© fédération internationale du béton (fib). This PDF copy of an fib publication was purchased from the fib webstore.

This document may not be copied or distributed without prior permission from fib.

ifb
© fédération internationale du béton (fib). This PDF copy of an fib publication was purchased from the fib webstore.
This document may not be copied or distributed without prior permission from fib.

ifb The success of the Malampaya Concrete Gravity

Substr,ucture project is a tribute to the Malampaya

CGS Alliance

This logistically challenging design, construct and

install project was delivered three months ahead

of schedule to world's best practice

in respect of health, safety, environmental

and quality performance in the

Philippines

ARUP
 © fédération internationale du béton (fib). This PDF copy of an fib publication was purchased from the fib webstore.
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ifb
Published on behall ol
reilifilrilF
Jib - iédéralion internationale du béton
international federation for structural concrete
posrAL ADDFESSfib, Case Postale 88, CH-1015 Lausanne

TETEPHoNE ja1.21) 693 2747

IELEF-AX (+41.21) 693 5884
rva r fib@epfl.ch
wra http://fib epfl.ch
by

ffi
a
ffi

Level 3, 46 Cavill Avenue, Surfers Paradise QLD 4217 Australia

TEIEPHoNE (+61 7) 5553 2800

rnx (+61 7) 5553 2808

rr,,t,r r prod uction@crowtherblayne.com. au

PRODUCTION EDITOR

Sian Quested

PBODUCT ON

ffi
Taryn Gossmann

DES GN AND TAYOUT

helen rix orsrcN

rvnrr hcr@optusnet.com.au

O This publication is copyrght No part of t may lle reproduced stored in

a retrieval system or transmitled in any form or by ary means including
electronc, mechanical, photocopyng, recordifg or otherwse wilhout the
perm ssion offô or the publisher
Disclaimer Readers are advlsed thaifô or the pub isher cannot be held
responsible for the accuracy oi statements made ln advertsifg and
editoral, nor the quality of lhe goods or seryices advertised. Opinions
expressed throughout the publicatiof are the contributors own and do not
fecessar y refecl the views or pa cy ol lib or the pubisher. Whie everv
reasonable ellort has been laken 10 ensure the accuracy of the informalion
contained in this pub cation, the publisher takes no respons bilily lor those
re yifg on the information. The publisher and lià d scla m all responsibillty
for afy oss and damage suifered by readers or th rd parltes if connect on
with the inTormatiof contained in this publicalion.
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if
WORKING FOR AUSTRALIA.
I

WORONORA BRIDGE REACHESb

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ITS DESTINATION WITHIN AN

ACCURACY 0F 2mm.
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T=\. BARGLAY lvlowl.EM

2O BRIDGE STREET, PYMBLE NSW AUSTRATIA (612) 9855 16OO WWW.BMCL.COM.AU
AUSTRALIA. THAIIAND. UINIAYSIA. SINGAPORE. VIETNAM. HONG KONG. PAPUA NEW GUINEA. NEW CATEDONIA
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Frirfrrw

titGf titriïKrtiriltriltiiitit

ifb
However, the same material that
generates great enthusiasm in design
circles and with researchers today has
not always received general acceptance
by society due to past misuse.
ln the early days of building with
f.b sees the promotion of concrete
structures as one of its most important
tasks. The best way of convincing
opponents and stimulating the interest
of designers and investors in structures
that combine both the functionality and

concrete the design of a structure beauty is to show examples of the

Concrete is a material that has stood
the test of time - from the many
impressive monuments built in Roman
times that have survived the centuries
through to today's remarkable evolution
of concrete structures - and it almost
certainly has a promising future ahead.
Currently we are seeing an
understanding of the influence of the
composition of concrete structures.
Engineers are exploring the relationship
between concrete's mechanical
properties, its microstructure and the
depth of design possibilities. We are
now able to create concrete structures
not only with optimised strength and
durability but also with specific colours
or surface textures.
would be the task of one person, such most outstanding projects. The high
quality award winning structures
as the architect or engineer. ln more
presented in this publication show that
recent history the aesthetics and
bearing capacity were handled by building concrete structures in which it
is a pleasure to live, work and recreate
several different people working
is a realistic option.
simultaneously with a limited
understanding of each other's ideas. We thank all the contributors and those
This often resulted in disharmony of who have supported these awards for
design concepts. their valuable work and hope that it
There are also other reasons that may be a stimulus for the realisation of
explain why concrete structures have many excellent new projects.
sometimes been considered with
mixed feelings. There was, for
instance, the erroneous belief that
concrete would last forever, which
resulted in unacceptable damage.
Furthermore, the lowest bid system still
exists creating a tendency to look for
the cheapest solution, ignoring high
quality determining factors like Joost Walraven
aesthetics. lnvesting a relatively small President oflb
additional amount of money in design
can result in structures of considerably
improved quality.

3
© fédération internationale du béton (fib). This PDF copy of an fib publication was purchased from the fib webstore.
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checkrlct o'f iles qfs by olhers àrcl )|pÉrrvi! 0r'l o r:,rIe ;r

