Lat Tana las tesiye4 vrww.mtg.in | July 2022 | Pages 80 | 40 PH BS) in BIOLOGY x= t(Sday MONTHLY TEST DRIVE USS ET a Y Human Endocrine System Why 3 TERM-II crea Wasa) eT WaSuccess Guaranteed in CUET (UG) Common University Entrance Test Under-Graduate Programmes with MTG CUET (UG) Books Peas SS aaa ieee eae ) %800/- %500/- %250/- 2200/- The MTG CUET (UG) - 2022 ttle covers 15 Practice papers which include following subjects in each practice paper ‘© Section 1A Languages :English and Hindi « Section Ill General Test : General Knowledge, Current Affairs, General Mental Ability, Numerical Ability, Quantitative Reasoning, Logical and Analytical Reasoning ‘* Section Il Domain : Physics, Chemistry, ‘Mathematics and Biology PREP GUIDES CUET etre Eels le 3 fen fen CUET(UG) MATHEMATICS ‘BiOLoGY %250/- 2275/- %250/- 2275/- Key Features: ‘© According to atest Pattern and Syllabus ‘© Chapterwise Revision Notes ‘* Chapterwise Practice Corner with Detailed Solutions Practice Papers with OMR Sheets for latest offer: CdDisclaimer : The content available in MTG digital/physical books is intellectual property of MTG Learning Media Pvt Ltd. 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Scan to buy on mtgin Scan to buy on Amazonin wp1oLoGy Tooay | suiy'22‘Wunacademy India's Largest Learning Platform* How to stay focused in class and during self-study sessions? ‘ALearner needs to be focused and motivated throughout their preparation journey: Maintain focus in classes: The objective here is to grasp concepts that are being taught. For that, you have to follow these: 1, Be attentive and take notes 2. Cross-question everything you hear in your mind For eg: When you hear a new term or formula, rather than just writing it down, take a moment and ask yourself relevant questions With this note-taking method, you will be able to focus more on your lectures. Maintain focus in self-study sessions: Some common problems and possible solutions for self-study sessions are: 1. Lack of understanding the theory from a specific, chapter Ifthe chapter is really important and you have plenty of ‘time, restart and study it again with a fresh mind. 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HIGHLIGHTS: ‘Available at al leading book shops throughout Ini. Formore information oor help nplacing your order Call 0124-6601200 or email infoemtg.in “Application to read QR codes requied wa1oLogy ropay | 22oad B IOLO GY mow | GUET (UG) Corer ac Uey tOday WOLXXIV No.7 July 2022 Corporate Ofie: Gurugram-122 003 (HR), Tel: 0124-60200 em infomig.in website: wemizin Reg ce: 406, Tj Apartment, Net Safdarjung Hospital, Ring Roa, New Delhi - 10029. MONTHLY sa Managing Etor + Mabsbi Singh rey itor Anil Abst Cee) R 9 Bio Digest ‘Morphology of Flowering Plants 17 Zoom in Bio ‘Haman Endocrine System 326 Monthly Test Drive TE Hip Concept Map ‘9months 1Smonths 27 months aioe erin) “Mathematics Today 300, 500 850 g| # pec hur ims 57 Monthly Test Drive i] =. a se. Se =e te SS Cae ie tem 5 Practice Paper 2022 ‘thd la Sour ah ah U0 an pled ay prec ga, ‘ Tees £& 68 cuET (Us) tet me mrt ore gen acne e~ Practice Paper 2022 hats Ge cts sprains mtb vein A poe re De 5 aoe ae pair er ‘alge tannin yep sumovocy oar | xir22Last-minute check on your NEET readiness Sar No ovoice for NEET Pore MIG's NEET Explorer helps students sel-assess their readiness for success in NEET. Attempting the tests put together by MTG's experienced team of editors and experts strictly on the NEET pattern and matching difficulty levels, students can easily measure their preparedness for success. Order now! 1650 HIGHLIGHTS: + 10 Model Test Papers based on latest NEET syllabus + Last 11 years’ solved test papers of AIPMT/NEET + Includes NET 2021 solved paper smartphone ortalet* + OMR Sheet provided after each Model Test Paper + Detailed solutions for self-assessment and to practice time management Visit ‘Available at all leading book shops throughout India aay For more information oF for help in placing your order: forlatest offers Call 0124-6601200 or email: infoamtg.in Srey Cy) “Application to read OR codes required wa1oLocy ropay | uy 22This arie covers high yield facts ofthe given topic. * Plant morphology (Gk. morphe-form, logos-stud) is the branch of botany that deals with the study of forms and features of different plant organs lke roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, etc. * A flowering plant has a long, cylindrical, unbranched or branched axis that bears a number of lateral appendages. Plant axis is differentiated into an underground root system and an above ground shoot system. * Flowering plants contain vegetative parts (i.e., root, stem and leaves) and reproductive parts, (ie, flowers, fruits and seeds) + Plants can be classified on the basis of height and nature of stem (herbs, shrubs, and trees), fe span (annuals, biennials and perennials) and frequency of flowering or fruiting (monocarpic and polycarpic) MORPHOLOGY OF ROOT * The root is typically a non-green, underground, descending portion ofthe plant axis which gives rise to similar types of