Pankaj Barupal

2021UME1435
Q5. Calculate the Sigma Level and DPMO of a telecom network had 500 minutes of down me in
2005. Also Calculate using R.

Code:
defect_count <- 500 total_units <- 525600 opportunity_count <- 1

calculate_dpu <- func on(defect_count, total_units) { if (defect_count <= 0) {

stop("Defect count must be greater than 0.") } return(defect_count /

total_units)} calculate_dpo <- func on(defect_count, total_units,

opportunity_count) { if (defect_count <= 0) { stop("Defect count must be

greater than 0.")} return(defect_count / (total_units * opportunity_count))}

calculate_dpmo <- func on(defect_count, opportunity_count, total_units) {

dpo <- calculate_dpo(defect_count, total_units, opportunity_count) return(dpo

* 1000000)} calculate_yield <- func on(defect_count, total_units) { if

(defect_count <= 0) { stop("Defect count must be greater than 0.") }

return(1 - (defect_count / total_units))} dpu_result <-

calculate_dpu(defect_count, total_units) dpo_result <-

calculate_dpo(defect_count, total_units, opportunity_count) dpmo_result <-

calculate_dpmo(defect_count, opportunity_count, total_units) yield_result <-

calculate_yield(defect_count, total_units) cat("Yield:", yield_result, "\n")

cat("Defects Per Unit (DPU):", dpu_result, "\n") cat("Defects Per Opportunity

(DPO):", dpo_result, "\n") cat("Defects Per Million Opportuni es (DPMO):",

dpmo_result, "\n") defect_rate <- 1 - yield_result

z_score <- qnorm(defect_rate) sigma_level <- abs(z_score)

+ 1.5 cat("Sigma Level for a yield of", yield, ": ",

sigma_level, "\n")

OUTPUT:
cat("Yield:", yield_result, "\n")
Yield: 0.9990487
> defect_rate <- 1 - yield_result
> z_score <- qnorm(defect_rate)
> sigma_level <- abs(z_score) + 1.5
>
> cat("Defects Per Unit (DPU):", dpu_result, "\n")
Defects Per Unit (DPU): 0.0009512938
> cat("Defects Per Opportunity (DPO):", dpo_result, "\n")
Defects Per Opportunity (DPO): 0.0009512938
> cat("Defects Per Million Opportunities (DPMO):", dpmo_result, "\n")
Defects Per Million Opportunities (DPMO): 951.2938
> cat("Sigma Level for a yield of", yield, ": ", sigma_level, "\n") Sigma Level for a yield of 0.9995 :
4.605032

Q6. A manufacturer of computer hard drives wants to measure their Six Sigma level. Over a
given period of me, the manufacturer creates 83,934 hard drives. The manufacturer performs 8
individual checks to test quality of the drives During tes ng 3,432 are rejected. Also Calculate
using R.

Code:
defect_count <- 3432 total_units <- 83934

opportunity_count <- 8 calculate_dpu <- func

on(defect_count, total_units) {

if (defect_count <= 0) { stop("Defect count must be greater than 0.") }

return(defect_count / total_units)} calculate_dpo <- func on(defect_count,

total_units, opportunity_count) { if (defect_count <= 0) { stop("Defect

count must be greater than 0.")} return(defect_count / (total_units *

opportunity_count))} calculate_dpmo <- func on(defect_count,

opportunity_count, total_units) { dpo <- calculate_dpo(defect_count,

total_units, opportunity_count) return(dpo * 1000000)} calculate_yield

<- func on(defect_count, total_units, opportunity_count) { dpo <-

calculate_dpo(defect_count, total_units, opportunity_count) return(1 -

dpo)} dpu_result <- calculate_dpu(defect_count, total_units) dpo_result

<- calculate_dpo(defect_count, total_units, opportunity_count)

dpmo_result <- calculate_dpmo(defect_count, opportunity_count,

total_units) yield_result <- calculate_yield(defect_count, total_units,

opportunity_count) cat("Defects Per Unit (DPU):", dpu_result, "\n")

cat("Defects Per Opportunity (DPO):", dpo_result, "\n") cat("Defects Per

Million Opportuni es (DPMO):", dpmo_result, "\n")

cat("Yield:", yield_result, "\n") defect_rate <- 1 -

yield_result z_score <- qnorm(defect_rate) sigma_level <-

abs(z_score) + 1.5 cat("Sigma Level for a yield of", yield, ":

", sigma_level, "\n")

OUTPUT:
> cat("Defects Per Unit (DPU):", dpu_result, "\n")
Defects Per Unit (DPU): 0.04088927
> cat("Defects Per Opportunity (DPO):", dpo_result, "\n")
Defects Per Opportunity (DPO): 0.005111159
> cat("Defects Per Million Opportunities (DPMO):", dpmo_result, "\n")
Defects Per Million Opportunities (DPMO): 5111.159
> cat("Yield:", yield_result, "\n")
Yield: 0.9948888
> defect_rate <- 1 - yield_result > z_score <-
qnorm(defect_rate)
> sigma_level <- abs(z_score) + 1.5
> cat("Sigma Level for a yield of", yield, ": ", sigma_level, "\n")
Sigma Level for a yield of 0.9995 : 4.068217

