Answers

Self-Tests

Introduction to Powers 22. b 3. a

of 10 23. a 4. a
24. d 5. c
1. d 25. a 6. c
2. a CHAPTER 2 7. a
3. b 8. b
4. c 1. b
9. a
5. c 2. d
10. c
6. a 3. a
11. b
7. a 4. c
12. c
8. d 5. c
13. d
9. b 6. a
14. b
10. c 7. a
15. a
11. c 8. d
16. c
12. b 9. c
17. b
13. a 10. c
18. d
14. d 11. c
19. b
15. c 12. b
20. c
16. b 13. d
14. a CHAPTER 5
17. c
18. a 15. b 1. a
19. b CHAPTER 3 2. c
20. d 3. b
1. c
4. d
CHAPTER 1 2. d
5. b
1. b 3. a
6. d
2. a 4. b
7. c
3. c 5. d
8. a
4. a 6. b
9. d
5. a 7. d
10. a
6. d 8. c
11. d
7. b 9. a
12. b
8. a 10. c
13. c
9. c 11. b
14. b
10. d 12. c
15. c
11. b 13. d
16. b
12. a 14. a
17. a
13. b 15. d
18. c
14. d 16. c
19. d
15. c 17. a
20. b
16. a 18. b
17. c 19. c CHAPTER 6
18. d 20. a 1. c
19. b CHAPTER 4 2. b
20. d 1. c 3. a
21. c 2. b 4. c

1191
 5. d 4. c 7. b
6. c 5. d 8. c
7. a 6. a 9. d
8. a 7. b 10. d
9. b 8. a
REVIEW: CHAPTERS 9 AND 10
10. d 9. b
11. b 10. d 1. T
12. d 11. c 2. T
13. a 12. b 3. T
14. c 13. c 4. T
15. d 14. a 5. T
16. b 15. d 6. F
17. d 16. b 7. F
18. c 17. c 8. T
19. a 18. a 9. T
20. b 19. b 10. T
REVIEW: CHAPTERS 1–6 20. d 11. T
REVIEW: CHAPTERS 7 AND 8
12. T
1. a 13. T
2. c 1. T 14. T
3. b 2. T 15. T
4. c 3. T
5. c 4. T CHAPTER 11
6. c 5. F 1. b
7. b 6. F 2. a
8. c 7. T 3. c
9. b 8. T 4. b
10. d 9. T 5. d
11. b 10. F 6. b
12. a 11. F 7. a
13. c 12. T 8. c
14. b CHAPTER 9 9. c
15. a 10. d
1. b
16. a 11. b
2. a
17. a 12. c
3. c
18. a 13. d
4. d
19. b 14. a
5. c
20. a 15. d
6. a
21. b
7. c CHAPTER 12
CHAPTER 7 8. b
1. d
1. b 9. c
2. b
2. c 10. d
3. d
3. a 11. d
4. a
4. d 12. a
5. c
5. b 13. c
6. b
6. a 14. a
7. a
7. c 15. b
8. c
8. a CHAPTER 10 9. b
9. d
1. d 10. c
10. c
2. b 11. d
CHAPTER 8 3. a 12. a
1. a 4. b 13. a
2. c 5. c 14. c
3. b 6. a 15. d

1192 Answers
REVIEW: CHAPTERS 11 AND 12 16. b 11. c
1. d 17. a 12. a
2. c 18. b 13. d
3. a 19. b 14. c
4. c 20. c 15. a
5. b CHAPTER 15 16. d
6. d 17. a
1. d
7. b 18. c
2. c
8. b 19. a
3. a
9. a 20. b
4. d
10. d 21. a
5. b
22. d
CHAPTER 13 6. c
23. b
1. c 7. a
24. c
2. b 8. b
25. d
3. a 9. c
10. a CHAPTER 17
4. d
5. a 11. a 1. a
6. b 12. c 2. c
7. d 13. b 3. b
8. c 14. c 4. d
9. c 15. b 5. b
10. b 16. d 6. c
11. a 17. a 7. a
12. d 18. b 8. d
13. c 19. a 9. b
14. b 20. b 10. c
15. d 21. a 11. b
16. a 22. d 12. d
17. c 23. c 13. a
18. d 24. d 14. b
19. d 25. c 15. a
20. c REVIEW: CHAPTERS 13–15 CHAPTER 18
21. a 1. b 1. d
22. c 2. a 2. c
23. b 3. c 3. b
24. b 4. d 4. a
25. d 5. b 5. c
CHAPTER 14 6. d 6. b
1. c 7. a 7. d
2. d 8. d 8. a
3. a 9. c 9. c
4. b 10. a 10. a
5. a CHAPTER 16 11. c
6. c 12. a
1. b
7. b 13. d
2. a
8. c 14. c
3. d
9. d 15. b
4. c
10. d 5. c REVIEW: CHAPTERS 16–18
11. b 6. d 1. T
12. a 7. a 2. T
13. d 8. b 3. T
14. d 9. c 4. T
15. c 10. b 5. T

Self-Tests 1193
 6. T 19. b 23. a
7. T 20. d 24. b
8. T 25. a
CHAPTER 20
9. F
10. T 1. b REVIEW: CHAPTERS 19–22
11. T 2. c 1. c
12. F 3. a 2. b
13. F 4. d 3. d
14. T 5. a 4. d
15. T 6. c 5. d
16. T 7. b 6. d
17. F 8. a 7. c
18. T 9. d 8. a
19. T 10. b 9. b
20. T 10. c
CHAPTER 21
21. T 11. c
22. T 1. b 12. a
23. T 2. a 13. c
24. T 3. d 14. d
25. T 4. c 15. b
26. T 5. c 16. a
27. F 6. a
7. b CHAPTER 23
28. F
29. T 8. d 1. d
30. T 9. c 2. a
31. T 10. a 3. c
32. T 11. c 4. b
33. T 12. d 5. a
34. T 13. a 6. a
35. T 14. d 7. b
36. F 15. b 8. d
37. F 9. c
CHAPTER 22
38. T 10. b
1. c 11. d
39. T
2. d 12. a
40. F
3. b 13. c
CHAPTER 19 4. a 14. a
1. a 5. a 15. c
2. d 6. c
3. b 7. b CHAPTER 24
4. c 8. d 1. c
5. b 9. c 2. a
6. a 10. b 3. b
7. b 11. d 4. d
8. d 12. a 5. b
9. c 13. d 6. a
10. a 14. a 7. c
11. b 15. c 8. b
12. d 16. b 9. a
13. a 17. b 10. d
14. c 18. d 11. d
15. d 19. c 12. b
16. c 20. d 13. c
17. b 21. c 14. c
18. a 22. d 15. b

1194 Answers
REVIEW: CHAPTERS 23 AND 24 8. d 18. a
1. 300 9. c 19. d
2. 300 10. b 20. c
3. 300 11. c
12. a CHAPTER 28
4. 250
5. 250 13. d 1. d
6. 200 14. a 2. a
7. 200 15. b 3. b
8. 14.1 16. a 4. c
9. 14.1 17. b 5. c
10. 1 18. c 6. a
11. 458 19. d 7. b
12. 2458 20. b 8. d
13. 1 REVIEW: CHAPTERS 25 AND 26
9. a
14. 1.41 10. c
1. 8 11. b
15. 7.07
2. 0.8 12. a
16. 600
3. 0.4 13. d
17. 5.66 458
4. 10 14. c
18. 4 108
5. 10 15. b
19. T
6. 1 16. d
20. T
7. 5 17. a
21. T
8. 0.08 18. c
22. F
9. 40 19. d
10. 150
:

CHAPTER 25 20. b
11. fc 5 31.83 kHz
1. b
12. 2100 dB CHAPTER 29
2. c
13. octave, decade
3. a 1. b
14. 70.7
4. d 2. c
15. F
5. b 3. a
16. T
6. a 4. d
17. T
7. c 5. a
18. T
8. c 6. b
19. T
9. b 7. c
20. T
10. c 8. d
21. F
11. a 9. a
12. a CHAPTER 27 10. d
13. d 1. b 11. c
14. b 2. c 12. b
15. d 3. a 13. a
16. c 4. d 14. b
17. a 5. a 15. c
18. d 6. b
19. b 7. c CHAPTER 30
20. a 8. b 1. d
9. d 2. b
CHAPTER 26 10. a 3. a
1. c 11. b 4. c
2. a 12. d 5. b
3. b 13. c 6. a
4. c 14. a 7. c
5. d 15. b 8. d
6. b 16. c 9. b
7. a 17. d 10. a

Self-Tests 1195
11. c 11. c 3. b
12. b 12. b 4. d
13. a 13. d 5. c
14. c 14. a 6. a
15. d 15. c 7. b
16. a 8. b
17. c CHAPTER 32 9. c
18. d 1. c 10. d
19. b 2. a 11. a
20. a 3. b 12. c
4. b 13. d
CHAPTER 31
5. d 14. b
1. b 6. a 15. a
2. c 7. a 16. c
3. d 8. a 17. d
4. a 9. c 18. b
5. b 10. d 19. c
6. d 20. a
7. c CHAPTER 33
8. a 1. a
9. b 2. c
10. c

1196 Answers
 Answers
Odd-Numbered Problems and
Critical Thinking Problems
Introduction to Powers SECTION I-3 CONVERTING SECTION I-8 SQUARE ROOTS OF
BETWEEN METRIC PREFIXES NUMBERS EXPRESSED IN
of 10 POWERS OF 10 NOTATION
71. 55 mA
SECTION I-1 SCIENTIFIC 73. 0.0068 !F 129. 2.0 3 1022
NOTATION 75. 22 !F 131. 6.0 3 1026
1. 3.5 3 106 77. 1500 kV 133. 3.87 3 1022
3. 1.6 3 108 79. 39 kV SECTION I-9 THE SCIENTIFIC
5. 1.5 3 1021 81. 7.5 mA CALCULATOR
7. 2.27 3 103 83. 100,000 W
135. Enter the problem using the
9. 3.3 3 1022 85. 4.7 nF
following keying sequence:
11. 7.77 3 107 87. 1.296 GHz
1 5 EXP 6 3
13. 8.7 3 101 89. 7,500,000 pF
3 1 ? 2
15. 9.5 3 1028 SECTION I-4 ADDITION AND EXP 3 5.
17. 6.4 3 105 SUBTRACTION INVOLVING The calculator will display the
19. 1.75 3 1029 POWERS OF 10 NOTATION answer as 18.000 3 1000.
21. 0.000165 91. 7.5 3 104 137. Enter the problem using the
23. 863 93. 5.9 3 10210 following keying sequence:
25. 0.0000000017 95. 2.15 3 1023 1 2 ÷ 1 0
27. 1660 97. 5.0 3 107 EXP 3 5.
29. 0.0000000000033 99. 1.45 3 1022 The calculator will display the
SECTION I-2 ENGINEERING 101. 2.6 3 104 answer as 1.200 3 10203.
NOTATION AND METRIC SECTION I-5 MULTIPLICATION 139. Enter the problem using the
PREFIXES AND DIVISION INVOLVING following keying sequence:
31. 5.5 3 103 POWERS OF 10 NOTATION 6 ? 5 EXP 4
33. 6.2 3 106 1 2 5 EXP 3
103. 1.8 3 106
35. 99 3 103 5.
105. 3.0 3 109
37. 750 3 1026 The calculator will display the
107. 1.0 3 1025
39. 10 3 106 answer as 90.000 3 1003.
109. 2.5 3 104
41. 68 3 1026 111. 1.25 3 102
43. 270 3 103 113. 5.0 3 107 Chapter 1
45. 450 3 1029
SECTION I-6 RECIPROCALS
47. 2.57 3 1012 SECTION 1-4 THE COULOMB
WITH POWERS OF 10
49. 70 3 1026 UNIT OF ELECTRIC CHARGE
51. 1 kW 115. 1024
1. 1Q 5 5 C
53. 35 mV 117. 1021
3. 1Q 5 2 C
55. 1 !F 119. 107
5. 2Q 5 6 C
57. 2.2 MV 121. 10215
SECTION 1-5 THE VOLT UNIT
59. 1.25 GHz SECTION I-7 SQUARING
OF POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
61. 250 !A NUMBERS EXPRESSED IN
63. 500 mW POWERS OF 10 NOTATION 7. V 5 6 V
65. 180 kV 7 9. V 5 1.25 V
123. 2.5 3 10
67. 4.7 V 125. 8.1 3 1011
69. 50 !W 127. 1.44 3 10216