tlclrr;i.ive cli ihe ori isi.iirrlrrc"i capab i es of Leonharrji

Atr d ië ir tl P.t[t Êi s rivctr' cluu rcle
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 © fédération internationale du béton (fib). This PDF copy of an fib publication was purchased from the fib webstore.
This document may not be copied or distributed without prior permission from fib.
?EEE'ru
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ln 1990 the Councilof FIP (Fédération
lnternationale de la Précontrainte -
lnternational Federation for Prestressing)
introduced iTs Awards for Outstanding
Concrete Structures to demonstrate the
versatility of concrete as a structural
material. These awards have been
attributed at the Hamburg Congress
(1990), the Washington Congress (1994)
and the Amsterdam Congress (1998).
After the merger between the FIP and
the CEB (Comité Euro-lnternational du
Béton - Euro-lnternational Committee
for Concrete), and the crealion of fib
(Fédération lnternationale du Béton
lnternational Federation for Structural
Concrete), that officially replaced the
two parent associations in 1998,fib
decided to maintain this tradition. Thus,
Ihe Awards for Outstanding Concrete
Structures are attributed this year for
the fourth time on occasion of the
Osaka Congress, and for the first time
in the name oflb.
They are attributed in two categories,
Civil Engineering Structures and
Buildings and in addition to the Awards
the Jury can attribute a Special Mention
to some constructions.
For the first time at the Amsterdam As most of the entries were submitted
Congress 1998, FIP decided to publish electronically or on CD Rom, the
a booklet with the best entries, secretariat could combine all of them
considered as a good representation of by creating one master CD. Copies of
the possibilities and qualities of this master CD were made available to
concrete structures. This idea was each Jury member well in time before
maintained by fib and the best entries the meeting, facilitating very much the
selected by the Jury - the so-called presentation and assessment.
winners, special mentions and
The jury congratulates all winners,
nominees - are presented in this
special mentions and nominees, and
brochure distributed to Congress
thanks all those who proposed entries
participants and lo allfib Members.
and helped the preparation of these
The Osaka Awards are attributed to Awards. We just hope that in four years,
structures completed or opened on occasion of the 2nd Congress in
between 1998 and 2001. A total of Naples,lb will receive even more
4'1 entries had been received from entries from many more Member
12 National Member Groups. As groups.
previously in FlP, lhe rtb Praesidium
enlarged by some invited members,
who in this occasion were the last
Presidents of CEB and FlP, acted as
Jury: Renaud Favre, Jim Forbes, Hans
Rudolf Ganz, Shoji lkeda, Luis Lima,
Ulrich Litzner, Giuseppe Mancini,
Jan Moksnes, Roy Rowe, Jiri Strasky,
- Rùdiger Tewes, Michel Virlogeux, MichelVirlogeux
Joost Walraven and René Walther met Chairman of the Jury
in Rougemont (Switzerland) on
March 1,2002.
For each category, the Jury first
selected the nominees. Then two
successive secret votes were cast,to
progressively select the Awards and
Special Mentions. ln one of the two
categories the quality of the entries was
so similar that even four successive
secret votings became necessary
before the Award Winners and Special
Mentions could be found.
5
 © fédération internationale du béton (fib). This PDF copy of an fib publication was purchased from the fib webstore.
This document may not be copied or distributed without prior permission from fib.
EEEE'ru
b
taEwil
if
The lnternational Federation for
Structural Concrete (fib - !édéraTion
internationale du béton) is a non-profit
organisation created in 1998 from the
merger of the Euro-lnternational
Concrete Committee (CEB - Comité
Euro-lnternational du Béton) and the
lnternational Federation for Prestressing
(FlP - Fédération lnternationale de la
Précontrainte). The parent organisations
CEB and FIP existed independently
since 1953.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives o1fib are to develop at
an international level the study of
scientific and practical matters capable
of advancing the technical, economic,
aesthetic and environmental
performance of concrete construction.
These objectives shall be achieved by
r the stimulation of research,
r the synthesis of findings from
research and practice,
r the dissemination of the results by
way of publications, guidance
documents and the organisation of
international congresses and
symposia,
r the production of recommendations
for the design and construction of
concrete structures,
r the information of members on the
latest developments.
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
General Assembly The General
Assembly (GA) consists of the Heads
of Delegation and the further Delegates
(or their Deputies), as appointed by the
National Member Groups; the number
of Delegates (votes) depending on the
chosen subscription level.
6
The GA deals with
r
I
elections
amendments to the statutes
r resolutions and technical conclusions
r approval of Model Codes
r immediate Past-President for a further
voting rights of National Member
Groups
r honorary memberships and
presidency.
Council The Council consists of the
Heads of Delegation (one per country,
appointed by the National Member
Group). lt meets at least once a year
and
r appoints the Honorary Treasurer
r approves budget, accounting,
subscriptions and other financial
matters
r approves the creation of
Commissions and appoints their
Chairmen
r fixes the dates and venues of
congresses and symposia
r decides on admission and
resignation of Statutory and
Corporate Members
r makes the awards of honours and
medals.
Praesidium The Praesidium consists of
the President, the Deputy-President,
the lmmediate PaslPresident, four
elected members, the two Deputy-
Chairmen of the Steering Committee,
up to two further co-opted members
and the Secretary General (ex officio).
The elected members serve a four year
term and may be re-elected for a
second term. The co-opted members'
will be elected by the Praesidium on
the recommendation of the President
for the duration of his time of office.
The Praesidium meets several times per
year on invitation of the President and
r acts as the executive committee of
the federation, advising the
President on the implementation of
decisions from GA and Council
r is responsible for the appointment of
the Secretary General
r is responsible for the procedure to
replace any elected member who is
for any reason unable to be
effectively in office
President The President is elected by
the General Assembly for two years
and should have served as a Deputy-
President for the preceding two years.
Subsequently he/she serves as the
two years.
Deputy-President The Deputy-
President is elected by the General
Assembly for two years. He/she may
chair the Steering Committee.
Steering Committee The Steering
Committee (SC) consists of ten elected
members and the Commission
chairmen. Chaired by the President or
the Deputy-President, it meets at least
once a year to guide the activities of
Commissions and Task Groups. The SC
r is responsible for initiating
Commissions and Task Groups, with
their terms of reference, proposals
for Chairmen, and for monitoring
their output,
r makes recommendations to the
Praesidium and Council regarding:
the dissemination of results (eg
Bulletins), or
where relevant, the need to seek
formal approval of the GA or the
Council for certain publications
(Bulletins) or actions.
The secretarial ol fib The secretariat
of fibis located in, and hosted by, the
Civil Engineering Department (DGC -
Département Génie Civil) of the Swiss
Federal lnstitute of Technology
Lausanne (EPFL - Ecole Polytechnique
Fédérale de Lausanne).
Secretary General
Rùdiger Tewes, Dipl.-lng.
Secretary
lmke Hirsch (Mrs.)
Assistant Secretary
Christine Droguet (Mrs.)
Postal address
fib, Case Postale 88, CH-1015
Lausanne
Tefephone (+41.21) 693 2747
Telefax (+41.21) 693 5884
Email flb@epf l.ch
Web http ://f ib.epf l.ch
 © fédération internationale du béton (fib). This PDF copy of an fib publication was purchased from the fib webstore.
This document may not be copied or distributed without prior permission from fib.

We Design New Millenium Structures

ifb
high-strength concrete for high-rise buildings

structural titanium for spatial structures

record bridges and tunnels

Abu Dhabi

Ghannel Tunnel - France / England Link - Eurotunnel

F

Andreu

SETEC - Consulting Engineers - 1000 employees

European Leader in the Construction'Field
Founded in 1957
Tour Gamma D - 58, quai de la Rapée - 75583 Paris Cedex 12France
TEL +33 1 40 04 62 89 - FAX +33 1 43 46 89 95
www.setec.fr
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This document may not be copied or distributed without prior permission from fib.
Ë

ifb
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fib
lrrfiliF{I'
2oO2 ïib AWARDS.for OUTSTANDING CONCRETE STRUCTURES
 © fédération internationale du béton (fib). This PDF copy of an fib publication was purchased from the fib webstore.
This document may not be copied or distributed without prior permission from fib.
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According to the bY-laws aPProved
by lhef.b Council, the Awards for
Outstandin g Concrete Structures
are given every four years at Ihertb
Congresses to improve the international
recognition of concrete structures that
demonstrate the versatility of concrete
as a structural medium. The award
consists of certificates given to the
principal parties responsible for the
work, and of a bronze plaque to be
displayed on the structure in agreement
with the owner. Nominations have to be
supported by Thefib National Member
Groups. A jury designated by the
Presidium selects the winners.
Applications are invited by fib
The
secretariat through the National Member
Groups. They are asked to disseminate
- that is also published
this information
inThefib-news and onfb's website
and to invite suitable candidates
(designers, contractors or owners) to
The jury is set-up by the Praesidium.
The awards are attributed in the two
categories Civil Engineering Structures
(including bridges), and Buildings.
Two or three Awards and two or three
Special Mention citations are attributed
in each category, depending on the
number of entries received. The jury
takes into account criteria such as:
r design aspects including aesthetics
and design detailing,
I construction practice and quality of
work,
r environmental aspects of the design
and its construction,
r durability and weathering potential,
I
r significance of the contribution made
by the entry to the development and
improvement of concrete
- construction.
The decisions of the jury are definitive

submit their entry. Entry forms are filled

and cannot be challenged. They are a
in by the candidates and countersigned
by a Delegate or the National Member
unveiled during a special ceremony at
the Congress.
FH
Group Secretary in order to confirm the
authenticity of the indicated authors.

The structures submitted have been

completed recently, i.e. during the last
four years before the Congress. ln
addition to the entry form, candidates
had to send lo Ihe f.b secretariat a
CD-ROM with further required
information for use by the jury and for N

later publication (descriptive texts, I

r
plans, photos etc).

T
 © fédération internationale du béton (fib). This PDF copy of an fib publication was purchased from the fib webstore.
This document may not be copied or distributed without prior permission from fib.
AEEE'P
w 1994 FIP AWARDS lor OUTSTANDING
b
if
1998 FIP AWARDS for OUTSTANDING
CONCRETE STRUCTURES
r The Normandy bridge near Le Havre,
France
r The Great Belt East Bridge, Denmark
r The Belfast Waterfront Hall, Northern
lreland
r The Osaka Municipal Central Gymnasium,
Japan
ln addition, six entries were iudged to be
worthy a Special Mention:
r The bridge over the Lerez river in
Pontevedra, Spain
r The Heidrun tension leg platform, Norway
r The Odawara Blueway Bridge, JaPan
r The indoor swimming arena Osaka Pool,
Japan
r The indoor stadium at Bangalore, lndia
r The parking garage Laakhaven Hollands
Spoor in The Hague, Netherlands
canal bridge at
10
CONCRETE STRUCTURES
1990 FIP AWARDS for OUTSTANDING
CONCRETE STRUCTURES
r The Skarnsundet cable stay bridge, r The pedestrian bridge across the
Norway Altmûhl river at Kelheim, Germany
r The footbridge over the Vranov reservoir, r La Grande Arche in Paris, France
Czech Republic r The Oosterschelde storm surge barrier,
r The administrative building of the ECC the Netherlands
Construction Group in Chennai, lndia r The Gullfaks C oil platform, Norway
r The tennis center of Yale University in
ln addition, seven entries were iudged to
New Haven, Connecticut, USA
be worthy a Special Mention:
r The breakwater jetty in Sakai, Japan
r The new Parliament House in Canberra,
ln addition, eight entries were iudged to Australia
be worthy a Special Mention: r The bridge over the Parana river.
r The Bray Viaduct on the motorway in Argentina / Paraguay
North Devon, United Kingdom r The Beppo Myoban Bridge, JaPan
r The Helgeland Bridge over the Leir Fjord r The Thorp receipt and storage facility,
Norway United Kingdom
r The cable-stayed bridge over the lsère, r The protecting wall round Ekofisk oil
Motorway Valence - Grenoble, France drilling platform, Norway
r The pedestrian Kikki Bridge, Japan r The sludge fermentation installation at
r The Auditorium in Hyderabad, lndia Bottrop, Germany
r The ANA Hotel in Sydney, Australia r The bridge over the Elbe river at
r The Hassan ll mosque in Casablanca, Podebrady, Czech RePublic
Morocco
r The Ministry of Social Affairs Building in
The Hague, Netherlands
rpose at Mons
Building stability - Civil engineering works
Dump sites rehabilitation - Architecture - Urban planning
Building equipments - Research & development
Special studies - Softvvare development
Allée des Noisetiers, 25 - 4031 Angleur - Belgium
beg@greisch.com
@m gfeisGh
bureau d'études
gfelSCn ingénierie
- 2000
© fédération internationale du béton (fib). This PDF copy of an fib publication was purchased from the fib webstore.
This document may not be copied or distributed without prior permission from fib.