Q7. A project is focused on a billing process. The team wants to have correct bills sent to the
customer. They have defined one opportunity for this process - either the bill is correct or not.
All of the bills produced are the same in terms of complexity. The team took a sample of 250
bills and found 60 defects. Also Calculate using R.
Ans:
Code:
defect_count <- 60 total_units <- 250 opportunity_count <- 1 calculate_dpu <-

func on(defect_count, total_units) { if (defect_count <= 0) { stop("Defect

count must be greater than 0.") } return(defect_count / total_units)}

calculate_dpo <- func on(defect_count, total_units, opportunity_count) { if

(defect_count <= 0) { stop("Defect count must be greater than 0.")}

return(defect_count / (total_units * opportunity_count))} calculate_dpmo <-

func on(defect_count, opportunity_count, total_units) { dpo <-

calculate_dpo(defect_count, total_units, opportunity_count) return(dpo *

1000000)} calculate_yield <- func on(defect_count, total_units,

opportunity_count) { dpo <- calculate_dpo(defect_count, total_units,

opportunity_count) return(1 - dpo)} dpu_result <-

calculate_dpu(defect_count, total_units) dpo_result <-

calculate_dpo(defect_count, total_units, opportunity_count) dpmo_result <-

calculate_dpmo(defect_count, opportunity_count, total_units) yield_result <-

calculate_yield(defect_count, total_units, opportunity_count) cat("Defects Per

Unit (DPU):", dpu_result, "\n") cat("Defects Per Opportunity (DPO):",

dpo_result, "\n") cat("Defects Per Million Opportuni es (DPMO):",

dpmo_result, "\n") cat("Yield:", yield_result, "\n") defect_rate <- 1 -

yield_result

z_score <- qnorm(defect_rate) sigma_level <- abs(z_score)

+ 1.5 cat("Sigma Level for a yield of", yield, ": ",

sigma_level, "\n")

OUTPUT:
cat("Defects Per Unit (DPU):", dpu_result, "\n")
Defects Per Unit (DPU): 0.24
> cat("Defects Per Opportunity (DPO):", dpo_result, "\n")
Defects Per Opportunity (DPO): 0.24
> cat("Defects Per Million Opportunities (DPMO):", dpmo_result, "\n")
Defects Per Million Opportunities (DPMO): 240000
> cat("Yield:", yield_result, "\n")
Yield: 0.76
> defect_rate <- 1 - yield_result
> z_score <- qnorm(defect_rate)
> sigma_level <- abs(z_score) + 1.5
> cat("Sigma Level for a yield of", yield, ": ", sigma_level, "\n")
Sigma Level for a yield of 0.9995 : 2.206303

Q8. If you have a total of 500 delivery orders and you find out that 41 of those were delivered
late, and 17 were incorrect orders. Also Calculate using R.

Ans:
CODE:
defect_count <- 41+17 total_units <- 500 opportunity_count <- 2

calculate_dpu <- func on(defect_count, total_units) { if (defect_count <=

0) { stop("Defect count must be greater than 0.") } return(defect_count /

total_units)} calculate_dpo <- func on(defect_count, total_units,

opportunity_count) { if (defect_count <= 0) { stop("Defect count must

be greater than 0.")} return(defect_count / (total_units *

opportunity_count))} calculate_dpmo <- func on(defect_count,

opportunity_count, total_units) { dpo <- calculate_dpo(defect_count,

total_units, opportunity_count) return(dpo * 1000000)} calculate_yield <-

func on(defect_count, total_units, opportunity_count) { dpo <-

calculate_dpo(defect_count, total_units, opportunity_count) return(1 -

dpo)} dpu_result <- calculate_dpu(defect_count, total_units) dpo_result <-

calculate_dpo(defect_count, total_units, opportunity_count) dpmo_result <-

calculate_dpmo(defect_count, opportunity_count, total_units) yield_result

<- calculate_yield(defect_count, total_units, opportunity_count)

cat("Defects Per Unit (DPU):", dpu_result, "\n") cat("Defects Per

Opportunity (DPO):", dpo_result, "\n") cat("Defects Per Million Opportuni

es (DPMO):", dpmo_result, "\n") cat("Yield:", yield_result, "\n") defect_rate

<- 1 - yield_result z_score <- qnorm(defect_rate) sigma_level <-

abs(z_score) + 1.5 cat("Sigma Level for a yield of", yield, ": ", sigma_level,

"\n")

OUTPUT:

cat("Defects Per Unit (DPU):", dpu_result, "\n")

Defects Per Unit (DPU): 0.116
> cat("Defects Per Opportunity (DPO):", dpo_result, "\n")
Defects Per Opportunity (DPO): 0.058
> cat("Defects Per Million Opportunities (DPMO):", dpmo_result, "\n")
Defects Per Million Opportunities (DPMO): 58000
> cat("Yield:", yield_result, "\n")
Yield: 0.942
> defect_rate <- 1 - yield_result > z_score <-
qnorm(defect_rate)
> sigma_level <- abs(z_score) + 1.5
> cat("Sigma Level for a yield of", yield, ": ", sigma_level, "\n") Sigma Level for a yield of 0.9995 :
3.071787