endogenous lateral branches and does not possess nodes and intemnades. They are positively geotropic, positively hydrotropic and negatively phototropic. ‘A typical root consists of five major zones {) Root cap = It covers the root apex and protects the young growing cells of the apical region. (i) Meristematic zone - It is present just above the root cap and made up of compact cells having dense protoplasm with large nucleus. (ii) Region of cell elongation -Itis situated above the meristematic zone, Here the cells elongate rapidly and increase. the length of the root. {iv) Root hair zone or zone of differentiation - Here different types of primary tissues differentiate Unicellular and ephemeral root hairs are formed from ‘the epidermal cells in this zone. (\) Zone of mature cells= Constitutes the major portion of root, where cells do not undergo any further change. There are three types of root systems occurring plants:tap root system, fibrous root system and adventitious root system. A comparative account between the three is summarised in the given table Comparison between tap root system, fibrous root system and adventitious root system Tap root system Fibrous root system ‘Adventitious root system (Its formed from the radicle of the iis formed in place of tap root system | tt may develop from any part ofthe plant embryo at the base of main stem, other than radice samorocyrooar |r? © @(i) tis alvays underground, Itis always underground, (i) Ieconsists ofa single primary (main) Primary root is short ved. root underground roots arse in groups from base of stem, {iv) Primary root produces distinct The main roots are of equal length and secondary roots tetany roots” and rootlets in acropetl sucesso. (\) | Itmaybe surface or deep feeder, the It is usualy surface feeder. deep feeder being the usual feature. ive off small branches. Main roots and their branches ae tin and thread ke. It may be underground or aerial. Instead Primary root is absent and it consists of roots forming a cluster The roots may be thick, thin or variously modified itis usually surface feeder. (wi) | Itis commonly found in dicots Modifications of Roots ‘© Primary functions of roots are anchorage (or fixation) of the plant and absorption of water and minerals from the soil for their transport to the shoot system, However, roots, Tap root system For storage of food Nodulated (Tuberous) (0, storm siclenintteme and | Root nade represent on he ons ‘upestoarsbahen ag.ragsh | and thei branches which help 10 (i), Napiform,swolenatbas almost spherical and. suddenly tapers towards aper2.9, tui, beet (i) Conical, oes at base, ad ra allytaper towards apex eg, carat. (iv) Tuberous or tuberculr, soe, and without any definite shape, 29, Miabils. perlom biological Nr‘hation. eg, leguminous plans Pneumatophores Respiratory rots) ‘eget L upigt ail 0 which deep on he spt herent sorinens gma ‘ot joe plant as Avena, Heo vot . ‘Pnevmatopbores austoria or sucking roots A They ae pares and suck food, water and minerals fom host plan, eg, Cuscua, scum. Spongy rots, respiratory in functon, ¢, Jussiaea For vital functions Reproducti Assimilatory Adveitous rots deveop Gren phous Epiphytic buds that gow into new rots ag, Tospora Tk, regular roots hang plants under favouable dovm ins and abso water conor eg, Dla ‘rom most air eg, Vand, wa1oLocy ropay | uy 22 Itis commonly found in monocot. itis found both in dicots and monocots. undergo morphological modifications to perform various functions such a food storage, mechanical support, et., as discussed briefly in the given flow chart. ‘Adventitious root system Tuberous Nodulose These roots aise fom nodes Swollen at ofstem and become tuberous tps, 0g, and fleshy for storage offood Cureuma Nodulose 20, mow anasa rot Tuberous oot | ‘| For storage of food .—Fasdated | montform }, eos os | Sroen incuses + stregr g.tanla | inteos 0 Monto Fascelated daueted Aspaagss. | amore. fot Annulated f eel eelcoae ate become ibs and ey fr stage ot Annulated foo 9, ace mt Fae Tgp rep f Teseae tiptoe oaswhingow MM | rc dommers fem ota p,m branches. eg, Ficus bonghalensis Pron rot stilt The roots develn clue fom basal nodes |— olsen, eg, maze, Sorghum, scew ie et stilt roots Climbing or Clinging These renorabsrptve ros fost cinbes They © atahto te saport flyby foming dans, swale ds et... Heda, Poth et.