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 © fédération internationale du béton (fib). This PDF copy of an fib publication was purchased from the fib webstore.
This document may not be copied or distributed without prior permission from fib.

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owner: SAS lmmobilière PB 6 The main structura frame of the tower is

erected in high performance concrete (B B0
ixlain autfxors: Pei - Cobb - Freed
architectural conc-.pt a Jean Roult (S. R. A.) for columns, B 60 for the core). Horizontal

archilectur.r detai s s Jean-Marc Jaeger forces are taken by the central core

(SETEC) structura des gn n M. Gottesdiener

(measurino 31 x 14 m), l6 front columns
(SOCOTEC) check ng engirreer u
and 2 rnterior columns, the most heavily r{r
llil
loaded ones accorrmodating conp'essive iai:
eorltraetor: BATEG M. Forsse ,lt
forces of 4,500 tons.
subeontractor: BOTTE SADE foundat on
The architecture of the tower gives a v vrd
aompletion: 2001
rmpression of upward surge. This requ red
detailed wind studres, wind tunnel tests,
The 40 storey high otf ice building (148 m
statistrcal processing of meteorological data
from pedestrian leve ) has an almond
and probabilistic calculations with respect
shaped cross-section. That mass is cut on
to wind speeds and inc dence.
the north front by a vertical sl t narrowing
down to a level matching the vau t of the
'Grande Arche' building rn the immedlate
*4
vicinity. Each storey has 1,600 m2. :'É

12

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© fédération internationale du béton (fib). This PDF copy of an fib publication was purchased from the fib webstore.
This document may not be copied or distributed without prior permission from fib.

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 © fédération internationale du béton (fib). This PDF copy of an fib publication was purchased from the fib webstore.
This document may not be copied or distributed without prior permission from fib.

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owner: The University ol New South Wales
Kensington
main authors: Richard Francis'Jones
(MGT Sydney) design architect I Jeff
Morehen (MGT Sydney) proiect architect r
Romaldo Giurgola (MGT Sydney) design
overview r Richard Green (Taylor Thomson
Whitting) structural engineer I
contractor: Lend Lease Proiects
subcontractor: De Martin & Gasparini
concrete placement and formwork r Sydney
Precast precast concrete I Fugen precast/
stone installation r Melocco sandstone supply
\.
completion: 1999

Comprising a sequence of public and

performance spaces, the Scientia is the new
centre and symbolic heart of the UNSW
campus. lts architectural expression is
separated into three parts of different formal
and material character: the sandstone
podium, metal boxes and timber foyer trees
The use of concrete has been carefully
considered in relation to its structural
properties, durability, performance and
aesthetic quality.

Precast elements are woven through the

sandstone façades to provide depth and
mediation of scale whilst providing structural
support for the masonry and across
openings. Concrete vaults and profiled
T-beams support the upper levels. A free-
standing internal stair made of concrete
provides a sculptural element.

Using seven basic steel moulds, eighteen

different precast concrete proliles of well
defined quality, performance and finish
were produced,
© fédération internationale du béton (fib). This PDF copy of an fib publication was purchased from the fib webstore.
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ifb
 © fédération internationale du béton (fib). This PDF copy of an fib publication was purchased from the fib webstore.
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ifb
owner: Muermans Vastgold Holding BV
main authors: H. Westelaken archltect
I
The library as a whole consists of a
renovated front building and a completely
new building at the back, The renovated
front building incorporates several listed
historical buildings of the lBth century.
Keeping as much as possible from their
wooden structures, the transition to the new
building is made by a spacious 'Lichthof',
empty spaces allowing light to reach the
lower f loors. The walk over the connecting
brldges spanning the large empty spaces
from the front to the building in the back
emphasises the transition from old to new.

All colours were decided to stay as the

natural colours of the materials used: zinc,
WSM Heythuysen enqineering I concrete, wood and plaster appear in their
contractor: BAM Utiliteitsbouw Roermond original beauty, representing simplicity and
leading to timelessness.
subconlractor: Granito Betonindustrie
Ittervoort pref abricated elements
completion: 2001

16
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ifb
\\
© fédération internationale du béton (fib). This PDF copy of an fib publication was purchased from the fib webstore.
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b
A tribute to the
'tree of hnowl' )

if
gre
Its trunk stonds firmly on lhe lond,
drowing sustenonce from o soil with
o trodition of immortol buildings.
Its superstructure is out-spreod like
bronches seeking the sun. lt's o tree
os much in soul ond spirit, os in shope
fip
ond structure. lt is ECC's 'Knowledge 1994
Centre', ond this yeor, it is the proud
winner of the fil oword for'Outstonding
ECC's Administrative Office Building,
Structure - 2OO2'Speciol Mention'. Chennai, lndia

The 'Knowledge Centre' houses the

Engineering Design & Reseorch Centre of
ECC -- the Construction Division of Lorsen
& Toubro Limited, lndio's lorgest construction
orgonisoiion. This is where the teom of
construction experts is bosed thot conceives fip
ond creotes the londmorks of the fuiure. 1994
ln honouring this unique slructure, fiô is,
in o sense, poying o tribute to the
flowering of knowledge. Sri Sathya Sai Nigamagamam,
Hyderabad, lndia
L&T is the only lndion compony
to hove won four fif owords, ond
probobly the only compony in the world
to hove two owqrd winning struciures
within o hundred metres of eoch other
(ECC's Administrotive Office won the
qword in 1994). Eoch oword offirms ihe
professionol volues of sound construciion
fip
thot emonoie from the 'tree of knowledge' 1 998

Sree Kanteerava lndoor Stadium,

Bangalore, lndia

Architecturol concepf: K. s. Rongonolh of srinivoson Rongonofh & Associofes, Bongolore

Designed, buih & owned by Lorsen & Toubro Limited
 © fédération internationale du béton (fib). This PDF copy of an fib publication was purchased from the fib webstore.
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2002

Engineering Design & Research

Centre, Chennai

The lree
Buddho sof under the 'bodhi' free seeking the light f
thot would illuminote the world. fhe gurus of oncient
lndio hqve dispensed wisdom fo successive generofions
in ifs shode. ln lndis, lhe free is much more lhon s
symbol of knowledge, it is o vibrant porticipont in the
process of ieorning. How oppropriqte then thof ECC's
'Knowledge Cenfre' is designed like o tree. ï;,

,/\,l.nRsEN & TouBRo LrMrrED

ECC -
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coNsrRucnoN DrvrsroN
Mount Poonamallee Road, PB.No.979, Manapakkam, Chennai 600 089 INDIA
Tel:044-2492747,2493318. Fùc044-2493317 . e-mail: vk@lntecc.com . Websites: www.lntecc.com o www.larsentoubro.com È
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owner: Larsen &Toubro Ltd
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main authors: A. Ramakrishna (L&T)
director r S. Kanappan (L&T) structural
design r K. S. Ranganath architect
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The bullding is intended to function as a
knowledge centre on the campus of lndia's
largest contractor L&T. Accomodating
architects and design engineers of various
disciplines, it features an innovative form,
nature and green at each level and spaces
full of light resulting in a sensitive and
efficient use of energy.