1197
SECTION 1-6 CHARGE IN d. Brown, green, green, and SECTION 3-6 THE LINEAR
MOTION IS CURRENT gold PROPORTION BETWEEN V AND I
11. I 5 4A e. Red, red, silver, and gold 21. See Instructor’s Manual.
13. I 5 500 mA SECTION 2-3 VARIABLE SECTION 3-7 ELECTRIC POWER
15. I 5 10 A RESISTORS
23. a. P 5 1.5 kW
17. Q51C 7. a. 680, 225 V b. P 5 75 W
SECTION 1-7 RESISTANCE IS b. 8250 V c. I 5 10 A
OPPOSITION TO CURRENT c. 18,503 V d. V 5 12 V
19. a. R 5 1 kV d. 275,060 V 25. a. I 5 31.63 mA
b. R 5 100 V e. 62,984 V b. I 5 2 mA
c. R 5 10 V ANSWERS TO CRITICAL c. P 5 150 !W
d. R51V THINKING PROBLEMS d. V 5 200 V
21. a. G 5 5 mS 9. Above 250 kV 27. V 5 15 V
b. G 5 10 mS 29. Cost 5 $5.04
c. G 5 20 mS 31. Cost 5 $64.80
d. G 5 40 mS
Chapter 3
SECTION 3-8 POWER
ANSWERS TO CRITICAL SECTION 3-1 THE CURRENT DISSIPATION IN RESISTANCE
I5_V
THINKING PROBLEMS R 33. a. P 5 1.98 mW
23. Q 5 1.6 3 10216 C 1. a. I 5 2 A b. P 5 675 mW
25. I 5 100 !A b. I 5 3 A c. P 5 24.5 mW
c. I 5 8 A d. P 5 1.28 W
Chapter 2 d. I 5 4 A 35. P 5 500 mW
3. a. I 5 0.005 A 37. P 5 2.16 W
SECTION 2-2 RESISTOR b. I 5 0.02 A SECTION 3-9 POWER FORMULAS
COLOR CODING c. I 5 0.003 A
39. a. I 5 5 mA
1. a. 1.5 kV, 610% d. I 5 0.015 A
b. R 5 144 V
b. 27 V, 65% 5. Yes, because the current, I, is
c. R 5 312.5 V
c. 470 kV, 65% only 15 A.
d. V 5 223.6 V
d. 6.2 V, 65% SECTION 3-2 THE VOLTAGE 41. a. V 5 44.72 V
e. 91 kV, 65% V 5 IR b. V 5 63.25 V
f. 10 V, 65% 7. a. V 5 50 V c. I 5 100 !A
g. 1.8 MV, 610% b. V 5 30 V d. I 5 400 !A
h. 1.5 kV, 620% c. V 5 10 V 43. I 5 2.38 mA
i. 330 V, 610% d. V 5 7.5 V 45. V 5 100 V
j. 560 kV, 65% 9. V 5 10 V 47. R 5 12 V
k. 2.2 kV, 65% 49. V 5 50 V
SECTION 3-3 THE RESISTANCE
l. 8.2 V, 65% V 51. R 5 7.2 V
m. 51 kV, 65% R5_
I
SECTION 3-10 CHOOSING A
n. 680 V, 65% 11. a. R 5 7 V
RESISTOR FOR A CIRCUIT
o. 0.12 V, 65% b. R 5 5 V
p. 1 kV, 65% c. R 5 4 V 53. R 5 1.2 kV. Best choice for
q. 10 kV, 610% d. R 5 6 V power rating is 1⁄4 W.
r. 4.7 kV, 65% 13. a. R 5 6000 V 55. R 5 2 kV. Best choice for power
3. a. 470 kV b. R 5 200 V rating is 1 W.
b. 1.2 kV c. R 5 2500 V 57. R 5 150 V. Best choice for
c. 330 V d. R 5 5000 V power rating is 1⁄8 W.
d. 10 kV 15. R 5 8.5 V 59. R 5 2.2 MV. Best choice for power
5. Reading from left to right the rating is 1⁄2 W because it has a 350-V
SECTION 3-5 MULTIPLE AND
colors are: maximum working voltage rating.
SUBMULTIPLE UNITS
a. Brown, black, orange, and ANSWERS TO CRITICAL
17. a. I 5 80 mA
gold THINKING PROBLEMS
b. V 5 19.5 V
b. Red, violet, gold, and gold 61. I 5 21.59 A
c. V 5 3 V
c. Green, blue, red, and silver 63. Cost 5 $7.52
d. R 5 33 kV
19. I 5 50 !A 65. Imax at 1208C 5 13.69 mA

1198 Answers
Chapter 4 c. See Instructor’s Manual. P1 5 400 mW
d. See Instructor’s Manual. P2 5 720 mW
SECTION 4-1 WHY I IS THE 23. The polarity of the individual P3 5 480 mW
SAME IN ALL PARTS OF A SERIES resistor voltage drops is opposite P4 5 800 mW
CIRCUIT to that in Prob. 21. The reason is 39. R3 5 800 V
1. a. I 5 100 mA that the polarity of a resistor’s I 5 50 mA
b. I 5 100 mA voltage drop depends on the VT 5 100 V
c. I 5 100 mA direction of current flow and V1 5 10 V
d. I 5 100 mA reversing the polarity of VT V2 5 20 V
e. I 5 100 mA reverses the direction of current. V3 5 40 V
f. I 5 100 mA SECTION 4-6 TOTAL POWER IN V4 5 30 V
3. I 5 100 mA A SERIES CIRCUIT P1 5 500 mW
P3 5 2 W
SECTION 4-2 TOTAL R EQUALS 25. P1 5 36 mW
P4 5 1.5 W
THE SUM OF ALL SERIES P2 5 43.2 mW
PT 5 5 W
RESISTANCES P3 5 64.8 mW
41. R 5 1 kV
PT 5 144 mW
5. RT 5 900 V 43. VT 5 25 V
27. P1 5 33 mW
I 5 10 mA SECTION 4-9 GROUND
P2 5 47 mW
7. RT 5 6 kV CONNECTIONS IN ELECTRICAL
P3 5 120 mW
I 5 4 mA AND ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
PT 5 200 mW
9. RT 5 300 kV
SECTION 4-7 SERIES-AIDING 45. VAG 5 18 V
I 5 800 !A
AND SERIES-OPPOSING VBG 5 7.2 V
SECTION 4-3 SERIES IR VOLTAGES VCG 5 1.2 V
VOLTAGE DROPS 47. VAG 5 20 V
29. a. VT 5 27 V
11. V1 5 6 V VBG 5 16.4 V
b. I 5 10 mA
V2 5 7.2 V VCG 5 29.4 V
c. Electrons flow up through
V3 5 10.8 V VDG 5 216 V
R1.
13. RT 5 2 kV 31. a. VT 5 6 V SECTION4-10TROUBLESHOOTING:
I 5 10 mA b. I 5 6 mA OPENS AND SHORTS IN SERIES
V1 5 3.3 V c. Electrons flow up through R1. CIRCUITS
V2 5 4.7 V 33. a. VT 5 12 V 49. RT 5 6 kV
V3 5 12 V b. I 5 400 mA I 5 4 mA
15. RT 5 16 kV c. Electrons flow down through V1 5 4 V
I 5 1.5 mA R1 and R2. V2 5 8 V
V1 5 2.7 V d. V1 5 4.8 V and V2 5 7.2 V V3 5 12 V
V2 5 4.05 V 51. a. RT 5 3 kV
SECTION 4-8 ANALYZING
V3 5 12.3 V b. I 5 8 mA
SERIES CIRCUITS WITH
V4 5 4.95 V c. V1 5 8 V, V2 5 16 V, and
RANDOM UNKNOWNS
SECTION 4-4 KIRCHHOFF’S
V3 5 0 V
35. I 5 20 mA
VOLTAGE LAW (KVL) V1 5 2.4 V ANSWERS TO CRITICAL
V2 5 2 V THINKING PROBLEMS
17. VT 5 15 V
19. V1 5 7.2 V V3 5 13.6 V 53. R1 5 300 V , R2 5 600 V, and
V2 5 8.8 V VT 5 18 V R3 5 1.8 kV
V3 5 4 V R3 5 680 V 55. Imax 5 35.36 mA
V4 5 60 V PT 5 360 mW 57. R1 5 250 V and VT 5 1.25 V
V5 5 40 V P2 5 40 mW
VT 5 120 V P3 5 272 mW Answers to
37. I 5 20 mA Troubleshooting
SECTION 4-5 POLARITY OF IR RT 5 6 kV
VOLTAGE DROPS VT 5 120 V
Challenge, Table 4-1
21. a. RT 5 100 V , I 5 500 mA, V2 5 36 V Trouble 1: R2 open
V1 5 5 V, V2 5 19.5 V, V3 5 24 V Trouble 3: R4 shorted
V3 5 25.5 V V4 5 40 V Trouble 5: R1 shorted
b. See Instructor’s Manual. R4 5 2 kV Trouble 7: R2 shorted

Odd-Numbered Problems and Critical Thinking Problems 1199

Trouble 9: R5 open 31. REQ 5 26.4 V I1 5 150 mA
Trouble 11: R3 decreased in value 33. REQ 5 20 V I2 5 300 mA
Trouble 13: R1 increased in value 35. REQ 5 200 V IT 5 600 mA
37. R2 5 1.5 kV P1 5 11.25 W
Chapter 5 39. REQ 5 96 V P2 5 22.5 W
41. REQ 5 112.5 V P3 5 11.25 W
SECTION 5-1 THE APPLIED 43. a. REQ 5 269.9 V PT 5 45 W
VOLTAGE VA IS THE SAME (Ohmmeter will read 270 V 57. IT 5 100 mA
ACROSS PARALLEL BRANCHES approximately.) I1 5 30 mA
1. a. 12 V b. REQ 5 256.6 kV I2 5 20 mA
b. 12 V (Ohmmeter will read 257 kV I4 5 35 mA
c. 12 V approximately.) R3 5 2.4 kV
d. 12 V c. REQ 5 559.3 kV R4 5 1.029 kV
3. 12 V (Ohmmeter will read 559 kV P1 5 1.08 W
approximately.) P2 5 720 mW
SECTION 5-2 EACH BRANCH I
VA d. REQ 5 1.497 kV P3 5 540 mW
EQUALS _ (Ohmmeter will read 1.5 kV P4 5 1.26 W
R
5. I2 is double I1 because R2 is one- approximately.) PT 5 3.6 W
half the value of R1. e. REQ 5 9.868 kV 59. VA 5 24 V
7. I1 5 600 mA (Ohmmeter will read 9.87 kV I1 5 20 mA
I2 5 900 mA approximately.) I2 5 30 mA
I3 5 300 mA SECTION 5-5 CONDUCTANCES I4 5 24 mA
9. I1 5 200 mA IN PARALLEL R1 5 1.2 kV
I2 5 15 mA R3 5 4 kV
45. G1 5 2 mS
I3 5 85 mA REQ 5 300 V
G2 5 500 !S
I4 5 20 mA G3 5 833.3 !S ANSWERS TO CRITICAL
SECTION 5-3 KIRCHHOFF’S G4 5 10 mS THINKING PROBLEMS
CURRENT LAW (KCL) GT 5 13.33 mS 61. IT(max) 5 44.55 mA
11. IT 5 300 mA REQ 5 75 V 63. R1 5 2 kV, R2 5 6 kV, and
13. IT 5 1.8 A 47. GT 5 500 mS R3 5 3 kV
15. IT 5 320 mA REQ 5 2 V 65. R1 5 15 kV, R2 5 7.5 kV,
17. I1 5 24 mA SECTION 5-6 TOTAL POWER R3 5 3.75 kV, and
I2 5 20 mA IN PARALLEL CIRCUITS R4 5 1.875 kV
I3 5 16 mA 49. P1 5 20.4 W
IT 5 60 mA P2 5 1.53 W
19. a. 300 mA P3 5 8.67 W Answers to
b. 276 mA P4 5 2.04 W Troubleshooting
c. 256 mA PT 5 32.64 W Challenge
d. 256 mA 51. P1 5 13.2 W
e. 276 mA 67. The current meter, M3, is open; or
P2 5 19.8 W
f. 300 mA the wire between points G and
P3 5 132 W
21. a. 2.5 A H is open. The fault could be
PT 5 165 W
b. 500 mA isolated by measuring the voltage
SECTION 5-7 ANALYZING across points C and D and points
c. 300 mA
PARALLEL CIRCUITS WITH G and H. The voltage will
d. 300 mA
RANDOM UNKNOWNS measure 36 V across the open
e. 500 mA
f. 2.5 A 53. VA 5 18 V points.
g. 2 A R1 5 360 V 69. a. M1 and M3 will both read
h. 2 A I2 5 150 mA 0 A.
23. I2 5 90 mA REQ 5 90 V b. M2 will read 0 V.
P1 5 900 mW c. 36 V
SECTION 5-4 RESISTANCES IN
PARALLEL
P2 5 2.7 W d. The blown fuse was probably
PT 5 3.6 W caused by a short in one of
25. REQ 5 8 V 55. R3 5 500 V the four parallel branches.
27. REQ 5 20 V VA 5 75 V
29. REQ 5 318.75 V