£2. Give an example of moniliform root. + Rootless plants - Many pants growing in aquatic habitats do not possess roots because there is litle requirement for absorption of water and mineral salts that is fulfilled by the general surace of plant itself. e.g, Woitia, Utricularia Ceratophyllum etc + Plants that are all roots - Fodostemon, a hydrophytic plant, is made mainly of green (photosynthetic) fattened roots growing along rocky surface in shallow water which are fixed on rocks at intervals by holdfasts called heptera.. However, these plants develop smal lowering shoots at intervals on the root from time to time MORFHOLOGY! OF STEM ‘Stem isan ascending part ofthe plant body that develops from the plumule of the embryo and is usually negatively Hormones are secretory roduc of ducts glands released directly into the ciculation in small amounts in response toa specific stimulus and an delivery in circulation produces response onthe target el or organs > Hormones interact with their target cls via receptors, o by passing rect through cell membrane. O> As regulators, hormones stimulate or inhibit the rate and magnitude of biochemical reaction by ther control of engymes and thereby cause ‘morphological, biacherical and functional changes inthe target sues For example, 2 harmane doesnot provide energy but itmodulates energy producing processes and regulates the culating levels of energy producing substrates such as glucose, faty acids, ee, > Hormoneshavea longer latent period than that assodated wih neurons following ther stimulation. er example fling te injection of oxytocin, rik ejection occurs in afew minutes; while following the application of a stimulus to a nerve, the muscle contracts within few millseconds. > Most hormones ae metabolised rapidly afer secretion and they get inactivated mainly in the Tver and kidney. Protein Hormones — Hormones generally water soluble and circulate unbound in plasma. — Hormones are syhesised on ribosomes, attached to ER, = Eg, anterior pitty hormones, parathormone insulin, glucagon, et. ‘Amino acid Derivative Hormones ~ Epinephrine, norepinephrine, ~ T, mlatonin, serotonin Cee ‘Steroid Hormones Peptide Hormones Hydrophobic, lipid soluble substances synthesised from Hormones of posterior lobe of pituitary gland. cholesterol = Eg,ovjtocin and vasopressin Eg, aldosterone, cortisol, androgenes, et. Hypothalamus secrete neurohormaré that act onthe cells of he pituitary land. Releasing hormones: GHRH, ARH, TRH, ‘Gn, PAH itory hormones: GH, PH, MSHI Pineal gland secetes melatonin, asleep hormone Pineal gland acts as biolgical, clack which helps 12 establish eteaianshythms. Parathyroid glands secrete parathormone which maintains proper levels of calcium and phosphorus by regulating renal acon. Pituitary gland secretes. multiple hormones that regulate the endocrine Troe cage ctesfthe adrenal cate. tyro land Sy ofthe layne and reproductive organs, e.g, ACTH, TSH, i Thyroid glands FSH, Let Parathyroid lands (on posterior side Thyroid gland secretes hormones that of thyroid) affect metabalc rate and calcium levels in Trachea fiuids, eg, thyroxine, calcitonin, Fins Ets ed ve ofthe land Organs with secondary ‘endocrine functions ‘Thymus gland secrete thymosin inaled in the stimulation and coordination ofthe ‘immune response Heart: Secetes hormones ANF from cells of ati, «alld cardiocyts. Digestive Tract: Secretes numerous hormones Involved in the coordination of system functions, ‘Adrenal gland secretes hormones inohiea glucose metabolism and appetite eg, gastin secretin, with mineral balance, metabolic contol and resistance to sttess; the adrenal medulla release epinephrine and nor- ‘epinephrine and adrenal cortex secretes cortisol, aldosterone et Kidneys: Secrete hormones that regulate red blood cell production and the rate of calcium and phosphate absorption by the intestinal tact, e.g, in erythropoietin, calito. Pancreas secretes hormones that regulate Gonads: Secrete hormones affecting gamete the rat of glucose uptake and utilisation by formation and sewal characteristics, eg, estrogen, body tissues, 9, insulin, glucagon, testosterone, ec ovny Fig: Human Endocine Glands © © wwiov0erropAy | wv 22HUMAN ENDOCRINE GLANDS Hypothalamus (Supreme Commander) Itis @ neuroendocrine organ that produces several neurohormanes and its target organ is pituitary, Hypothalamus isthe basal part of diencephalon (a part of forebrain) and it regulates a wide spectrum of body functions. The hormones produced by hypothalamus are of two types, the releasing hormones (which stimulate secretions of pituitary hormones) and the inhibiting hormones (whch inhibit secretions of pituitary hormones), Hormones of hypothalamus Hormones Functions (0) Adrenocortcotropc releasing hormone _ Stimulates the anterior lobe ofthe pituitary gland to secrete its adrenocortico (ARH) or corticotropin releasing opic hormone (ACTH). hotmone {il Thyotropin releasing hormone (TRH) Stimulates the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to secrete its thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin. (ii) Growth hormone-releasing hormone Stimulates the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to release its growth (GHRH) hormone (GH) or somatotropn. (i) Growth hormone-Inhibitory hormone Inhibits the secretion of growth hormone from the anterior lobe ofthe pituitary (GHIH) or Somatostatin gjand, (0) | Gonadotropin releasing hormone GnRH) Stimulates the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to secrete two gonadotropic hormones: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) (vi) Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH) _ Stimulates the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to secrete its prolactin, (vi) | Prolactin inhibitory hormone (PIH) pa. the secretion of prolactin from