The plan form is rotaied 60o at consecutive '

levels to form terraces in a f loral pattern. A
central column of 4 m diameter, spreading
out like a tree, supports symmetrical wings
and creates free space even in the ground
floor A maximum of column free space
each floor ofiers utmost flexibility of use.

Twelve prestressed concrete beams of

various lengths and changing cross-
sections, emanate as cantilevers from the
central column, supporting the floor of each
wing and allowing repetitive use of the
in

formwork in each level.

contractor: Larsen &Toubro Ltd
ECC Division
completion:1999

20
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Headquarters Bank of China
Beijing, China
owner: Bank of China
main authors: Tianfang JING (Weidlinger
Assoc.) principal structural engineer r Long
XIU (CABR) senior structural engineer r
Huosheng ZHU (CABR) senior structural
engineer r MrsYang WANG (CABR)
structural engineer r
contractor: CSCEC Construction Co. Ltd.
subcontractor: Beijing General
Construction Group
completion:2000
Situated on a 17,000 m2 site, the building
features a 1s-storey superstructure with and
45 m high atrium core resting on a 4 level
basement with a 2,000-seat auditorium and
a garage for 500 cars and 2,000 bicycles.
Four two-storey high steel truss boxes mark
the main entrances, host the 24-hour foreign
exchange trading room and provide
columnless support for 8 storey concrete
executive wings.
The innovative design with long-span post-
tensioned girders, staged columns, slanted
walls necessitated advanced engineering
analysis. The large scale excavation with a
slurry wall of 22 meters below surface,
poured in vertical strip widths varying from 3
to 5 meters with carefully designed vertical
joints is the deepest to date in Beijing.
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Sidney Myer Asia Gentre
University of Melbourne, Australia
owner: The University of Melbourne
main authors: Peter Hayworth (Ove Arup)
structural engineer r Brendon McNiven
(Ove Arup) structural engineer r Bob Nation
(Nation-Fender-Katsalidis) architect r
Joseph Paonese (Nation-Fender-Katsalidis)
architect r
contractor: Probuild Constructions
completion: 2001
The 5,700 m2 building incorporates a
500 seat column free lecture theatre in the
basement, an exhibition space, office space,
class rooms and university accomodation.
Four storeys of cantilever concrete sway
frames provide large span column free
spaces. They were erected on two concrete
transfer trusses spanning 24 m across the
lecture theatre. The whole building sits on a
minimum ground level footprint resulting in a
'floating' impression, an aesthetic solution
also granting easy access to the theatre.
The trusses are formed from precast web
members and use in-situ floor plates as
flanges. Compression struts are in grade
50 MPa concrete with minimal strut
reinforcement, compensation for the large
amount of steel in the heavily reinforced
tension struts. Truss nodes were poured with
a small aggregate concrete mix.
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Naha Airport Terminal Building
Naha, Okinawa, Japan
owner: Naha AirportTerminal Co. Ltd.
main authors: MichioYoko (YASUI) chief
designerr Hideo Moritaka (YASUI) chief
structural engineer r Takao Miyahira
designer r
contractor: joint ventures: north side:
Kokuba -Taisei - Daiyone - Nakamoto -
Zentaro r south side: Oshiro - Mitsui -
Nikko - Daishin - Higashikaihat-su r
subcontractor: P. S. Corporation
completion: 1999
Erected over a surface of 360 x 58 m, the
five-storey structure consists of precast
reinforced concrete frames of thirty 12 m
spans in longitudinal direction and four
precast prestressed concrete frames of
14.4 m each in transverse direction.
ln view of the intended 360 m continuous
frame, and in order to control and minimise
drying shrinkage, all concrete beams for
both directions were produced in a factory
set up near the site. All columns were cast
in situ, The conventionally reinforced precast
longitudinal elements were embedded in
beam column connections, the transverse
precast elements were connected by post-
tensioning the tendons.
21
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I,.,E HAVE TRANSLATED

THE EXPRESSION ''MAKING ENDS MEET''
INTO ALL THE LANGUAGES
OF THE hIORLD

The Vasco de Gama bridge in Lisbon was designed, financed and built by
VINCI and even noW, we ate responsible for its smooth day-to-day
ri
operation. As the leading construction company in the wotld, vlNCl is
c0mmitted to getting people, ideas and technique moving, and makes it
its business to find the best solutions that make towns better, safer and
more efficient places to live in. Quality of life is something that has to be
built, we make it haPPen.

\/INEICONSTRUCTION
rr
www.vlncl.com
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ifb
Life Sciences Building
University of Newcastle, Australia
owner: University of Newcastle
main authors: Dino di Paolo (Suters
Architects) architect r Neil Petherbridge
(Northrop Engineers) structural engineer
Wollgang Merretz (Structural Concrete
lndustries) precast consultant r Godlrey
Smith (Structural Goncrete lndustries)
precast consultant r
contractor: Lahey Constructions Pty Ltd
subcontractor: Structural Concrete
lndustries (Aust) Pty Ltd
completion: 2001
The Life Sciences Building won a CIA
Excellence in Concrete Award in 2001.
Cantilevering 21 m in longitudinal and 6 m
transverse direction over a steep site
required to be retained for environmental
reasons, the building is constructed entirely
of precast concrete.
Two large inclined struts carrying 1,200 tons
service load induce large horizontal forces
into the structure that are taken up by
concrete tension ties in the façade's
spandrel beams anchoring in a five-storey
cast-in-situ anchor core.
Precast structural elements were
manufactured to a tolerance of 12 mm with
visible surfaces of the highest quality level.
The precast concrete structural frame
presented an intricate and complex
challenge with regard to interaction of the
precast elements intersecting in three
directions.
Torre Norte C. E. N. U.
Sâo Paulo, Brazil
owner: FUNCEF - Fundaçâo dos
Economiarios Federais
main authors: Marc Rubin (Botti-Rubin
I Arch.) e.chitect r Mario Franco (E.T.
Kassoy- Franco) structural engineer r Salim
Lamha (M. H. A.) Hevac r M. Golombek
(Consultrix S. C.) foundations r Suely Bueno
(E.T. Kassoy-Franco) design coordination r
Paulo Helene (Esc. Politecnica) consultant
HPC r
contractor: Metodo Engenharia S. A.
subcontractor: Const. Akyo Ltda. I
Fundaçôes Especiais Ltda.
completion: 1999
in The superstructure of the 160 m high North
Tower consists of an external tube formed
by the façade columns and a core tube
formed mainly by the three elevator shafts.
The façade columns (1 .24 m x 0.9 m) are
separated by 7.5 m and connected by
0.6 m x 0.8 m beams. The entire office area
is column free and is supported by 21 cm
thick post-tensioned slabs with spans
varying between '10 m and 13.5 m. Flat
post-tensioning cables with four .14.5 mm
strands were used.
A flying formwork system was adopted and
post-tensioning was applied after two days,
when concrete attained a strength of at least
25 MPa. A cycle of one 2,000 m2 floor per
week allowed the structure to be completed
about one year after completion of the
foundations. The vertical façades are
formed by 7 .5 m x 4 m, 10 cm thick precast
concrete panels with a 2 cm cladding of
grey granite. The aesthetics are strongly
enhanced by the structural solution,
conceived by an intense interaction
between architect and structural engineer.
Abu DhabiTrade Centre
United Arab Emirates
owner: Sheikh Suroor Bin Mohamed Al
Nahyan
main authors: Vinci Construction Grands
Proiects design and built contract I
Sechaud & Melz structural design
subcontractor r
contractor: loint venture: Vinci Construction
Grands Proiects + Six Construct
subcontractor: U. P. C, Dubai hollow core
slabs r A. P. S. prestressing r
completion:2000
The project in the centre of Abu Dhabi, the
capital of UAE, creates the first big shopping
mall consisting of two levels underground
parking, five level above natural ground for
the shopping mall itself , and four towers of
80,000 m2 for offices, a hotel and
apartments.
The main structural characteristics of the
project are:
t a2.1 m high raft foundation,
r 700 reinforced concrete columns and
beams per level, cast in situ,
r 1 10,000 m2 60 cm thick hollow core
slabs cast in situ.
A 26 m span ball room had to be erected
column-free which necessitated the hanging
of the upper three levels by prestressed
'columns' to prestressed mega-beams of
26 m span, 4 m height and 1.6 m width.
23
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ifb
Olympic Stadium
lstanbul-lkltelli, Turkey

owner: Preparation and Organisation

Council lor the lstanbul Olympic Games
main authors: Michel Macary (SCAU)
architect r Aymeric Zublena (SCAU)
architect rYann Bescout (SCAU) architect I
Alain Capra (Vinci Grands Proiects)
structural design r Alain Leveille (Vinci
Grands Proiects) structural design r J. M.
Lascaux (Vinci Gd. Projects) method r
contractors: joint venture: Vinci
Construction Grands Proiects + SAE
lnternational + Tekfen lnsaat Ve Tesisat
subcontractors: ERAY, ENDEM
completion:2001

