POPULATION It is a group of individuals of the same species living in a given area at a given time

POPULATION Is the number if individuals of a species per unit area or volume.

DENSITY
POPULATION It is the pattern of dispersal of individuals across an area of interest
DISTRIBUTION
PATTERNS OF It is a way individuals are spaced within the population’s geographic range.
DISPERSION
CLUMPED This is a pattern in which individuals are aggregated in patches
PATTERN
UNIFORM The dispersion often results from interactions amount the individuals of a population
PATTERN and exhibits an even or homogeneous pattern
RANDOM This is where individuals in a population are spaced in a patternless, unpredictable
DISPERSION way
Natality the number of individuals born each year
Mortality the number of individuals that die each year
Annual the number of individuals of a species moving into an existing population
Immigration
Emigration the number of individuals of a species moving out of an existing population
ZERO interval in which the number of births is balanced by the number of deaths. So the
POPULATION population remains the same.
GROWTH
Biotic Potential is the highest possible growth rate and is achieved when resources are unlimited
is a term used to describe population members that are the same age and have the
Cohort
same chances of surviving
Survivorship is the probability of cohort members surviving to particular ages
Survive well past the midpoint of the life span and death does not come until the end
Type I
of the life span
Survivorship decreases at a constant rate throughout the life span; death is usually
Type II
unrelated to age
Type III Most individuals will probably die very young
When the pre-reproductive group is the largest of the three groups; the birthrate is
Pyramid shaped
higher than the death rate
The size of the reproductive group equals the size of the pre-reproductive group; the
Bell shaped
post-reproductive group is the smallest because of mortality
If the birthrate falls below the death rate, the prereproductive group becomes smaller
Urn shaped
than the reproductive group; the post-reproductive group is the largest
Population is equal to the number of birth minus the number of deaths
growth
shrinking If r is less than 1, then the population
no change If r is exactly 1, then there is
growing If r is greater than 1, then the population
EXPONENTIAL Occurs in populations that produce offspring throughout the year
GROWTH
LOGISTIC Occurs in populations that produce a single batch of offspring in a year e.g. insects
GROWTH
maximum is determined by the balance between the amount of environmental goods and
number of services that are required by each individual and the quantity of these goods and
individuals services that are provided by the environment.
given area of the is critical to the notion of carrying capacity because the availability of environmental
environment goods and services varies with the type of ecosystem.
Maintained refers to the ability of an ecosystem to provide the same quantity and quality of the
indefinitely environmental goods and services over time.
Density- are factors that affect population growth but are not related to the size associated
independent with weather and many of these of the population
factors
Density- This category includes factors that are related to population size.
dependent
factors
R-adapted tend to have rapid reproduction and high mortality of offspring, and may frequently
 species overshoot carrying capacity and die back.
they are usually larger, live longer, mature slowly, produce fewer offspring in each
K-adapted
generation, and have fewer natural predators than the species below them in the
species
ecological hierarchy.
contest refers to a situation in which available resources, such as food and mates, are utilized
competition only by one or at most a few individuals.
contest is the opposite of scramble competition, a situation in which available resources are
competition shared equally among individuals.
contest allows the monopolization of resources, offspring will typically always be produced
competition and survive until adulthood independent of the population size
is the sum of the environmental factors (such as drought, mineral deficiencies, and
Environmental
competition) that tend to restrict the biotic potential of an organism or kind of
resistance
organism and impose a limit on numerical increase.
a form of animal social structure in which a linear or nearly linear ranking exists, with
Dominance
each animal dominant over those below it and submissive to those above it in the
hierarchy
hierarchy.
Dominance are best known in social mammals, such as baboons and wolves, and in birds,
hierarchy notably chickens
Boom-and-Bust occur when the population growth of one species is closely tied to a limiting factor
cycles that may be expended
Natural are raw materials derived from nature which are essential for human survival, or
resources anything found naturally within the environment and have a significant commercial
value
Water Types of Natural Resources
Resources 
Land Resources
 Mineral
Resources 
Energy
Resources 
Forest
Resources
Water The Philippines boasts of many different kinds of natural water forms, such as
Resources
Three Largest Rivers
Iligan City y known as the City of Water Falls
Land Resources The Philippine’s primary source of livelihood, being an agricultural economy, is its
fertile land.