the anterior lobe of pituitary gland. (vii) MSH releasing hormone (MSHRH) Stimulates the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland to secrete its melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH). Inhibits the secretion of melanacyte stimulating hormone fiom the intermediate lobe ofthe pituitary gland. (i) | MSH inhibitory hormone (MSHIH) Pituitary Gland (Master Endocrine Gland) itis smallest endocrine gland present in a depression called sella turcica of sphenoid bone in skull It attached to the brain by a stalk called infundibulum which is continuous with the hypothalamus. Morphologically there are two main lobes — anterior lobe or adenahypophysis [gm tas ps erase ener ‘Adenohypophysis| _ [Neurohypophysis or pars distal and posterior lobe of neurhypophysis or pars newosa. A [BR&STAwas, [pra sem third lobe called intermediate lobe or pars intermedia is a part of adenohypophysis. Hormones of pituitary gland Hormones Functions Hormones of anterior lobe {0)_| Growth hormone GH) or Somatotopin hormone (STH) Stimulates growth, promotes protein anabolism, et. (i) | Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin Controls growth and activity of thyroid gland and influences. iodine uptake (ii) Adrenocorticatropic hormone (ACTH) Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce its hormones. smovocy ooar | xir22(iv) | Gonadotropine hormones. (2) Follce stimulating hormone (FSH) Stimulates gamete production, secretion of sex hormones, development of flies (b) Interstitial cel-stimulating hormone (ICSH) in Stimulates the Leydig's cells of testis and induces secretion of males or Luteinising hormone (LH) in females testosterone hormones in males and development of corpus “luteum and ovulation in females. (¥) Luteotropic hormone (LTH) or Prolactin Stimulates the growth of mammary glands during pregnancy and secretion of mik after child birth. Hormone of intermediate lobe (vi) Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) Growth and development of melanocytes which gives colour to skin Hormones of posterior lobe (wil) Oxytocin Stimulates ejection of mik from mammary glands; and contraction of uterus during parturition, (vil)_|Antidiuretc hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin Regulates water balance and stimulates contraction of smooth muscles, blood vessels and results in rise in blood pressure ‘Simmonds’ Disease Dwarfism Z| | degeneration of anterior late of pituitary resutng indy and winked | | Excessive secretion of grawth| | Deficiency of GH | | sino ace and prematre soer } [hormone rom eta fom clon 2 t £ + 2 ‘eromegaly Diabetes insipidus) { Hyperpigmentaton Hypeseceton of growth hormone afte adult sizes reached resus in Adsproporionat increas in size of bones of face, hands and fet. Deficiency of ADK, resulting Hypersecetion of MSH. in excessive dilute urine eS Pineal Gland It develops from the ectoderm of the embryo. Pineal gland secretes a hormone called melatonin which plays a very important ‘ole in the regulation of 24 hours (diurnal) chythm of our body. For example it helps in maintaining the normal rhythms of sleep- ‘wake cycle and in mammals it act as inhibitory factor for sexual maturation and also help to lightens skin colour, Serotonin isa neurotransmitter found in pineal gland. Thyroid Gland It is the largest endocrine gland and it develops from the endoderm of the embryo. It is present between the trachea and larynx, yoid Bone Tysid cartilage Follua eithlim Collid containing TaandTy Thyroid Blood capilary land Blood corpuscles HH AP roma (Connective tise) Fig: Thytld gland Figs TS. of hyo gland © © wwiov0erropAy | wv 22Itis a bilobed organ and two lobes are connected with isthmus. The microscopic structure of the thyroid gland shows thyroid follicles composed of cubical epithelium and filed witha homogenous material called collofd. Small amount of loose connective tissue forms strama of the gland. Besides containing blood capillaries, the stroma contains small clusters of specialised parafollicular cells or’C' cells Thyroid gland secretes three hormones: Thyroxine, ti-fodothyronine and calcitonin. Thyroxine (Ty) and tr-iodothyronine (Tp) are secreted by thyroid follicular ee Ream unctions of Thyroid Hormones amino acid tyrosine. T3 is more active | ~2>Regulate the metabolic rate ofthe body and maintain BMR (basal metabolic rate) and potent than Ts. Ts gets converted | -o>Regulate growth of body tsues and development of mental faculties into Ts by removal of 1 fodine atom. ©> Stimulate tissue differentiation (e.g, promote metamorphosis of tadpoles into adult frogs} Calcitonin (Calcium lowering —o>Reauiatecarohycate and fat metabolism hormone) is secreted by C-cells of the thyroid gland, Calcitonin is secreted in response to high blood calcium level Calcitonin suppress release of calcium ions from the bones and lowers the calcium level Deemer el Hyperthyroidism: xessivesacetonofthycidhomanes | | Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyoid hormones causes cretinism in inant. results in Grave's disease or exophthalmic