The project consists of an 80,000 seats

siadium with two car parks, two smaller
annex stadiums and a 50,000 m2 adjacent
6 storey building. The complex geometry of
the project required the use of three-
dimensional models and the design had to
take into account high seismic level and
high wind conditions.

Due to the presence of cavities within the

limestone underground, ground reinforce-
ment using micropiles became necessary.
The two reinforced concrete roof pylons
bearing the western roof were executed by
the slip form method. The great earthquake
of '1999 occurred during the execution of the
northern pylon. lt did, however, not affect the
concrete structures.

The steel works were subcontracted to

Tekfen.

24
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CSN EN lS0 9001 12002 Quality Certificate Holder

© fédération internationale du béton (fib). This PDF copy of an fib publication was purchased from the fib webstore.
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,;;,Bouygues Travoux publics is q leading international speciolist in large-scqle civil

engineering and tunnelling. Wîth its subsidiaries VSL-Intrafor and DTP Terrassement,
it has developed complementary businesses in foundations, post-tensioning and
earthworks. Bouygues Trqvaux Publics has bqsed its strategy on high-odded value
projects requiring considerable technical expertise. The company aims at bringing added
value to clients, attrqctive technical solutions, short construction times ond lower cost
for complex projects. Environmental "best proctices" ore

Adding value to your Proiects!

olso omong the main obiectives.

Bouygues Gonstruction

Bouygues Travaux Publics - Chatlenger ' 1' avenue Eugène Freyssinet

Guyancourt - 78o65Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines cedex - France rO +33 (o) r3o 6o57 oo
- ,:+ 33 (o) 73060 48 61
www.bouYgues-construction'com
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France

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eontraetor; Bouygues TP
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owner: Reunion Department, La Réunion,

rnain auihors: Jean Muller, Jean-Marc

Tanis, Serge Montens, Frédéric Menuel,
Eric Barlei (all JMI) pre rlr rr:rry dcs qn n
Pham Xuan Thao, Gilles Causse, Bruno
Radiguet, Jean PierreViallon (all Bouygues
TP) d-.ta lerl d-.s r;n Alain Amédéo

stj{3aontraetor: VSL, DTP Terrassement

,completion: 2002
The bridge features a single 280 m long
span embedded tn counterwe ght abutrnents.
I' hds a composttê I'uss sl'uct-re comot si^q
two concrete slabs linked by two planes of
steel diagonals. On y the upper slab is
continuous at the key.

Having a constant width oT 1 1.9 m the upper

deck slab ls built in 860 High Performance
Concrete of varying thickness: 0.27 mfor
the 1.7 m cantilevers on both sides, 0.25 m
for the 3.8 m Long central part. Longitudlnal
prestressing uses 12 to 19 T15 super
tendons. The lower slab of the same concrete
strength is 1.7 m hlgh at the abutments and
0.2 rn thick (with ribs of 0 65 m height) at
the keys. Both slabs were cast in place in
12.7 m sections.

Diagonals constst of 5355 steel tubes,

external dlameter 0.61 m.Tensioned
diagonals are prestressed by a pair of
tendons comprising between 10 and
1 7 strands.
-.:v; .

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owner: Prague Public Transit Co. lnc.
main authors: Jan L. Vitek technology and
design r Stanislav Dostél design and
execution r Jiri Belohlav general director r
Jaromir Sob r ZdenekTobolka (all Metrostav
a.s.) ! Josef Kunâk (Metroproiekt a.s.)
design metro line I
contractor: Metrostav a.s.
subcontractors: TBG Metrostav Ltd
concrete r VSL Systemy CZ launching r
The river crossing consists of two tunnel
tubes the curved shape of which did not
allow the usual immersed tunnel technology.
During casting of the 14 tunnel segments of
12 m length in a dry dock on shore the
trench in the river bed was excavated. Once
the tunnel completed and temporarily closed
on both ends, the dry dock was flooded and
the tunnel tested in such a way that the
buoyancy almost balanced its weight
(70 tons remaining from 6,700 tons weight).
It was then pulled to its final position.
dry dock later served for the casting of the
second tunnel and will be used for the
construction of the cut and cover
approach tunnels.

Major challenges were the watertightness

of the structure, including the avoidance of
cracking in early age or during the pulling
The

operation, the tight tolerances (wall thickness

t5 mm) and the weighing operations
verifying the assumptions of the structural
analysis and guaranteeing the safe
n

launching of the tunnel in terms of stability

Zaklâdâni staveb a.s. dry dock I
and resistance against cracking.
completion:2002

30
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Ouality, Accuracy and Consislency in all details

The ability to adapt to the most challenging
technological demands.

Metrostav a.s. Prague Czech Republic

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Construction
lmprovement
tr
k. *a Durability

The rreyssinet Group, the world's leader

in specialised civil engineering works on
the construction, improvement and long-
term durability of structures and soils.
With its bases in 48 countries, the Group
sets the standards in cable-stayed
structures, fitting out structures and
repair techniques.

It is also the recognised specialist in

Reinf orced Eartho systems, and has

developed leading edge know-how in soil

treatment, applying exclusive processes

perfected by Menard Soltraitement.

www.f reyssinet.com

Freyssinet 1 bis rue du Petit Clamart - Bât C

p"v"ti net
6EtlftrIl jEIuEEn BP 135 .78148 Vélizy-Villacoublay cedex - France
[EFnft.r{@ iliBïEttrl Tel: 33 '1 46 01 84 84 . Fax: 33 1 46 01 85 85
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owner: Ministry of Transport, Belgium +
soFtco
main authors: Jean-Marie Cremer
structural concept I Clément Counasse
concept infrastructure I J. Y. Delforno,
V. De Ville de Goyet, A. Lothaire, V. Radu
(all Bureau d'Etudes, Greisch (BEG)) I
contractor: Association BAGECI-CFE'
FRANKI

subcontractors: ERGON diaphraqms I

Freyssinet Belgium prestrebs'tg I
completion: 2002

Located 50 km South of Brussels, the Sart

Canal Bridge belongs to modernisation
works up-grading a 100 year old canal
waterway to match European standards for
modern barges. The prestressed 46 m wide
concrete deck has thirteen 36 m long
continuous spans. The architectural choices
(inclined longitudinal beams, curved
shapes, ribbed concrete facings, circular
piles...) have allowed to minimise the visual
impact of the bridge and of its important
loads (65,000 tons of concrete and
80,000 tons of water).

ln each longitudinal beam of 7.1 m height

are nine 27T15 units. ln each cross member,
two 19T15 and two 27T15 units allow the
loads to diffuse correctly lowards the piles.
The 40 cm thick bottom deck has fifteen
12T15 units.

Using a very compact C40l50 concrete

and prestressing designed to ensure
bi-directional compression in concrete
wherever it is in contact with the canal water
provided excellent watertightness.
lncremental launching of 12 m per week of
a 65,000 ton deck was a world record.