1200 Answers
 e. With the blown fuse, F1, still series with R1 and R2 because 19. a. RT 5 1.8 kV
in place, open S1. (This is they all have the same current. b. IT 5 30 mA
an additional precaution.) 3. I1 5 10 mA c. V1 " 36 V, V2 5 18 V, and
Connect an ohmmeter I2 5 10 mA V3 5 18 V
across points B and I. The V1 5 2.2 V d. I2 5 12 mA and I3 5 18 mA
ohmmeter will probably read V2 5 6.8 V SECTION 6-4 RESISTANCE
0 V. Next, remove one V3 5 6 V BANKS AND STRINGS IN SERIES-
branch at a time while V4 5 6 V PARALLEL
observing the ohmmeter. I3 5 6 mA
21. RT 5 500 V
When the shorted branch is I4 5 4 mA
IT 5 70 mA
removed, the ohmic value 5. a. 80 V
V1 5 8.4 V
indicated by the ohmmeter b. 200 V
V2 5 14 V
will increase to a value that c. 60 mA
V3 5 5.6 V
is normal for the circuit. Be d. 60 mA
V4 5 8.4 V
sure the ohmmeter is set to 7. P1 5 432 mW
V5 5 12.6 V
its lowest range when P2 5 230.4 mW
I1 5 70 mA
following this procedure. P3 5 57.6 mW
I2 5 14 mA
The reason is that the PT 5 720 mW
I3 5 56 mA
equivalent resistance, REQ, of 9. a. 250 V
I4 5 56 mA
this circuit is normally quite b. 200 V
I5 5 70 mA
low anyway. Setting the c. 450 V
23. RT 5 4 kV
ohmmeter on too high of a d. 40 mA
IT 5 30 mA
range could result in a e. 40 mA
V1 5 30 V
reading of 0 V even after the SECTION 6-2 RESISTANCE V2 5 10 V
shorted branch has been STRINGS IN PARALLEL V3 5 20 V
removed.
11. a. 800 V V4 5 30 V
71. 0 V. One way to find the shorted
b. 1.2 kV V5 5 60 V
branch would be to disconnect all
c. I1 5 30 mA and I2 5 20 mA I1 5 30 mA
but one of the branches along the
d. IT 5 50 mA I2 5 10 mA
top at points B, C, D, or E. (When
e. RT 5 480 V I3 5 10 mA
doing this, make certain S1 is open
f. V1 5 9.9 V, V2 5 14.1 V, and I4 5 20 mA
if the fuse has been replaced.)
V3 5 24 V I5 5 30 mA
Next, with F1 replaced, close S1.
13. a. 300 V 25. RT 5 6 kV
If the only remaining branch
b. 900 V IT 5 6 mA
blows the fuse, then you know
c. I1 5 120 mA and V1 5 36 V
that’s the shorted branch. If the
I2 5 40 mA V2 5 5.4 V
fuse F1 did not blow, open S1 and
d. IT 5 160 mA V3 5 27 V
reconnect the next branch. Repeat
e. RT 5 225 V V4 5 9 V
this procedure until the fuse F1
f. V1 5 12 V, V2 5 24 V, V5 5 13.5 V
blows. The branch that blows the
V3 5 27.2 V, and V4 5 8.8 V V6 5 4.5 V
fuse is the shorted branch.
15. a. I1 5 8 mA, I2 5 24 mA, V7 5 3.6 V
73. a. 0 V
I3 5 16 mA, IT 5 48 mA I1 5 2.4 mA
b. 0 V
b. RT 5 500 V I2 5 3.6 mA
75. a. M1 will read 1.5 A and M3
c. V1 5 8 V, V2 5 16 V, I3 5 2.7 mA
will read 0 A.
V3 5 24 V, V4 5 8 V, and I4 5 900 !A
b. 36 V
V5 5 16 V I5 5 900 !A
c. 0 V
SECTION 6-3 RESISTANCE I6 5 900 !A
I7 5 3.6 mA
Chapter 6 BANKS IN SERIES
27. RT 5 200 V
17. a. 150 V
SECTION 6-1 FINDING RT FOR IT 5 120 mA
b. RT 5 250 V
SERIES-PARALLEL RESISTANCES V1 5 6 V
c. IT 5 100 mA
V2 5 6 V
1. Resistors R1 and R2 are in series d. VAB 5 15 V
V3 5 12 V
and resistors R3 and R4 are in e. V1 5 10 V
V4 5 12 V
parallel. It should also be noted f. I2 5 25 mA and I3 5 75 mA
V5 5 18 V
that the applied voltage, VT, is in g. 100 mA

Odd-Numbered Problems and Critical Thinking Problems 1201

 V6 5 24 V 39. R3 must be adjusted to 1 kV. 7. a. V1 5 9 V; V2 5 900 mV;
I1 5 40 mA 41. a. The thermistor resistance is V3 5 100 mV
I2 5 30 mA 4250 V. b. VAG 5 10 V; VBG 5 1 V;
I3 5 10 mA b. TA has increased above 258C. VCG 5 100 mV
I4 5 20 mA ANSWERS TO CRITICAL 9. V1 5 16 V; V2 5 8 V; V3 5 16 V,
I5 5 10 mA THINKING PROBLEMS V4 5 8 V
I6 5 80 mA VAG 5 48 V; VBG 5 32 V;
43. a. R1 5 657 V
SECTION 6-5 ANALYZING VCG 5 24 V; VDG 5 8 V
b. Recommended wattage
SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUITS 11. a. RT 5 15 kV
rating is 25 W approximately.
WITH RANDOM UNKNOWNS b. I 5 1.6 mA
c. RT 5 857 V
c. V1 5 16 V, VAB 5 8 V
29. RT 5 300 V 45. With VT reversed in polarity, the
d. 0 to 8 V
IT 5 70 mA circuit will not operate properly.
VT 5 21 V For example, if the ambient SECTION 7-2 CURRENT DIVIDER
V1 5 7 V temperature increases, the voltage WITH TWO PARALLEL
V2 5 9.24 V across points C and D becomes RESISTANCES
V4 5 4.76 V positive. This causes the output 13. I1 5 16 mA
I2 5 42 mA voltage from the amplifier to go I2 5 8 mA
I3 5 28 mA negative, which turns on the 15. I1 5 64 mA
31. RT 5 800 V heater. This will increase the I2 5 16 mA
IT 5 30 mA temperature even more. 17. I1 5 48 mA
VT 5 24 V Unfortunately, the heater will I2 5 72 mA
V1 5 5.4 V continue to stay on. If the SECTION 7-3 CURRENT
V2 5 12 V temperature would have DIVISION BY PARALLEL
V3 5 3 V decreased initially the voltage CONDUCTANCES
V4 5 6.6 V across points C and D would have
19. I1 5 3.6 A
V5 5 2.4 V gone negative. This would make
I2 5 2.4 A
V6 5 6.6 V the output of the amplifier go
I3 5 3 A
I2 5 10 mA positive, thus turning on the air
21. I1 5 45 mA
I3 5 20 mA conditioner, making the
I2 5 4.5 mA
I4 5 20 mA temperature decrease even further.
I3 5 16.5 mA
I5 5 20 mA
23. I1 5 25 !A
33. IT 5 30 mA Answers to I2 5 37.5 !A
RT 5 1 kV Troubleshooting I3 5 12.5 !A
V2 5 10.8 V
V3 5 10.8 V
Challenge, Table 6-1 I4 5 75 !A
V4 5 10.8 V Trouble 1: R6 open SECTION 7-4 SERIES VOLTAGE
V5 5 21.6 V Trouble 3: R4 open DIVIDER WITH PARALLEL LOAD
R2 5 600 V Trouble 5: R6 shorted CURRENT
V6 5 3 V Trouble 7: R1 open 25. The voltage, VBG, decreases when
I2 5 18 mA Trouble 9: R1 shorted S1 is closed because RL in parallel
I3 5 10.8 mA Trouble 11: R3 shorted with R2 reduces the resistance
I4 5 7.2 mA from points B to G. This lowering
I5 5 12 mA Chapter 7 of resistance changes the voltage
I6 5 30 mA division in the circuit. With S1
SECTION 6-6 THE WHEATSTONE SECTION 7-1 SERIES VOLTAGE closed, the resistance from B to G
BRIDGE DIVIDERS is a smaller fraction of the total
1. V1 5 3 V resistance, which in turn means
35. a. RX 5 6,816 V
V2 5 6 V the voltage, VBG, must also be less.
b. VCB 5 VDB 5 8.33 V
V3 5 9 V 27. Resistor R2
c. IT 5 1.91 mA
37. a. RX(max) 5 99.999 V 3. V1 5 4 V SECTION 7-5 DESIGN OF A
b. RX(max) 5 999.99 V V2 5 6 V LOADED VOLTAGE DIVIDER
c. RX(max) 5 9999.9 V V3 5 8 V 29. a. I1 5 56 mA
d. RX(max) 5 99,999 V 5. V1 5 2.5 V I2 5 11 mA
e. RX(max) 5 999,990 V V2 5 7.5 V I3 5 6 mA
f. RX(max) 5 9,999,900 V V3 5 15 V IT 5 66 mA

1202 Answers
 b. V1 5 10 V 5. a. RL1 5 111.1 V SECTION 8-5 OHMMETERS
V2 5 9 V RL2 5 20.41 V 21. a. RX 5 0 V
V3 5 6 V RL3 5 4.02 V b. RX 5 250 V
c. R1 5 178.6 V b. 1 mA range; RM 5 100 V c. RX 5 750 V
R2 5 818.2 V 5 mA range; RM 5 20 V d. RX 5 2.25 kV
R3 5 1 kV 25 mA range; RM 5 4 V e. RX 5 ` V
d. P1 5 560 mW 7. So that the current in the circuit 23. The scale would be nonlinear
P2 5 99 mW is approximately the same with with values being more spread
P3 5 36 mW or without the meter present. If out on the right-hand side and
31. a. I1 5 38 mA the current meter’s resistance is more crowded on the left-hand
I2 5 18 mA too high, the measured value of side. The ohmmeter scale is
I3 5 6 mA current could be significantly less nonlinear because equal
IT 5 68 mA than the current without the increases in measured resistance
b. V1 5 9 V meter present. do not produce equal decreases
V2 5 6 V in current.
V3 5 9 V SECTION 8-3 VOLTMETERS
25. Because the ohms values increase
c. R1 5 236.8 V V rating 5 _
9. _ 1 kV from right to left as the current in
R2 5 333.3 V V V
the meter backs off from full-
R3 5 1.5 kV 11. V
_ rating 5 kV50
__
scale deflection.
V V
d. P1 5 342 mW 27. On any range the zero-ohms
13. a. R1 5 58 kV
P2 5 108 mW adjustment control is adjusted for
R2 5 140 kV
P3 5 54 mW zero ohms with the ohmmeter
R3 5 400 kV
ANSWERS TO CRITICAL R4 5 1.4 MV leads shorted. The zero ohms
THINKING PROBLEMS R5 5 4 MV control is adjusted to compensate
33. R1 5 1 kV and R3 5 667 V R6 5 14 MV for the slight changes in battery
35. See Instructor’s Manual. b. 3 V range; RV 5 60 kV voltage, Vb, when changing
10 V range; RV 5 200 kV ohmmeter ranges. Without a zero
Answers to 30 V range; RV 5 600 kV ohms adjustment control, the
Troubleshooting 100 V range; RV 5 2 MV scale of the ohmmeter would not
be properly calibrated.
Challenge 300 V range; RV 5 6 MV
1000 V range; SECTION 8-8 METER
TABLE 7–2 RV 5 20 MV APPLICATIONS
Trouble 1: R2 open c. _ V rating 5 __ 20 kV 29. The ohmmeter could be damaged
Trouble 3: R3 shorted V V
V 1 kV or the meter will read an incorrect
Trouble 5: R2 shorted 15. a. _ rating 5 _
V V value of resistance. When
Trouble 7: R3 open measuring resistance, power must
b. _V rating 5 kV
10
__
TABLE 7–3 V V be off in the circuit being tested!
Trouble 1: R2 open c. V
_ rating 5 kV
20
__ 31. A current meter is connected in
V V
Trouble 3: R3 open V 100 kV series to measure the current at
d. _ rating 5 __
Trouble 5: R1 open V V some point in a circuit.
Trouble 7: R4 or load C shorted Connecting a current meter in
SECTION 8-4 LOADING EFFECT parallel could possibly ruin the
Chapter 8 OF A VOLTMETER meter due to excessive current.
17. a. V 5 7.2 V Remember, a current meter has a
SECTION 8-2 METER SHUNTS b. V 5 7.16 V very low resistance and
1. a. RS 5 50 V c. V 5 7.2 V connecting it in parallel can
b. RS 5 5.56 V Notice that there is little or no effectively short-out a component.
c. RS 5 2.08 V voltmeter loading with either 33. a. 0 V
d. RS 5 0.505 V meter since RV is so much larger b. Infinite (`) V
3. a. RS 5 1 kV than the value of R2.
ANSWERS TO CRITICAL
b. RS 5 52.63 V 19. The analog voltmeter with an RV
THINKING PROBLEMS
c. RS 5 10.1 V of 1 MV produced a greater
d. RS 5 5.03 V loading effect. The reason is that 35. R1 5 40 V, R2 5 8 V, and
e. RS 5 1 V its resistance is less than that of R3 5 2 V
f. RS 5 0.5 V the DMM whose RV is 10 MV . 37. 10 kVyV

