SE(E&TC) 204196: Principles of Communication Systems Lab A.

Y :2023-24

MATOSHRI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTRE NASHIK

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Experiment No:
Title: Intersymbol interference (ISI)
Name of the Student: Batch:
Date of Performance: Date of Submission:

Roll. Performance Innovation Completion Total Sign. with

Remark
No. (3) (1) (1) (5) date

AIM: Simulation program to study effect of ISI and noise in baseband communication system

APPARATUS/REQUIREMENTS:
For Software Experiment:
Sr. No. Description Specifications Quantity
1. Personal Computer Windows OS. P4 or advanced processor 1
2. Matlab Software -- 1

THEORY:

In telecommunications, intersymbol interference (ISI) is a form of distortion where

one symbol interferes with subsequent symbols. This is an unwanted phenomenon as the
previous symbols have a similar effect as noise, thus making the communication less
reliable. The spreading of the pulse beyond its allotted time interval causes it to interfere
with neighbouring pulses. ISI is usually caused by multipath propagation or the inherent
linear or non-linear frequency response of a communication channel causing successive
symbols to blur together.

An eye diagram is used to study the extent of ISI in a communication channel. It is

an oscilloscope display in which a digital signal from a receiver is repetitively sampled and
applied to the vertical input, while the data rate is used to trigger the horizontal sweep. It
is so called because, for several types of coding, the pattern looks like a series of eyes
between a pair of rails.

The presence of ISI in the system introduces errors in the decision device at the
receiver output. Therefore, in the design of the transmitting and receiving filters, the
objective is to minimize the effects of ISI, and thereby deliver the digital data to its
destination with the smallest error rate possible. Ways to alleviate intersymbol interference
include adaptive equalization and error correcting codes.

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SE(E&TC) 204196: Principles of Communication Systems Lab A.Y :2023-24

Noise is another factor that can affect the eye diagram. Noise can cause the eye to
close, making it more difficult to distinguish between symbols. The amount of noise that
can be tolerated depends on the data rate and the coding scheme used.

The eye diagram is a valuable tool for evaluating the performance of a baseband
communication system. It can be used to identify and quantify the effects of ISI and noise,
and to optimize the system design to minimize these effects.
The eye pattern is a practical way to study intersymbol interference (ISI) and its
effects on a PCM or data communication system. The eye pattern is obtained on the C.R.O.
by applying the received signal to vertical deflection plates (Y-Plates) of the C.R.O. and a
saw tooth wave at the transmission symbol rate i.e., (1/Tb) to the horizontal deflection
plates (X-plates) as shown in figure(b) below. The received digital signal and the
corresponding oscilloscope display are shown in figure(a) and figure (c) below respectively.
The resulting oscilloscope display shown in figure (c) is called the eye pattern. This is due
to its resemblance to the human eye. The interior region of the eye pattern is called the
eye-opening.

Fig a: Distorted binary wave

b: Oscilloscope connections c: Eye pattern seen on CRO screen

Information obtained from Eye pattern:

1. The width of the eye-opening defines the time interval over which the received wave
can be sampled, without an error due to ISI. The best time for sampling is when the
eye is open widest.

MCOERC, Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering Page no.

SE(E&TC) 204196: Principles of Communication Systems Lab A.Y :2023-24

2. The sensitivity of the system to the timing error is determined by the rate of closure
of the eye as the sampling rate is varied.
3. The height of eye-opening at a specified sampling time defines the margin over
the noise.
4. When the effect of ISI is severe, the eye is completely closed and it is impossible to
avoid error due to the combined presence of ISI and noise in the system.

Fig d: Interpretation from eye pattern

Procedure:

1. Design the Communication System:

 Define the parameters of your communication system, such as the symbol rate,
bit rate, modulation scheme, channel characteristics, etc.
 Choose appropriate modulation and demodulation techniques.
2. Generate Transmitted Signal:
Generate a baseband transmitted signal with random or predetermined data
symbols.
3. Introduce ISI:
Simulate the channel to introduce ISI. This could involve convolving the
transmitted signal with a channel impulse response, modelling multipath effects,
or introducing delay.
4. Add Noise:
Add noise to the received signal to simulate the effect of noise in the
communication channel. This could be white Gaussian noise or noise with
specific characteristics depending on your channel model.
5. Recover the Signal:
Design the receiver to recover the transmitted signal from the noisy and ISI-
affected received signal
6. Evaluate Performance:
 Implement demodulation and equalization techniques if necessary.

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SE(E&TC) 204196: Principles of Communication Systems Lab A.Y :2023-24

 Compute metrics such as Bit Error Rate (BER), Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), or
other relevant performance measures.
 Plot the eye diagram to visualize the effect of ISI on the received signal.

Progarm code:
clear all; close all; clc; % Define parameters
bit_rate = 500; % Bit rate (bps)
t_duration = 10; % Duration of the signal (s)
num_bits = bit_rate * t_duration; % Total number of bits
A = 1; % Amplitude of the signal
noise_power = 0.0005; % Power of the noise % Generate time vector
t = linspace(0, t_duration, num_bits);

% Generate baseband transmitted signal

transmitted_signal = A * randi([0, 1], 1, num_bits);

% Introduce Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) by creating a delayed version

% of the transmitted signal
delay = 1; % Example delay in number of bits%ori5
received_signal = [zeros(1, delay), transmitted_signal(1:end-delay)];

% Add noise to the received signal

noisy_signal = received_signal + sqrt(noise_power) *
randn(size(received_signal));

% Plot eye diagram

eyediagram(noisy_signal, 2*delay); % Plot the eye diagram with a width of 2
bit periods

% Customize plot
title('Eye Diagram of Noisy Received Signal with ISI');
% xlabel('Time (s)');
% ylabel('Amplitude');
% grid on;

Results:

MCOERC, Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering Page no.

SE(E&TC) 204196: Principles of Communication Systems Lab A.Y :2023-24

Conclusion:

MCOERC, Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering Page no.

SE(E&TC) 204196: Principles of Communication Systems Lab A.Y :2023-24

LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Define the term ISI.
2. What is Nyquist criterion?
3. What are the types of Noise in communication systems?
4. What are the sources of Noise?
5. What is the cause of intersymbol interference?
6. What is the remedy to reduce ISI?
7. What is the eye pattern in ISI?
8. What is significance of inter symbol interference in digital communication?

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