Compare: To show similarities.

Contrast: To show differences.

Compare and Contrast to make a decision.
[Criteria:2 items and the comparison(symbol)]
Introduction to Modeling and Simulation Techniques
Sentences:
1-If necessary, earlier
steps may be revisited.
2-Discrete-event simulation (DES) is a more mature
simulation method than agent-based simulation.
3-Many literatures report different aspects and views of
modeling and simulation but there is little literature that
covers a full cycle of modeling and simulation.
4-Process and system simulation relates to the simulation of
different organizational and operational systems, including
but not limited to manufacturing systems.
5-The modeled system performance is not defined in the
simulation model but emerges from the autonomous
agents’ actions, interactions and decision-makings.
6-simulation tools include, but are not limited to: NetLogo.
7-Entities in the simulation model are process steps
related to other steps but with no capacity to act
independently.
8-Existing literatures report different
views and aspects of modeling and simulation techniques
with specified interests, but there is limited literature that
presents a full vision of modeling and simulation in a
procedure suitable for engineering design applications.
Comparison and Contrast:
1- Contrast: revisiting earlier steps is an option if necessary.
2- Comparison: DES is a more mature simulation method than agent-
based simulation.
3- Contrast: there are many literatures on different aspects of modeling
and simulation, but limited literature covers a full cycle of modeling and
simulation.
4- Contrast: process and system simulation can simulate different
organizational and operational systems, not limited to manufacturing
systems.
5- Contrast: in the simulation model, the modeled system performance
is defined, while in agent-based simulation, it emerges from the
autonomous agents' actions, interactions, and decision-making.
6- Enumeration: NetLogo is one of the simulation tools available, but
not the only one.
7- Contrast: entities in the simulation model are process steps related to
other steps, but they cannot act independently.
8- Contrast: existing literature covers different aspects of modeling and
simulation with specified interests, but there is limited literature that
presents a full vision of modeling and simulation suitable for
engineering design applications.
 INTRODUCTION TO MODELING AND SIMULATION
Sentences:
Comparison:
1-Discrete event simulation is less detailed
(coarser in its smallest time unit) than continuous
simulation but it is much simpler to implement, and
hence, is used in a wide variety of situations.
2- The number of experiments in a simulation
study is greater than or equal to the number of questions
being asked about the model.
3- Application-oriented simulators are easier to
learn and have modeling constructs closely related to the
application.
4- Simulation languages offer more flexibility than the
application-oriented simulators.
5-The intended
audience is those unfamiliar with the area of discrete
event simulation as well as beginners looking for an
overview of the area.
6-Modeling is arguably the most important
part of a simulation study. Indeed, a simulation study is
as good as the simulation model.
7-Identify the end user
of the simulation model, e.g., corporate management
versus a production supervisor. Problems must be
formulated as precisely as possible.
8-Step 3. Collect and process real system data.
Collect data on system specifications (e.g., bandwidth for
a communication network), input variables, as well as performance of
the existing system.
9-Step 6. Document model for future use. The
models of the original system and the modification were
documented as thoroughly as possible.
Contrast:
1- Most simulation packages incorporate
animation which is excellent for communication and can
be used to debug the simulation program; a "correct
looking" animation, however, is not a guarantee of a
valid model.
2- Standard distributions, e.g., exponential, Poisson,
normal, hyperexponential, etc., are easy to model and
simulate. Although most simulation software packages
include many distributions as a standard feature, issues
relating to random number generators and generating
random variates from various distributions are pertinent
and should be looked into.
3- Normally, statistical inference can
assess the significance of an observed phenomenon, but
most statistical inference techniques assume
independent, identically distributed (iid) data.
4- Although a simulation model can be built using general
purpose programming languages which are familiar to
the analyst, available over a wide variety of platforms,
and less expensive, most simulation studies today are
implemented using a simulation package.
5- A model is similar to but
simpler than the system it represents.
6- The important
point is that powerful simulation software is merely a
hygiene factor - its absence can hurt a simulation study
but its presence will not ensure success.
7- This not only ensures that the model
assumptions are correct, complete and consistent, but
also enhances confidence in the model.
8-Problems in which mathematical model can be
formulated but analytic solutions are either
impossible.
Comparison:
1-Items being compared: Discrete event simulation and continuous
simulation. The comparison is about the level of detail and simplicity in
implementation.
Criteria being compared: Level of detail and simplicity in
implementation.
2-Items being compared: The number of experiments and the number of
questions being asked about the model.
Criteria being compared: Number of experiments and number of
questions being asked about the model.
3-Items being compared: Application-oriented simulators and general
simulators. The comparison is about ease of learning and modeling
constructs related to the application.
Criteria being compared: Ease of learning and modeling constructs
related to the application.
4-Items being compared: Simulation languages and application-oriented
simulators. The comparison is about flexibility.
Criteria being compared: Flexibility.
5-The intended audience and beginners.
The criteria are familiarity with discrete event simulation and a desire
for an overview of the area.
6-Modeling and a simulation study.
The criteria is the quality of the simulation model, which is essential for
a successful simulation study.
7-The end user of the simulation model and problems.
The criteria are the end user of the simulation model, such as corporate
management or a production supervisor, and the precision of the
problem formulation.
8-Real system data and system specifications, input variables, and
performance of the existing system.
The criteria are the collection and processing of real system data,
including system specifications, input variables, and performance of the
existing system.
9-The models of the original system and the modification, and
documentation for future use.
The criteria are the thorough documentation of the models of the original
system and the modification for future use.
Contrast:
1-Items being contrasted: Animation in simulation packages and a valid
model.
The criteria are that animation can be used for communication and
debugging, but a "correct looking" animation is not a guarantee of a
valid model.
2-Items being contrasted: Standard distributions and random number
generation.
The criteria are the ease of modeling and simulating standard
distributions, but the issues related to random number generators and
generating random variates from various distributions should be looked
into.
3-Items being contrasted: Statistical inference and independent,
identically distributed (iid) data.
The criteria is that statistical inference techniques assume iid data, which
may not always be the case in a simulation study.
4-Items being contrasted: General-purpose programming languages and
simulation packages.
The criteria are the benefits of using a simulation package, such as being
familiar to the analyst and available on a wide variety of platforms, as
well as the current trend of implementing simulation studies using a
simulation package.
5-Items being contrasted: A model and the system it represents.
The criteria are that a model is similar to but simpler than the system it
represents.
6-Items being contrasted: Powerful simulation software and success in a
simulation study.
The criteria are that powerful simulation software is necessary but not
sufficient for the success of a simulation study.
7-Items being contrasted: Correctness, completeness, and consistency of
model assumptions, and confidence in the model.
The criteria are the correctness, completeness, and consistency of the
model assumptions, and the enhancement of confidence in the model.
8-Items being contrasted: Mathematical models and analytic solutions.
The criteria are the formulation of a mathematical model for problems
where analytic solutions are impossible.