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Thank you, for helping us keep this platform clean. So either way, it's a-- it's a beautiful subject,
math equations to try to spend a little time in and that's what we're going to be doing in this series.
Einstein started by questioning the current method for measuring motion. Astronomers classify black
holes into three categories by size: miniature, stellar, and supermassive black holes. Standard X and Y
coordinates describe a position in a two-dimensional plane, but because the Universe is a three-
dimensional space, a Z coordinate is needed as well. It is as if a steady pull toward the ball swings
the marble into a closed path. Assuming we continue to discover and detect new things in this
universe, then one day we will find something that GR won’t explain perfectly, hopefully, or else
science sort of loses any purpose. The scientist proposed that objects such as the sun and the Earth
change this geometry. Common Core Distance Learning Readiness Kit Homework and Test Prep
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Physics Why are general relativity and quantum mechanics incompatible. So it is a three dimensional
array if you want so you can call it gamma, alpha, beta, Nu let's say, and each of these numbers,
alpha, beta and Nu they run from one up to n where n is the dimension of the space. So for the
general case of the connection it's an object that has three indices. You'd say like, what are you
talking about the speed of a car. Similarly, gravitational waves would be caused by masses in motion
and are detected when they initiate motion in other masses. Well if I had a piece of tape or
something I could use that. So he's thinking about clocks, he's thinking about how you might
synchronize them. Now, in the most comprehensive test of general relativity near the monstrous
black hole A black hole is a place in space where the gravitational field is so strong that not even light
can escape it. In 2003, Ghez reported that the case for the Milky Way’s black hole had been
strengthened substantially and that all of the proposed alternatives could be excluded. That was the
thought that people would have said, you know, back in the 1600s, 1700s, 1800s, right. So it's very
easy to compare the direction of a vector say at this spot with the direction of a vector of that spot.
Right? I mean, Einstein is often described as the father of the atomic bomb as you can see here in
this time magazine cover and, um. The apparent new speed would be the sum of light’s actual speed
through empty space, plus the speed of Earth advancing to meet it. The key to reconciling quantum
mechanics with the gravity of Einstein’s relativity will be found by studying mayonnaise. Subscribe
SciTechDaily: Home of the best science and technology news since 1998. This second theory
includes objects that are accelerating. So with that new way of thinking about gravity, where space
and time are intimate participants in the physical phenomena, they're not just an inert backdrop, it's
not just that things are moving through a container. The shortest distance he can find will be the great
circle between C and D on the surface of the sphere ( see navigation ). In particular the trace of the
field strength depends on the metric so let’s lower all of the indices and drop the piece associated
with the conserved current because of the assumption stated by the problem. And at the same time,
there's another development that's happening in the world. I'm not going to give a full mathematical
derivation, although I will give you a link to other videos that I've made, which will take you through
all of the math. It is a fundamental constant in physics and is used in many equations, including
those related to relativistic energy and momentum.
And E is the energy that is relevant for the given situation. Light seemed to have the same speed,
regardless of the direction in which it moved relative to Earth’s motion. And now it's just a
calculation to use our diagnostic tool, what we want to do is now that we know how to move vectors
around on some general surface where we have these numbers gamma, that say either you have
chosen, or as we'll see in a subsequent episode, are naturally supplied by other structures that you've
defined on the space, such as distance relations, the so-called metric. And scientists were finding that
the speed of light was behaving differently from any other speed in the world. I mean, leave a
comment, or send an email, or however you want to get it to us, I'd be more than happy to take
suggestions as sooner or later I may find myself running out of equations if we continue on with this
series. However, gravity is very weak compared with electromagnetism. You know, it's 3 times 10 to
the 8 meters per second, 10 to the 8 is a, is a big number on everyday scales, right. So he devises an
explanation, using the shortened yardstick and shortened days. They are to the gravitational field
what electromagnetic waves such as visible light and radio waves are to the electromagnetic field.