Odd-Numbered Problems and Critical Thinking Problems 1203

Chapter 9 h. Loop 1: VR2 5 15 V 2 1.25 V 5
24I1 2 12I2 5 24 V which 13.75 V
SECTION 9-1 KIRCHHOFF’S can be reduced further to: i. Yes. Because the solutions
CURRENT LAW (KCL) 2I1 2 I2 5 2 V for VR1 and VR2 were both
1. I3 5 15 A Loop 2: positive.
3. I3 5 6 mA 212I1 1 36I2 5 12 V which j. I1 5 1.125 A
5. Point X: 6 A 1 11 A 1 8 A 2 can be reduced further to: I2 5 1.375 A
25 A 5 0 2I1 1 3I2 5 1 V I3 5 250 mA
Point Y: 25 A 2 2 A 2 16 A 2 i. I1 5 1.4 A k. For the loop with V1 we have
7A 5 0 I2 5 800 mA 10 V 1 1.25 V 2 11.25 V 5
Point Z: 16 A 2 5 A 2 I3 5 2600 mA 0 going CCW from the
11 A 5 0 j. No. The assumed direction positive (1) terminal of V1.
for I3 was incorrect as For the loop with V2 we have
SECTION 9-2 KIRCHHOFF’S
indicated by its negative 215 V 1 1.25 V 1 13.75 V
VOLTAGE LAW (KVL)
value. I3 actually flows 5 0 going CW from the
7. a. 4.5 V 1 5.4 V 1 8.1 V 5 downward through R3. negative (2) terminal of V2.
18 V. This voltage is the k. VR1 5 I1R1 5 1.4 A 3 l. I2 2 I1 2 I3 5 0 or 1.375 A
same as the voltage VR3. 12 V 5 16.8 V 2 1.125 A 2 250 mA 5 0
b. 6 V 1 18 V 1 12 V 5 36 V. VR2 5 I2R2 5 800 mA 3 SECTION 9-5 METHOD OF
This voltage equals the 24 V 5 19.2 V MESH CURRENTS
applied voltage, VT. VR3 5 I3R3 5 600 mA 3
c. 6 V 1 4.5 V 1 5.4 V 1 8.1 V 21. a. V1, R1 and R3
12 V 5 7.2 V
1 12 V 5 36 V. This voltage b. V2, R2 and R3
l. Loop 1:
equals the applied voltage, VT. c. R3
224 V 1 7.2 V 1 16.8 V 5 0
d. 18 V 2 8.1 V 2 5.4 V 5 d. 20IA 2 10IB 5 240 V
Loop 2:
4.5 V. This voltage is the e. 210IA 1 25IB 5 220 V
12 V 1 7.2 V 2 19.2 V 5 0
same as the voltage VR4. f. IA 5 23 A
m. I1 2 I2 2 I3 5 0 or
9. VAG 5 18 V IB 5 22 A
1.4 A 2 800 mA 2
VBG 5 0 V g. I1 5 IA 5 23 A
600 mA 5 0
11. VAG 5 250 V I2 5 IB 5 22 A
SECTION 9-4 NODE-VOLTAGE I3 5 1 A
VBG 5 242.5 V
ANALYSIS h. No. Because the answers for
VCG 5 233.5 V
VDG 5 220 V 19. a. I2 2 I1 2 I3 5 0 or I2 5 the mesh currents IA and IB
VAD 5 230 V I1 1 I3 were negative.
13. 20 V 2 2.5 V 2 17.5 V 5 0 _
VR2 VR1 VN i. I3 flows in the same direction
b. 2_ 2_ 50 as IA or up through R3.
15. 17.5 V 1 12.5 V 2 10 V 10 V 5 V
10 V 2 20 V 5 0 or j. VR1 5 I1R1 5 3 A 3
V VR1 VN 10 V 5 30 V
SECTION 9-3 METHOD OF _ R2
5_ 1_
10 V 10 V 5 V VR2 5 I2R2 5 2 A 3
BRANCH CURRENTS
15 V 5 30 V
17. a. I1 1 I3 2 I2 5 0 c. V1 1 VR3 2 VR1 5 0 or
VR3 5 I3R3 5 1 A 3
b. I3 5 I2 2 I1 10 V 1 VR3 2 VR1 5 0
10 V 5 10 V
c. 2V1 2 VR3 1 VR1 5 0 or d. 2V2 1 VR3 1 VR2 5 0 or
k. 30 V 1 10 V 2 40 V 5 0
224 V 2 VR31VR1 5 0 215 V 1 VR3 1 VR2 5 0
l. 220 V 2 10 V 1 30 V 5 0
d. 2V2 1 VR2 1 VR3 5 0 or e. VR1 5 V1 1 VN or VR1 5
m. I2 1 I3 2 I1 5 0 or 2 A 1
212 V 1 VR2 1 VR3 5 0 10 V 1 VN
1A 2 3A 5 0
e. VR1 5 I1R1 5 I112 V or 12I1 VR2 5 V2 2 VN or
VR2 5 15 V 2 VN ANSWERS TO CRITICAL
VR2 5 I2R2 5 I224 V or 24I2
THINKING PROBLEMS
VR3 5 I3R3 5 (I2 2 I1)12 V 15 V 2 VN
__
or 12(I2 2 I1) f. 5 23. IA 5 413.3 mA, IB 5 40 mA,
10 V
f. Loop 1: and IC 5 253.3 mA
10 V 1 VN _
__ V I1 5 413.3 mA
224 V 2 12(I2 2 I1) 1 1 N
10 V 5V I2 5 373.3 mA
12I1 5 0
g. Loop 2: g. VN 5 1.25 V I3 5 413.3 mA
212 V 1 24I2 1 h. VR1 5 10 V 1 1.25 V 5 I4 5 40 mA
12(I2 2 I1) 5 0 11.25 V I5 5 293.3 mA
I6 5 40 mA

1204 Answers
 I7 5 253.3 mA 31. IN 5 30 mA SECTION 11-3 TYPES OF WIRE
I8 5 253.3 mA RTH 5 1.2 kV CONDUCTORS
SECTION 10-7 CONVERSION OF 9. No. 10 gage
Chapter 10 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SOURCES 11. No. 19 gage
33. a. See Instructor’s Manual. SECTION 11-6 SWITCHES
SECTION 10-1 SUPERPOSITION
THEOREM
b. VT 5 30 V and R 5 24 V 13. a. 6.3 V
c. I3 5 1 A b. 0V
1. VP 5 26 V VR3 5 6 V c. No
3. VP 5 10 V
SECTION 10-8 MILLMAN’S d. 0A
5. VAB 5 0.2 V
THEOREM 15. a. See Instructor’s Manual.
SECTION 10-2 THEVENIN’S 35. VXY 5 228 V b. See Instructor’s Manual.
THEOREM 37. VXY 5 0 V SECTION 11-8 WIRE
7. When RL 5 3 V, IL 5 2.5 A RESISTANCE
SECTION 10-9 T OR Y AND # OR
and VL 5 7.5 V D CONNECTIONS 17. a. R 5 2.54 V
When RL 5 6 V, IL 5 1.67 A b. R 5 4.16 V
39. RA 5 17.44 V, RB 5 19.63 V,
and VL 5 10 V c. R 5 24.46 V
and RC 5 31.4 V
When RL 5 12 V, IL 5 1 A 19. a. R 5 0.32 V
41. RT 5 7 V
and VL 5 12 V b. R 5 0.64 V
IT 5 3 A
9. When RL 5 100 V, IL 5 48 mA 21. R 5 0.127 V (approx.)
and VL 5 4.8 V ANSWERS TO CRITICAL 23. No. 16 gage
When RL 5 1 kV, IL 5 30 mA THINKING PROBLEMS
SECTION 11-9 TEMPERATURE
and VL 5 30 V 43. IL 5 0 A and VL 5 0 V COEFFICIENT OF RESISTANCE
When RL 5 5.6 kV , IL 5 45. VTH 5 21.6 V
25. R 5 12.4 V
10.29 mA and VL 5 57.6 V RTH 5 120 V
27. R 5 140 V
11. When RL 5 200 V, IL 5 45 mA I2 5 67.5 mA
29. R 5 8.5 V
and VL 5 9 V V2 5 13.5 V
When RL 5 1.2 kV, IL 5 20 mA ANSWERS TO CRITICAL
and VL 5 24 V Chapter 11 THINKING PROBLEMS
When RL 5 1.8 kV , IL 5 15 mA 31. See Instructor’s Manual.
and VL 5 27 V SECTION 11-1 FUNCTION OF
13. IL 5 20 mA and VL 5 24 V THE CONDUCTOR Chapter 12
1. a. 100 ft
SECTION 10-3 THEVENIZING A SECTION 12-6 SERIES-
b. RT 5 8.16 V
CIRCUIT WITH TWO VOLTAGE CONNECTED AND
c. I 5 14.71 A
SOURCES PARALLEL-CONNECTED CELLS
d. 1.18 V
15. I3 5 208.3 mA and VR3 5 3.75 V e. 117.7 V 1. VL 5 3 V, IL 5 30 mA, the current
17. I3 5 37.5 mA and VR3 5 2.1 V f. 17.31 W in each cell equals 30 mA.
g. 1.731 kW 3. VL 5 1.25 V, IL 5 50 mA, the
SECTION 10-4 THEVENIZING A
h. 1.765 kW current in each cell equals 25 mA.
BRIDGE CIRCUIT
i. 98.1% 5. VL 5 3 V, IL 5 300 mA, the
19. VTH 5 10 V and RTH 5 150 V SECTION 11-2 STANDARD WIRE current in each cell equals 100 mA.
21. VTH 5 9 V and RTH 5 200 V GAGE SIZES SECTION 12-8 INTERNAL
SECTION 10-5 NORTON’S 3. a. 25 cmils RESISTANCE OF A GENERATOR
THEOREM b. 441 cmils 7. ri 5 2 V
23. IN 5 5 A and RN 5 6 V c. 1024 cmils 9. ri 5 6 V
25. IN 5 1.5 A and RN 5 10 V d. 2500 cmils 11. ri 5 15 V
27. IN 5 500 mA and RN 5 30 V e. 10,000 cmils SECTION 12-9 CONSTANT-
IL 5 333.3 mA f. 40,000 cmils VOLTAGE AND
VL 5 5 V 5. a. R 5 1.018 V CONSTANT-CURRENT SOURCES
b. R 5 2.042 V
13. a. IL 5 1 !A; VL 5 0 V
SECTION 10-6 THEVENIN- c. R 5 4.094 V
b. IL < 1 !A; VL < 100 !V
NORTON CONVERSIONS d. R 5 26.17 V
c. IL < 1 !A; VL < 1 mV
29. VTH 5 24 V 7. A 1000-ft length of No. 23 gage
d. IL 5 0.99 !A; VL 5 99 mV
RTH 5 1.2 kV copper wire

Odd-Numbered Problems and Critical Thinking Problems 1205

SECTION 12-10 MATCHING A 11. a. 0.4 T SECTION 14-3 B-H
LOAD RESISTANCE TO THE b. 80 T MAGNETIZATION CURVE
GENERATOR rI c. 0.06 T 17. a. 126 3 1026
15. a. IL 5 1.67 A d. 1 T b. 88.2 3 1026
VL 5 16.67 V 13. a. 905 G
SECTION 14-9 GENERATING AN
PL 5 27.79 W b. 1 3 106 G
INDUCED VOLTAGE
PT 5 167 W c. 7.5 T
d. 175 T 19. vind 5 8 V
% Efficiency 5 16.64%
15. 0.05 T 21. vind 5 2 kV
b. IL 5 1.33 A
VL 5 33.3 V 17. 4000 G or 4 kG ANSWERS TO CRITICAL
PL 5 44.44 W 19. 0.133 T THINKING PROBLEMS
PT 5 133 W 21. 240,000 Mx 23. See Instructor’s Manual.
% Efficiency 5 33.4% 23. 0.02 Wb 25. a. RW 5 1.593 V
c. IL 5 1 A 25. 1 3 106 magnetic field lines b. RT 5 17.593 V
VL 5 50 V c. VL 5 218.3 V
ANSWERS TO CRITICAL
PL 5 50 W d. I2R power loss 5 296.5 W
THINKING PROBLEMS
PT 5 100 W e. PL 5 2.98 kW
% Efficiency 5 50% 27. a. 40,300 Mx f. PT 5 3.27 kW
d. IL 5 800 mA b. 403 !Wb g. % Efficiency 5 91.1%
VL 5 60 V 27. With a relay, the 1000-ft length
PL 5 48 W of wire does not carry the load
PT 5 80 W Chapter 14 current, IL, and thus the circuit
% Efficiency 5 60% losses are reduced significantly.
SECTION 14-1 AMPERE-TURNS
e. IL 5 667 mA
OF MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE
VL 5 66.67 V
(MMF) Chapter 15
PL 5 44.44 W
PT 5 66.7 W 1. a. Gilbert (Gb) SECTION 15-2 ALTERNATING-
% Efficiency 5 66.67% b. Ampere-turn (A·t) VOLTAGE GENERATOR
17. a. RL 5 8 V 3. a. 20 A·t
1. a. 908
b. PL 5 78.125 W b. 2 A·t
b. 1808
c. % Efficiency 5 50% c. 10 A·t
c. 2708
d. 180 A·t
ANSWERS TO CRITICAL d. 3608
5. a. N 5 1000 turns
THINKING PROBLEMS 3. a. at 908
b. N 5 4000 turns
19. a. RL 5 30 V b. at 2708
c. N 5 2500 turns
b. PL(max) 5 2.7 W c. 08, 1808, and 3608
d. N 5 50 turns
7. a. 100 A·t SECTION 15-3 THE SINE WAVE
Chapter 13 b. 30 A·t 5. a. v 5 10 V
SECTION 13-2 MAGNETIC FLUX, $ c. 500 A·t b. v 5 14.14 V
c. v 5 17.32 V
1. a. 1 Mx 5 1 magnetic field line SECTION 14-2 FIELD d. v 5 19.32 V
b. 1 Wb 5 1 3 108 Mx or INTENSITY (H ) e. v 5 17.32 V
1 3 108 magnetic field lines
A·t f. v 5 210 V
3. a. 1 3 1025 Wb 9. a. 500 _m g. v 5 217.32 V
b. 1 3 1024 Wb A·t
b. 100 _ m 7. Vpk 5 51.96 V
c. 1 3 1028 Wb
d. 1 3 1026 Wb or 1 !Wb c. 50 mA·t
_ SECTION 15-4 ALTERNATING
5. a. 4000 Mx CURRENT
d. 200 _A·t
b. 2.25 3 1026 Wb m 9 a. Counterclockwise
11. a. 0.63 Oersteds
c. 8 3 1024 Wb b. Clockwise
b. 1.89 Oersteds
d. 6.5 3 104 Wb SECTION 15-5 VOLTAGE AND
13. a. 12.6 3 1026
7. 9 3 104 magnetic field lines CURRENT VALUES FOR A SINE
b. 63 3 1026
SECTION 13-3 FLUX DENSITY, B c. 126 3 1026 WAVE
9. a. 1 Mx
1G 5 _ d. 630 3 1026 11. a. 100 V peak-to-peak
cm2 e. 1.26 3 1023 b. 35.35 V rms
b. 1 Wb
1T 5 _ 15. !r 5 133.3 c. 31.85 V average
m2

