Study on Consumer Behaviour Towards Electric Car

Review of literature:

1)Popularise the use of PHEV/EVs as the main mode of transportation

Nadia Adnan, Shahrina Md Nordin, Imran Rahman

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 72, 849-862, 2017

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)/Electric vehicles (EVs) have recently been
re-established in the transportation sector worldwide. These are enhancements over their
ancestors in terms of both performance and electric driving range. Although the uptake of
PHEV/EVs has been noteworthy in a short time frame amongst most governmental
strategies, however, adoption is still a challenge. To date, public attitudes towards
PHEV/EVs have been considered under very diverse conceptual frameworks. This paper
reviews a growing body of peer-reviewed literatures assessing the factors affecting
PHEV/EVs adoption. Malaysia is a major energy consuming country and, given the rapid
growth in its economy, the energy consumption level is expected to continue growth. Hence,
it is imperative that steps are taken to reduce harmful carbon emissions. Consequently,
attempts are being initiated to popularise the use of PHEV/EVs as the main mode of
transportation. However, it is important to take the three main features of the Theory of
Planned Behaviour (TPB) model, namely the attitude towards the PHEV/EVs’ adoption,
Subjective Norm (SN), and Perceived Behavioural Control (PBC) into account. The
consumers’ concerns regarding the harmful effect of carbon emissions should be addressed.
In this paper, the significance of encouraging the adoption of PHEVs/EVs is explained and
some guidelines that might be followed in the upcoming researchers are mentioned.
Furthermore, the implications for the design of effective measures to change the frail social
and personal norms to choose PHEVs/EVs are also discussed.

2) Consumer behaviour in achieving the business models such as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and
Vehicle-to-Home (V2H)

S Küfeoğlu, DA Melchiorre, K Kotilainen

The Electricity Journal 32 (6), 1-6, 2019

Electric Vehicle (EV) uptake has increased rapidly in the recent years. The rate of EV use is
likely to increase in the future as well. At this point, the topic of using EVs for secondary
purposes other than mobility and transport is getting more popular. This paper outlines the
importance of tariff designs and EV consumer behaviour in achieving the business models
such as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H). We took the United Kingdom
(UK) as a case study country to demonstrate how crucial electricity tariffs and consumer
behaviour are.

3) Consumer behaviour study on commercial car sharing services

Rens Meijkamp
Business Strategy and the Environment 7 (4), 234-244, 1998

In this paper ‘innovation’ is discussed as a strategy to change consumer behaviour to reduce

the environmental impact of consumption. Innovation aims to improve the ‘production
process’ of certain end results or ‘units of service’ for the consumer, which is defined as the
‘consumption technology’. This concept includes the entire organization of how these units of
service are produced. ‘Eco‐efficient services’ are introduced as an innovation strategy,
based on theoretical considerations through which more eco‐efficient consumption
technologies and less environmentally damaging consumption behaviour could be realized.
This strategy is explored through an empirical consumer behaviour study on commercial car
sharing services in the Netherlands. Based on an inventory of the environmental effects of
this approach, as exemplified by the car sharing schemes, it can tentatively be concluded
that the eco‐efficient services concept offers an interesting framework for reconsidering the
current consumption practice and for generating innovative activities in industry

4)EVs as a feasible long‐term solution for the future of technology in the vehicle industry,

Nadia Adnan, Shahrina Md Nordin, Imran Rahman, Pandian M Vasant, Amir Noor
International Journal of Energy Research 41 (3), 317-335, 2017

Green vehicles, such as electric vehicles (EVs), are getting noteworthy popularity among
consumers worldwide. The purpose of this paper is to establish EVs as a feasible long‐term
solution for the future of technology in the vehicle industry, which can decrease the current
dependency on fossil fuels and also decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. As a part
of long‐term benefits, the adoption of EVs gives environmentally friendly innovation to
society. Despite positive environmental implications, the total number of EVs in usage is still
inadequate. One of the major causes of this insubstantial adoption of EVs is largely
dependent on the perceptions of consumers regarding EVs. However, this particular
research study offers an inclusive outline on the existing hurdles for consumer adoption of
EVs as well as a framework of the theoretical standpoints that were developed for the
adoption behaviour, in addition to considering consumer intentions in the direction of EVs.