This he can do by assuming that when he moved from Flatland to Curvedland, his yardstick shrank
just enough to measure 1,000 miles as 1,200. (This corresponds to the Lorentz contraction.) He
would also have to assume that the days he used as his measure of travel time had shortened
somehow and had given him a count of 120 instead of 100. For many years scientists had believed
that light traveled across space as waves in an elastic, weightless, and invisible medium called the
luminiferous ether. It's at this spot right here pointing in that direction OK. Why is it and what can
be the suitable gamma in this case. So that's our notion of how you parallel translate from location to
location. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. He can
use as many space dimensions as he likes in working problems even though he can only visualize
two. So you take e alpha, that component, and you add in in general a mixture given by this guy
called gamma, of gamma alpha beta Nu delta x beta times e new some over beta and Nu both going
from one to n. Time dilation causes light to vibrate at a lower frequency within a gravitational field;
thus, the light is shifted toward a longer wavelength—that is, toward the red. Because if you are
slamming these two masses together with a speed V, then they have additional energy from their
energy of motion. And then the difference between the green and the purple vector will be our
measure of the curvature of the space. How are Maxwell’s equations altered in the presence of this
term. And the form of this connection, it turns out, is something called gamma. His treatment cannot
be explained fully without the use of advanced mathematics. But when gravity changes, then you
need to be prepared to change all the variables. In fact, I'm going to do this one more time, just to
make this even sharper, make a thinner piece of tape. They also represent the geometric properties of
4-dimensional space-time. Black holes have such high density that nothing can escape their
gravitational pull, not even light. (They cannot be seen directly, but their influence on nearby stars is
visible and provides a signature. The key data in the research were spectra that Ghez’s team analyzed
last April, May and September as her “favorite star” made its closest approach to the enormous black
hole. Our observations are consistent with Einstein’s general theory of relativity. And this particular
combination of the derivatives of the connection and the products of the connection is a means of
capturing the difference in the orientations of those vectors at the final slot.
It is true that the relativity theories employ the highest branches of mathematics. Einstein was able to
grab these mathematical developments from the 1800s, reshape them in a manner that allowed them
to be relevant for the curvature of space time, for how gravity is manifested through the curvature of
space time. Its not just internal forces--there is absolutely no mechanism by which you can go below
the sum of rest energies. And the point that I'm making here, the scientific point is that E equals MC
squared is not actually only tied to nuclear forces, it's simply the domain in which the translation, the
transformation of mass into energy is most visible, because it's effective at grabbing a significant part
of the mass compared to everyday processes. Campus Ambassador Distance Learning Readiness Kit
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Overview Why STEM. But of course to make this precise, not just animation and pictures, if you
want to make this precise you need the mathematical means for talking about curvature with
precision. He takes 100 days for the journey; and his yardstick measuring gives the distance as 1,000
miles. So I can move it all around the plane, this is fun, and I can bring it right to the specified
location, and there it is. The speed of light is thus the “speed limit” of the universe. If you take a
flashlight and you put it on a highly sensitive scale and you turn the flashlight on, the reading on the
scale will go down and down because the flashlight is emitting light, that light carries away energy. I
used to have the opinion that math was discovered. It takes 26,000 years for the photons from S0-2
to reach Earth. “We’re so excited, and have been preparing for years to make these measurements,”
said Ghez, who directs the UCLA Galactic Center Group. “For us, it’s visceral, it’s now — but it
actually happened 26,000 years ago!” This is the first of many tests of general relativity Ghez’s
research team will conduct on stars near the supermassive black hole. We hope you and your family
enjoy the NEW Britannica Kids. If I watch a car that's speeding by me at 100 miles an hour, well,
from my perspective, that is its speed. So if you start with one M, two M, then you have to in the end
also have two M. And there is a mathematical gadget that mathematicians have developed,
introduced in order to define a notion of parallel. We're going to quantify it in essence, by moving
vectors along various trajectories and comparing the old and the new, and the degree of difference
between the parallel transported vector and the original. And now for this to really impact I need to
show you that initial vector. Now, if this one has mass M and this one has mass M. This is not just
click bait, it’s ignorant and frankly stupid. Okay, so onto our first equation for today, which is
Einstein's E equals MC squared. And now, let me just, I'm going to record what the equation looks
like. And Yeah. I think I'm running out of time for today. It’s what Ghez herself said, which is
unfortunate language she probably regrets now, in spite of her qualifying remarks. Next, Einstein
proved that the rest of the Flatlander’s second explanation would have to be accepted too. So speed
is therefore, a measure of, of distance or space divided by duration or time. It's at this spot right here
pointing in that direction OK. So Einstein in this modern version of the story, imagines for instance,
that we have two masses that slam into each other and they stick together, and they stick together
into a larger mass. Non-personalized content and ads are influenced by things like the content you’re
currently viewing and your location (ad serving is based on general location). Maybe I'll take this
right up close. Here we go. All right. We parallel transport, vector is parallel to itself parallel, parallel,
parallel. The stack of photos may be called a three-dimensional continuum.