1206 Answers
 13. a. 56.56 V peak I 5 40 mA 3. a. V 5 2.5 V
b. 113.12 V peak-to-peak V1 5 4 V b. V 5 6.25 V
c. 36 V average V2 5 6 V c. V 5 12.5 V
15. a. 47.13 mA rms P1 5 160 mW d. V 5 50 V
b. 66.7 mA peak P2 5 240 mW e. V 5 75 V
c. 133.3 mA peak-to-peak PT 5 400 mW 5. a. C 5 15 !F
d. 42.47 mA average 39. RT 5 900 V b. C 5 0.5 !F or 500 nF
17. a. 16.97 V peak IT 5 40 mA c. C 5 4 !F
b. 113 V peak V1 5 7.2 V d. C 5 0.22 !F or 220 nF
c. 25 V peak V2 5 28.8 V e. C 5 0.001 !F
d. 1.06 V peak V3 5 28.8 V f. C 5 0.04 !F or 40 nF
SECTION 15-6 FREQUENCY I2 5 24 mA 7. a. C 5 1.77 pF
I3 5 16 mA b. C 5 2.213 nF
19. a. 2000 cps
P1 5 288 mW c. C 5 44.25 nF
b. 15,000,000 cps
P2 5 691.2 mW d. C 5 106.2 nF
c. 10,000 cps
P3 5 460.8 mW
d. 5,000,000,000 cps SECTION 16-6 CAPACITOR
PT 5 1.44 W
SECTION 15-7 PERIOD CODING
SECTION 15-12 NONSINUSOIDAL
21. a. T 5 500 !s AC WAVEFORMS 9. a. C 5 0.0033 !F;
b. T 5 250 !s 41. a. V 5 100 V peak-to-peak
180%, 220%
c. T 5 5 !s b. C 5 0.022 !F;
f 5 20 kHz
d. T 5 0.5 !s b. V 5 30 V peak-to-peak
1100%, 20%
23. a. f 5 200 Hz c. C 5 1800 pF; 610%
f 5 500 Hz
b. f 5 100 kHz d. C 5 0.0047 !F;
c. V 5 100 V peak-to-peak
c. f 5 2 MHz f 5 2.5 kHz
180%, 220%
d. f 5 30 kHz e. C 5 100,000 pF; 65%
SECTION 15-13 HARMONIC
SECTION 15-8 WAVELENGTH f. C 5 0.15 !F; 620%
FREQUENCIES
11. a. C 5 56 pF
25. a. 186,000 mi/s 43. 1 kHz First odd harmonic b. C 5 12,000 pF
b. 3 3 1010 cm/s 2 kHz First even harmonic c. C 5 560,000 pF
c. 3 3 108 m/s 3 kHz Second odd harmonic d. C 5 22 pF
27. a. 8000 cm 4 kHz Second even harmonic 13. a. C 5 0.47 !F, 610%
b. 4000 cm 5 kHz Third odd harmonic b. C 5 6.2 !F, 65%
c. 2000 cm 6 kHz Third even harmonic c. C 5 15 !F, 610%
d. 1500 cm 7 kHz Fourth odd harmonic d. C 5 820 !F, 65%
29. 2 m 45. 750 Hz 15. See Instructor’s Manual.
31. a. f 5 1.875 MHz 47. 100 kHz
b. f 5 30 MHz SECTION 16-7 PARALLEL
SECTION 15-14 THE 60-Hz AC
c. f 5 17.65 MHz CAPACITANCES
POWER LINE
d. f 5 27.3 MHz
49. Transformer 17. CT 5 0.38 !F
SECTION 15-9 PHASE ANGLE 19. a. V 5 10 V
ANSWERS TO CRITICAL
33. A sine wave has its maximum THINKING PROBLEMS
b. Q1 5 1 mC
values at 908 and 2708 whereas a c. Q2 5 2.2 mC
51. a. 68.3 ft d. Q3 5 6.8 mC
cosine wave has its maximum
b. 2083 cm e. Q7 5 10 mC
values at 08 and 1808.
53. f 5 4.1 MHz f. Q9 5 1000 !F
SECTION 15-10 THE TIME FACTOR
IN FREQUENCY AND PHASE Chapter 16 SECTION 16-8 SERIES
35. a. t 5 83.3 !s CAPACITANCES
SECTION 16-3 THE FARAD UNIT
b. t 5 125 !s OF CAPACITANCE 21. CEQ 5 600 pF
c. t 5 166.7 !s
1. a. Q 5 50 !C 23. a. CEQ 5 5 !F
d. t 5 250 !s
b. Q 5 25 !C b. Q1 5 Q2 5 Q3 5 180 !C
SECTION 15-11 ALTERNATING c. VC1 5 18 V, VC2 5 6 V,
c. Q 5 1.5 !C
CURRENT CIRCUITS WITH VC3 5 12 V
d. Q 5 11 !C
RESISTANCE d. 180 !C
e. Q 5 136 nC
37. RT 5 250 V f. Q 5 141 nC 25. 600 pF

Odd-Numbered Problems and Critical Thinking Problems 1207

SECTION 16-9 ENERGY STORED 13. a. XC 5 20 kV ANSWERS TO CRITICAL
IN ELECTROSTATIC FIELD OF b. XC 5 5 kV THINKING PROBLEMS
CAPACITANCE c. XC 5 2.5 kV 35. XCT 5 625 V
27. a. % " 5.4 !J d. XC 5 l kV XC1 5 500 V
b. % 5 135 !J 15. a. C 5 0.05 !F XC2 5 500 V
c. % 5 3.375 mJ b. C 5 0.0125 !F C1 5 0.01 !F
c. C 5 0.004 !F C3 5 0.03 !F
SECTION 16-10 MEASURING d. C 5 1.592 nF VC1 5 20 V
AND TESTING CAPACITORS
SECTION 17-3 SERIES OR VC2 5 VC3 5 5 V
29. a. 47,000 pF PARALLEL CAPACITIVE I2 5 10 mA
b. 1,500 pF REACTANCES I3 5 30 mA
c. 0.39 !F
17. a. XCT 5 5 kV
d. 0.001 !F
b. XCT 5 3 kV
31. Yes
c. XCT 5 150 kV
Chapter 18
33. No
d. XCT 5 3 kV SECTION 18-1 SINE WAVE VC
SECTION 16-11 TROUBLES IN SECTION 17-4 OHM’S LAW LAGS iC BY 908
CAPACITORS APPLIED TO XC 1. a. 10 V
35. The ohmmeter needle will deflect 19. I 5 50 mA b. 10 mA
all the way to the right and then 21. a. XCT 5 2.4 kV c. 10 kHz
back off to infinity as the b. I 5 15 mA d. 908 (iC leads VC by 908)
capacitor charges. c. VC1 5 6 V, VC25 12 V and 3. a. See Instructor’s Manual.
ANSWERS TO CRITICAL
VC3 5 18 V b. See Instructor’s Manual.
THINKING PROBLEMS
23. C1 5 1.25 !F, C2 5 SECTION 18-2 XC AND R IN
0.625 !F, C3 5 0.417 !F, SERIES
37. See Instructor’s Manual. CEQ 5 0.208 !F
5. a. I and VR are in phase
25. a. XC1 5 400 V, XC2 5 320 V
b. VC lags I by 908
Chapter 17 and XC3 5 80 V
c. VC lags VR by 908
b. IC1 5 60 mA, IC2 5 75 mA
SECTION 17-1 ALTERNATING 7. See Instructor’s Manual.
and IC3 5 300 mA
9. a. VR 5 7.07 V
CURRENT IN A CAPACITIVE c. IT 5 435 mA
b. VC 5 7.07 V
CIRCUIT d. XCEQ 5 55.17 V
c. VT 5 10 V
1. a. I 5 0 A e. CT 5 1.45 !F
b. Vlamp 5 0 V SECTION 17-5 APPLICATIONS SECTION 18-3 IMPEDANCE Z
c. VC 5 12 V OF CAPACITIVE REACTANCE TRIANGLE
3. a. I 5 400 mA 27. C 5 3.183 !F 11. ZT 5 25 V
b. I 5 400 mA C 5 159 nF I 5 4A
c. I 5 400 mA C 5 6.37 nF VC 5 80 V
d. I 5 400 mA C 5 31.83 pF VR 5 60 V
e. I 5 0 A %Z 5 253.138
SECTION 17-6 SINE-WAVE
5. The amplitude of the applied 13. ZT 5 21.63 V
CHARGE AND DISCHARGE
voltage, the frequency of the I 5 2.31 A
CURRENT
applied voltage, and the amount VC 5 41.58 V
of capacitance. 29. a. iC 5 1 !A VR 5 27.72 V
b. iC 5 1mA %Z 5 256.318
SECTION 17-2 THE AMOUNT OF c. iC 5 500 mA 15. ZT 5 10.44 kV
1
XC EQUALS __ 31. For any capacitor, iC and VC are
2pfC I 5 2.3 mA
7. a. XC 5 265.26 V 908 out of phase with each other, VC 5 6.9 V
b. XC 5 132.63 V with iC reaching its maximum VR 5 23 V
c. XC 5 31.83 V value 908 ahead of VC. The reason %Z 5 216.78
d. XC 5 l5.92 V that iC leads VC by 908 is that the 17. XC 5 5 kV
9. a. f 5 33.86 Hz value of iC depends on the rate of ZT 5 6.34 kV
b. f 5 677.26 Hz voltage change across the I 5 5.68 mA
c. f 5 2.26 kHz capacitor plates rather than on the VR 5 22.15 V
d. f 5 67.73 kHz actual value of voltage itself. VC 5 28.4 V
11. f 5 776.37 kHz dv 5 2.5 MV/s
33. _ %Z 5 2528
dt

1208 Answers
 19. a. XC increases. IT 5 52 mA c. vL 5 5 V
b. ZT increases. ZEQ 5 461.54 V d. vL 5 100 V
c. I decreases. %I 5 67.388 SECTION 19-5 MUTUAL
d. VC increases. 37. a. IR stays the same. INDUCTANCE LM
e. VR decreases. b. IC decreases.
f. %Z increases (becomes more c. IT decreases. 15. k 5 0.75
negative). d. ZEQ increases. 17. LM 5 61.24 mH
e. %I decreases. SECTION 19-6 TRANSFORMERS
SECTION 18-4 RC PHASE-
SHIFTER CIRCUIT SECTION 18-6 RF AND AF 19. a. VS 5 24 VAC
COUPLING CAPACITORS b. IS 5 2 A
21. a. VR leads VT by 288.
39. f 5 33.86 kHz c. Psec 5 48 W
b. VC lags VT by 628.
%Z 5 25.718 d. Ppri 5 48 W
23. a. ZT 5 26.55 kV
e. IP 5 400 mA
I 5 4.52 mA SECTION 18-7 CAPACITIVE
VOLTAGE DIVIDERS
21. a. VS1 5 120 VAC
VC 5 119.9 V
b. VS2 5 24 VAC
VR 5 4.52 V 41. VC1 5 50 V c. IS1 5 50 mA
%Z 5 287.848 VC2 5 20 V d. IS2 5 1 A
b. VR leads VT by 87.848. VC3 5 10 V e. Psec1 5 6 W
c. VC lags VT by 2.168. SECTION 18-8 THE GENERAL f. Psec2 5 24 W
SECTION 18-5 XC AND R IN CASE OF CAPACITIVE CURRENT iC g. Ppri 5 30 W
PARALLEL 43. See Instructor’s Manual. h. IP 5 250 mA
25. a. 120 V N 3
ANSWERS TO CRITICAL 23 a. _P 5 _
b. 120 V NS 1
THINKING PROBLEMS
27. IR 5 3 A b. IS 5 2.5 A
45. IC 5 400 mA c. IP 5 833.3 mA
IC 5 4 A
IR 5 300 mA 25. % Efficiency 5 80%
IT 5 5 A
VA 5 36 V
ZEQ 5 24 V SECTION 19-7 TRANSFORMER
XC 5 90 V
%I 5 53.138 RATINGS
C 5 5.56 !F
29. IR 5 2 A 27. The power rating of a transformer
ZEQ 5 72 V
IC 5 4 A is specified in volt-amperes (VA),
IT 5 4.47 A which is the unit of apparent
ZEQ 5 22.37 V Chapter 19
power.
%I 5 63.48 29. To identify those transformer
SECTION 19-1 INDUCTION BY
31. IR 5 200 mA ALTERNATING CURRENT leads with the same instantaneous
IC 5 200 mA polarity
IT 5 282.8 mA 1. A small current change of 1 to
2 mA 31. a. Vsec1 5 32 VAC
ZEQ 5 63.65 V b. Vsec2 5 60 VAC
%I 5 458 3. A high-frequency alternating
current c. IS1(max) 5 1.875 A
33. a. IR 5 1 A d. IS2(max) 5 1.67 A
IC 5 1 A SECTION 19-2 SELF-
e. IP(max) 5 1.33 A
IT 5 1.414 A INDUCTANCE L
33. IP 5 210 mA
ZEQ 5 35.36 V 5. a. L 5 10 H
%I 5 458 b. L 5 1.5 mH SECTION 19-8 IMPEDANCE
b. IR 5 2 A c. L 5 1.5 H TRANSFORMATION
IC 5 200 mA d. L 5 6 mH 35. a. ZP 5 200 V
IT 5 2.01 A e. L 5 3 mH b. ZP 5 12.5 V
ZEQ 5 9.95 V f. L 5 375 !H c. ZP 5 6.25 kV
%I 5 5.78 g. L 5 15 H d. ZP 5 5 kV
c. IR 5 200 mA 7. L 5 50 mH e. ZP 5 5 V
IC 5 2 A 9. L 5 2.53 !H N
37. _P 5 11.18:1
IT 5 2.01 A NS
SECTION 19-3 SELF-INDUCED
ZEQ 5 9.95 V
VOLTAGE, vL SECTION 19-12 INDUCTANCES
%I 5 84.38
11. vL 5 500 V IN SERIES OR PARALLEL
35. XC 5 500 V
IR 5 20 mA 13. a. vL 5 10 V 39. a. LT 5 20 mH
IC 5 48 mA b. vL 5 20 V b. LT 5 18 mH