5) Innovation strategy, based on theoretical considerations

Rens Meijkamp
Business Strategy and the Environment 7 (4), 234-244, 1998

In this paper ‘innovation’ is discussed as a strategy to change consumer behaviour to reduce

the environmental impact of consumption. Innovation aims to improve the ‘production
process’ of certain end results or ‘units of service’ for the consumer, which is defined as the
‘consumption technology’. This concept includes the entire organization of how these units of
service are produced. ‘Eco‐efficient services’ are introduced as an innovation strategy,
based on theoretical considerations through which more eco‐efficient consumption
technologies and less environmentally damaging consumption behaviour could be realized.
This strategy is explored through an empirical consumer behaviour study on commercial car
sharing services in the Netherlands. Based on an inventory of the environmental effects of
this approach, as exemplified by the car sharing schemes, it can tentatively be concluded
that the eco‐efficient services concept offers an interesting framework for reconsidering the
current consumption practice and for generating innovative activities in industry.

6) Mass acceptance of EVs

Zeinab Rezvani, Johan Jansson, Jan Bodin

Transportation research part D: transport and environment 34, 122-136, 2015

In spite of the purported positive environmental consequences of electrifying the light duty
vehicle fleet, the number of electric vehicles (EVs) in use is still insignificant. One reason for
the modest adoption figures is that the mass acceptance of EVs to a large extent is reliant
on consumers’ perception of EVs. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the
drivers for and barriers against consumer adoption of plug-in EVs, as well as an overview of
the theoretical perspectives that have been utilized for understanding consumer intentions
and adoption behavior towards EVs. In addition, we identify gaps and limitations in existing
research and suggest areas in which future research would be able to contribute.

7) Consumer's sentiment, perception and understanding towards Electric Vehicles (EV).

Rabindra Jena
Industrial Marketing Management 90, 605-616, 2020

Today, climate change due to global warming is a significant concern to all of us. India's rate
of greenhouse gas emissions is increasing day by day, placing India in the top ten emitters in
the world. Air pollution is one of the significant contributors to the greenhouse effect.
Transportation contributes about 10% of the air pollution in India. The Indian government is
taking steps to reduce air pollution by encouraging the use of electric vehicles. But, success
depends on consumer's sentiment, perception and understanding towards Electric Vehicles
(EV). This case study tried to capture the feeling, attitude, and emotions of Indian
consumers' towards electric vehicles. The main objective of this study was to extract
opinions valuable to prospective buyers (to know what is best for them), marketers (for
determining what features should be advertised) and manufacturers (for deciding what
features should be improved) using Deep Learning techniques

8) Mohamed Zameel Ismail, Aly Al-Saeeady

Purpose: The purpose of the research is understanding the factors influencing Swedish
millennials’ decisions to purchase an electric powered vehicle, instead of a conventional
internal combustion engine.

Method: A quantitative approach is a scheme that will be used to conduct this research

Conclusion: It could be concluded that the target customers (Millennials) have a higher
purchase intention towards Electric Vehicles, and the main factor that influence their
purchase is the Price for Electric Vehicles.
9) James Davidson
Deakin University, 2019

This study provided unique insight into the Australian consumer’s adoption of electric
vehicles. The research applied a novel framework, jointly exploring psychological constructs,
such as attitudes, in conjunction with vehicle attributes and sociodemographic
characteristics. The findings highlight the central role of psychological constructs in decision
making and electric vehicle adoption.

10) Consumer’s adoption of electric vehicles

James Davidson
Deakin University, 2019

This study provided unique insight into the Australian consumer’s adoption of electric
vehicles. The research applied a novel framework, jointly exploring psychological constructs,
such as attitudes, in conjunction with vehicle attributes and sociodemographic
characteristics. The findings highlight the central role of psychological constructs in decision
making and electric vehicle adoption.

11) Dependence on oil and to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions

N Isaac
2020 International SAUPEC/RobMech/PRASA Conference, 1-7, 2020

Electric vehicles are being promoted world-wide by governments to reduce dependence on

oil and to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. In addition to barriers to entry such as the
cost of the new technology, convenience, and the availability of electrical energy, consumer
behaviour is also a concern in developing countries such as South Africa. The Council for
Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) has established a program aimed at promoting
energy autonomy within the campus. The program focuses on the use of energy generated
through renewable sources as well as initiating demand response activities to charge electric
vehicles. The campus currently owns 10 electric vehicles both hybrid and battery, that can
be used by staff on the campus as a means of striving towards energy autonomy.