34
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VUE EN ELEVATION

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owner: Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan

main authors: The Japanese lnstitute of
lrrigation and Drainage basic design I
Joint ventureTaisei Corp. and Kawada
Construction Co, detailed design I
contractors: Joint venture Taisei Corp.
and Kawada Construction Co. I Kida
Construction Co. r Takachiho lndustrial
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Co.

subcontractors: VSL Japan Corporation

Shinko Wire Co. Ltd.
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completion:2000

The arch span length of 260 m is the E

longest for a concrete bridge in Japan. The
construction slte being a volcanic area
covered by a lava field, the original location
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had to be abandoned when 40 cm wide -
cracks in the rock bed running through an
abutment were discovered.

The reinforced concrete flxed arch rib was

then constructed using the truss-cantilevering
erection method with temporary steel girders.
steel truss girder and then concreted
A newly developed traveller facilitated the
followed by the erection of the cast-in-situ
concreting of the 3 to 5 m cast-in-situ
columns and the superstructure consisting
segments. Also a new construction
of prestressed hollow core slabs.
management method using an automatic
object capturing system had to be developed Aesthetic and environmental aspects were
for precise geometric control. After erection considered carefully, Tor example the use
of 1/3 of the arch on both sldes, the centre of small wind force generators for the
gap was temporarily closed by an 78 m electric lighting.

36
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ifb
SPANNING GENERATIONS
The Tensho Bridge presents on oestheticolly
pleosing orch of eternolly clossic design
emphosising the suitobility of concreie.

We developed new construction methods

ond moieriols to ploce this high spon
structure in hormony with the noturol
environment.

The Tensho Bridge spons the finest

elements of modern ond clossicol
odvoncement of o demonding public.
- to the
4ts
lÂtsil
TAISEI CORPORATION
l-25-l NishiShiniuku,
Shinluku-ku, Tokyo
Tel: +81 3 5381 5297
Fox: +Bl 33345O49O
163060ô, Jopon

KAWADA CONSTRUCTION CO lTD

(+) 6-3-1 Tokinogowo,
Ktto-ku, Tokyo I l4-8505, Jopon
Tel: +Bl 3 3915 5BB2
Fox: +81 3 3949 1B7l
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owner: Reseau Ferré de France
SNCF - TGV Méditerrannée
main authors: Michel Virlogeux structural
concept r Jean-François Blassel (RFR)
architect r Michel Desvignes landscape
architect r Christian Bousquet (SNCF)
design r Jean-Michel Cussac (SNCF) design
Alain Moriset (SETEC) design I Bruno
Radiguet (Bouygues TP) detailed design
Alain Palacci (GTM) detailed design I
contractors: Bouygues/GTM Construction/
DTP Terrassements / lntrafor
subcontractors: CEPABA-BACHY-EMCC-
BCP / Béton de France
completion: 1998
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Crossing the river Rhone, the two structures
for the Marseille-Valence and Marseille-
Montpellier branches of the new high speed
train line'TGV Mediterranean' run parallel to
eachother and on equal level on most of
their length (1500 m).
Conventional two-webbed box girders bear
two rail tracks and typically span about
100 m. 5 m thick on mid-span, parabolic
gussets of 1B m length lead to 8.5 m
thickness at the bearings. Concrete
strengths at 28 days were f'"2g = 52 MPa.
lnternal pre-stressing was applied during
the balanced cantilever construction phase
r using precast elements. The later'continuity
prestressing' was done as external post-
I tensioning.
Cast in situ piers are hollow truncated shafts
with a circular base of 5 m diameter under
the deck supporting joint and 8.5 m
diameter at the base of the highest piers
(approximately 50 m).
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ïhe 44 m long and 7 m wide bridge consists

owner: Public Road Administration
Canton Ticino, Switzerland
main authors: Aurelio Muttoni (Grignoli-
Muttoni-Partner)
contractor: Muttoni S. A,, Bellinzona
subcontractor: VSL Switzerland
completion: 1997
of an underspanned concrete frame with
integral supports and without expansion
joints. The columns are inclined to reduce
the horizontal reaction and to facilitate the
excavation of the foundation. The main
feature is that the prestressing tendons
leave the reinforced concrete section in the
positive moment area and enter in the steel
tension chord. The deviation forces of the
polygonal tension chord are transmitted by
V-shaped steel elements, resulting in a main
span with a lenticular tension chord.
The steel tension chord is made of a half
W-shaped box section welded out of two
bent steel plates. After construction is
finished, the steel tension chord is injected
with cement grout, providing another
protection layer for the two 12 strand VSL
prestressing tendons inside the box and
resulting in better durability and a stiffer
chord.

By adding a top steel plate, chord and

deviation elements could be designed as a
truss used as self-canying formwork for the
pouring of the concrete deck.

