Guía de Aprendizaje 3: Complejidad celular: organelos y metabolismo

bioenergético
1. 9.1 RECAP The free energy released from the oxidation of glucose is trapped in the
form of ATP. In many prokaryotes and all eukaryotes, five major pathways combine
in different ways to produce ATP, which supplies the energy for myriad other
reactions in living cells.
a. What principles govern metabolic pathways in cells? See p. 166
b. Describe how the coupling of oxidation and reduction transfers energy
from one molecule to another. See p. 167
c. Explain the roles of NAD+ and O2 with respect to electrons in a redox
reaction. See pp. 167-168 and Figures 9.2 and 9.3

2. 9.2 RECAP The oxidation of glucose in the presence of O2 involves glycolysis,

pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle. In glycolysis, glucose is converted to
pyruvate with some energy capture. Pyruvate is oxidized first to acetyl CoA by
pyruvate dehydrogenase, then all the way to CO2 by the citric acid cycle, releasing
energy that is captured in the form of reduced electron carriers.
a. What is the net energy yield of glycolysis in terms of energy invested and
energy harvested? See p. 169 and Figure 9.5
b. What role does pyruvate oxidation play in relation to the citric acid cycle?
See p. 170
c. Explain why reoxidation of NADH is crucial for the continuation of the citric
acid cycle. See p. 171 and Figure 9.6

3. 9.3 RECAP The oxidation of reduced electron carriers in the respiratory chain drives
the active transport of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane,
generating a proton-motive force. Diffusion of protons down their electrochemical
gradient through ATP synthase is coupled to the synthesis of ATP. Electron trans-
port can form toxic intermediates. Some bacteria and archaea can respire using
alternative electron acceptors instead of O2.
a. What are the roles of oxidation and reduction in the respiratory chain? See
Figures 9.7 and 9.8
b. What is the proton-motive force, and how does it drive chemiosmosis? See
pp. 173–174
c. Explain how the experiment described in Figure 9.9 demonstrates the
chemiosmotic mechanism. See pp. 174–175 and Figure 9.9

4. 9.4 RECAP In the absence of O2, fermentation pathways use NADH formed by
glycolysis to reduce pyruvate and regenerate NAD+. The energy yield of glycolysis
coupled to fermentation is low because glucose is only partially oxidized. When O2
 is present, the electron carriers of cellular respiration allow for the full oxidation of
glucose, so the energy yield from glucose is much higher.
a. Why is replenishing NAD+ crucial to cellular metabolism? See pp. 177–178
b. How does fermentation replenish NAD+? Review Figure 9.11
c. What is the total energy yield from glucose in human cells in the presence
versus the absence of O2? See p. 178 and Figure 9.12

5. 10.1 RECAP The light reactions of photosynthesis convert light energy into
chemical energy. The light-independent reactions use that chemical energy to
reduce CO2 to carbohydrates. While most photosynthetic organisms use water as
the electron donor for reduction of CO2, some use other molecules, such as
hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
a. What is the experimental evidence that water is the source of the O2
produced during photosynthesis? See p. 186 and Figure 10.2
b. What is the relationship between the light reactions and the light-
independent reactions of photosynthesis? See p. 188 and Figure 10.3

6. 10.2 RECAP Conversion of light energy into chemical energy occurs when pigments
absorb photons. Light energy is used to drive a series of protein-associated redox
reactions in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.
a. How does chlorophyll absorb and transfer light energy? See pp. 190–191
and Figure 10.7
b. How are electrons produced in photosystem II, and how do they flow to
photosystem I? See pp. 191–192 and Figure 10.8
c. How does cyclic electron transport in photosystem I result in the
production of ATP? See p. 192 and Figure 10.9