12) Public’s perception towards electric vehicles (EVs)

Min XU, Qiang Meng, Yisi LIU

Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies 12, 285-298, 2017

This study aims to investigate public’s perception towards electric vehicles (EVs) in the
context of Singapore by means of survey. Specifically, some unique characteristics such as
public’s awareness of national incentives, eg, carbon emission-based vehicle scheme
(CEVS), are identified as potential influential factors. The stepwise regression analysis is
employed to select a best set of factors for the estimation of respondents’ purchasing
intention of EVs by a multiple linear regression model. Unlike other countries, we find that
the two most influential attributes are the high cost of Certificate of Entitlement (COE) and
purchase price of EV, whereas only a minority of respondents list the driving range as their
major concern. The resale value of EV is an important consideration for majority of
respondents. Moreover, compared with normal charging at public stations, Singaporeans are
likely to preform fast charging and home charging. Finally, several recommendations are
provided to facilitate EVs’ deployment.

13) Importance of battery electric vehicles (BEVs),

Fatih Ecer
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 143, 110916, 2021

Due to the ever-increasing harmful emissions affecting natural life and health seriously, it is
inevitable the usage of renewable energy sources instead of fossil resources in the near
future. Another drawback of fossil fuels is several threats like environmental pollution and
global warming, which are potential risks for future generations. Given that the transportation
sector makes a huge contribution to carbon emissions, the importance of battery electric
vehicles (BEVs), which are an eco-friendly form of vehicles is obvious. Because the BEV
market has been rapidly expanding recently, it has become a significant issue to assess BEV
alternatives comprehensively from the customer's point of view. This assessment can be
made by addressing the basic features of each BEV. Further, multiple criteria decision
making (MCDM) techniques are efficient instruments for the right BEV purchase decision.

14) Accelerating the adoption of electric vehicles

Rongqiu Song, Dimitris Potoglou

Sustainability 12 (16), 6494, 2020

Accelerating the adoption of electric vehicles provides a rare historic opportunity for reducing
the dependence on fossil fuel and decarbonising road networks in the field of transport.
Many countries have introduced various policy packages on both national and local levels to
encourage electric vehicle adoption, but their market shares remain low. For better
understanding the reasons behind this evidence, exploring the determinants that influence
consumers’ adoption intentions is significant. Previous literature reviews have made clear
and elaborated syntheses of influential factors; however, a summary of how evidence can be
translated into policy through these factors is lacking. In response, this paper synthesises
the main policies of various countries, summarises the previous research results, and forms

15) Sustainability assessment of existing onshore wind plants in the context of triple bottom
line: a best-worst method (BWM) based MCDM framework

Fatih Ecer
Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28 (16), 19677-19693, 2021

Not only the steadily growing demand for electricity generation but also the environmental
concerns in recent years have led to the belief in the importance of renewable energy. Wind
is one of the most important renewable energy sources utilized in electricity generation for a
sustainable environment. This paper deals with performance assessment for existing
onshore wind plants in terms of triple bottom line of sustainability and aims to propose a
structural methodology. Furthermore, the proposed framework is essentially formed through
two stages: the first stage is the determination of relative weights for sustainability factors
through the best-worst method (BWM) and the second stage is a sustainability performance
assessment of the available 42 wind plants in Izmir, Turkey. According to the findings, the
environmental dimension is the most significant, followed by the economic and social
dimensions. The results also reveal that distance to protected areas is the most important
factor among others in terms of sustainability performance and that the wind plants
throughout the north side of Izmir have a higher sustainability performance

16) Sustainability assessment of existing onshore wind plants in the context of triple bottom
line: a best-worst method (BWM) based MCDM framework

Fatih Ecer
Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28 (16), 19677-19693, 2021

Not only the steadily growing demand for electricity generation but also the environmental
concerns in recent years have led to the belief in the importance of renewable energy. Wind
is one of the most important renewable energy sources utilized in electricity generation for a
sustainable environment. This paper deals with performance assessment for existing
onshore wind plants in terms of triple bottom line of sustainability and aims to propose a
structural methodology. Furthermore, the proposed framework is essentially formed through
two stages: the first stage is the determination of relative weights for sustainability factors
through the best-worst method (BWM) and the second stage is a sustainability performance
assessment of the available 42 wind plants in Izmir, Turkey. According to the findings, the
environmental dimension is the most significant, followed by the economic and social
dimensions. The results also reveal that distance to protected areas is the most important
factor among others in terms of sustainability performance and that the wind plants
throughout the north side of Izmir have a higher sustainability performance. To validate the
robustness and reliability of the introduced framework, a sensitivity analysis is also
conducted. The proposed framework could be employed successfully in other scientific
applications.