What is the significance of glycolysis in anaerobic conditions?

A. It produces a large amount of ATP.

B. It converts pyruvate into acetyl CoA.
C. It allows for the production of a small net gain of ATP without oxygen.
D. It operates only in the presence of oxygen.

What is the primary role of the Krebs cycle in cell respiration?

A. Producing glucose from pyruvate.
B. Oxidizing acetyl groups and producing reduced carriers (NADH and FADH2).
C. Creating a proton gradient in the mitochondrial cristae.
D. Converting glucose to pyruvate.

How does the electron transport chain contribute to ATP synthesis?

A. By converting glucose to pyruvate.
B. By transferring electrons and pumping protons to create a proton gradient.
C. By directly synthesizing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
D. By reducing oxygen to form water.

Why is oxygen essential in the electron transport chain?

A. It acts as the final electron acceptor, maintaining the hydrogen gradient.
B. It directly participates in glycolysis.
C. It synthesizes ATP.
D. It forms the proton gradient.

What is the role of acetyl CoA in cell respiration?

A. It is the end product of glycolysis.
B. It enters the Krebs cycle for further oxidation.
C. It creates a proton gradient in the mitochondrial cristae.
D. It acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

a) Explain the significance of glycolysis in anaerobic conditions and during energy

demands. Why is it essential for cells? [3]
b) Describe the role of the Krebs cycle in oxidising acetyl groups and producing reduced
carriers such as NADH and FADH2. [3]
a) Discuss the process of chemiosmosis and how it leads to ATP synthesis using the
proton gradient created in the mitochondrial cristae. [4]
b) Why is oxygen necessary to maintain the hydrogen gradient in the electron transport
chain, and what is its role in water formation? [3]

a) Describe the structure of the mitochondrion and explain how its adaptations are suited
for cell respiration. [4]
b) How does the link reaction convert pyruvate into acetyl CoA, and why is this step crucial
for entering the Krebs cycle? [3]

a) Explain how glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate and the conditions under which this
process occurs. [3]
b) Discuss the role of the link reaction in converting pyruvate into acetyl CoA and its
significance for the Krebs cycle. [4]
c) How does the electron transport chain contribute to creating a proton gradient in the
mitochondrial cristae? [3]

a) Discuss the importance of compartmentalisation in metabolic pathways and how it

contributes to cellular efficiency. [4]
b) Describe the factors that affect enzyme activity and how they influence metabolic
reactions. [3]
c) Explain the role of cofactors and coenzymes in assisting enzymatic reactions. Provide
examples. [3]

Where does the link reaction occur in the cell?

A. Cytoplasm
B. Mitochondrial cristae
C. Mitochondrial matrix
D. Outer mitochondrial membrane

Which of the following is a product of glycolysis?

A. Glucose
B. Acetyl CoA
C. Pyruvate
D. ATP synthase
a) Outline the significance of glycolysis in anaerobic conditions and during energy
demands. [3]
b) Describe the role of the Krebs cycle in oxidising acetyl groups and producing reduced
carriers such as NADH and FADH2. [4]
c) Explain the process of chemiosmosis and how it leads to ATP synthesis using the proton
gradient. [3]
d) Discuss the adaptations of the mitochondrion structure that facilitate cell respiration.
[4]

a) How is the structure of the mitochondrion adapted to its function in cell respiration? [3]
b) Discuss the significance of the thylakoid membrane and stroma in photosynthetic
processes and compare this to the adaptations in mitochondria. [4]
c) Explain the concept of action spectra and absorption spectra in the context of
photosynthesis and the role of chlorophyll and accessory pigments. [3]