Odd-Numbered Problems and Critical Thinking Problems 1209

 c. LT 5 1 mH SECTION 20-3 SERIES OR Chapter 21
d. LT 5 10 mH PARALLEL INDUCTIVE
41. LT 5 660 mH REACTANCES SECTION 21-1 SINE WAVE iL
43. a. LT 5 82.63 mH 19. a. XLEQ 5 720 V LAGS vL BY 908
b. LT 5 37.37 mH b. XLEQ 5 600 V 1. a. 10 V
c. XLEQ 5 150 V b. 10 mA
SECTION 19-13 ENERGY
d. XLEQ 5 133.3 V c. 10 kHz
IN MAGNETIC FIELD OF
d. 908
INDUCTANCE
SECTION 20-4 OHM’S LAW 3. a. See Instructor’s Manual.
45. Energy 5 243 !J APPLIED TO XL b. See Instructor’s Manual.
47. Energy 5 675 mJ
21. a. I increases. SECTION 21-2 XL AND R IN
ANSWERS TO CRITICAL b. I decreases. SERIES
THINKING PROBLEMS 23. L1 5 10 mH, L2 5 12 mH, 5. a. 08
49. ZP 5 36.36 V L3 5 18 mH, and LT 5 40 mH b. 908
51. IP 5 312.5 mA 25. a. IL1 5 600 mA, c. 908
IL2 5 200 mA, 7. See Instructor’s Manual.
IL3 5 800 mA
Chapter 20 b. IT 5 1.6 A
9. a. VR 5 7.07 V
b. VL 5 7.07 V
SECTION 20-1 HOW XL c. XLEQ 5 75 V c. VT 5 10 V
REDUCES THE AMOUNT OF I 27. a. XL1 5 1.6 kV, SECTION 21-3 IMPEDANCE Z
XL2 5 6.4 kV and
1. XL 5 0 V at DC TRIANGLE
XL3 5 1.28 kV
3. IDC 5 2.5 A 11. ZT 5 125 V
b. IL1 5 20 mA,
5. a. Because with S1 in position 2 I 5 288 mA
IL2 5 5 mA,
the inductor has an inductive VL 5 21.6 V
IL3 5 25 mA
reactance, XL, in addition to VR 5 28.8 V
c. IT 5 50 mA
the DC resistance, ri, to limit %Z 5 36.878
d. XLEQ 5 640 V
the circuit’s current flow. 13. ZT 5 11.18 kV
e. LEQ 5 16 mH
With S1 in position 1 only the I 5 10.73 mA
DC resistance of the coil VL 5 107.3 V
limits current flow since there SECTION 20-6 WAVESHAPE VR 5 53.67 V
is no XL for direct current. OF VL INDUCED BY SINE-WAVE %Z 5 63.448
b. XL 5 4 kV CURRENT 15. ZT 5 42.43 V
29. VL leads iL by a phase angle of I 5 1.18 A
SECTION 20-2 XL 5 2#fL
908. This 908 phase relationship VL 5 35.35 V
7. a. XL 5 37.7 V exists because VL depends on VR 5 35.35 V
b. XL 5 75.4 V the rate of current change rather %Z 5 458
c. XL 5 1 kV than on the actual value of 17. XL 5 1.8 kV
d. XL 5 6.28 kV current itself. ZT 5 3.25 kV
9. a. L 5 500 mH I 5 30.77 mA
b. L 5 100 mH VR 5 83.1 V
c. L 5 31.83 mH ANSWERS TO CRITICAL
THINKING PROBLEMS VL 5 55.4 V
d. L 5 25 mH %Z 5 33.78
11. L 5 254.65 mH 31. L1 5 60 mH 19. a. XL decreases.
13. a. I 5 1 mA L2 5 40 mH b. ZT decreases.
b. I 5 4 mA L3 5 120 mH c. I increases.
c. I 5 1 mA LT 5 90 mH d. VR increases.
d. I 5 4 mA XL1 5 1.2 kV e. VL decreases.
15. a. XL 5 2.64 kV XL2 5 800 V f. %Z decreases.
b. XL 5 1.1 kV XLT 5 1.8 kV
VL1 5 24 V SECTION 21-4 XL AND R IN
c. XL 5 1 kV
VL3 5 12 V PARALLEL
d. XL 5 1 kV
17. a. f 5 1.99 kHz IL2 5 15 mA 21. a. 08
b. f 5 530.52 kHz IL3 5 5 mA b. IL lags VA by 908.
c. f 5 3.183 kHz 33. L1 5 10 mH, L2 5 120 mH, and c. IL lags IR by 908.
d. f 5 7.96 kHz L3 5 40 mH 23. See Instructor’s Manual.

1210 Answers
 25. IR 5 3 A 3. The resistor provides 2 V of SECTION 22-6 HIGH CURRENT
IL 5 2 A resistance to oppose current from PRODUCED BY SHORT-
IT 5 3.61 A the 12 V source but it does not CIRCUITING AN RC CIRCUIT
ZEQ 5 33.24 V provide any reaction to the closing 19. a. T 5 100 ms
%I 5 233.78 or opening of the switch, S1. b. T 5 250 !s
27. IR 5 4.8 mA L TIME 21. a. VC 5 0 V
IL 5 2 mA SECTION 22-2 _
R b. VR 5 3 V
IT 5 5.2 mA CONSTANT
c. I 5 30 mA
ZEQ 5 4.62 kV 5. a. T 5 200 !s 23. & 5 4.5 mJ
%I 5 222.628 b. 240 mA SECTION 22-8 LONG AND
29. ZEQ 5 192 V c. 0 mA SHORT TIME CONSTANTS
31. a. IR stays the same. d. Approximately 151.7 mA
b. IL decreases. e. 1 ms 25. a. Long
c. IT decreases. 7. a. Either increase L or decrease R b. Short
d. ZEQ increases. b. Either decrease L or increase R 27. a. The output is taken across
e. %I becomes less negative. the capacitor.
SECTION 22-3 HIGH VOLTAGE b. Long
SECTION 21-5 Q OF A COIL
PRODUCED BY OPENING AN RL SECTION 22-10 LONG TIME
33. a. Q 5 3.14 CIRCUIT CONSTANT FOR RC COUPLING
b. Q 5 6.28 CIRCUIT
9. Without a resistor across S1 there
c. Q 5 10
is no way to determine the time 29. a. T 5 1 ms
d. Q 5 62.83 tp
constant of the circuit with S1 b. _ 5_ 1
35. Re 5 94.25 V RC 10
open. This is because there is no
SECTION 21-6 AF AND RF c. See Instructor’s Manual.
way of knowing what the
CHOKES resistance of the open switch is. SECTION 22-11 ADVANCED
37. a. L 5 4.78 H We do know, however, that the TIME CONSTANT ANALYSIS
b. L 5 954.9 mH time constant will be very short 31. a. VC 5 0 V
c. L 5 11.94 mH with S1 open. This short time b. VC 5 151 V
d. L 5 2.39 mH constant will result in a very c. VC 5 189.6 V
39. a. Vout 5 9.95 Vp-p di value which in turn will
large _ d. VC 5 233.1 V
b. Vout 5 7.07 Vp-p dt e. VC 5 259.4 V
produce a very large induced
c. Vout 5 995 mVp-p voltage across the open contacts f. VC 5 275.4 V
SECTION 21-7 THE GENERAL of the switch. This will most g. VC 5 290.9 V
CASE OF INDUCTIVE likely produce internal arcing 33. a. t 5 356.7 ms
VOLTAGE across the open switch contacts. b. t 5 693.1 ms
c. t 5 1.1 s
41. See Instructor’s Manual.
SECTION 22-4 RC TIME d. t 5 1.61 s
ANSWERS TO CRITICAL CONSTANT e. t 5 2.3 s
THINKING PROBLEMS 35. T 5 7.5 ms
11. a. VC 5 31.6 V
43. IT 5 6 mA b. VC 5 50 V 37. a. VR 5 24 V
IR 5 3 mA c. VC 5 50 V b. VR 5 13.17 V
IL 5 5.2 mA 13. a. T 5 1s c. VR 5 6.33 V
XL 5 2.31 kV b. T 5 1.5 !s d. VR 5 3.25 V
R 5 4 kV c. T 5 89.1 !s e. VR 5 856.5 mV
L 5 36.77 mH d. T 5 200 ms SECTION 22-12 COMPARISON
15. a. 25 V OF REACTANCE AND TIME
b. VC 5 40.8 V CONSTANT
Chapter 22 c. VC 5 50 V 39. Reactance
SECTION 22-1 RESPONSE OF 41. Long
SECTION 22-5 RC CHARGE AND
RESISTANCE ALONE ANSWERS TO CRITICAL
DISCHARGE CURVES
1. The current, I, reaches its steady- THINKING PROBLEMS
17. a. 500 !A
state value immediately because 43. a. 3 ms
b. Zero
a resistor does not provide any b. VC 5 24.35 V
c. VR 5 18.4 V
reaction to a change in either c. VC 5 15 V
d. 184 !A
voltage or current. d. VC 5 27.54 V

Odd-Numbered Problems and Critical Thinking Problems 1211

Chapter 23 19. a. X 5 XL 5 600 V Chapter 24
b. ZT 5 750 V
SECTION 23-1 AC CIRCUITS c. I 5 20 mA SECTION 24-1 POSITIVE AND
WITH RESISTANCE BUT NO d. VR 5 9 V NEGATIVE NUMBERS
REACTANCE e. VL 5 36 V 1. a. 08
1. RT 5 30 V f. VC 5 24 V b. 1808
I 5 500 mA g. %Z 5 53.138
SECTION 24-2 THE j OPERATOR
V1 5 6 V SECTION 23-6 PARALLEL
3. The j axis
V2 5 9 V REACTANCE AND RESISTANCE
5. a. Real numbers
3. I1 5 3 A 21. a. IR 5 150 mA b. Imaginary numbers
I2 5 2 A b. IC 5 600 mA 7. a. 25 units with a leading phase
IT 5 5 A c. IL 5 400 mA angle of 1908
REQ 5 7.2 V d. IX 5 IC 5 200 mA b. 36 units with a lagging phase
SECTION 23-2 CIRCUITS WITH e. IT 5 250 mA angle of 2908
XL ALONE f. ZEQ 5 144 V SECTION 24-3 DEFINITION OF A
g. %I 5 53.138
5. XLT 5 250 V COMPLEX NUMBER
23. a. IR 5 120 mA
I 5 480 mA 9. Rectangular form
b. IC 5 80 mA
V1 5 48 V 11. a. The phase angle is greater
c. IL 5 120 mA
V2 5 72 V than 458.
d. IX 5 IL 5 40 mA
7. I1 5 1.2 A b. The phase angle is less
e. IT 5 126.5 mA
I2 5 300 mA than 458.
f. ZEQ 5 94.86 V
IT 5 1.5 A c. The phase angle is 2458.
g. %I 5 218.448
XLEQ 5 80 V d. The phase angle is more
SECTION 23-7 SERIES-
SECTION 23-3 CIRCUITS WITH negative than 2458.
PARALLEL REACTANCE AND
XC ALONE e. The phase angle is less
RESISTANCE
than 458.
9. XCT 5 900 V 25. a. ZT 5 50 V
I 5 20 mA SECTION 24-4 HOW COMPLEX
b. IT 5 2 A NUMBERS ARE APPLIED TO AC
V1 5 4.4 V c. VR1 5 60 V
V2 5 13.6 V CIRCUITS
d. VC1 5 24 V, VC2 5 240 V
11. I1 5 100 mA 13. 08
and VC3 5 96 V
I2 5 400 mA e. VL1 5 144 V and SECTION 24-5 IMPEDANCE IN
IT 5 500 mA VL2 5 40 V COMPLEX FORM
XCEQ 5 20 V f. %Z 5 253.138 15. a. 10 V 1 j20 V
SECTION 23-4 OPPOSITE SECTION 23-8 REAL POWER b. 15 V 1 j10 V
REACTANCES CANCEL c. 0 V 2 j1 kV
27. a. Real power 5 100 W
13. a. net X 5 XL 5 60 V d. 1.5 kV 2 j2 kV
Apparent power 5
b. I 5 400 mA e. 150 V 6 j0 V
125 VA
c. VL 5 72 V f. 75 V 2 j75 V
PF 5 0.8
d. VC 5 48 V b. Real power 5 180 mW SECTION 24-6 OPERATIONS
15. a. IL 5 300 mA Apparent power 5 WITH COMPLEX NUMBERS
b. IC 5 200 mA 300 mVA 17. a. 15 1 j15
c. IT 5 IL 5 100 mA PF 5 0.6 b. 40 2 j20
d. X 5 XL 5 180 V c. Real power 5 5.4 W c. 200 1 j150
SECTION 23-5 SERIES Apparent power 5 9 VA d. 90 2 j50
REACTANCE AND RESISTANCE PF 5 0.6 e. 36 2 j48
d. Real power 5 1.44 W 19. a. 272
17. a. X 5 XC 5 75 V
Apparent power 5 b. 60
b. ZT 5 125 V
1.52 VA c. 228
c. I 5 1A
PF 5 0.947 d. 224
d. VR 5 100 V
ANSWERS TO CRITICAL e. 2
e. VL 5 50 V
THINKING PROBLEMS f. 212.5
f. VC 5 125 V
g. 25
g. %Z 5 236.878 29. C 5 6.63 !F or 46.4 !F
h. 225

