I,e 54.6%
3) The majority of respondents are either unwilling to pay a higher price or are only
willing to pay a moderate premium of up to 10% i,e 37% of respondents for an
electric car compared to a gasoline-powered car.

40
 4) According to the respondents the major factors which discourage the use of EVs
is Lack of a fast-charging infrastructure i,e 25.1% and Uncertainty around how
long the batteries will last i,e 23%.
5) Among the 280 respondents a significant proportion of the respondents are having
a moderate to high-level awareness on the electric vehicles.
6) The impact of environmental factors on decision making varies among the people.
Some of the respondents reported a lower impact. According to this survey
environmental factors plays a important role in decision making process whether
to buy EVs or not.
7) Among 280 respondents 28.6% of them are being inconvenient in order to take
actions that are more environmentally friendly.
8) According to the survey their is moderate influence on the behaviour of the
respondent for buying the EVs.
9) Many of the individuals are thinking that it would be better if they buy the EVs in
the future.

SUGGESTIONS
1) Addressing the young people may be an effective strategy to encourage the use of
electric vehicles rather than old er people (80%)
2) stressing the advantages of electric cars and addressing the worries of those who do not p
ossess one can aid in boosting adoption.
3) Maintaining an affordable pricing for electric vehicles and highlighting their costsaving
benefits can aid in boosting adoption of ev.
4) Concentrate on potential electric vehicle buyers who haven't yet made the move. You will
gain understanding of adoption obstacles and potential solutions from this.

41
 5) Determine the elements that influence consumers' perceptions of electric vehicles, such as
the cost, range, infrastructure for charging, environmental advantages, and maintenance
expenses.

CONCLUSIONS
According to the study it would be better using electric vehicles than gasoline engines or petrol
vehicles because the emissions impact of electric vehicles is much lower than petrol or diesel
vehicles. Lack of fast charging infrastructure and Uncertainty around how long the batteries will
last are the two main factors which brings a dilemma in individuals whether to buy the EVs or
not but we should not think only of these two factors. There are some advantages to be looked at.
One of the key advantages of electric vehicles is their lower environmental impact compared to
petrol vehicles, reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, it reduces the operating cost
compared to petrol or diesel vehicles. There are advantages and disadvantages for EVs but there
are more advantages compared to petrol vehicles. As of now there is a good impression on
electric vehicles but the more survey should be conducted on the exploring of the batteries.

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REFERENCES&BIBLOGRAPHY
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