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1. The group of ketone bodies includes acetone, acetoacetic acid, and β-hydroxybutyric acid.

2. The second decarboxylation reaction in the citric acid cycle is the reactionwhere citrate is converted
into isocitrate under the action of axokinase.

4. Description of the oxidative decarboxylation reaction of pyruvateOxidative decarboxylation of

pyruvate is a reaction that takes place in the mitochondria, it is an irreversible reaction in which
pyruvate is converted into Acetyl COA, a highly reactive compound that is not directly involved in the
glycolysis process.

5. Describe the structure of a lipoprotein particle in the blood: cholesterol, triacylglycerols,

phospholipids, and free fatty acids.

Polar lipids (cholesterol that is not esterified and phospholipids) together with proteins are found in

Surface non-polar lipids (triacylglycerols and esters and cholesterol) are found in the interior

6. Explain the role of protein thermoenin (uPcl) in brown adipose tissue:

Forms a series of channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane for the flow of protons through
it.

7. Describe the metabolic pathway of triglyceride biosynthesis - for the biosynthesis of

triglycerides to occur, the presence of glycerol 3-phosphate and free fatty acids is necessary. The
molecule of glycerol 3-phosphate reacts with two molecules of acetyl CoA, thus forming
phosphatidic acid. The third molecule of acetyl CoA is attached to this phosphatidic acid, which
leads to the hydrolytic removal of the phosphate group and the release of triglyceride.

8. Name 3 intermediates of cholesterol biosynthesismevalonic acid, squalene, lanosterol

9. Activation of fatty acid visitswith their conversion to Acyl COA, a process that takes place in the outer
mitochondrial membrane, 1 mole of ATR is consumed.

10. This process of B oxidation takes placethe matrix of mitochondria

11. Initial synthesis of ketone biosynthesisAcetyl SOA

12.In the process, the ketone bodies synthesized are acetoacetic acid, acetone, and β-
hydroxybutyric acid.

13.The function of ketone bodies is to supply energy to the tissues in the liver, and for the brain,
they are a significant source of energy in the absence of carbohydrates
14. In the respiratory chain, the pumping of electrons into the intermembrane space of the
mitochondria does not occur at the level of Complex 4.

14. With the aim of activating complex 5, it is necessary for the translocation of protons to occur
along the length of the enzyme itself.

15. In the citric acid cycle, one molecule of ATP is obtained in the reaction involving the creation
of an energy-rich phosphate bond from succinyl CoA.

1 The following statement is correct about the B-oxidation of fatty micelles

a. ATP is directly generated within the 4 resections from B-oxidation

b. The reaction always starts with palmitic acid

c. For the decomposition of palmitic acid, 2 cycles are necessary

3. The following statement is correct about Complex 1 of the respiratory chain

a. At the level of Complex 1, there is no translocation of protons in the intermembrane space

b. Complex 1 has an initial role in the process of apoptosis

c. It transfers 2 protons and 2 electrons from the reducing coenzyme NAD to CoG

4. Protective, antiatherogenic action is attributed to lipoprotein particles

the class:

a. LDL

b. HDL

c. VLDL

6. Complex 2 of the respiratory chain is a component of:

a. The glyoxalate cycle

b. The cycle of tricarboxylic acids

c. The pentose-phosphate cycle

7. The following statement is correct about ketogenesis:

a. Ketogenesis takes place in the mitochondria of hepatocytes

b. Ketogenesis takes place in the brain

c. The brain cannot use ketone bodies

8. Of the listed lipoprotein particles with the highest percentage

triglycerides are characterized by:

a. LDL

b. VLDL

c. Chylomicrons

9. 3-hydroxy 3-methylglutaryl CoA is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of

a. Ketone bodies

b. Sphingophospholipids

c. Higher fatty acids

Biochemistry 2 questions-NO ANSWERS

1. Where there is a pumping of protons from the matrix into the intermitochondrial space

the respiratory chain?In the area of COMPLEX 4

4.Alcoketonuria-Which acid does it give?

6. 3 hydroxy-3 methyl turns into what?Mevalonic acid

16. In the reaction of its oxidative decarboxylation, pyruvate is converted into

Acetyl SOA. From an energetic point of view, this reaction is ___________. Because it does not

possible biosynthesis of glucose fromAcetyl SOA.

18. For complete beta oxidation of palmitic acid to occur, the cycle must

it happened again7times. End product of the whole process are (how many?)8

molecules ofAcetyl SOA

8. In the citric acid cycle, the transformation of isocitrate into alpha keto

glucose??? performed using the reactiondehydrogenase ?In this reaction everything except glutarate

they also get ___________.

9. In the metabolic pathway for cholesterol biosynthesis, mevalonic acid is phosphorylated

and decarboxylates and is obtainedisopentyl pyrophosphate.

12. Precursor (starting substance) of cholesterol biosynthesis isAcetyl SOA. Until

compound 3 hydroxy 3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A this metabolic pathway is identical to

the metabolic pathwayketogenesis. In Metabolic Pathway for Cholesterol Biosynthesis, sub

action of 3 hydroxy 3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase is obtainedmevalonic acid.

7. In the first reaction of urea biosynthesis, ammonia reacts withcarbon dioxide, what are they with

getsfuramyl phosphate, which in the next reaction reacts withorthoninand it is obtainedcituline.

8. To complete beta oxidation of palmitic acid, the cycle must

to rekindle7times. They are the end product of the whole process8molecules

onAcelttil SOA.

12. Ammonia is an end productonthe deamination process.Inthe human body, most of the ammonia is
translated tourea, because ofIs ammonia a highly toxic compound?.

13. In the respiratory chain, the role of complex 4 istransport of electrons by cytochrome c oxidase to
molecular oxygen, as well as pumping of 2 protons into the intermitochondrial transporter.

14. Intracellular hydrolysis of triglycerides in adipose tissue is carried out under the action ofintracellular
hydrolysis, a process regulated by hormone-sensitive lipase.