goitre | | Symptoms ate retarded growth, undeveloped sex organ, mental retaidation caractessedby busing eyes due tofu accumulation, |_| Myxoedema or gul's disease is caused by decency of thyroxine in adits is los of weight, nervousness and apd hea beat. characterised by ply appearance due to fat accumulation in subcutaneous tissue, lack fae sow heart eat ee Parathyroid Glands = ‘The parathyroid glands develop from the endoderm of the embryo. The parathyroid glands consist of four separate glands located ‘on the posterior surface of the lobes of the thyroid gland. They consist of two types of cells : chief cells (small) and ‘oxyphil cells (arge).The chief cells secrete parathormone or Collip’shormone. ?athyrcidsareunderthelsedbackcantiolat blood calcium eve Parathyroid hormone (PTH) increases the Ca®* level in the blood by withdrawing calcium from the bones into te plasma, ANSWERS JUNE 2022 PTH also stimulates resorption of Ca? by the renal tubules and increases Ca?* absorption from the digested food. Ii, The three letter word is T RO. thus, clear that PTH i ahypercalcemic hormone. fallin blood Calcium stimulates release of parathormone and ise in blood TROPHOZOITE Calcium inhibits secretion of parathormone. Prathormone is AUXOTROPH antagonistic to calcitonin, aeheatsion Disorders of parathyroid gland Cea (i) Hyposecretion - Deficiency of PTH causes fall in Ca?* CISTRON level of blood causes convlusions and camps, this is called parathyroid tetany or hypocalcemic tetany. (i) Hypersecretion - Excess of PTH draws more calcium from bones, causing their demineralisation leading to osteoporosis. Thymus Gland This gland is derived form the endoderm of the embryo. Itis located in the mediastinum between the sternum and aorta. Iti a soft, pinkish, bilobed mass of lymphoid tissue. is a prominent gland atthe time of bith but it gradually trophies with age. Hassall’s corpuscles are spherical or oval bodies present in the thymus. They are phagocytic in function. Thymus secretes a hormone named thymosin which stimulates the development and differentiation of immunologically competent T-cells, increasing resistance to infections. Adrenal gland Adrenal cortex Kidney a 0 Adrenal Gland (Suprarenal Gland) Fig: (Adel ord nie) Sein Adrenal glands are pated srctures (conical, yelowish bodies located on the top of stowng two prs fader od kidneys. These are also called as glands of emergency sumovocy oar | xir22rod ‘Adrenal Cortex ~ Its derived fom the mesoderm of the embryo. itis divided into three layers: Zona glomerulosa she outer ‘zone that lis just below the capsule It secrete hormenes called mineralocorticoids that affect mineral homeostasis i) Zona fasciculata is the middle and widest zone and Consists of cells arranged in long, staight columns which secrete slucocorticoids because they regulate lucose homeostasis. (i) Zona reticularis isthe inner zone and consists of cls arrange in branching cords which secrete gonadocorticoids or ‘Adrenal Medulla It develops fom the newoectoderm of the embryo. The adrenal medulla secretes two hormones: norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) which are commonly called catecholamines. No epinedrine and eninephvine are derived rom the aminoacid trsine. ‘Adenal medulla consis of chromaffin cells. These cals are modified postganglionic cls of sympathetic nervous system and are connected ‘wth preganglonic motor fires of sympathetic neous ssten Sympathetic nervous system and adrenal medulla functon as an sex corticoid. integrated sjstem andi called srmpathetic-adrenal syste. Corticoids (i) Mineralocorticoids: they maintain water and electrolyte balance and blood volume in the body by regulating mineral ‘metabolism The major mineralocortcodis aldosterone, commonly called salt-retaining hormone. Low sodium level in body stimulates release of aldosterone, It causes retention of sodium from the kidney and increased urinary excretion of potassium, (ii) Glucocorticoids : They affect carbohydrate metabolism however they also affect metabolism of proteins and fats. Stress response -nceased vascular tone Imunosuppressive and Premissive action with antnflammatory actions catecholamines and glycogen Fat col inereased Lipolysis tissues (Catabalic) | ‘Skeletal muscle and other Inceased mobilisation of gheral Liver increases gluconeogenesis glcageness, glycogen storage, Increased mobilisation of and fat acids (> and enzyme activity (e.g, Guose--phophate (Diabetogenie) |*——| amino acids. Summary: Te Principal acions of Gucocaricids Sexcorticoids: Sexcorticids include both male and female sex hormones. Androgens are important for development of male foetus and stimulate the development of male secondary sexual characters. Estrogen controls the appearence of female secondary sexual characters. Catecholamines (2) Nor-epinephrine - It egulates the blood pressure under normal condition It causes constriction of essentially al the blood vessels of the body. It causes increased activity of the heart, inhibition of gastrointestinal trac, dilation of the pupils ofthe eyes and so forth (b) Epinephrine - It is secreted at the time of emergency. Epinephrine has a greater effect on cardiac activity than nor- epinephrine, It causes only weak constriction of the blood vessels of the muscles in comparison with @ much stronger constriction that results from norepinephrine. [Addison's Disease Due to deficiency of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids, ts symptoms include low blood sugar ow plasma Na*, high K* Plasma inceased urinary Na*,nause, vomiting, aoe Cushing's Syndrome ‘Caused by excess of coms. tis characterised by high blood sugar, appearance of suga inthe urine sein plasma Na fallin plasma 1 rs in blood volume, high blood pressure, et. ‘Adrenal Vili Appearance of male characters in female is Called virlism, Excessive production of male high plasma Na, low plasma Kise in sexcorticoids (androgens) produces male blood volume, high blood pressive and secondary sexual characters like beard, polyurea. ‘moustache, hoarse voice in woman, Conn's Syndrome Due to excessive production of aldosterone. its symptoms include a Gynaecomastia Development of enlarged mammary glands (breasts) in the males, due to tecessve secretion of estrogens in males. Decreased testosterone may also lead 10 gynaecomasi, @_ © wpiovoerropay | v2Pancreas Itis derived from the endoderm of the embryo. Pancteas is composite gland which acts as both exocrine and endocrine Gland. The endocrine pancreas consists of groups of cells called ‘Islets of Langerhans’. Hormones of pancreas Hormones Cells of Islets Function (Insulin Bealls Stimulates glycogenesis, promotes synthesis of proteins and fats, Acts on cells of liver muscle and adipose tissue. (Glucagon accel, Stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver and muscles; increases the ‘amount of sugar in blood. (ii) Somatostatin (55) Bcells Suppresses the release of hormones from the pancreas and digestive tract (iv), Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) Pancreatic polypeptide cells Inhibits the release of digestive secretion of the pancreas. Hyperalycemia (Diabetes melitus) Hypoglycemia Ikisdue to insulin decency, resuing in elevation in blood sugarlevelhence | | Itis due to excess of insulin or deficiency of glucagon and blood ‘glucose appears in urine. Tere i high blood cholesteal and ketone body | | alucose level fll below normal. Symptoms include weakness, formation Symptoms ae excessive urine production, hist and eating profuse sweating, convulsions and requites urgent intake of sugat Kidneys They develop from the mesoderm of the embryo Preece Renin Eryhopoietn Calevit Rerinacsugonalsneron angitensinoge,epargacorooun,|| the onygen_ shortage | Clevo the active fom of Gale angiotersi- om f- Amgltensin eceleaes heat bet ad || snes the kney cele | vain cholera (nin consti aed tery ines od presse {eset abeone ned | DI promotes sbsepton of It also stimulates secretion of aldosterone and enhances water and | | ythropoetin. It stimulates || Ca"* and phosphows inthe small sodium reabsorption fom nephrons eee | ae tm Gonads They develop from the mesoderm of the embryo. The gonads are sex glands. Both testis and ovary serve dual function, as they act as primary sex organs (produce gametes) as well as endocrine glands (secrete hormones). Testis: It is composed of seminiferous tubules and stromal or interstitial tissue. The Leydig’s cells or interstitial cells, secrete hormones called androgens, mainly testosterone. Testosterone stimulates growth and development of male sex organs and secondary sexual characters lke beard, moustache and low pitch voice, stimulates spermatogenesis and promotes growth of bones and muscles. Male hypogonadism: It is due to deficiency of androgens (hypofunction of Leydig’s cells), deficiency of sperm formation Arypotunction of sertli cells) and masculature and male secondary sex organs do not develop Ovary: It is composed of ovarian follicles and stromal tissues. Hormones secreted by ovaries are: estrogen secreted by the growing ovarian follicles, progesterone, relaxin and inhibin secreted by corpus luteum Estraciol is the principal estrogen it stimulates the development of female secondary sex characters and maturation of ova, development of uterine epithelium. smovocy ooar | ir22Progesterone stimulates further development of uterine lining and mammary gland, requited for formation of placenta and maintenance of pregnancy Relaxin is secreted only during later stages of pregnancy and inhibin inhibits production of FSH and GnRH Female hypogonadism: Due to deficiency of estrogens (female sex hormones) pituitary gonadotropin (LH, FSH ‘or both) or can represent primary ovary failure. It results in the lack of development of female secondary sexual characters MECHANISM OF HORMONE ACTION Hormones are of mainly two types- water soluble (e.g, amino acid derivatives, peptides and protein hormones) and lipid soluble (e.g, steroid hormones). Water soluble hormones require extracellular receptors that generate second messengers (e.g, cAMP) for carrying out their activity. Lipid soluble hormones can pass through