Mineral abound in Philippine soil
Resources
metals and non The country’s mineral deposits can be classified into
metals
Energy are those renewable energy (geothermal energy, hydroelectric energy, wind energy,
Resources solar energy), fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, coal), and alternative fuels (biofuels,
compressed natural gas, auto gas, hydrogen)
Geothermal is available as heat emitted from within the earth’s crust, usually in the forms of hot
energy water or steam exploited for electricity generation.
Hydroelectric refers to the energy content of the electricity consumed from hydroelectric power
energy plants, which convert the potential and kinetic energy of water into electricit
Wind energy - refers to the wind power from the kinetic energy wind in wind turbines to generate
electrical power.
Solar energy - refers to energy derived from solar radiation which can be converted into useful
thermal or electrical energy.
Fossil fuels Include crude oil and natural gas liquids (including motor and aviation gasoline,
kerosene, diesel oil, and petrochemical feedstocks), coal and coal products (occur in
underground deposits, whether liquefied or gaseous, consisting mainly of methane)
Alternative Fuel are substantially non- petroleum, which is consumed to provide energy to power an
engine and yield energy security and environmental benefits.
Natural gas, derived from biological materials
biodiesel, fuels
Forest Philippine forest is regarded as an important resource for development in the country
Resources
Forest It provides raw materials for forest-based industries and furnishes the people and
Resources economy of the country with recreation areas, eco- tourism sites and a host of other
benefits.
Mr. Florencio The former Director of Bureau of Forestry and the man considered as the Father of
Tamesis Philippine Forestry.
Dipterocarp Type This is forest type in which members of Dipterocarp family form the predominating
Forest timber species, about 72 percent by volume.
Molave Type This type of forest is more open than the dipterocarp type and the volume of timber
Forest per unit is much less, averaging 30 m3 per hectare
Pine- Type forest Occurs in the high mountainous regions of northern Luzon and Mindoro.
Mangrove Type Occurs on tidals flats at mouths of streams and on the shores of protected bays.
Forest
Beach Type A narrow strip of woodland along the sandy and gravelly beaches of the seacoast
Forest
Mid Mountain These types, found on high and very rough mountainous regions, are essentially
and Mossy Type protection fores
Forest
Timber And Two groups of Philipine forest products
Minor Forest
Products
The Lauans or are the softer members of the dipterocarp family.
“Philippine
mahogany
Apitong is the most abundant of the heavier stronger structural timbers of the dipterocarp
family
Apitong • responds admirably to process treatment and is the most important wood used in
construction.
Guijo Is similar to apitong in many respects, especially in color
Yakal Is the hardest and strongest member of the lauan family.
Akle Is brownish in color and is an excellent wood for cabinet making
Narra Is reddish yellow to dark red
Narra For furniture and cabinet making
Ipil It is most commonly used for house posts because of its great durability and strength
Tindalo A beautiful hard red wood that darkens with age
Tindalo Keeps its shape remarkably well
Fishery Territorial waters measuring as much as 1.67 million square kilometers and located in
resources the worlds fishing cente
2400 fish species found in the country
65 have good commercial value
Human is one of the country’s outstanding attributes aside from other natural resources
resources
Natural resources can be classified based on various Factors
Biotic resources Are those living things in the environment: plants, animals, and other living organisms
Abiotic resources Are those non-living things in the environment: the land, water, air, minerals, etc
Potential are those that exists in a particular area or region and can be used in the future •
resources Examples are minerals such as gold, copper, iron
Actual resources Are those that exists in the region and are being used in the present time after
determination of their availability , in terms of quality and quantity. • Example are
agricultural products, with the technology that are available and the cost involved.
Reserve Are part of actual resources that can be developed profitably with available
resources technology. • Example is coconut which is an actual resource but can be converted
into wine, virgin coconut oil, biofuel
Renewable Are those that can be replenished or reproduced easily or those that can be
resources replenished by natural resources at a rate comparable to its rate of consumption
Non-renewable Are those that have limited supply and cannot easily be restored, re-made, re-grown
resources or regenerated on scale comparative to its consumption.
