Analog Electronics 3-58 Multivibrators and Blocking Oscillators Vee = Rey (ler +h) + (Ry + Ry) (10) Using equation (8) in equation (10), Voce -TifR, # Roy + Ry] a Rg = ecm tl +Rei + Rel w(t) cn = Rt Rey) = Rex) | (Rey) ++ (12) ‘This completes the design. 3.10 Introduction to Blocking Oscillators. A special type of wave generator which is used to produce a single narrow pulse or train of pulses is called a blocking oscillator. The two important elements of a blocking oscillator are, 1. An active device like transistor 2. A pulse transformer. A pulse transformer is used to couple output of the transistor back to the input. The nature of such feedback through pulse transformer is controlled by relative winding polarities of a pulse transformer. Key Point ; The properly controlled winding polarities produce a regenerative feedback The circuit with such a regenerative feedback produces a single pulse or pulse train and calied a biucking oscillator. If it is used to produce a single pulse, then it is called monostable operation of a blocking oscillator and if used to produce pulse train then it is called astable operation of a blocking oscillator. Such a transformer coupled configuration of a blocking oscillator is important in many practical applications. These are concerned with the timing of some other circuits. These circuits are used in frequency dividers, counter circuits and for switching the other circuits on and off at the specific times. Before discussing the blocking oscillator circuits let us study briefly the characteristics of a pulse transformer. 3.11 Pulse Transformer ‘A pulse transformer is basically a transformer which couples a source of pulses of electrical energy to the load; keeping the shape and other properties of pulses unchanged. Key Point : The voltage level of the pulse can be raised or lowered by designing the proper turns ratio for the pulse transformer.Analog Electronics 3-59 Multivibrators and Blocking Oscillators The characteristics of pulse transformers are, 1, Generally iron cored and small in size. 2. The leakage inductance is minimum. 3. The interwinding capacitance is low. 4, The cores have high permeability. 5. They have high magnetizing inductance The pulse transformers are designed to handle fast waveforms like train of pulses and hence iron cored pulse transformers can be approximated to be ideal transformers, from analysis point of view. ‘The ideal pulse transformer model is shown in the Fig. 3.44. Fig. 3.44 Ideal pulse transformer model ‘As transformer is assumed to be an ideal, the primary, secondary and source resistances are neglected. All capacitances are also neglected. The core losses and nonlinearities in the magnetic circuit are also neglected. Let = Primary inductance = Secondary inductance = Mutual inductance = Source and V, = Output response = Load resistance = Primary tums = Secondary tums = Primary current = Secondary current The coefficient of coupling between primary and secondary is K. Its relation with transformer inductances is given by, evr ZF PZ BELT ve fl)Analog Electronics 3-60 Multivibrators and Blocking Oscillators. Key Point : For an idea! transformer K = 1. Let n= Ns 2 Transformation ratio ° Then for an ideal transformer, various ratios can be abtained as, ++ (2) Key Point : The voltage and current ratios are inversely proportional to each other. 3.11.1 Practical Equivalent Circuit Adding the effects of various resistances and capacitances to an ideal transformer, a practical equivalent circuit of a pulse transformer can be obtained. In the equivalent circuit, transformer windings are removed and various values and parameters on secondary side are reflected to the primary side. So reflected output voltage on primary side is V,/n where n is the transformation ratio, as given by equation (2). If Ry is the load resistance and R} is secondary winding resistance then the total resistance R,, reflected to primary side can be written as, The total effective shunt capacitance reflected on primary side is denoted as C. This capacitor C includes the transformer capacitance along with the reflected external shunt loading capacitance, which is dominant on the output side. The total leakage inductance is denoted as series inductance 6 while the magnetizing inductance is denoted as shunt inductance L. The resistance R, is the combined effect of primary winding resistance and the source impedance which is assumed to be resistive. Such an equivalent circuit of a pulse transformer, including resistances, inductances and total shunt capacitance is shown in the Fig. 3.45. All values are reflected on the primary side. Fig. 3.45 Equivalent circuit of pulse transformer