cell membranes and directly enter the cells, ‘CAMP mediated hormone activity Mos protens and polpeptde hormones, many amino acid devatves speci catecholamines an some of grstolancins (becuse ofthe large sz, Cannot eter the cel tings to inacllrecetrs They acts asthe first messenger and exert ther ete by combining th specie ed receptor site over the outer surface of the cll membrane, thereby Activating the enzyme adenylyl cyclase on the ner surface ofthe membrane: Ts Inceases formation of intacella CAMP from ATP cP, te second iessenger iso basi regulator of cell metabolism, @ eo— EE, it ats by conversion of inactive protein kinases fo the active fom fae Steroid hormones being lipid soluble can easily Heat shock protein (SP) enter nto the target cells and exert ther effect by combining ta a specific cytoplasmic receptor protein ina target cel ie, cll hat responds changed cl to the hormone. Each receptor molecule binds 3 —> Bye dimer — fircton *\. ta hormone, forming a complex that enters Nehinone mtn the nucleus and becomes attached to the arense Comper” \ nucearpore 5p mana chromatin, the genetic material. the complex | RE" complex Ribosome activates DNA, stimulates the transcription e = (ie, formation of mRNA) of particular gene tenesm oes Acar and spec messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis fs pore Fm velop increases. NR mer 3? The specic MRNA enter the cytoplasm, where Nucor NAD OUTLOLOLAL it directs the ribosomes to synthesise specific mat proteins (translation). These proteins may be etre enzymes, stucuralprotinsreceptor proes or sect proteins @_ © wwiov0erropAy | v2ROLE OF HORMONES IN HOMEOSTASIS Messengers Hypothalamus i apart ofthe fore brain. Its hypothalamic nuclei — masses of grey matter containing neurons, ate located inthe white matter inthe fior of the third ventricle ofthe brain. The neurons (neurosecretory cells) of hypothalamic nuclei secrete some hormones called neurohormones (leasing factors) nto the blood, The neuiohioxmones are carried tothe anterior lobe of the pituitary gland (= hypophysis) by a pair of hypophysial portal veins, where they stimulate pituitary to release various hormones Regulators When the secretion of hormones is under the control of factors or other hormones it i called feed back contol. The requlation of secretion of thyroxine from the thyroid gland is an example of such feed back control mechanism. Feed back contro is of two types: Positive feed back control: ifthe level of thyroxine is less than normal imits inthe blood, thyroxine level stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete more of TRH which results in increased secretion ofTSH which in turn stimulates increased secretion ‘of thyroxine. Such regulatory effects called positive feed back control Negative feed back control: The thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to secrete the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). The TSH in turn stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine. A high amount of thyroxine in the blood exerts an inhibitory effect on hypothalamus in such a way that less of TRH and TSH is produced respectively. This eventually results in a decreased production of in thyroxine. This is called negative feed back control a HEALTH TALKS Newous syste] Mad Cow Disease Mad cow disease or bovine sponfon encephalopathy (288, is a dsease that was fst found in cattle i elated toa disease in © humans called variant retell Jkob disease (ID). Both disorders (=> [Ripothalamus Deena tl bon does an ase tosh pot A pions poe port aos NA ous a) Pn Serr Thyrowopin releasing bre cused bythe misled fos othe pin protein (7) They cause hormone (TRH) ‘other PrP molecules to do the same. Prions can spread silently for years witout ong Seton eon sys pa , rat sox) teton hg etieomnge ite penne ten Yee h TON |_| TAGS) HBG) | ae nce ier a efec_| | sine cbse ond enon erator Sy seg thee bat Cn steno hs eestor Thyroid stimulating ‘such as incoordination, trouble in walking and getting up, may act very s hormone (TSH) ‘nervous or violent, which is why BSE is often called “mad cow disease”. Corey ae Srey ret er Sens rector : touareg nde cine ‘a microscope and seeing the spongy appearance. The human version omc dns ald vt Celio dee 6) 8 + ‘Thyroxine ‘believed to be caused by eating beef products contaminated with central y @ ‘nervous system tissue from cattle infected with mad cow disease. This ae Sinne vartoed oe esa a ht dee ae condition The person affected with ths disease show symptoms suchas los of intel and meron oso balance and conan, sured Fig: Feed back contol involving the hypothalamus, speech, vision problems and blindness, abnormal ring movements, anterior lobe of pituitary gland, thyroid gland and target tissues et There is no cure for vCID. (Regulation of metabolism) samotocyrooar |r ©MONTHLY TEST DRIVE CA DRIVE 1. Which of the folowing scientists studied different types 6. dently the tissue from the given statements Total Marks : 160, Time : 40 Min of animal tissues incuding development of embryos and) Collagen fibres are present