Inexhaustible Are those that have always the same amount on earth comparable to its rate of
resources consumption or are not likely to be exhausted by human activities. • Examples are
solar radiation, air, water, atomic power, tidal energy, etc.
Exhaustible Are those that are limited in nature and are liable to be degraded in quantity and
resources quality by human activities. • Examples are forests, soil, wild animals and plants,
minerals, fossil fuels, etc
Geological include minerals, gas, rocks, mountains and valleys.
resources
Hydro-geological include the underground water, surface water
resources
Atmospheric include air and its temperature; rainfall and its pattern; and sunlight.
resources
Forest resources include all types of forests and other plant sources
Crop resources include all cultivated crops and their potentialities
Animal include vast anima resources, domesticated animals, and other animals that grow
resources friendly with people.
Wildlife include all types of wild animals including those which are not grown friendly with
resources people
Human inlclude different types of human population, their distribution and potentialities
resources
Microbial inlclude different types of microbes which are useful to mankind in many ways.
resources
Edaphic include different types of soils, their fertility and vast biological wealth in them
resources
Marine and include plants, animals, and mineral resources in marine and aquatic ecosystem
aquatic
resources
National Are those resources that are confined within the national boundaries. • Examples are
resources minerals and land
Multi-national Are those resources shared by more than one nation
resources
International Are those that are shared by all nations • Examples are air and solar radiation
resources
Natural refers to the management of natural resources such as land, water, soil, plants and
Resource animals, with a particular focus on how management affects the quality of life for both
Management present and future generations (stewardship)

Sustainable t is a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
Development ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
reduce our DOE) is implementing a long term Alternative Fuels Program to
dependence on
imported oil (2)
provide cheaper
and more
environment-
friendly
alternatives to
fossil fuels
National Forest Works in parallel with the conservation and development measures adopted by the
Program (NFP) government
Community- s the national strategy to ensure sustainable development of the country’s froest
Based Forest resources
Management
(CBFM)
No poverty The academic and education community have a major role in increasing the
awareness about the impact of poverty.
Zero hunger Support local farmers or markets and making sustainable food choices, supporting
good nutrition for all, and fighting food waste.
Good-health and Raise awareness in your community about the importance of good health and healthy
well-being lifestyle
Quality Partner with youth and other groups to foster the importance of education within local
Education communities
Gender Equality Help achieve gender equality and embrace healthy, respectful relationships.
Clean water and Get involved in campaigns that aim to provide information and inspiration to take
sanitation action on hygiene issues.
Affordable and Plugging appliances into a power strip and turning them off completely when not in
clean energy use, including your computer. You can also bike, walk or take public transport to
reduce carbon emissions
Decent work and Help all aspiring youth attain productive employment regardless of their gender,
economic growth income level or socio-economic background.
Industry, Think about how industry impacts on your life and well-being and use social media to
innovation and push for policymakers to prioritize the SDGs.
infrastructure
Recent Invest more in health, education, social protection and decent jobs especially for
inequalities young people, migrants and other vulnerable communities.
Sustainable Take an active interest in the governance and management of your city. Advocate for
cities and the kind of city you believe you need
communities
Responsible There are two main ways to help: 1. Reducing your waste and 2. Being thoughtful
consumption and about what you buy and choosing a sustainable option whenever possible.
production
Climate action There are many things that each of us can do as individuals.
Life below water We should make ocean-friendly choices when buying products or eating food derived
from oceans and consume only what we need.
Bioaccumulation Increase in concentration of a pollutant in a organism
Biomagnification Increase in concentration of a pollutant in a food chain
Life on land Some things we can do to help include recycling, eating a locallybased diet that is
sustainably sourced, consuming only what we need, and limiting energy usage
Minimalism s all about owning only what adds value and meaning to your life (as well as the lives
of the people you care about) and removing the rest. It's about removing the clutter
and using your time and energy for the things that remain
Peace, justice Raise awareness in your community about the realities of violence and the
and strong importance of peaceful and just societies, and identify how you can pursue the SDGs
institutions in your daily life.
Partnerships for Join/create a group in your local community that seeks to mobilize action on the
the goals implementation of the SDGs