1212 Answers
 21. a. 1.19 2 j0.776 b. I2 5 2/236.878 A 5 SECTION 25-5 Q
b. 0.188 1 j0.188 1.6 A 2 j1.2 A MAGNIFICATION FACTOR OF A
c. 0.461 1 j0.194 c. IT 5 2.236/210.38 A 5 RESONANT CIRCUIT
d. 1 2 j0.5 2.2 A 2 j400 mA 21. a. fr 5 1 MHz
SECTION 24-8 POLAR FORM OF ANSWERS TO CRITICAL b. Q 5 100
COMPLEX NUMBERS THINKING PROBLEMS c. VL 5 VC 5 1 V
23. a. 14.14/458 23. Q 5 300
39. Vin 5 24 08 V
b. 12.81/251.348 25. a. fr 5 1.25 MHz
c. 21.63/56.38 b. XL 5 XC 5 785.4 V
d. 150.4/221.458 c. IL 5 IC 5 12.73 mA
25. a. 3/21258
Chapter 25 d. Q 5 100
b. 5/1508 e. ZEQ 5 78.54 kV
SECTION 25-1 THE RESONANCE
c. 4/08 f. IT 5 127.3 !A
EFFECT
d. 4.67/668 27. Q 5 191
1. The condition of equal and
e. 30/758 SECTION 25-6 BANDWIDTH OF
opposite reactances in an LC
f. 25/808 A RESONANT CIRCUIT
circuit. Resonance occurs at only
g. 12.5/508 29. a. Df 5 12.5 kHz
one particular frequency, known
SECTION 24-10 COMPLEX as the resonant frequency. b. f1 5 1.24375 MHz
NUMBERS IN SERIES AC 3. XL 5 XC 5 1 kV (exactly) and
CIRCUITS f2 5 1.25625 MHz (exactly)
SECTION 25-2 SERIES c. ZEQ 5 78.54 kV at fr, ZEQ
27. a. ZT 5 30 V 1 j40 V
RESONANCE at f1 and f2 5 55.53 kV
b. ZT 5 50/53.138 V
c. I 5 2/253.138 A 5. a. X 5 0 V 31. a. fr 5 3 MHz
d. VR 5 60/253.138 V b. ZT 5 40 V b. XL 5 XC 5 942.5 V
e. VL 5 140/36.878 V c. I 5 25 !A c. ZT 5 18.85 V
f. VC 5 60/2143.138 V d. % 5 08 d. I 5 2.65 !A
SECTION 24-11 COMPLEX e. VL 5 50 mV e. Q 5 50
NUMBERS IN PARALLEL AC f. VC 5 50 mV f. VL 5 VC 5 2.5 mV
CIRCUITS g. Vrs 5 1 mV g. % 5 08
7. Because at fr the total impedance, h. Df 5 60 kHz,
29. ZT 5 33.3/33.698 V (polar
ZT is purely resistive. f1 5 2.97 MHz and
form)
f2 5 3.03 MHz
ZT 5 27.7 V 1 j18.47 V SECTION 25-3 PARALLEL
i. I 5 1.87 !A
(rectangular form) RESONANCE
33. At f1 I is approximately 70.7% of
31. YT 5 20 mS 1 j6.67 mS 9. a. ZEQ is maximum. I at fr. This is because at f1, ZT is
(rectangular form) b. IT is minimum. approximately 1.41 times the
YT 5 21.08/18.448 mS (polar c. % 5 08 value of ZT at fr.
form) 11. The resistance, rs 35. At f1 and f2 ZEQ 5 138.8 kV and
ZT 5 47.44/218.448 V (polar
SECTION 25-4 RESONANT IT is 14.41 !A.
form) 1 ____
33. a. See Instructor’s Manual. FREQUENCY fr 5 __ SECTION 25-7 TUNING
2#ÏLC
b. See Instructor’s Manual. 13. a. fr 5 2.5 MHz 37. No, because as C is varied to
SECTION 24-12 COMBINING b. fr 5 400 kHz provide different resonant
TWO COMPLEX BRANCH c. fr 5 3 MHz frequencies the Q of the circuit
IMPEDANCES d. fr 5 5 MHz varies. Recall that VC 5 Q 3 Vin
15. C 5 70.17 pF at fr. (This assumes that Vin
35. a. Z1 5 30 V 2 j40 V 5
17. a. fr 5 5 MHz remains the same for all
50/253.138 V
b. XL 5 XC 5 628.3 V frequencies.)
b. Z2 5 20 V 1 j15 V 5
25/36.878 V c. ZT 5 rs 5 12.56 V SECTION 25-8 MISTUNING
c. ZT 5 22 V 1 j4 V 5 d. I 5 796.2 !A 39. a. The circuit appears inductive
22.4/10.38 V e. VL 5 VC 5 500 mV with a lagging phase angle
SECTION 24-13 COMBINING
f. %Z 5 08 because IL . IC.
COMPLEX BRANCH CURRENTS
19. With C set to 360 pF, b. The circuit appears
fr 5 1.875 MHz. To double capacitive with a leading
37. a. I1 5 1/53.138 A 5 fr C must be reduced to 90 pF.
600 mA 1 j800 mA phase angle because IC . IL.

Odd-Numbered Problems and Critical Thinking Problems 1213

SECTION 25-9 ANALYSIS OF SECTION 26-3 TRANSFORMER SECTION 26-9 ANALYZING
PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUITS COUPLING FILTER CIRCUITS
41. At fr, Q 5 125 which is 7. See Instructor’s Manual. 25. a. Low-pass
considered a high Q. SECTION 26-4 CAPACITIVE b. High-pass
43. IL 5 1.24 mA and IC 5 1.27 mA. COUPLING c. Low-pass
IL is less than IC at fr because the d. High-pass
9. a. 159.2 V
impedance of the inductive 27. a. Vout 5 49.99 mV and
b. 15 V
branch is greater than XC or XL % 5 20.878
c. 15 V
alone. b. Vout 5 49.9 mV and
d. 0 V
45. ZEQ is maximum below fr because % 5 23.488
e. 10 Vp-p
this will cause XC to increase and c. Vout 5 47.84 mV and
f. 0 Vp-p
the impedance of the inductive % 5 216.918
g. 10 Vp-p
branch to decrease. At some d. Vout 5 35.35 mV and
h. 3.53 V
frequency below fr the impedance % 5 2458
11. a. CC charges
of the inductive branch will equal e. Vout 5 15.63 mV and
b. CC discharges
XC and ZEQ will be maximum. % 5 271.798
13. f 5 1.59 kHz
SECTION 25-10 DAMPING OF f. Vout 5 8.12 mV and
SECTION 26-5 BYPASS % 5 280.668
PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUITS
CAPACITORS g. Vout 5 1.64 mV and
47. a. Q 5 114
15. a. XC1 5 159.2 V % 5 288.128
b. Df 5 8.77 kHz
b. 20 V 29. a. Vout 5 99.98 mV and
49. RP 5 196.4 kV
c. 8 V % 5 21.088
ANSWERS TO CRITICAL d. 12 V b. Vout 5 99.56 mV and
THINKING PROBLEMS e. 12 V % 5 25.388
51. Q 5 2#fr Lyrs f. 15 Vp-p c. Vout 5 93.57 mV and
Qrs 5 2#fr L ___ g. 0 Vp-p % 5 220.668
Qrs 5 2#L 3 ___1y2# ÏLC h. 15 Vp-p d. Vout 5 70.71 mV and
Qrs 5 Ly ÏLC 17. C 5 6.37 !F % 5 2458
Q2r 2s 5 L2yLC SECTION 26-6 FILTER CIRCUITS e. Vout 5 33.34 mV and
Q2r 2s 5 LyC % 5 270.58
19. a. Low-pass
X 2L f. Vout 5 17.41 mV and
_ 3 r 2s 5 LyC b. High-pass
r 2s % 5 2808
SECTION 26-7 LOW-PASS FILTERS g. Vout 5 5.3 mV and
X 2L 5 LyC ____
XL 5 ÏLyC 21. a. The term passband refers to % 5 2878
frequencies below the cutoff 31. 0.707
Chapter 26 frequency of a low-pass 33. a. 08
filter. Signal frequencies in b. 2908
SECTION 26-1 EXAMPLES the passband are allowed to 35. Bandpass filter
OF FILTERING pass from the input to the 37. a. fC1 5 1.06 kHz
1. a. A low-pass filter allows the output of the filter with little b. fC2 5 10.26 kHz
lower frequency signals to or no attenuation. c. BW 5 9.2 kHz
pass from its input to its b. The term stopband refers to 39. fN 5 4.42 kHz
output with little or no frequencies above the cutoff SECTION 26-10 DECIBELS AND
attenuation while at the same frequency of a low-pass FREQUENCY RESPONSE CURVES
time severely attenuating or filter. Signal frequencies in
41. a. NdB 5 23 dB
eliminating the higher the stopband are severely
b. NdB 5 210 dB
frequency signals. attenuated as they pass
c. NdB 5 260 dB
b. A high-pass filter does just the through the filter from input
d. NdB 5 220 dB
opposite of a low-pass filter. to output.
43. a. NdB 5 230.6 dB
SECTION 26-2 DIRECT CURRENT SECTION 26-8 HIGH-PASS b. NdB 5 216.72 dB
COMBINED WITH ALTERNATING FILTERS c. NdB 5 210.97 dB
CURRENT 23. Yes, except that for a high-pass d. NdB 5 23 dB
3. a. 10 VDC filter the passband is above the e. NdB 5 20.491 dB
b. 5 mA cutoff frequency and the stopband f. NdB 5 0 dB
5. See Instructor’s Manual. is below the cutoff frequency. g. NdB 5 0 dB

1214 Answers
SECTION 26-11 RESONANT
FILTERS
45. The circuit Q
SECTION 26-12 INTERFERENCE
FILTERS
47. A low-pass filter with a cutoff
frequency around 30 MHz
ANSWERS TO CRITICAL
THINKING PROBLEMS
49. a. fc 5 965 Hz
b. Vout 5 3.535 Vp-p
c. Vout 5 68.2 mVp-p
51. L 5 191 !H
C 5 132.63 pF
Chapter 27
SECTION 27-1
SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS
1. Four
3. a. A pure semiconductor that
has only one type of atom.
b. A semiconductor that has
been doped with impurity
atoms, which means that
other atoms have been
mixed in.
5. a. A pentavalent impurity atom
(one with 5 valence
electrons).
b. A trivalent impurity atom (one
with 3 valence electrons).
SECTION 27-2 THE p-n
JUNCTION DIODE
7. Because it only allows current to
flow through it in one direction.
9. a. Approximately 0.3 V
b. Approximately 0.7 V
11. a. The anode or p-side of the
diode must be positive with
respect to the cathode.
b. The anode or p-side of the
diode must be negative with
respect to the cathode.
13. An open switch
SECTION 27-3 VOLT-AMPERE
CHARACTERISTIC CURVE
15. The forward voltage at which the
diode current increases sharply.
For silicon diodes, the diode
current starts to increase sharply at
a forward voltage of about 0.6 V
and for germanium at about 0.3 V.
17. The breakdown voltage, VBR, is d. IL 5 175.4 mA
the reverse-bias voltage at which e. Idiode 5 175.4 mA
the reverse current, IR, increases f. PIV 5 28.28 V
sharply. g. fout 5 60 Hz
19. a. RF 5 10 kV 39. A full-wave rectifier
b. RF 5 1.1 kV 41. a. Vout(pk) 5 33.24 V
c. RF 5 600 V b. VDC 5 21.14 V
d. RF 5 125 V c. IL 5 422.8 mA
e. RF 5 43.3 V d. Idiode 5 211.4 mA
f. RF 5 17 V e. PIV 5 67.17 V
g. RF 5 10 V f. fout 5 120 Hz
21. a. The meter should read a 43. a. Vout(pk) 5 26.88 V
high resistance for one b. VDC 5 17.1 V
polarity of the meter leads c. IL 5 85.5 mA
and a low resistance for the d. Idiode 5 42.75 mA
opposite polarity. For a e. PIV 5 27.58 V
R f. fout 5 120 Hz
silicon diode the ratio _R
RF 45. a. Vripple 5 3.88 Vp-p
1000 . b. VDC 5 25.64 V
should be at least _
1 c. IL 5 512.8 mA
b. A low resistance for both
d. PIV 5 55.86 V
polarities of the meter leads
47. a. Vripple 5 1.6 V
c. A high or infinite resistance
b. VDC 5 26.08 V
for both polarities of the
c. IL 5 130.4 mA
meter leads
d. PIV 5 27.58 V
23. No, because most DMMs do not
provide enough voltage and SECTION 27-7 SPECIAL DIODES
current on the resistance ranges 49. RS 5 650 V
to properly forward-bias a diode. 51. a. IS 5 50 mA
SECTION 27-4 DIODE b. IL 5 30 mA
APPROXIMATIONS c. IZ 5 20 mA
53. IZ 5 76 mA
25. a. The second approximation
b. The first approximation
c. The third approximation Chapter 28
27. The first approximation.
29. a. IL 5 200 mA and SECTION 28-1 TRANSISTOR
VL 5 6 V CONSTRUCTION
b. IL 5 176.7 mA and 1. a. The emitter (E) is the most
VL 5 5.3 V heavily doped region in a
c. IL 5 165.6 mA and transistor. Its job is to inject
VL 5 4.97 V an abundance of current
31. a. IL 5 80 mA and carriers (either free electrons
VL 5 120 V or holes) into the base region.
b. IL 5 79.53 mA and b. The base (B) is a very thin
VL 5 119.3 V and lightly doped region. It
c. IL 5 79.38 mA and is sandwiched between the
VL 5 119.1 V larger emitter and collector
SECTION 27-5 DIODE RATINGS regions. Most of the current
carriers injected into the
33. The breakdown voltage rating,
base from the emitter
VBR
flow on through to the
35. RR 5 20 GV
collector.
SECTION 27-6 RECTIFIER CIRCUITS c. The collector (C) is
37. a. VS 5 20 V moderately doped and is the
b. Vout(pk) 5 27.58 V largest region in a transistor
c. VDC 5 8.77 V since it must dissipate the