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Aka Bridge
Aka, Okinawa, Japan
owner: Okinawa Prefecture, Okinawa
main authors: M. Komiya (Jap. Br. and
Struct. lnst,) project manager rTatsuo
Tomori (Sibaiwa Eng.) structural design r
Kiyoshi Uema (Ryukyu University)
landscape design r Osamu Shinohara
(Tokyo University) landscape design r
Miyoko Oono (M+M Design) landscape
architecture r
contractor: P. S. Corporation
completion: 1998
The total bridge length is 530 m: three
arches spanning 65 + 125 + 65 m, and two
approach bridges of l38 m each.
a7.75 m
The width of 10.75 m allows for
carriageway and two sidewalks of 1 m. lt
connects Aka lsland to the Okinawa main
island, assuring transportation facilities
indepent from the weather conditions, an
important step in the development in this
area of tourism and resort resources.
Abutments and piers were cast in situ, the
deck was constructed by precast segments
(max. 57 t) carried by sea and installed. As
there is pedestrian trafflc under the approach
bridges (ferry quay, beach), careful detailing
was important resulting for example in
corner cutting and surface texturing for the
piers, the use of beige coloured local
Ryukyu limestone etc.
To enhance durability under marine
conditions, epoxy coated reinforcement bars
and galvanised sheathing was chosen.
Woronora Bridge
Woronora, NSW, Australia
owner: Roads and Traffic Authority, NSW
main authors: BertTaylor (Taylor &
Herbert) design r Mark Bennett (RTA)
design r Bernhard Gôhler (Leonhardt,
Andrâ + Partners) check engineer r
contractor: Barclay Mowlem Construction
Lrd
subcontractors: Concrite r Active Steel r
Stambe Entreprises r Peri Australia r
Abergeldie Contractors Pty Ltd r VSL
Prestressing (Aust) Pty Ltd r Pioneer
Road Services Pty Ltd r
completion:2001
The bridge was proposed to correct the
existing road condition and travel speed
deficiencies (for ex, steep hairpin bends
approaching the existing old bridge). lt is
522 m long with a 20 m wide deck for 4
traffic lanes at 34 m above the river, and
carries an under-slung walkway to allow for
cycle and pedestrian traffic.
An environmental impact statement
prepared in 1990 and reviewed in 1998
resulted in choosing the incremental launch
construction process rather than match-cast
segmental construction. The superstructure
was constructed in a two-stage casting yard
with each stage 30 m long. 19 segments
were necessary to create the 522 m long
span continuous girder. Downhill launching
on a 5% slope required a combined
launching/breaking system using prestress
cables and interlocked heavy-lift jacks of up
to 500 t capacity.
Concrete mix design provided strengths of
25 MPa after 16 hours, thus allowing
prestressing the next day after pouring.
Twin Bridges Mentue River
Yverdon, Switzerland
owner: Départment des Travaux Publics
Lausanne, Vaud
main authors: A. Vaucher (GVH Tramelan
SA) project director r B. Houriet (GVH
Tramelan SA) project associate director I
C. Heubi (Bonnard + Gardel SA) foundations r
G. Notheisen structural engineer I P. Moia
(Tremblet SA) structural engineer I
contractors: Ramella & Bernasconi SA,
Cudrefin r Frutiger SA,Thun r
subcontractors: Freyssinet SA, Moudon r
VSL Lyssach r
completion:2000
The two parallel bridges were cast in place
using the balanced cantilever method, with
temporary stays between the piers during
erection. Featuring an overall length of 568 m
in 5 spans of 93 + 135 + 150 + 120 +70 m,
the maximum height above ground level is
120 m. Longitudinal and transverse
prestressing was applied. The foundations
are on piles blocks and shafts.
, The exceptional height of the structure, the
precarious geological conditions
encountered on the sides of the valley and
the horizontal curvature of the road were the
main challenges of the project. Thus the
conceptual design had to be developed
10 bearing in mind the following concerns:
r particular carelor the aesthetics of ihe
structure and its harmony with the
surroundings;
r achievement of good structural quality in
order to ensure longierm serviceability
and maintenance costs reduced to a
minimum;
r choice of a well-proven rational
construction method, thus assuring good
pro.iect and cost management.
41
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if
Ayunose Bridge
Kumamoto Prefecture, JaPan
owner: Kumamoto Prefecture, JaPan
main authors: Miyoko Oono (M+M Design)
architecture r Chuogiiutsu Gonsultants
structura design r
contractors: Sumitomo Construction Co.
Ltd. r Satokigyo Co. Ltd. I
subcontractor: FKK stay cabLes
completion: 1999
The bridge was designed not only to cross
the 300 m wide and 140 m deep valley full
of green but also to harmonise with the
surrounding nature and to offer an attractive
viewpoint for visitors. The 3 sPan
continuously prestressed concrele cable
stayed bridge of a total length of 390 m with
a main span of 200 m combines in a unique
way an Y-shaped rigid pier on the steeper
side of the valley with stay cables over the
flatter slopes on the opposite side.
The rigid Y-shaped pier in comblnation with
ihe thin cable stayed deck also offers a
good solutlon for the seismic design in this
volcanic area. The design oÏ details as
metallic orange cable covers, railings,
lighting system and pavement but also the
studies of the overall situation of the bridge
in the environment were carefully executed
in order to achieve a maximum of harmony
with nature.
42
't..'
Kiso and lbi River Bridges
It/l e Prefecture, Japan
owner: Japan Highway Public Corporation
main authors: Japan Bridge + Structure
lnst. lnc. basic design I CTI Engineering
Cc. Ltd basic design r Joint ventures (see
contractors) deta led des gn I Koiima (Kyoryo Consulting) detailed design
contractors: joint venture Kiso East:
Oriental Construction, Nippon Koatsu
Concrete, Kawada lndustries I joint venture
Kiso West: Kajima, Zenitaka, NKK I ioint
venture lbr East: Sumitomo, DPS Bridge
Works, Mitsubishi I 1o nt venture lbi West:
P.S. Corp.,Taisei,Yokogawa Bridge Corp. r
subcontractors: Sumitomo Electric lnd' I
Anderson Technology Corp. r Shinko Wire
Co. Ltd. r Oiles Corp. I
completion: 2001
After careful studies of various alternatives to
cross the two more than 1 km large mouths
of the rivers, one 5 span and one 6 span
continuous and extradosed box girder
bridges in prestressed concrete and steel
composite construction were chosen. The
span lengths could be extended to 275 m by
reducing the dead load by using up to 105 m
long steel girders for the central sections of
a span, Near the supports concrete girders
with stay cables were used cantilevering up
to 85 m to both sides. Prestressing tendons
placed inside the girders increase the axle
compression. The 33 m wide superstructure
allows for six lane tratfic. To maximise the
available width, the stayed cables were
deployed in a single plane.
The 5 m long segments (33 m wide, 7 m
high, approx. 4 MN weight) were precast on
shore and transported to the site by barges.
After finalisation of the pc airders, lifting
gear was installed at the ends to close the
gap by hoisting the 100 m long steel girders
(of approx. 20 MN weight).
Mori-no-wakuwaku-hashi
Bridge
l=ukushima Prefecture, Japan
owner: Fukushima Prefecture, lwaki-city
main authors: Takashi Kumagai
(Fukushima Prefecture - lwaki
Construction Office) basic design rYosuki
rTsutomo Machi (Oriental Construction)
prestressLng r
contractor: Oriental Construction Co. Ltd.
completion: 2001
A pedestrian stress ribbon bridge with
external cables was constructed in a public
parc in lwaki-City as the f irst of its kind in
the world. Located in a hilly environment
where the 128,5 m span were required, the
load bearing layer is of mudstone, so that
the horizontal forces from the superstructure
had to be minimised.
Whereas in conventional stress-ribbon
bridges prestressing cables and suspension
cables are placed inside the concrete deck,
in this new bridge type the prestressing
cables are placed outside the deck as
external cables using supporting members.
This has the additional advantage of easier
access in cases of replacement or
retightening. The sliding erection method
remains essentially the same as for
conventional stress ribbon bridges,
After completion of the bridge the
characteristics of static deformations,
natural vibration and dynamic response to
pedestrian and emergency traffic were
verified by loading tests and simulation
analysis.
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lkeda-Hesokko-Ohashi PG Arch
lkeda cho, Japan
owner: Japan Highway Public Corporation
main authors: Hidetsugu Mochizukii
(JHPC) c"iet structura enqineer r
Minoru Yamada (JHPC) assistant chief
structural engineer r Hirofumi Ando (JHPC)
senior structural engineer r Shuichi Kitakuni
(Kaiima) design superstructure r Satoshi
Matsuki (Kajima) seismic design r
Kei Suzuki (Kajima) aesthetic design r
contractor: Shigetaka lshihara / Kajima
Corporation
subcontractor: PC Bridge Corp. /
Sumitomo Electric lndustries
completion: 2000
Various bridge forms were examined for the
existing complicated intersection conditions
(rivers, dam, railways, roads) before the
S-span continuous reverse Langer arch
bridge with a 3-span arch was adopted
(spans 134 + 200 + 160 + 130 + 79 m), The
detailed design of the bridge started after
the Kobe earthquake, hence state-of-art
seismic design technique had to be adopted.
For the first time ever a method carrying out
a simultaneous cantilever arch rib
construction on both sides by independent
travellers for stifféned girder and arch rib
was applied, lnside the stiffened girder a
non-grout type external cable having the
highest capacity in Japan was chosen for its
economical and constructional efficiency,
and maintenance management,
Landscape design played an important role
since the bridge was to be constructed on
a municipal sports park.
>--
Japan Egypt Friendship Bridge
O-arta'a (Suez) Lgyp-
owner: Ministry of Transport, Cairo
main authors: Pacific Consultants
lnternational: Hiroyuki Endo project
director rYasuo Furukawa approach bridge
design r Hiroaki Mukaichi road design r
Chodai Co. Ltd: Yusuke Kajimura deputy
project director r Hitoshi Nakamura main
bridge design r
contractor: Noriaki lshitate / Kajima
Corporation
subcontractor: Gleitbau GmbH / Bygging
lntercontinental / Misr Dywidag
completion: 2001
To cope with the increasing traffic demand
across the Suez Canal 4.1 km of bridges
were conceived with 70 m navigation
clearance in addition to the tunnel existing
on the Canal's South end. The main bridge
has a total length of 730 m spanning
43 + 50 + 70 + 404+ 70 + 50 + 43 m with a
central cable-stayed section using a single-
cell steel box girder, 154 m high pylons and
two-plane fan-shaped multi-cable stays.
Approach viaducts continue for 560 m on
both sides with constant span (40 m) rigid-
frame single-cell prestressed concrete
girder bridges.
Pylons and piers were constructed using the
slipJorm method with gains of up to 4 m of
vertical height per 24 hours. The prestressed
girders on both sides were erected using a
movable launching gantry. The average
cycle lime for one span was 1B to 20 days,
Kent Messenger M:llenium
Bridge
N/aidstone, Great Bdtatn
owner: Maidstone Borough Council
main authors: Cezary M. Bednarski
arch tect and lead consultant r Jiri Strasky
(Strasky, Husty and Partners Ltd)
concept engineering desiqn r Vilem Juttner
(Strasky, Husty and Partners Ltd)
engineering design r lan Firth (Flint & Neill)
check eng neer r Jaroslav Hauser
(Geostar) foundation design r
contractor: Balfour Beatty Construction Ltd
subcontractor: Balvac Whitley Moran Ltd
post{ensioning
completion: 2001
For the first time ever a two span (50 + 38 m)
stress ribbon bridge with an alignment
cranked at 25 degrees has been designed.
Both engineering and aesthetic beauty of
this bridge lie in the fact that the suspended
walkway itself is the structure, stiffness and
stability resulting from its geometry,
The stress ribbon is formed by precast
segments with a composite deck slab. The
segments were suspended on bearing
cables and served as falsework and
formwork for the casting of the composite
slab. The deck is post-tensioned by
prestressjng tendons (monostrands grouted
in polyethylene ducts). Together with the
bearing cables these are situated in the
cast-in-situ slab.
The intermediate support transfers the
resultant horizontal forces into the foundation
by a compression strut formed by stairs and
a tension tie formed by a stainless tube. The
dynamic response of this bridge - well
accepted by the public - was carefully
analysed,
43
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Malampaya Goncrete GravitY
Structure
Palawan, Philippines
owner: Shell Philippines
main authors: David Collier (Arup Energy)
engineering manager I Andrew Grigsby
(Arup Energy) mechanical engineer I
Andrew McNulty (Arup EnergY) lead
concrete design r Mike Cooke(Arup Energy)
lead engineer I Chris Humpheson (Arup
Energy) geotechnical engineer I John
Roberts (Arup Energy) design director r
Neil Evans (Arup Energy) site design
co-ordinator r Geotf Curnow (John
Holland) constructability engineer I (Yangtze Kiang), the proiect's lot 1 consists
contractor: joint venture: John Holland Pty
Ltd / Arup Energy /Van Oord ACZ
subcontractor: Ancon Beton PtY Ltd
concrete
completion: 2000
The gravity structure is situated in 43 m deep
water surrounded by even deeper water.
This deep water situation lead to an increase
of predicted wave loading by 10%.
The main challenges during design and
construction were:
r produced in a dry dock in a natural deep
water harbour, the structure was towed
200 miles after completion,
r the change from an initially planned open
water displacement storage system to dry
storage for the condensate resulting in a
25% increase of the total concrete volume
and a 60% increase in reinforcement,
r the achievement of producing the
specified concrete in excellent slipform
suitable quality out of local material.
Careful mix design using among others
30% local fly ash and 5% silica fume and
rigorous quality assurance procedures
resulted in a concrete of excellent
workability and a 56-day strength of
more than 60 MPa.
44
Ertan Dam
Yalong River, China
owner: Ertan Hydropower Development
Corporation
main authors: EEC - Ertan Engineering
Corporation
contractor: joint venture: Vinci Construction
Grands Proiects / lmpregilo /Torno /
Bureau I of MWREP
completion:1999
Located in China's Sechuan province on the
Yalong River, a tributary of the Jinsha
oT a240 m high double-curvature concrete
arch dam, 775 m long at crest level, and a
170 m long and B0 m high concrete water
intake for 6 penstocks, 9 m in diameter. An
underground powerhouse with various
associated tunnels formed lot 2, given to
another joint venture.
After two years of construction of installations
(camps for pesonnel, quarry, aggregate
processing plants of 1 ,000 tons/h- capacity,
concrete batching plants of 2 x 360 m3/h
capacity etc.), the river was deviated and,
after excavation of 6 million m3 for the dam,
the concreting started with four B m3 buckets
hung on an over '1 km long cableway and
supplying 4 million m3 of concrete for the
dam. Watertightness below the dam was
ensured by a 60 m deep grout curtain built
from grouting galleries excavated at the
bottom and in the abutments of ihe dam.
Oresund lmmersed Tunnel
Copenhagen, Denmark
owner: Oresund Konsortiet, Denmark
main authors: Symonds Travers Morgan
(UK) design r A. Piquet (VCGP) dry dock
floating gate r P. Gernigon (VCGP) dry dock
sliding gate r
contractor: joint venture: Vinci Construction
Grands Proiects (VCGP) / NCC AB / Phil &
Son AS / J. L. Constr. / Bosskalis SV
subcontractorr lntron (NL) concrete
consultant
completion:2000
The crossing of the Zresund Strait spans
from Copenhagen airport to the city of
Lernaken, south of Malmô. On 16 km length
it includes a tunnel, an artificial island, a
viaduct, a cable-stayed bridge, and a
second viaduct. The proiect reported here
concerns the 3,500 m immersed tunnel for a
four-lane highway and a two track railway
and the two access ramps (650 + 1,100 m).
The 3,500 m tunnel is made of 20 prefab-
ricated caissons (41 m wide, 8.6 m high and
175 m long). Each caisson is assembled in
a dry dock out of eight 22 m sections
poured in a plani i. e. indoors in controlled
atmosphere, in order to respect the stringeni
specif ications regardin g concrete
temperature-induced cracking control,
Once the caisson sealed on both sides, the
dry dock was flooded and the caisson
shifted afloat to a dbeper basin for final
finishing. From there, it is later towed into
position, immersed and butt jointed to the
segments already in place. Sand is injected
underneath the caisson through its bottom,
the trench is backfilled and covered for
erosion protection.
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Madeira Airport