in rows between many found that animal cls lack ell wall? parallel bundles of fibres (a) Matthias Schleiden (@)_Uigaments which attach one bone to another is an {b). Theodore Schwann ‘example ofthis tissue. (QM. Schleiden and T. Schwann (2) Loose connective issue {(@) Rudolf Vichow (0) Dense regular connective tissue 2. Which of the following figures show a stratified squamous ia et td > 7. Match column | wit column I and select the corect option from the given codes Column | Column tt (Cell organelle) (Function) g A. Endoplasmic Protein synthesis ts ak reticulum 8. Golgi apparatus (i) Phagocytosis lysosome (i) Packaging | 3. The cell organelle which takes part in synthesis of — 5, Mitochoneia _() Formation of ATP lycoprteins and glycolipids is (a) Mil, B-,C44.D-i) {@) peroxisome (b) glyorysome (b) Acti, B-G, C-0,0-0) ()_aleuroplast (@) Golgi apparatus. (AX), Bil,C-i), Dv) 4, Male and female cockroach cannot be identified on thebasisof (4). Av), Ci.) (a) boat-shaped 7" sternum in females 8. Which of the following statements is incorrect? {b) presence of anal tyes in males (2). Incockroach, sensory receptors are found in anal cer. (Q. 9 visible tera in females (b) Intercalated discs are present in smooth muscles. (d)_ genital pouch between 7", 8" and 9" sternum in females. (©) Thecontents of nucleolus is continuous with nucleoplasm, 5. Read the following statements and select the correct option. (d)_ The convex side of Golgi apparatus is called forming face. ‘Statement A : Centrioles in a centrosome lie parallel to 9- Which of the following isnot present in mitochondrial matrix? each other. (2) 705 ribosomes (6). 805 ribosomes Statement B:Centolesinacentrosomehasaorganisation (e) Circular DNA (@)-RNA like the cartwheel 10. Identity the mis-matched par in relation to cockroach, (a) Both statements A and B are correct (2) Labium = Lower ip {b)_ Both statements and B are incorect. (b) Maxila = — Jaw (0) Statement A is correct but statement B is incorect. (9 labrum = Upper lip {) Statement Ais incorrect but statement 8 is core. (@) Hypopharyme ~ Tongue © © wwiov0erropAy | wv 22111. Complete the following table by identifying X, ¥ and Z from 12, 13, 14, 15. 16. the given options. Chromosome type Position of centromere (i), Acrocentric x (i) Y Sub-median (ii) | Telocentic z x Y Zz (a) Sub-terminal ——_Sub-metacentric Terminal (bo) Megian Metacentric Terminal (@ Sub-terminal —Metacentric Median (d) Terminal Sub-metacentric Sub-median Complete the given paragraph by selecting the cortect sequence of words. In Perplaneta americana, the body is segmented and divisible into distinct regions. The entire body is covered by hard exoskeleton which has hardened plates called in each segment. A dorsal anda ventral are jined to eachother bya thin and flexible artrodial membrane. (a) three, proteinaceous, teaite, sterite sclerte (b) two, chitinous,scerite, sternite, tergite (2. two, proteinaceous, sclerite, sternite, tergite @) three, chtinous, sclerte,tergite, sternite Which of the following are characteristic infoldings of prokaryotic cell membrane? (a) Mesosomes (b) Inclusion bodies (@. Polysomes (€) Chiorosomes Find out the incorrect statement regarding cockroach, (@) In female cockroach, each ovary consists of group of ‘ten ovarian tubules containing a chain of developing ova (bo) Haemolymph in cockroach is composed of colourless plasma and corpuscles. (@) Female cockroach produces 9-10 oothecae, each containing 14-16 eggs (@) In cockroach, the nymph grows by mouiting about 13 times to reach the adult form, Fibril organisation in flagella and cilia is and respectively, (@) 940,940 (b) 9+2,9+0 (9 940,942 (@) 942,942 Aside was shown to the students and they identified it as a bone because (a) cells of this tissue ae enclosed in small cavities within the matrix secreted by them cells and fibres are loosely arranged in a semifuid ground substance cells are present in spaces called lacunae cells and fibres are compactly arranged inthe mati. © co) @ 117. Match column | with column II and select the correct option Column | Column th AL Cristae (Flat membranous sacs in stroma 8. Cistemae (id Infoldings in mitochoneria CThylakoids (i). Outermost layer of cel envelope D. Glycocalyx (i) Disc-shaped sacs in Golgi apparatus () Structural element of chloroplast (i) Arranged parallel to each other (Wi) Found as a loose sheath in slime layer (vi) increase surface area (2) AA vil), B,C, v, Di, vid (bo) Act vi), Bo), Cy), Di vi (© Aci vil, BA vl, Ci, D-G, vi) (Acti i, Bi, vi, CG, v, Di, vi) 18. A tissue with specialised cells chondrocyte present atthe tip cof nose and outer ear joints is (a) bone (b). tendons (© blood () catilage 19. Read the given statements and select the ones which are true () or false (i) Mitochondsia of eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes. (i) DNA of single human cell is approximate 2 metre in length ONLI SERIES Practice Part Syllabus/ Full Syllabus 24 Mock Tests Now on your android smart phones with the same login of web portal. 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