Odd-Numbered Problems and Critical Thinking Problems 1215

 bulk of the heat. The main SECTION 28-5 CHECKING A 5. a. VC 5 10.2 V
job of the collector is to TRANSISTOR WITH AN b. VC 5 9 V
attract current carriers from OHMMETER c. VC 5 7.8 V
the base region. 25. a. A high resistance for one 7. a. 10 mVp-p
3. a. Holes are the majority current polarity of the meter leads b. 0 Vp-p
carriers and electrons are the and a low resistance for the c. 2.4 Vp-p
minority current carriers. opposite polarity 9. a. AV 5 250
b. Electrons are the majority b. A low resistance for both b. AV 5 20
current carriers and holes are polarities of the meter leads c. AV 5 50
the minority current carriers. c. A high or infinite resistance SECTION 29-3 AC EQUIVALENT
c. Holes are the majority for both polarities of the CIRCUIT OF A CE AMPLIFIER
current carriers and electrons meter leads 11. Cin, CE, and VCC
are the minority current 27. Because the ohmmeter ranges of 13. See Instructor’s Manual.
carriers. a typical DMM do not supply
5. a. Outward enough voltage and current to SECTION 29-4 CALCULATING
b. Inward forward-bias the PN junction THE VOLTAGE GAIN, AV, OF A CE
being tested. AMPLIFIER
SECTION 28-2 PROPER
TRANSISTOR BIASING 15. a. AV 5 120, Vout 5 1.2 Vp-p
SECTION 28-6 TRANSISTOR
b. AV 5 300, Vout 5 3 Vp-p
7. Because the only current that BIASING TECHNIQUES
c. AV 5 480, Vout 5 4.8 Vp-p
flows out of the base lead is a 29. a. IB 5 51.4 !A 17. a. VB 5 2.02 V
result of free electrons and holes b. IC 5 5.14 mA b. VE 5 1.32 V
recombining in the base region. c. VCE 5 5.83 V c. IE 5 6 mA
9. a. IC 5 0.995 mA d. IC(sat) 5 10 mA d. VC 5 13.2 V
b. IE 5 2.3 mA e. VCE(off) 5 12 V e. VCE 5 11.88 V
c. IB 5 500 !A 31. IB 5 51.4 !A 19. AV 5 432 and Vout 5 10.8 Vp-p
d. IC 5 2.67 A IC 5 7.71 mA
e. IB 5 100 !A SECTION 29-5 CALCULATING
VCE 5 2.75 V
f. IE 5 20.34 mA THE INPUT AND OUTPUT
33. a. IB 5 34.3 !A
11. a. 'DC 5 199 IMPEDANCES IN A CE AMPLIFIER
b. IC 5 6.86 mA
b. 'DC 5 45 c. VCE 5 17.14 V 21. a. Zin(base) 5 500 V
c. 'DC 5 80 d. IC(sat) 5 24 mA b. Zin 5 357 V
d. 'DC 5 89 e. VCE(off) 5 24 V 23. a. Zin(base) 5 36.5 kV
e. 'DC 5 36.5 35. Voltage-divider bias b. Zin 5 1.21 kV
f. 'DC 5 225 37. See Instructor’s Manual. 25. a. Zin(base) 5 15.6 kV
13. a. IB 5 200 !A 39. a. VB 5 24.89 V b. Zin 5 2.53 kV
b. IB 5 100 !A b. VE 5 24.19 V c. Zout 5 1.8 kV
c. IB 5 50 !A c. IC 5 4.19 mA SECTION 29-6 THE COMMON-
d. IB 5 40 !A d. VC 5 13.71 V COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER
15. a. 'DC 5 79 e. VCE 5 9.52 V
b. 'DC 5 249 27. a. VB 5 6.67 V
f. IC(sat) 5 8 mA
c. 'DC 5 399 b. VE 5 5.97 V
g. VCE(off) 5 220 V
c. IE 5 11.94 mA
SECTION 28-3 TRANSISTOR 41. IE 5 5.3 mA and VC 5 6.7 V
d. VC 5 12 V
OPERATING REGIONS e. VCE 5 6.03 V
17. The active region Chapter 29 f. IC(sat) 5 24 mA
19. No, IC is controlled by other g. VCE(off) 5 12 V
external parameters besides IB. SECTION 29-1 AC RESISTANCE
OF A DIODE SECTION 29-7 AC ANALYSIS OF
21. Infinity AN EMITTER FOLLOWER
1. a. rAC 5 17.5 V
SECTION 28-4 TRANSISTOR 29. a. r9e 5 2.1 V
b. rAC 5 9.8 V
RATINGS b. rL 5 375 V
c. rAC 5 4.72 V
23. a. Pd 5 1.2 W d. rAC 5 1.75 V c. AV 5 0.994
b. Pd 5 900 mW d. Vout 5 4.97 Vp-p
c. Pd 5 600 mW SECTION 29-2 SMALL SIGNAL e. Zin(base) 5 56.6 kV
d. Pd 5 300 mW AMPLIFIER OPERATION f. Zin 5 659 V
e. Pd 5 0 W 3. A common-emitter amplifier g. Zout 5 2.1 V

1216 Answers
 31. 08 (Vout and Vin are in-phase) e. ID 5 800 !A 45. a. RD 5 200 V
SECTION 29-8 EMITTER f. ID 5 0 mA b. RD 5 800 V
FOLLOWER APPLICATIONS SECTION 30-2 JFET BIASING c. RD 5 1.4 kV
TECHNIQUES d. RD 5 2.6 kV
33. a. VB(Q1) 5 2.7 V
b. VE(Q1) 5 2 V 15. a. VG 5 0 V SECTION 30-6 HANDLING
c. IE(Q1) 5 2 mA b. VS 5 2.15 V MOSFETs
d. VC(Q1) 5 11.4 V c. VGS 5 22.15 V
47. They lower the input impedance.
e. VB(Q2) 5 11.4 V d. VD 5 10.91 V
f. VE(Q2) 5 10.7 V 17. a. VG 5 0 V
g. IE(Q2) 5 10.7 mA b. VS 5 0.75 V
h. VC(Q2) 5 18 V c. VGS 5 20.75 V
Chapter 31
35. Vout 5 279 mVpp. Notice how d. VD 5 6 V SECTION 31-1 CLASSES OF
much less the output voltage is 19. ID 5 2.41 mA and ID 5 8.67 V OPERATION
without the emitter follower SECTION 30-3 JFET AMPLIFIERS 1. a. 3608
buffering the low impedance load
DID b. 1808
from the collector of Q1. 21. gm 5 _ (V constant)
DVGS DS c. 1208 or less
SECTION 29-9 COMMON-BASE The unit is the Siemen (S). 3. Low distortion and low power
AMPLIFIER 23. a. gm 5 8 mS efficiency
37. a. VE 5 20.7 V b. gm 5 6.67 mS 5. It only conducts during the
b. IE 5 5.3 mA c. gm 5 5.33 mS positive or negative alternation
c. VCB 5 7.05 V d. gm 5 4 mS of the AC input voltage but
e. gm 5 2.67 mS not both.
SECTION 29-10 AC ANALYSIS
OF A COMMON-BASE f. gm 5 1.33 mS 7. Tuned rf amplifiers
AMPLIFIER 25. a. Zin 5 1.5 MV
b. rL 5 3.87 kV SECTION 31-2 CLASS A
39. 08 (Vin and Vout are in phase) c. gmo 5 5 mS AMPLIFIERS
d. gm 5 2.31 mS 9. a. IB 5 70.6 !A
e. AV 5 8.94 b. ICQ 5 10.6 mA
Chapter 30 f. Vout 5 2.68 Vp-p c. VCEQ 5 8.1 V
27. a. VG 5 0 V d. VCE(off) 5 24 V
SECTION 30-1 JFETs AND THEIR b. VGS 5 21 V e. IC(sat) 5 16 mA
CHARACTERISTICS c. ID 5 5.56 mA 11. See Instructor’s Manual.
1. In the channel d. VD 5 15 V 13. a. VB 5 4 V
3. The source current, IS, and the 29. a. gmo 5 5 mS b. VE 5 3.3 V
drain current, ID b. gm 5 2.31 mS c. ICQ 5 10 mA
5. a. VGS is made positive. c. rL 5 2.48 kV d. VCEQ 5 8.7 V
b. VDS is made negative. d. Zin 5 302 V e. Pd 5 87 mW
7. VP is the drain-source voltage at e. AV 5 5.73 f. VCE(off) 5 24 V
which the drain current, ID, levels f. Vout 5 573 mVp-p g. IC(sat) 5 15.7 mA
off when VGS 5 0 V. SECTION 30-4 MOSFETs AND 15. See Instructor’s Manual.
9. The pinchoff voltage decreases by THEIR CHARACTERISTICS 17. a. Vout 5 7.95 Vp-p
the same amount that VGS increases. b. PL 5 5.27 mW
31. Insulated gate field effect
11. a. ID 5 15 mA c. PCC 5 254 mW
transistor (IGFET)
b. ID 5 11.5 mA d. % Efficiency 5 2.08%
33. No
c. ID 5 8.44 mA
35. Zero SECTION 31-3 CLASS B PUSH-
d. ID 5 5.86 mA
e. ID 5 3.75 mA SECTION 30-5 MOSFET BIASING PULL AMPLIFIERS
f. ID 5 2.11 mA TECHNIQUES 19. a. Q1
g. ID 5 938 !A 37. Zero-bias b. Q2
h. ID 5 234 !A 39. ID 5 15 mA 21. See Instructor’s Manual.
i. ID 5 0 mA 41. a. VDS 5 29 V 23. a. Charging
13. a. ID 5 20 mA b. VDS 5 23.7 V b. Discharging
b. ID 5 12.8 mA c. VDS 5 3 V 25. iC(sat) 5 900 mA
c. ID 5 7.2 mA 43. Zero-bias, self-bias, and current- vce(off) 5 9 V
d. ID 5 3.2 mA source bias 27. Pd(max) 5 2.03 W

Odd-Numbered Problems and Critical Thinking Problems 1217

29. a. ICQ 5 6.23 mA SECTION 32-3 TRIACs 17. a. fmax 5 159.2 kHz
b. VBQ1 5 0.7 V 17. Anode 2 (A2), Anode 1 (A1), and b. fmax 5 79.58 kHz
c. VBQ2 5 20.7 V the gate (G). c. fmax 5 39.79 kHz
d. VEQ1 and VEQ2 5 0 V 19. By increasing the gate current d. fmax 5 15.92 kHz
e. VCEQ1 and VCEQ2 5 25 V 21. By reducing the anode current 19. CMRR(dB) 5 90 dB
f. PdQ 5 156 mW below the holding current, IH SECTION 33-3 OP-AMP
31. 0 V 23. To provide symmetrical CIRCUITS WITH NEGATIVE
triggering of the triac FEEDBACK
SECTION 31-4 CLASS C
25. In both directions 21. 1808
AMPLIFIERS
23. Since it has the same potential as
33. VB 5 21.8 V SECTION 32-4 UNIJUNCTION
ground yet it can sink no current.
VC 5 12 V TRANSISTORS
25. fmax 5 12.73 kHz
vC 5 24 Vp-p 27. VE must reach 11.2 V 27. Noninverting amplifier
35. At or near the positive peak 29. f 5 6.56 kHz 29. 0 V
37. 5 MHz 31. a. A pulsating DC voltage 31. ACL 5 25
b. To provide a relatively stable Vout 5 25 Vp-p
Chapter 32 voltage for the UJT circuit Zin 5 8 GV
c. The conduction angle Zout(CL) 5 18.75 mV
SECTION 32-1 DIACs decreases 33. Voltage follower
1. Power control circuits 35. a. fCL 5 80 kHz
3. When the voltage across the diac Chapter 33 b. fCL 5 40 kHz
(irregardless of polarity) reaches c. fCL 5 1 MHz
or exceeds the breakover SECTION 33-1 DIFFERENTIAL
37. a. ACL 5 215
voltage, 6VBO AMPLIFIERS
b. Vout 5 3 Vp-p
1. a. IT 5 565 !A
SECTION 32-2 SCRs AND THEIR SECTION 33-4 POPULAR
b. IE 5 282.5 !A
CHARACTERISTICS OP-AMP CIRCUITS
c. VC 5 6.35 V
5. Even though an SCR is forward- 3. a. The base of Q2 39. a. Vout 5 212.5 V
biased, it will not conduct until b. The base of Q1 b. Vout 5 2.5 V
the forward breakover voltage is 5. a. IT 5 115.3 !A c. Vout 5 10 V
reached. b. IE 5 57.7 !A d. Vout 5 3.75 V
7. It increases sharply. c. VC 5 9.35 V 41. Vout 5 26.25 V
9. By reducing the anode current 43. fC 5 1.45 kHz
below the level of holding SECTION 33-2 OPERATIONAL 45. An active high-pass filter
current, IH AMPLIFIERS AND THEIR 47. A voltage to current converter
11. No! Once an SCR fires, the gate CHARACTERISTICS 49. A current to voltage converter
loses all control! 7. A differential amplifier 51. a. Any voltage that is even
13. It gets brighter. 9. Direct coupling. The advantage slightly positive.
15. To ensure that the negative of direct coupling is that a DC b. Any voltage that is even
alternation of voltage cannot input can also be amplified. slightly negative.
apply excessive reverse-bias 11. Vid 5 6100 !V 53. A precision half-wave rectifier
voltage to the SCRs gate-cathode 13. fOL 5 10 Hz 55. 2200 mV
junction 15. 1 MHz, funity

1218 Answers