Q17. The same soccer ball manufacturer has three different stages of produc on. They begin with
5,000 soccer balls entering produc on. A er the first process, employees scrap 100 leather
exteriors. During the second process, 1,600 par ally stuffed soccer balls are defec ve and
scrapped. Then, in the third process, 3,250 soccer balls pass quality inspec on with exterior
design completed. Calculate the yield for each process. Also Calculate using R.
Ans:

CODE:
star ng_balls <- 5000 scrapped_1 <- 100 scrapped_2 <- 1600 passed_3 <- 3250 stage_1_yield <-

(star ng_balls - scrapped_1) / star ng_balls * 100 stage_2_yield <- (star ng_balls - scrapped_1 -

scrapped_2) / (star ng_balls - scrapped_1) * 100 stage_3_yield <- passed_3 / (star ng_balls -

scrapped_1 - scrapped_2) * 100 cat("Stage 1 Yield:", stage_1_yield, "%\n") cat("Stage 2

Yield:", stage_2_yield, "%\n") cat("Stage 3 Yield:", stage_3_yield, "%\n")

OUTPUT:

cat("Stage 1 Yield:", stage_1_yield, "%\n")

Stage 1 Yield: 98 %

> cat("Stage 2 Yield:", stage_2_yield, "%\n")

Stage 2 Yield: 67.34694 %
> cat("Stage 3 Yield:", stage_3_yield, "%\n") Stage 3 Yield: 98.48485 %

Q18. A manufacturing process consists of three sequen al steps. The first step has a yield of 95%,
the second step has a yield of 90%, and the third step has a yield of 85%. Calculate the Rolled
Throughput Yield (RTY) for the en re process. Also Calculate using R.

Ans:
CODE:
process_1_yield <- 0.95 process_2_yield <- 0.90

process_3_yield <- 0.85 rty <- process_1_yield *

process_2_yield * process_3_yield cat("Rolled Throughput

Yield (RTY):", rty * 100, "%\n")

OUTPUT:
cat("Rolled Throughput Yield (RTY):", rty * 100, "%\n") Rolled Throughput Yield (RTY):
72.675 %

Q20. Books in the library are found to have average length of 350 pages with standard devia on
of 100 pages. What is the z-score corresponding to a book of length 80 pages? Also Calculate
using R.

Ans:
Code:
book_length <- 80 average_length <- 350 standard_devia on <-

100 # Calculate z-score z_score <- (book_length -

average_length) / standard_devia on cat("Z-score for book with",

book_length, "pages:", z_score, "\n")

OUTPUT:
cat("Z-score for book with", book_length, "pages:", z_score, "\n") Z-score for book with 80 pages: -2.7

Q21. The mean growth of the thickness of trees in a forest is found to be .5 cm/year with a
standard devia on of .1cm/year. What is the z-score corresponding to 1 cm/year? Also Calculate
using R Ans:
CODE:
growth_rate <- 1 mean_growth <- 0.5 standard_devia on <- 0.1 z_score

<- (growth_rate - mean_growth) / standard_devia on cat("Z-score for

tree growth of", growth_rate, "cm/year:", z_score, "\n")

OUTPUT:
cat("Z-score for tree growth of", growth_rate, "cm/year:", z_score, "\n") Z-score for tree growth of 1 cm/year: 5

Q22. The books in a math teacher's office have an average length of 350 pages, with a standard
devia on of 90 pages. What percentage of this math teacher's books are longer than 500 pages?
Also Calculate using R.
Ans:
CODE:
mean_length <- 350 standard_devia on <- 90 target_length <- 500 z_score <- (target_length

- mean_length) / standard_devia on area_above_z <- 1 - pnorm(z_score) cat("Percentage of

books longer than", target_length, "pages:", area_above_z * 100, "%\n")

OUTPUT:
cat("Percentage of books longer than", target_length, "pages:", area_above_z
* 100, "%\n")
Percentage of books longer than 500 pages: 4.779035 %

Q23. For some computers, the me period between charges of the ba ery is normally distributed
with a mean of 50 hours and a standard devia on of 15 hours. Rohan has one of these computers
and needs to know the probability that the me period will be between 50 and 70 hours. Also
Calculate using R

Ans:
CODE:
mean_ba ery_ me = 50 std_dev_ba

ery_ me = 15

lower_limit = 50 upper_limit = 70

z_score_lower = (lower_limit -

mean_ba ery_ me) / std_dev_ba ery_

me z_score_upper = (upper_limit -

mean_ba ery_ me) / std_dev_ba ery_

me

# Calculate probability using the cumula ve distribu on func on (pnorm)

probability_between_50_and_70 = pnorm(z_score_upper) - pnorm(z_score_lower)

cat("Probability that the me period will be between 50 and 70 hours:",

round(probability_between_50_and_70, 4), "\n")

OUTPUT:
cat("Probability that the time period will be between 50 and 70 hours:", roun d(probability_between_50_and_70, 4),
"\n")
Probability that the time period will be between 50 and 70 hours: 0.4088