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ANAT(I
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Segadâes Tavares & Partners

Structural and Consulting Engineers

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Bridge Design
Building Design
Special Structures Design

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Largo de Santos, g - 30 f200-808 LISBOA. PORTUGAL telephone +35L2139328 90 fax +351 2L39328 98 e-mail: sta'lda@netcabo.pt
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Funchal Airport Extension
Santa Cruz, Made ra, Portugal
owner: ANAM Aeroportos SA, Madeira
main authors: A. SegadâesTavares (STA)
head of design team r Joâo Vaz (STA)
deputy head design r JoséVeloso (STA)
geotechnics r Pedro Parreira (STA)
mathematical models r Manuel Pereira (STA)
structural analysis r
contractor: Novapista
subcontractors: Zagope SA / Costrutora
Andrade Gutierrez SA / OPCA SA / Spie
Batignolles TP SA
Completion:2000
lvlountains dominating Madeira's landscape,
its only aircraft landing facilities lay on
coastal cliffs in an altitude of 57 m, The
decision to extend the existing runway lead
to the construction of an additional 1,000 m
.180
long and m wide 'bridge'with unusual
imposed loads (Boeing 747 landing gear
with 4,000 kN on a small area, accident
values reaching 12,000 kN).
The adopted structural solution consists of
an array of 31 reinforced concrete portal
frames supporting a deck slab at 57 m above
the sea level. The frames spaced by 32 m
have in general 6 columns also spaced by
32 m resulting in a portal beam with five
32 m spans and two 14 m cantilevers at
each end,
The reinforced concrete columns have a
constant 3 m diameter circular cross section
and maximum heights of about 50 m. The
portal beams in prestressed concrete have
an l-shaped cross-section with an height of
3.6 m at mid-span and 5.6 m over the
columns. The bi-directionally prestressed
concrete deck slab has a thickness varying
lrom 1.7 m where connected to the portals to
1 m through the central 12 m of each span.
Beaucaire-Tarascon Bridge
Beaucaire, France
owner: Conseil Général des Bouches du
Rhône
main authors: Michel Virlogeux structural
concept r Daniel Lefaucheur (SETRA)
structural design r Philippe Vion (SETRA)
structural design r Jacques Resplendino
(CETE) design checking r Charles Lavigne
architect r Alain Chauvin (Structures) detail
design r
contractor: Entreprises Leon Grosse-
Bauland
subcontractor: Freyssinet stay cables I
CPB precast elements r
completion:2002
A road bypassing the two towns of
Beaucaire and Tarascon, crosses the Rhone
river on a total length of 410 m. The cable-
stayed bridge features two 60 m high
lyra-shaped pylons with fan-shaped cable
arrangements and a ribbed prestressed
concrete slab deck of constant height and
12.10 m width for two lanes of traffic.
The bridge is divided into 5 spans : 26 - 82
- 193 - 82 - 26 m. The pylons are founded
each on six piles of 2 m diameter, covered
by a circular pile-cap. The slab deck height
of 81 cm is very low for a span of 193 m.
Each side-span has been built using normal
scaffolding, the rest of the structure by the
balanced cantilever method, starting from
the two pylons, with 7.3 m long cast-in-situ
segments. The very light (54 tons) mobile
carriages were suspended by a pair of
working cable stays adjusted step by step
according to the increasing load of fresh
concrete. After hardening of the latter the
final pair of cable-stays could be installed
and stepwise tensioned in the same time as
the working cables were detensioned.
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EEEE'ru

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if Organisers ol lhe.fib 2002 Congress, Osaka

Japan Concrete
lnstitute

(Do
Japan Prestressed Concrete
Engineering Association

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a

Finutm fib - tédération internationale du béton

international federation for structural concrete
lct -PCEA